PHN QUYT S 1 TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N TNH C LP CA IU KHON TRNG TI Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn c B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Rumani

iu khon trng ti nh hng ca iu khon bo lu ti hiu lc ca hp ng v ca iu khon trng ti

Tm tt v vic: HP TC LM PHIM Nguyn n v B n k mt Tho thun (hp ng) trong c cha mt iu khon bo lu vi ni dung nh sau "Tho thun ny s c gi tr sau khi th tn dng c m". B n, sau khi c c bo lnh ca Chnh ph m th tn dng, yu cu Nguyn n giao hng ngay trc khi th tn dng c m. Nguyn n thc hin vic giao hng theo yu cu ny ca B n. Sau khi thc hin ton b cc ngha v trong hp ng m ch c thanh ton mt phn tin hng, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n thanh ton nt s tin cn li. B n khng chp nhn thm quyn ca trng ti vi lp lun rng v iu khon bo lu (vic m th tn dng) khng c thc hin nn hp ng coi nh cha c hiu lc v iu khon trng ti, v th, cng khng c hiu lc. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Vn gy nhiu tranh ci nht trong v kin ny l khi iu kin bo lu quy nh trong hp ng chnh khng c tho mn, hp ng tr nn v hiu th s v hiu ca hp ng c ko theo s v hiu ca iu khon trng ti hay khng. Trn thc t tho thun v trng ti thng thng c th hin n gin di hnh thc mt iu khon trng ti v a vo hp ng thng mi (nh hp ng mua bn hng ho, mua bn bn quyn, vn chuyn...). Thc t, iu khon trng ti c
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th c hiu l "mt hp ng trong mt hp ng". Chng ta khng nn ln ln iu khon trng ti vi hp ng chnh m n dn chiu ti. Bi y l hai loi tho thun c i tng php l hon ton khc nhau: iu khon trng ti xc nh th tc t tng s c p dng trong trng hp c tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn cn Hp ng chnh quy nh ngha v v quyn li ca cc bn. Thng thng iu khon trng ti c mt mc c lp nht nh i vi hp ng chnh. iu khon ny khng b tc ng bi nhng l do v hiu ca hp ng chnh. Ni mt cch khc, vic v hiu ca hp ng chnh khng th nh hng ti tin trnh t tng bng trng ti. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l hp ng chnh khng c nh hng g ti iu khon trng ti. C nhng l do v hiu c tc ng ti c hai tho thun trn nh vi phm nguyn tc t nguyn khi k kt hoc s khng c nng lc trong k kt hp ng ca cc bn. V mt php l, iu 343 Lut dn s ca Rumani (lut c chn iu chnh hp ng) c quy nh: "Hiu lc ca iu khon trng ti c lp vi hiu lc ca hp ng cha ng n". Thc t, vn hp ng chnh trong v vic ny c hiu lc hay khng cng cn phi xem xt li bi theo tho thun mi gia hai bn (B n yu cu v Nguyn n chp nhn yu cu ), vic giao hng c tin hnh trc khi th tn dng c m, tc l iu khon bo lu khng cn na. Tuy nhin, trong v vic ny u ban trng ti ch c nhim v xem xt xem iu khon trng ti trong hp ng c hiu lc hay khng. Vi lp lun rng "v tho thun trng ti l mt tho thun c lp nn d hp ng chnh b tc ng bi iu khon bo lu, tho thun ny vn khng h b nh hng bi iu khon bo lu ni trn", trng ti quyt nh mnh c thm quyn gii quyt v bc yu cu ca B n.

PHN QUYT S 2 TRANH CHP V CHT LNG CA H THNG THIT B HPA Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua ng Phi B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi cung cp M

Hy b hp ng trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp quy cch phm cht Trch nhim hn ch thit hi trong hp ng iu khon gii quyt tranh chp bng thng lng

Tm tt v vic: phc v cho vic vn hnh mt trm v tinh mt t ti ng Phi, thng 4 nm 1978, Nguyn n, mt cng ty ng Phi, k mt hp ng mua, vn chuyn v lp t mt b khuych i sng cc ngn (sau y gi tt l "HPA") vi B n, mt nh cung cp M. Hp ng quy nh lut p dng l lut ca bang California v mi tranh chp s c gii quyt bng trng ti ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Quc t ti Geneva. Nguyn n k Bn Chp Nhn i vi h thng "HPA" ti nh my ca B n ti M vo thng 6 nm 1979, sau ti cng trng ti nc ng Phi. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hot ng, h thng "HPA" lun gp trc trc v vo thng 1 nm 1980, ngng hot ng. K t , mc d hai bn vi ln c gng sa cha ti ng Phi, h thng HPA vn khng th hot ng bnh thng. Nguyn nhn ca vic h thng HPA lin tc b hng l do vic lp t khng ng thit b. C th, h thng cung cp in m HPA yu cu khng ph hp vi h thng in sn c ti hin trng. Cui cng vo thng 4 nm 1981, cc bn quyt nh gi h thng HPA tr li nh my ca B n ti M. Thng 5 nm 1981 B n ngh c sa h thng HPA nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn. Hai bn cng tin hnh thng lng nhiu ln v vic sa cha ny nhng khng t kt qu. Ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1981, Nguyn n hu b Bn Chp Nhn h thng HPA m mnh k trc y v mua mt h thng HPA t mt nh sn xut khc thay th cho h thng HPA ca B n. Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n:

Hon li s tin thanh ton theo hp ng, Bi thng khon chnh lch gia gi mua ca h thng HPA c v h thng
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HPA thay th,

Bi thng nhng thit hi ngu nhin v nhng thit hi nhn qu ko theo.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: Vn ch yu m trng ti cn xc nh trong v vic ny l liu y c phi l mt trng hp cung cp hng khng ng phm cht, qui cch theo hp ng hay khng. Nguyn n khiu ni i hu b Bn Chp nhn i vi h thng HPA, i tng ca hp ng. L do Nguyn n (ngi mua) nu ra l tnh khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao vi hng ho miu t trong hp ng. U ban trng ti lp lun nh sau: Theo iu 2608 ca Lut Thng Mi California, ngi mua c th hu b Hp ng ca mnh i vi mt l hng hoc mt n v hng ho khi l hng c giao khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh, gy thit hi ln cho ngi mua trong nhng trng hp sau: - S khng ph hp v quy cch phm cht c th c khc phc nhng li khng c khc phc mt cch hp l. - Ngi mua chp nhn hng ho c giao m khng bit rng cht lng v quy cch hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng do li v cht lng v quy cch ny rt kh pht hin khi nhn hng giao hoc do ngi bn c bo m trc v cht lng hng ho. Vn cn lm r l liu vic h thng HPA khng hot ng c ti hin trng c c coi l s khng ph hp ca h thng HPA vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh ti hp ng hay khng. V ngay c trong trng hp khng ph hp vi hp ng th liu y c phi l mt trng hp c php hu hp ng nh qui nh ti iu 2608 hay khng. Theo cc quy nh ca hp ng, ngha v hp ng ca B n i vi h thng HPA khng ch n thun l bn v giao hng m cn phi lp t h thng HPA ti hin trng. Mc A ca hp ng qui nh "Ngi bn c ngha v giao, lp t v kim tra ti hin trng b khuych i v qun l, gim st cng nh c thc cng vic cn phi thc hin". U ban trng ti cho rng ngha v lp t ti hin trng ko theo trch nhim phi bo m rng h thng HPA s c xy lp theo ng quy cch phm cht cn thit ph hp vi iu kin thc t ti cng trng cho d iu khng c quy nh c th trong phn B "Quy cch phm cht" ca hp ng. Bi vy, v khng thit k c h thng HPA vi nhng quy cch phm cht cn thit vn hnh c ti hin trng, B n khng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh. Mt vn na l liu Nguyn n c phi chia s trch nhim vi B n hay
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khng, v trong thi gian m phn Nguyn n bit rng h thng HPA phi ph hp vi h thng phn phi in ti hin trng v nh th mi c th d dng p ng c mi quy cch phm cht quy nh ti phn B ca hp ng. U ban trng ti thy khng cn thit phi nghin cu vn ny, v trn thc t, vo thng 12 nm 1978, c th l trong thi gian thit k v xy dng h thng HPA, ngay trc thi im chuyn giao, ng B, nhn vin iu hnh chu trch nhim v phn sn xut h thng HPA ca B n, nhn c thng bo t mt trong cc k s ca mnh ti hin trng l tm im c s dng l tm im khc vi tm im c thit k cho h thng HPA. U ban trng ti kt lun rng vic h thng HPA khng th vn hnh trong cc iu kin thc t ti hin trng cu thnh li "khng ph hp" v to thnh li trong hp ng ca B n. Xt trn kha cnh ny, nhng quy nh ca iu 2608 ca lut thng mi California c p ng. U ban trng ti cng cho rng nhng iu kin php l nu ti iu 2608 ca lut thng mi California v hu b Chp nhn cng c tha mn. U ban trng ti kt lun rng, Nguyn n c quyn hu b Chp nhn h thng HPA, c hon tr li tin thanh ton v bi thng khon chnh lch gi do phi mua mt h thng HPA khc thay th. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v cc thit hi ngu nhin v nhn qu ko theo do Nguyn n khng a ra c cc chng c chng minh cho cc thit hi ny.

PHN QUYT S 3 TRANH CHP V TNH V HIU CA HP NG I HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Hai doanh nghip Nam T B n Cc vn c cp:

: Mt cng ty Thy S

Lut p dng i vi Hp ng Tnh v hiu ca hp ng: do tri vi tp qun, vi phm chnh sch chung Hu qu ca tnh v hiu

Tm tt v vic: Quan h pht sinh t giao dch gia cc bn c thit lp thng qua vic i hng ho xut khu t Nam T ly hng ho nhp khu khc. Thc cht ch Hp ng nhp khu l c thc, cn Hp ng xut khu l khng c thc v mc ch ca vic thit lp quan h ny l nhm thu c ngun ti chnh cn thit v thc hin vic quy i ngoi t thanh ton hng ho nhp khu. Trn thc t, hng ho xut khu c giao ti Nam T v c thanh ton bng Franc Thu S. Cc Nguyn n (trong c mt doanh nghip ph sn) yu cu hu b giao dch v i bi thng thit hi. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Lut p dng cho quan h hp ng gia cc bn: Theo Nguyn n, lut Nam T s l lut p dng, cn B n cho rng lut Thu S s l lut p dng. Theo on 3 v 5, iu 13 ca Quy tc Trng ti Quc t ICC, cc bn c t do quyt nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng hp cc bn khng c bt k tho thun no v lut p dng th U ban trng ti s ch nh lut p dng theo nguyn tc m U ban trng ti cho l thch hp. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng hp U ban trng ti phi tnh n cc iu khon ca hp ng v cc tp qun thng mi. Qui nh ny cng c nu trong iu VII ca Cng c Geneva v Trng ti Thng mi Quc t k ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1961 v trong iu 33 on 1 v 3 Quy tc Trng ti Quc t UNCITRAL. V vn ny, hu ht cc hc thuyt hin nay v thm quyn ca trng ti v cc n l trng ti quc t u tha nhn rng trong vic xc nh lut p dng, U ban trng ti c th b qua cc qui tc lut xung t v p dng trc tip cc qui tc lut
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thc cht. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l cc trng ti vin c t do la chn lut p dng, c u tin p dng lut ny hay lut khc. Vic la chn lut ca cc trng ti vin phi da trn cc yu t khch quan nh cc iu khon ca hp ng lin quan, cc tp qun thng mi. Ngoi ra, Trng ti cng phi cn c vo cc qui tc nu trong bn d tho nguyn tc v lut p dng i vi hp ng quc t, mt cng trnh nghin cu ca U ban Thc tin Thng mi Quc t ca ICC a ra ti Hi ngh Stockholm ngy 9 thng 10 nm 1981. Theo iu 3 Cng c v Lut p dng i vi Hp ng Mua bn Hng ho Quc t k ti La Haye ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1955, hp ng mua bn c iu chnh bi lut quc gia ca nc m ngi bn c tr s thng tr ti thi im nhn