REVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

CHAPTER 1
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS & WAVES BEX 20903

Chapter 1: Review of Electromagnetic

Electromagnetism Introduction Generation Measurement Unit  The Fundamental SI Units  Units in Electromagnetic Current Conductor Magnetic Field

Introduction
Electromagnetic (EM) principles govern all electrical and electronic engineering systems. Electrical devices such as transformer, electrical relay, radio /TV, telephone, electric motor and generator operate due to the effect of magnetism and electromagnetism. It is important to understand the EM principle in order to properly design modern electrical systems and devices. Electromagnetic is the study of electric & magnetic phenomenon It consists of 3 branches:  Electrostatic fields, which are produced by stationary electric charges, q.  Magnetostatic fields, which are due to steady currents flow.  Electromagnetic fields or waves, which are due to timevarying currents.

Introduction
In electromagnetic: Electric and magnetic fields remain independent as long as both are static. However, when either field become dynamic, they become inextricably couple. A time-varying electric field induces a time-varying magnetic field and vice versa.

Introduction
What is Electromagnetism?  When current passes through a conductor, magnetic field will be generated around the conductor and the conductor become a magnet. This phenomenon is called electromagnetism.  This means that, electromagnetism is magnetism which is brought about due to electrical current flow.  Magnetism is the property of some materials in their natural state will attract small pieces of iron. What is Electromagnet?  An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by a flow of electric current.  The magnetic field disappears when the current ceases.

Introduction
What is Magnet?  A magnet has 2 poles; the North Pole and the South Pole.  There is a magnetic field surrounding the magnet.  It can attract certain type of metal.  The metals that can be attracted by a magnet are called the magnetic materials of ferromagnetic materials.  E.g. iron, steel, nickel and cobalt.  Magnet may be a permanent or temporary.  Permanent Magnet >> Magnetite or lodestone  Temporary Magnet >> Electromagnet. It is made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core.

Generation of Electromagnetism

Units of Measurement
Units of measurement are an important aspect of scientific calculations. The SI units system is the standard system used in Malaysia and most other countries. The SI system is based on seven fundamental units. The electric and magnetic quantities can be defined and derived with reference to the fundamental units.

Fundamental SI Units

Quantity Length Mass Time Electric Current Temperature Luminous Intensity Amount of Substance

Unit Name meter kilogram seconds ampere kelvin candela mole

Unit Symbol m kg s A K Cd mol

Units in Electromagnetic
Quantity Quantity Name Symbol Unit Name Electric charge q coulomb F newton Force Permittivity farad per meter E Electric field intensity volt per meter D Electric flux density coulomb per meter-square Electric potential V volt Energy W joule Frequency f hertz Power P watt Resistance R ohm Torque T newton-meter Conductivity siemens per meter J ampere per meter-square Current density Admittance Y siemens Capasitance C farad Energy density joule per meter-ciub H Magnetic field intensity ampere per meter Impedance ohm Magnetic flux weber B tesla Magnetic flux density Permeability henry per meter Inductance L henry weber per meter Magnetic potential (vector) A Unit Symbol C N F/m V/m Base Units kg m s 0 0 1 1 1 -2 -1 -3 4 1 1 -3 0 -2 1 1 2 -3 1 2 -2 0 0 -1 1 2 -3 1 2 -3 1 2 -2 -1 -3 3 0 -2 0 -1 -2 3 -1 -2 4 1 -1 -2 0 -1 0 1 2 -3 A 1 0 2 -1 1 -1 0 0 0 -2 0 2 1 2 2 0 1 -2

C/m 2
V J Hz W N.m S/m

A /m
S F

J /m
A/m Wb T H/m H Wb/m

Electric Field, Current, Conductor & Magnetic Field

Electric field, current, conductor, and magnetic field are interrelated with each other.

Electric current -q

Conductor Magnetic field

Electric Field Every charge, q produces electric field surround it

Electric field

+q

-q

Electric Current
Electric current, I is generally caused by the motion of the electric charges.

q Current I ! t
Electric current -q Conductor

Conductor
Conductors allow charges to move freely. Thus, current can flow through conductor. Conductors: all metals (e.g.: silver, copper, aluminum, iron), electrolytes, and plasma.

Electric Current Magnetic Field

Electric current induces magnetic field. In 1820, Oersted demonstrated that an electric current exerts a force on a compass needle.

Magnetic Field Electric Field

In 1831, Faraday discovers that the changing magnetic field induce electromotive force (emf). The galvanometer deflects whenever time-varying magnetic field passing through the loop.

Magnetic Field
Strength of the Magnetic Field:  A stronger current will produce a stronger magnetic field around the wire.  The field strength decreases out as you move further out.

Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field Pattern: