ROAD & BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Satya Narayan Shah

B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering (India) MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)

JANUARY ,2012

Generally, we use the Equipment when a job requires 1.

SPEED QUALITY

2.

3.

ECONOMY
EMERGENCY/DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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4.

Extent of Mechanization
Manpower- Availability, Job requirement, Human factors etc. Completion Period- less completion period more mechanization. Nature of Work- beyond control of manpower, weather, topography, work handling capacity etc. Availability of Money- needs high initial investment. Availability of Equipment- Import of equipment, availability of spares, after sales service etc. Social Objects of the Project- employment opportunity, labour intensive, state policy etc. Labour Relation- Labour unrest, strikes, demands, absentees etc. Quality & performance- Quality requirement
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MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

Pneumatic/Hydraulic

Tools

Air Compressor/ Hydraulic Pump Rock Drill/Jack Hammer/Other Drills Concrete Breaker Asphalt Cutter Impact Wrenches/Nail Driver Grinder Concrete Vibrator Circular saw/ Chain Saw Road Broom
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MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

Aggregate

Producer

Rock Crushers, Screen, and Conveyors Central Mix Plant (Asphalt), (Batch Plant/Continuous Mix Plant) Bitumen Decanter, Bitumen Heater Bitumen Distributor Portable Mix Plant Pavers (Asphalt/Concrete) Aggregate Spreader Concrete Mixers/Concrete Batch Plant Concrete Vibrator

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

Earth

Moving Equipment

Dozers (Track/Wheel) Loader (Track/Wheel) Excavators (Backhoe/Shovel ) (Track/Wheel) Dragline Bucket wheel excavator Scrapers Grader Milling Machine Hauler (Off highway haulers, Tipping Trucks, Mini Dumpers)

MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

Compaction

Equipment Sheep Foot Rollers/Tamping Rollers Steel Wheel Static Roller Steel Wheel Vibrating Roller Pneumatic roller Plate Compactor/Rammer
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MAJOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

Ancillary

Equipment

Water Distributor Rotary Tiller Mixer Portable Electric Generator Welding Generator Pile Driver Water Pump Boring Rig Crane/ Fork Lift Flat Bed Truck Low Bed Transporter Road Broom

Dozers

DOZERS: Introduction
Earlier, the Dozers were developed on farm tractors by an American company (Holt Manufacturing Company) around in 1904 which is later became Caterpillar Inc. These days, Dozer has become one of the most representative strong construction machinery. Also commonly known as Bulldozer/ Tractor. Dozer is a self-propelled unit that are designed to provide high tractive power for drawbar work. High stability at work.
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Dozer: Component arrangement

Engine Cabin

This is the primover that provide power to run/ work the machine.

This consist operators seat and control panel and joysticks from where machine is operated.

Ripper

Power Train

This is transmit Engine power to final drive of the machine

This is an attachment tools that use to dig hard surfaces

Blade

Undercarriage

This is working tools use to push earth cutting and leveling the ground

This is the feet of the machine that use to move / turn machine 11

Dozers: Main Parts / Systems

Upper Parts
(Track Dozer)

Engine Transmission Power train Cabin / Control Panel

Undercarriage
Track Frame Sprocket/ Idler Track Chain Track Roller Carrier Roller

Hull / Body Frame

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Dozers: Main Parts / Systems

(Track Dozer)

Attachments
Front mounted (Blades, Shovels etc.) Rear mounted (Ripper, Winch etc.)