c n t hng. Tuy nhin, hp ng mua bn s c iu chnh bi lut quc gia ca nc m bn mua c tr s chnh, nu nh l ni m ngi bn nhn n t hng. Cc qui nh t php quc t ca Thu S, Php v Nam T vo thi im ny cng c nhng quy tc tng t trong vic xc nh lut p dng cho cc ngha v pht sinh t hp ng mua bn: Vn u tin l phi xc nh nhng im quan trng nht khi thc hin hp ng. Tip theo cn xc nh lnh th c mi quan h cht ch nht vi vic thc hin hp ng, hoc theo nh kin ca To n lin bang Thu S, th phi nh ra "trung tm" ca Hp ng. Cc yu t ny s l c s ch yu xc nh lut p dng i vi hp ng. y cng l gii php a ra trong Cng c Chu u v Lut p dng i vi Ngha v hp ng c cc nc thnh vin k kt ti Rome, ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1980. U ban trng ti cho rng trong v vic ny Nguyn n phi chu s iu chnh ca lut Nam T i vi vic qun l xut nhp khu. Lut ny bao gm cc quy nh chung v pht tin v thm ch b pht t theo nh vn bn sa i lut ny v c p dng cho bt c hp ng xut nhp khu no Nam T. Ngoi ra, cn c vo cc iu khon ghi trong cc chng t hp ng v thc tin thc hin hp ng, U ban trng ti cho rng lut p dng i vi quan h hp ng l lut Nam T. 2. S v hiu ca hp ng xut khu: Trn thc t, khng h c bt k thng tin chi tit no v Hp ng xut khu v cc trng ti vin i n kt lun rng hp ng ny l khng c thc v cc bn vi phm qui nh v quy i ngoi t. U ban trng ti cho rng: "V mt nguyn tc, nhng tho thun tri vi qui nh bt buc ca lut hoc tri vi chnh sch chung, tri o c v tp qun l khng hp l v v hiu. iu ny c qui nh trong iu 879 Lut Dn s o, c p dng ti Croatia v Slovakia nm 1974, cng nh c qui nh trong Lut v Ngha v hp ng c hiu
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lc t nm 1978 ca Nam T. Nguyn tc ny cng c tt c cc nc v cc h thng php lut khc cng nhn. y c th coi l mt yu t ca lut hp ng c cng ng quc t tha nhn rng ri". Trong v vic ny, cc bn k kt mt hp ng khng c thc, vi phm lut Nam T v thng qua vic dng nh xut khu khng c thc thu c mt khon tn dng cng khng c thc. V vy, ti thi im giao kt hp ng c vi phm lut, cng nh vi phm o c v tri vi tp qun. Ngoi ra, iu 7 Hp ng xut nhp khu k kt gia cc bn qui nh: "Ton b cc iu khon nu trn ca hp ng ny l khng th tch ri v cc bn phi c ngha v thc hin ng theo hp ng". T cc lp lun trn, U ban trng ti i n kt lun rng: Hp ng xut khu l khng hp l v v hiu. H qu ca s v hiu ni trn l hai hp ng nhp khu hng ho cng khng hp l v v hiu v iu 7 ca hp ng gc qui nh v tnh thng nht ca cc iu khon trong hp ng (tc l s thng nht gia cc Hp ng nhp khu v xut khu).

