DISCUSSION AN CONCLUSION In our experiment, the implementation of universal gates in logic circuits has been made.

There are two functions required to observe and F1 is in the SOP form while F2 is in the POS form. We have been given four variables (A, B, C and D) or in other words, four inputs that we must carry out in their 16 possible combinations by connecting toggle switches for each and one toggle switch that was always on to represent each of combination s output. We began to construct a circuit diagram composed mainly of the AND, OR and an INVERTER logic gate for each of the two functions and listed every output voltages we measured from the VOM. We also constructed a series of possible answer for each combination so as to serve as a guide to the values we re going to measure. We then compared our computed or expected value to what we measured in actual operation and the results did match to one another. Then, to perform the main point of the experiment which was the universal gates, we are required to reconstruct the circuits in the first procedure using universal gates only, but must maintain the same behaviour the previous circuits had obtained. In other words, we have to prove why the NAND and NOR gates are so called universal gates. We converted the previous diagrams we made into circuits that were composed mainly of NAND and NOR gates and followed the same procedure. In the first circuit or in the F1, it is in the Sum o Products form (SOP) and therefore can be easily implemented using NAND gates. Thus, we constructed its equivalent circuit using NAND gates only. Then, in the second circuit or in the F2, it can be easily seen that it is in Product of Sums form (POS) and therefore it can be easily implemented using NOR gates, Hence, we constructed once again another circuit using NOR gates only but the exact equivalent of the F2. We have constructed another series of possible answer for each combination so as to serve as a guide to the values we re going to measure. We then measured the corresponding output voltages for each of the combinations and compared it with our computed or expected values. The results were exactly the same as what we obtained from the first procedure. After the experiment, we can now say that using Universal gates we can implement any gate like AND, OR and NOT, or any combination of these basic gates and obtained the same output. Also we have proved its most important advantage compared to circuits using basic gates, and that is it minimizes the logic IC s being used. Therefore NAND and NOR gates really deserves their title as the Universal gates.