Hydraulic System
(Pump/Lift & Tilt Cylinder/Hose pipes

Electrical System
(Battery/ Starter/Dynamo/Lighting)

Braking and Steering system Control System

(Control valves, Control panel, Gauges/Sensors)
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APPLICATIONS OF DOZER
Typical Applications are:
Dozing / Pushing materials Sidehill Cut Backfilling Ripping Land clearing Ditching Towing/Pushing other piece of construction equipment Assisting scraper in loading
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DOZING/ LEVELING PUSHING MATERIALS

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ASSITING SCAPERS

RIPPING ROCKS

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LAND CLEARING

REMOVING ROOTS

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TYPES OF DOZERS
1. Crawler / Track Type 2. Wheel Type

Track Dozer Wheel Dozer

- Can work on variety of soil surface
- Can work over almost all terrain

- Good on firm soil and concrete surface

- Best for level and downhill work

- Can work on soft ground and mud-stick - Can not work on soft ground and mudsurfaces. stick surfaces. - Exert low ground pressure - Good for short working distance - Slow return speed - Can push large blade load - Exert high ground pressure - Good for long working distance - Fast return speed
18 - Can only push moderate blade load

Crawler or Track Dozer

Have a continuous TRACK of linked shoes that moves in the horizontal plane across fixed rollers. Track passes over the vertically mounted SPROKET at rear and IDLER WHEEL at front. The SPROKET (mounted on final drive), pass on the power to the track chain that impart the forward or backward motion. ROLLERS (Track and Carrier) support the Track chain. The IDLER WHEEL is mounted on a recoil device (Mostly Recoil Spring) for adjusting track tension and absorbing shock.

Breaking & Steering Actions are combined Steering clutch used to turn one track and stop other-side track assisting machine to steer effectively. Applying equal pressure on both sides steering clutch moves machine straight forward of reverse direction.
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Wheel Dozers
The front frame and rear frame is connected by the vertical central pivot. Wheels are mounted on front and rear axles. Power from final drive exert rimpull force that turns the wheels and moves machine in forward or reverse direction. Traction force can be improved by proper tyre selection. Wider tyres provide greater contact area and increase flotation. Larger sized tyre will reduce developed rimpull.

Have all powered Wheel Drive.

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Breaking action on wheels as in Vehicle. Steering Articulation and Rear Equipment achieved by between Front portion of the

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Dozers BLADE
BLADE is the main working tools (Implements) mounted on C frame in front of the machine perpendicular to direction of travel which PUSH (cut/ shear/ rolls) earth cutting in forward direction. In the case of ANGLE DOZER blade is mounted on C frame at a set angle with direction of travel and push materials forward at one side.
BLADE

C-Frame

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BLADE Adjustments: Tilting

TILTING: Either end of the Blade is raised or lowered in the Vertical Plane of the blade. Enables the concentration of dozer driving power on the limited portion of the blades length

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BLADE Adjustments: Pitching

PITCHING: The movement of the top of the blade toward and away from the Dozer. Allow operator to varies the angle of attack of the cutting edge as per cutting materials requirement.

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BLADE Adjustments: Angling

Turning the blade so that it is not perpendicular to the direction of the dozers travel. Angling causes the pushed material to roll of the TRAILING END of the blade called side casting.

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BLADE TYPES
Straight blades S: The straight blade is designed for short-and medium-distance passes, such as backfilling, grading, and spreading fill material. These blades have no curvature in their length and are mounted in a fixed position, perpendicular to the dozers line of travel. Angle blades A: An angle blade is wider by 1-2ft than an S blade. It can be angled up to a maximum of 250 left or right of perpendicular to the dozer, or used as a straight blade. An angle blade can be tilted, but because it is attached to the dozer by a C- frame mount, it cannot be pitched. The angel blade is very effective for side casting material particularly for backfilling or making side hill cuts. Universal blades U: This blade is wider than a straight blade and the outside edges are canted forward about 250. The canting of the edges reduces the spillage of loose material making the U blade efficient for moving large loads over long distances. The hp/ft ratio is lower for the U than the S blade mounted on a similar dozer. Semi U blades SU: This blade combines the characteristics of the S- and U- blade designs. It has increased capacity by the addition of short wings. Cushion blades C: Cushion blades are mounted on large dozers that are used primarily for push-loading scrapers. The C blade is shorter than the S blade so as to avoid pushing the blade into and cutting the rear tires of the scraper while push-loading.

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Hydraulic Excavators

Hydraulic Excavator
Hydraulic Excavator is the most commonly used construction machine. it has bucket with specified volumetric capacity. Hydraulic power is the key utility to operate the hydraulic excavators. It can work at very high gradient and difficult terrain. With various front attachments, it can be used for diversified purposes. Most excavators are mounted on track base, but smaller model may be mounted on wheels base.
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Hydraulic Excavator: Main Parts

A hydraulic Excavator consists THREE major parts
1. Work Equipment This part consist working tools for digging and loading 2. Upper Structure This part consist engine, cabin and holds components such as operators seat controlling joysticks and monitoring gauges

3. Undercarriage This part consist Crawler/ track chain or Wheel for moving machine on the ground.
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Upper Structure: Cabin Interior

Arm/Swing Controls (Left Joystick) move forward and backward to move Arm out and in move left and right to control direction of swing Boom/Bucket Controls (Right Joystick) move forward and backward to lower and raise boom move left and right to control bucket curl and dump

Depending on moving direction of control Joystick Boom, Arm or Bucket can be moved for doing work or machine can swing to require degree of rotation

Travel Levers
Depending on moving direction of control Lever/ Pedals Machine can move straight or turn left or right.

Machine monitoring units (Temp., Press. Gauges) Work equipment control Joystick Engine starting switch

Work equipment control Joystick

Travel Pedals Operators seat

Fuel gauge

n InteriorCabi

Lights / Other switches

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Excavators: Swing mechanism

The outer race fixed at upper structure turns with the Pinion that spins along with the inner race fixed at the lower structure.

SWING CIRCLE
The part between the outer race and the inner race turns smoothly on the ball bearings.

Pinion

Outer race

Inner race
This part enables an hydraulic excavator to turn around

Ball bearings
Stick/Swing Controls (Left Joystick) move forward and backward to move stick out and in move left and right to control direction of swing
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Lower Structure:
Undercarriage
Most are Crawler/ Track type. Compared to the Wheel type, the Crawler type has more part touching the ground. Which enables them to work on muddy surface where Wheel type can not be used. Wheel type excavator
make use of supports/ Stabilizers during work.
Seen from the sides Can also be fitted with dozing blade . (Optional)

CRAWLER / TRACK

WHEEL (TYRE)

Seen from the underneath

The part touching the ground surface

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Hydraulic Excavators: How it Works ?

Hydraulic Power is the key utility to operate all Hydraulic Excavators Arm Cylinder Control Valves Hydraulic Pump Boom Cylinder Bucket Cylinder

Engine

Hydraulic Oil Tank Swing Motor Travel Motors

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 Based on mounting type; they are classified as: 1. Crawler or Track type 2. Wheel type

Excavators : Types

Based on types of Bucket or digging motion of they are classified as: 1. Shovel type 2. Hoe type
Both front SHOVEL type or HOE type Excavator can be mounted on either on a Crawler or a Wheel tractor base.
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Hydraulic Excavator: Front Shovel

Basic Features:
An upward motion unit is know as front shovel Hydraulic front Shovel excavators are used mainly for hard digging above track level and for loading to hauling units. A shovel develops breakout force by crowding material away from the machine. The boom of a shovel swings upward to load; so the machine requires a material face above the ground level
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Hydraulic Excavator: Hoe

Basic Features:
A downward arc unit is classified as Hoe Hydraulic Hoe excavators are used primarily to excavate below the ground level on which machine rest It develops excavation breakout force by pulling the bucket towards the machine and curling the bucket inward. The downward swing of a hoe dictates usage for excavating below the ground level at which machine rest

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Hydraulic Excavator
The hydraulic excavators are fully hydraulically control machine which provides:
Faster cycle time Less noisy Smoothness and ease of operation High overall efficiency Greater accuracy and precision

It is a versatile machine that can be used for almost all kind of applications. A quick coupler enables to quick change with different type attachments and perform a variety of tasks in rapid succession
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 Hydraulic hoe has evolved from a single purpose excavating machine into a versatile multipurpose tool. It is a versatile machine that can be used for almost all kind of applications. Typical general applications are:
Digging below or above the ground level Canal/ Trench excavating and pipe laying Loading hauling units Lifting construction materials

Hydraulic Excavator: Application

A quick coupler enables the hoe to change attachments and perform a variety of tasks in rapid succession. Some common attachments are:
Hydraulic breaker Clamshell Impact hammer Cutters - Crane - Rock driller - Demolition jaw - Land clearing grapple
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Typical Applications

Attachments

Various types of attachments

Building demolishing

Handling Scrap materials

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Factor affecting production

Actual production of a shovel is affected by the following factors:
Class of material Height of cut Angle of swing Size of hauling units Operator skill Physical condition of the shovel
Production efficiency ranges from 30 to 45 min per hour
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LOADERS

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LOADERS
Also known as a front end loader, bucket loader, scoop loader, or shovel, the front loader is a type of tractor that is normally wheeled or Tracked. Use a wide square tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move material around. The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted.
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LOADERS
The deep bucket on the front loader can normally store around 3 6 cubic meters, as the bucket capacity. Loaders arent classified as excavating machinery, as their primary purpose is to handle the loose materials. Front loaders are used to transport building materials such as pipe, bricks, metal bars, and digging tools.
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LOADERS
Front loaders are also very useful for snow removal as well. Unlike the bulldozer, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked. The wheels will provide better mobility and speed and wont damage paved roads. Articulated steering allows the front axle to be solid, therefore allowing it to carry a heavier weight and gives a reduced turn in radius.
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LOADER BUCKETS

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BACKHOE LOADER MAJOR COMPONENTS

LOADER CONTROLS

BATTERY

DOOR

ENGINE OIL DIPSTICK

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DIPPER ARM

STABILISER LEG

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MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF BACK-HOE LOADER

Clam shovel allows you to load, dig, grab, grade, doze and spread without changing attachments. Truck loading Levelling and spreading large piles Stripping and levelling with the loader Capable of performing all most all the activities like excavators
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Dragline

Draglines are amongst the largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also 51 been constructed.

A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining

Civil engineering
the smaller types are used for road, port construction, and as pile driving rigs.

Mining
The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining.

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Dragline excavator

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Major Parts of Dragline

Dragline bucket system consists
a large bucket a boom (a large truss-like structure) Wire ropes
hoist rope Dragrope

By skillful manoeuvre of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations.
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Dragline excavator with pile driver attachment.

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Bucket wheel excavator

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Bucket-wheel excavators
Construction/mining equipment used in surface mining and mechanical engineering/civil engineering. To act as a continuous digging machine in large-scale open pit mining operations. Use of a large wheel consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns.
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Scrapers

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Scrapers
Single or tandem engine, tandem engine push-pull. Preferred for:
Completing large projects, including road construction, airports, dams, and large-scale residential and commercial development Moving high volumes of material under short time constraints Executing short to long loaded hauls from load to dump areas Traveling at high speed along well-developed 59 haul roads

GRADER STRUCTURES
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GRADER STRUCTURES

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Major Part of A Grader

Prime Mover (Engine)
Tandem Drive

Transmission System
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Hydraulic System

Operators Cabin
Circle Assembly Steering System Main Frame

Moldboard
Draw Bar Blade Attachments

ATTACHMENTS
To add additional versatility to the motor
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grader with attachments designed just for special application. Increases the scope of works. Best use of investment. Reduce Idle time of equipment Quality products