3. Hu qu ca vic hp ng v hiu:
Theo lut Nam T, Hp ng v hiu dn ti vic phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u ca cc bn, c ngha l mi bn phi hon li nhng li ch m h nhn c t hp ng, khng n b thit hi, tr khi c li ch b vi phm. Kt lun ca U ban trng ti l hp ng nhp khu khng hp l v v hiu, hu qu l mt trong cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u m khng c bt c bi thng no tr khi li ch b vi phm. Vn tip theo l vic xc nh khon tin m B n phi hon tr. B n s phi hon tr khon tin tn dng do Nguyn n m l 5.398.986,51 Franc Thu S. Cc Nguyn n cn thc hin mt s chi ph khc nhng khng mang li li nhun cho B n, v vy B n khng phi hon tr cc chi ph ny. B n phi hon tr khon tin bng Franc Thu S. Khon tin ny trc y do mt trong cc Nguyn n thanh ton cho B on ti Thu S v vy cc li ch b vi phm phi c tnh theo t gi p dng cho li sut p dng cho thanh ton qu hn Thu S, tc l 5% theo iu 104 Lut ngha v hp ng ca Thu S. Nh vy cc Nguyn n c quyn i B n bi thng khon li trn s tin thanh ton cho B n tnh t ngy thc hin vic thanh ton vi li sut l 5%. Phn quyt ca U ban trng ti nh sau:

Hp ng gc v ba hp ng lin quan l khng hp l v v hiu do vi phm lut Nam T v tri vi o c v tp qun.

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Cc Nguyn n phi t chu cc chi ph gi tr li hng ho nhp khu m B n giao cho h ti ni ng k tr s ca B n. B n phi tr cho Nguyn n khon tin ng trc 5.398.986,51 Franc Thu S vo ti khon theo th tn dng ti ngn hng X. Nguyn n c quyn hng li sut theo t l 5% tnh t ngy tr tin cho ti ngy B n thc hin vic bi hon. Mi bn phi thanh ton mt na th lao v ph trng ti do U ban trng ti quyt nh.

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PHN QUYT S 4 TRANH CHP V VIC KHNG GIAO HNG DO BT KH KHNG TRONG HP NG MUA BN G Cc bn: Nguyn n : Bn mua Syri B n Cc vn c cp:

: Bn bn Ghana

Vic vi phm hp ng ca B n Trng hp bt kh khng Vic Nguyn n t chi hp ng Cc thit hi (gi chnh lch, mt li nhun, cc chi ph ngn hng)

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 15 thng 8 nm 1979, Nguyn n k hp ng mua ca B n 5000 m g dn v 5000 m3 g khi theo nhng iu kin sau:
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a. Chuyn hng u tin gm 3000 m3 g dn v 1000 m3 g khi s c giao trong vng hai thng k t ngy m th tn dng, b. Chuyn hng th hai gm 2000 m3 g dn v 2000 m3 g khi s c giao sau chuyn th nht mt thng, c. Chuyn hng th ba gm 2000 m3 g khi s c giao sau chuyn th hai mt thng.

Thanh ton bng L/C c xc nhn v khng hu ngang; Bo m thc hin hp ng tr gi 5% tng tr gi hp ng do B n cp "ngay sau khi L/C tng ng c m "; iu khon v pht do giao chm; iu khon v trng ti quc t ICC; iu khon v bt kh khng trong nu r: Trong trng hp xy ra s kin bt kh khng, bn bn c trch nhim thng bo vi bn mua ngay sau khi s kin ny xy ra, S bin ng ca tin t cng nh vic tng gi s khng c coi l bt kh khng.