ATTACHMENTS
Dozer blade The front-mounted Dozer Blade is used for bulldozing jobs such as displacing gravel piles, small stump removal, fallen rock clearance from road shoulders and other blading applications where access with the grader moldboard may be difficult. Parallel linkage maintains blade angle at all depth. Boxed beam blade support provides excellent blade rigidity. Offers full hydraulic control using lever.
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ATTACHMENTS
Ripper/Scarifier The Ripper/Scarifier mounts to the rear frame and is designed for breaking up asphalt or other hard-pack aggregates prior to blading. Effective for uniform mixing of coarse and fine material, improving compaction of road surfaces. Parallel tooth ensures consistent ripping depth throughout the working range and provides consistent material break up/mixing of aggregates. Full hydraulic control.
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ATTACHMENTS
Front mounted Scarifier The Front Mounted Scarifier mounts to the nose plate and is designed to break up compacted material, asphalt and rocky subgrade. Simplifies scarifying applications against curbs, walls or near other obstacles. Parallel action ensures even penetration of all teeth at all working depths. V-shaped design permits efficient material flow.
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ATTACHMENTS
Mid -mount Scarifier
The Mid Mount Scarifier mounts behind the front axle

and is designed to break up compacted material, asphalt and rocky subgrade. Provides optimum cutting capability and excellent visibility to the attachment. Tilt adjustment accommodates various working applications. Hydraulic control using lever. V-shaped design permits efficient material flow.

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ATTACHMENTS
BLADE BOWL
Consists of two sideboards, a spreader bar, cutting

edge and a bottomless blade bowl. This attachment is used in rough earthen roads where hole are to be filled. Cutting edge cuts the high spots at the same time the material is stored in the bowl with the help of moldboard and sideboards. The material is filled when the holes comes through.

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ATTACHMENTS
Push block
The Push Block is mounted to the grader nose plate

and performs two basic functions: as a counterweight to maintain grader balance when a rear Ripper/Scarifier is installed, and as a push point in applications where a grader is used as a push vehicle. Extends beyond the front tires to provide ample clearance during pushing. Can be easily mounted and removed to facilitate the use of other front mounted attachments.

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ATTACHMENTS
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BLADE STABILIZER
Hydraulically operated skid plate Mounted behind the moldboard. Dampens the blade when rhythmic bounce is

created due to hard cut. Serves as a third point of suspension.

ATTACHMENTS
SLOPER
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Basically two kinds- for (a) shoulder works and

(b) ditch works. (a) Extension of the normal blade to reach over a berm or embankment for cutting (b) Extension to reach the ditch to clean and shape. Operator works from the road.

ATTACHMENTS
ELEVATING GRADER

This attachment with a cutting disc, material

is fed into conveyor. The material either loaded to a truck or spread over the ground. Used to elevate the road bed, clean and reestablish ditches, strip material from road side berm, de-silting irrigation cannel etc. Highly productive.

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ATTACHMENTS
GRADER SCRAPER
Consists of bowl, apron, and ejector, all
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hydraulically operated. Cuts the material, store in the bowl and dump it to required site. Can cut V and flat bottom ditches built farm terraces, construct and maintain banks, dams, rebuild roads, clean ditches, and culverts, cuts slopes, remove snow.

ATTACHMENTS
DISC HARROW
Rear mounted harrow Series of Circular blades are banked
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together and mounted . Loosens, pulverizes and blends material. Generally used in combination with Scarifier.

GRADER APPLICATIONS
Graders may be used for: a) Cutting drains b) Bank battering c) Forming roads d) Levelling e) Mixing materials f) Scarifying g) Light ripping h) Windrowing i) Minor excavations j) Snow Plow k) Trench Cutter & Filler

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Normal Blade Positions

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Covering Large Area

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Spreading Materials

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Blade Pitch

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Sloping High Bank

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Grading in Reverse

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Ditching or Ditch Cleaning

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Sloping During Ditch Cutting

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Backfill

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PURPOSE OF COMPACTION
To develop the potential strength of a

material as required by the intended use To create state of volumetric stability for the ultimate state to which the material will be subjected. To produce a minimum permeability of the material in its final in-place state.