Sau khi hp ng c k kt, Bo m thc hin hp ng c B n gi ti Nguyn n ngy 22 thng 11 nm 1979. Tng ng theo , chuyn hng cui cng
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phi c giao mun nht l ngy 22 thng 3 nm 1980. Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1979, hai th tn dng c thi hn ti ngy 22 thng 2 nm 1980, mt cho l g dn v mt cho l g khi m ngi th hng l B n, c xc nhn. V phn mnh, Nguyn n cng k hp ng bo him cho hng ho v ch nh cng ty gim nh kim tra cht lng hng ho c giao. Ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1979, B n thng bo cho Nguyn n bng Telex rng do ma ln, thiu nhin liu v mt s l do khc, h khng th giao hng theo ng lch nh. Ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1979 chuyn hng u tin ch c 218,671 m3 g dn v 415,904 m3 g khi ri Ghana i Syri. Sau , B n thng bo cho Nguyn n hn s gi chuyn hng th hai gm 2500 m3 g dn v 1500 m3 g khi vo cui thng 1 nm 1980. Nguyn n ng ngh ny ca B n. Tuy nhin trn thc t iu ny khng c thc hin. Nguyn n sau phi nhc nh B n vi ln, ngh c thng bo chi tit v chuyn hng giao ngy 7 thng 3 nm 1980, ng thi xin gia hn th tn dng cng nh chp nhn gia hn thi hn giao hng cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980. B n khng h c ng thi g v thc t khng tin hnh giao chuyn hng th hai. Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1980, hai bn ng gp nhau bn bc v vic thc hin hp ng. Ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1980, vin c rng mnh phi chu nhng tn tht do gi du tng, B n ngh tng gi ln 40%. Nguyn n khng chp nhn yu cu ny. B n mun hu b hp ng vi l do bt kh khng v i c thanh ton tin hng cho chuyn hng u tin giao. Cho n thi im ny Nguyn n c c lnh phong to Bo m thc hin hp ng cng hai th tn dng theo quyt nh ca to s thm Damascus. Ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1981, Nguyn n a s vic ra To trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC). Theo cc iu khon dn chiu, v vic c xt x ti Paris v p dng Lut Trng ti Quc t Php. Nguyn n i c bi thng:

Khon chnh lch v gi l 656.070,35 USD Mt khon li nhun b tht thu l 468.301,10 USD Chi ph ngn hng l 620.719 Pounds Syri Chi ph bo him Thu nhp khu T l li sut l 9% cho tng s tin ny. c thanh ton s tin l 306.988,42 USD cho chuyn hng u tin vi t l li sut l 15% mt nm,
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B n khng co i:

Tuyn b Nguyn n khng c quyn c hng s tin Bo m thc hin hp ng v nhng thit hi pht sinh do vic hu b hp ng.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic vi phm hp ng ca B n: Khi thi hn giao hng trong hp ng ht, Nguyn n gia hn th tn dng cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 cng ng thi l gia hn thm cho vic giao hng ti ngy . Vic lm ny c c hai bn tha nhn. Mc d vy, B n vn khng thc hin c vic giao hng trong thi gian c gia hn ny. Bn thn iu ny cu thnh li vi phm hp ng ca B n. Nhng g xy ra sau ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 khng c tnh ti v cc bn khng c mt tho thun thm no v vic gia hn thi hn giao hng. 2. Bt kh khng: Sau khi xem xt gii trnh ca B n v trng hp bt kh khng v iu khon v Bt kh khng trong hp ng, U ban trng ti khng th chp nhn l do khng thc hin hp ng m B n a ra l bt kh khng v trn thc t, cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 (ngy ht hn ca th tn dng sau khi c gia hn thm) B n khng h cp mt cch c th bng Telex v bt kh khng, vn ny ch c a ra trong cuc thng tho cui thng 7 cng nm ti Damascus. iu ny cho php U ban trng ti kt lun l B n thc t c kh nng giao hng song mun tng gi ln cao hn nn khng thc hin ngha v giao hng theo hp ng. 3. Vic t chi hp ng ca Nguyn n: B n cho rng chnh Nguyn n t chi hp ng vi l do Nguyn n :

Lm cho vic nhn tin bng L/C khng thc hin c Khng thanh ton cho B n chuyn hng u tin Thc t hu b L/C khng hu ngang