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The amount of compaction is influenced by the following factors.

The moisture content of the soil The nature of the soil (Grain size distribution and
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physical properties) Depth of lift Climatic conditions The type and amount of compacting effort Type of equipment
Among above factors, the last two factors are related to the compacting equipment.

Compacting effort refers to the method employed by equipment to impart energy into the soil to achieve required compactions. The equipment are designed to use one or a combination the following types of compactive efforts to the soil to achieve ultimate result of compaction.
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Actions required for compaction

Static Weight (or Pressure)

Crushing
Kneading Action Impact (or Sharp Blow) Vibration (or Shaking)

Types of Compaction Equipment

Compactors can be grouped in the following types: -

Smooth Steel Drum Rollers Sheep Foot Rollers Grid or Mesh Rollers Tamping Rollers
Towed tamping Vibratory tamping

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Vibrating Rollers Multi Tyred Pneumatic Rollers Plate Compactors Vibrating Compactors

SMOOTH STEEL DRUM

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Smooth Steel Drum

Oldest form of mechanical compaction. Concrete Drums are also used for small works. Single drum or multi drums. Available up to 14 to 20 ton Towed type to Self propelled. Generally used where crushing effect is
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required. Good for surface finishing. Lift up to 12 can be compacted efficiently. Compacting Weight can be increased or decreased by varying the ballast.

Smooth Steel Drum

Front wheel is on dead axle used for steering. Rear wheels are powered. Power is transferred from engine through

clutch/torque converter shaft and gears. Most commonly used is 3-axle tandem roller with weight transferring device. Differential locking arrangement. It is best used for base courses of crushed stone. Not suitable for surface dressing. Bridging characteristic. Not possible to prevent bow-waving. (tendency to create wave of asphalt in the front roll) A steel roller is basically slow.

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SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS

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SHEEP FOOT ROLLERS 3 to 30 Tons. 40 to 72 inches dia drum ranging in weight

7 to 17 inches long cylindrical pads are welded over the

circumference of the drum. Generally they are towed type. They are intended to shear and knead the soil. Suitable for compacting all fine-grain materials. Not suitable for use on non-cohesive granular materials. Low speed from 6.4 to 9.6 km/hr. Efficient for silt-to-clay soils Nos. of passes depend on the lift; usually 6 to 10 passes will be needed to compact a 20 cm. clay lift. The roller becomes lighter as the density of the soil increases. .
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TAMPING ROLLERS
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TAMPING ROLLERS
Similar to Sheep foot rollers. Shape and size of the foot is different they

are tapered so that the entry and exit are clean. Fluffing of soil is avoided. Working speed is higher than sheep foot roller (8-12 mph) . Handle nearly all soils. Not suitable for clean sand. Suitable to compact 12 to 18 lift. There are towed and self propelled. Static and vibratory.

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GRID OR MESH ROLLERS

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GRID OR MESH ROLLERS

The roll surface is made of cast steel with grid or mesh. They are particularly effective on granular soils to compact 6 to 8 inches to up to 18 inches on rock fills. It is an excellent compaction machine for rock fills as it crushes the rocks with the help of mesh and crushed particles fill the voids as it moves forward.
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Vibratory Rollers

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Vibratory Rollers
Eccentric Shaft creates Vibration due to centrifugal force. Vibration has two measurements amplitude, which is the

measurement of the movement, or throw, and frequency, which is the rate of movement, or number of Vibrations (oscillations). The amplitude controls the effective area, or depth to which the vibration is transmitted into the soil, while the frequency determines the number of blows or oscillations that are transmitted in a period of time. Vibration creates impact forces, and these forces result in greater compacting power than an equivalent static load. Vibrating drum rollers are actuated by an eccentric shaft that produces the vibratory action. The Vibrating mass (drum) is always isolated from the main frame of the roller. Vibrations normally vary from 1,000 to 5,000 per min.
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Vibratory Rollers
Dynamic force created by a vibrators mechanism can be calculated from the following calculation;

F=0.00034WRN2
Where, F = Dynamic force in pounds W = Weight of eccentric mass in pounds R = Radius from center of eccentric mass to center of rotation in feet N = Rotation speed in revolutions per minute From the above formula, it is seen that the dynamic force increases with the square of the frequency. Dynamic force combining with the static force of the roller provides the total striking force to the soil. Benford Pedestrian Single drum vibratory roller owned by the DOR provides 920 Kg of centrifugal force at 3900 rpm and 65 cycles per second. This centrifugal force further provides 7,480 Kgs. of striking force at contact soil. A vibratory compaction has the following advantages over the conventional compaction. Light weight and smaller towing unit. Better mobility Less expensive Effective to greater depths.
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Vibratory Rollers

(cont)

These rollers are gaining popularity due to versatile

usages. Very wide in type, size and compacting width, means of providing vibrations. Single drum or dual drum. Effective on
Granular material (Rock to fine sand)
Semi cohesive material High lift

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Smooth Drum / Padded Drum

Small Walk Behind Rollers

Width in the range 24 to 38 inches.
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Suitable for Trench work Building Foundation for working in confined area.

Vibrating Rollers are also available /modified as per the

work site conditions. e.g. drum extend beyond the rollers

body , drums used as attachment to other equipment Remote control Rollers available to work in deep trench.

Multi tyred Pneumatic Rollers

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Multi tyred Pneumatic Rollers

Available upto 200 ton gross weight. Surface rollers using Principle of kneading Action to effect

compaction below the surface. Front and Rear wheels are so placed to cover the complete surface. Weight of the roller can be varied with the help of using ballast. Two tandem axles with 4-5 wheels. for uniform compaction, Wheels oscillate to follow surface contour Wheels may be mounted slightly out of line with axle

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weaving action - WOOBY WHEEL- more kneading action. Compactive effort is a product of wheel load, tyre size and tyre inflation pressure. The contact area increases when the inflation pressure decreases. Tyre Pressure- must be varied as per the soil type; on clay 90 psi can compact 14 where as 150 psi can compact 9 only. Larger Dia wheel is easier to move than small dia wheel. Self propelled or towed type

Plate Compactors/Rammers

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Plate Compactors/Rammers
Lift thickness is small ( 3 to 4 Inches). Moisture content is carefully controlled. Coverage is sufficient. Suitable for small works. For compaction of soils and asphalt
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concrete. Where large units are not practical. Remote controlled compactors are available.

Vibrating Compactors

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SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
Suitability for job condition-climate, working condition Size of the equipment- matching with production target, matching with other units Standardization- same type and size of the equipment in a project, reduces spares reserve. Availability of equipment- easily available, Availability of spare parts- after sales service, spares inventory in a project to be lowered Multipurpose equipment- attachments etc Technical know how- operation and maintenance Future use of equipment- equipment used in one project should be used in another till its life Economical Aspects- cost effectiveness Reliability- Equipment must be reliable Operating Cost- fuel consumption and other running cost Past performance- historical data, reputation of manufacturer, warranty etc
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Finally
Anyone can buy a machine. But not everyone can turn a profit with it. The reason? You need more than a machine for a successful business. Get answers to questions like these:
What type of material are you moving? What are the underfoot conditions? How much material has to be moved? What is the total job cycle distance? What are the job site time/production requirements?

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Questions
?

?
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THANK YOU ALL

Satya Narayan Shah

B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering (India) MS in Manufacturing Engineering & Management (UK)

Contact: er.snshah@gmail.com snshah@wlink.com.np Ph. No: 9851004366

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