U ban trng ti xc nh nh sau: B n ni rng h khng c thanh ton do khng Nguyn n khng gi cho h bn gc ca giy chng nhn kim tra hng ho. Trn thc t, giy chng nhn kim tra hng ho m cc bn cung cp cho U ban trng ti cng khc nhau. U ban trng ti cho rng: B n cha bao gi phn nn vi Nguyn n, di bt k hnh thc no, v giy chng nhn kim tra hng. Hn na, sau khi Nguyn n thng bo cho B n rng h ch nh c cng ty gim nh, th B n c trch nhim phi yu cu
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cng ty gim nh cp giy chng nhn ngay sau khi hng c kim tra. V khng lm c iu ny, B n t gy kh khn cho vic nhn tin bng L/C. Hn na, do bn cht ca L/C l xc nhn khng hu ngang nn Nguyn n khng th hu b th tn dng. B n c ngha v phi xut trnh ng hn y b chng t, nu thiu, h phi tm mi cch c c chng t b thiu ng thi hn song thc t h khng lm c iu . V d gi thit rng b chng t c xut trnh y v ng hn m ngn hng vn t chi thanh ton th li l vn ni b gia Ngn hng m th tn dng v Ngn hng xc nhn. Cui cng, t tt c cc chng t m hai bn a ra cho thy, B n ch a ra ngh thanh ton trc tip ln u tin ti cuc hp cui thng 7 nm 1980 ti Damascus. Trc B n gn nh hon ton im lng cho ti ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1980 v sau ch quan tm ti vic nng gi hp ng. Trong sut thi gian h khng h chng minh c vic Nguyn n t chi hp ng. T cc cn c trn, U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n. 2. Thit hi: a. Phn chnh lch gi c: Nguyn n i B n bi thng khon tin chnh lch l 656.070,35 USD do gi tng. U ban trng ti cho rng theo thng l quc t, trong trng hp hng ho khng c giao th tn tht c tnh l s chnh lch gia gi trong hp ng v gi th trng ti thi im hng ho l ra phi c giao ti ni c nhu cu v mt hng . Trong trng hp c th ny, thi hn giao hng c gia hn n ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 nn gi th trng cng s c tnh ti thi im . Tuy nhin, U ban trng ti bc b yu cu ca Nguyn n i c thanh ton phn chnh lch gi do:

Nguyn n khng chng minh c s tng gi vo ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980, Qua xem xt U ban trng ti c bit rng gi g dn v g khi ti thi im ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 thc t thp hn gi hp ng.

(v vy, gi s v khng mua c hng ca B n m Nguyn n phi mua hng khc thay th th vic ny cng khng gy ra thit hi g cho Nguyn n) b. Li nhun b tht thu: U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v khon li nhun b mt d tnh l 10% tng gi tr 468.301,10 USD hng ho khng c giao. Theo lut thng mi thng thng, nh gi thit hi ca vic khng giao hng, ngi ta ly s chnh lch gia gi hp ng v gi th trng ti thi im m l ra hng ho phi c giao.
14

Thng l ny c da trn mt gi thit rng v hng ho khng c giao, ngi mua c th gim bt thit hi bng cch mua mt lng hng ho thay th trn th trng ch en. Nu v khng mua hng ho ch en thay th, ngi mua phi chu thm nhng tn tht khc (nh mt li nhun...) th ngi bn s khng chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi ny. Trong trng hp ang xt, Nguyn n khng mua, hay t nht cng khng chng t c vic mnh mua g thay th trong ngy giao hng. Nu mua th h c th bn li g cho "cc t chc thng mi ni a Siri" v bo ton 10% li nhun ca mnh. Do vy, bn thn pha Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v vic khng lm nh vy. Hn na, Nguyn n vi t cch l mt thng nhn, h c th thu c li hoc chu l khi bn li hng ho, khng phi bao gi cng li c. 10% li nhun y ch l li nhun v ra ch khng phn nh ng vic xc nh gi c thng mi da trn cung cu trn th trng. Bi vy, yu cu bi thng ny b bc b. c. Cc ph ngn hng, bo him ca Nguyn n, thu: V khon ph ngn hng tr gi 618.013,44 Pound Syri, U ban trng ti phn x nh sau: Ph ngn hng : Do B n vi phm hp ng, Nguyn n c quyn c hon tr khon ph ngn hng k t ngy k hp ng cho ti ngy xy ra vi phm.

Ph bo him: Do B n khng phn bc li g v s tin bo him, Nguyn n c quyn c bi hon li chi ph ny.

Bo him ph: Khiu ni ny ca Nguyn n b bc b do Nguyn n khng a ra c bng chng no v vic tu ch hng thuc loi c bit v hng bo him c i mt khon ph ph ny.

Thu nhp khu: Khiu ni ny ca Nguyn n b bc. hu ht cc nc, trong c Anh, c mt qui tc c t ra l nu hng ho khng c nhp khu th khng phi tr thu v nu nh thu nhp khu phi tr trc, th chng s c hon li cho ngi np nu nh sau ny hng ho khng nhp khu. Nh vy, B n khng th bit trc c rng liu c ng l thu nhp khu khng c hon li cho Nguyn n nh h vin dn hay khng.

15

PHN QUYT S 5 TRANH CHP V CCH THC KIM TRA CHT LNG HNG HO Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Thu S B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua H Lan

Hu hp ng Cc tiu chun nh gi phm cht hng ho khc nhau Hu qu ca vic hiu nhm

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n v B n ng k ba hp ng bn cng mt loi hng ho vi cc quy cch phm cht c quy nh chi tit. Hng c gi i t mt cng ty Canaa v c giao theo iu kin C.I.F cng Rotterdam. C ba hp ng c lp bng ting Php vi nhng iu kin ging ht nhau, loi tr iu khon v s lng. iu khon trng ti quy nh rng tranh chp s c gii quyt theo Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng Mi Quc t. Tuy nhin ch c hai hp ng u tin c k v thc hin, hp ng th ba vn cha c k v trc khi hng c gi i t Canaa, B n hu hp ng vi l do hng c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Nh my Canaa gi mt k s sang H Lan kim tra mu hng trong mt phng th nghim c lp. Kt qu kim tra gy ra nhiu tranh ci: khi tin hnh phn tch theo phng php ca Bc M th mu hng c kim tra hon ton ph hp vi nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, nhng khi tin hnh theo phng php ca Chu u th li khng ph hp. Cc bn kin ra trng ti theo :

Nguyn n yu cu c bi thng 55.000 USD (bao gm c 37.000 USD tr cho nh my Canaa) i vi vic hu hp ng th ba. B n khiu ni i 181.645 florins H Lan cho nhng thit hi lin quan ti hai hp ng ban u.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trong v kin ny c rt nhiu tranh chp c nu ra nh v thm quyn ca
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trng ti, lut p dng i vi hp ng, vai tr ca ngi k s c nh my Canaa c sang tin hnh phn tch hng ho Tuy nhin, y c ba vn cn xem xt: Th nht, liu ngi mua c mc nhin c quyn hu mt hp ng khi phng on rng hng c giao theo hp ng th ba c th s khng ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng hay khng?

Th hai, quyn c thng tin v ngha v phi tm hiu thng tin (v phng php kim tra cht lng hng ho) mt cch y ca cc bn trc khi tin hnh k hp ng c hiu v p dng nh th no?

Th ba, vic hiu khng r v tiu chun nh gi phm cht ca hng ho dn ti hu qu l hng giao khng ng nh ngi mua ngh v trng i c cho php ngi mua c quyn i bi thng v l hng hay khng?

1. V quyn n phng hu hp ng ca B n: Theo quan im ca U ban trng ti, y l mt trng hp lin quan n mt nhm hp ng thng mi v do , nu kt lun cui cng l hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, v nu B n tin chc rng hng ho theo hp ng th ba s c phm cht y nh s hng c giao theo hai hp ng trc , th B n s c quyn t chi hp ng th ba. Theo iu 48 ca Lut thng nht v Mua bn Hng ng sn Quc t, ngi mua c th p dng quyn c hu hp ng thm ch trc c thi gian c n nh cho vic giao hng nu c bng chng r rng rng hng ho c giao s khng ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo lut Thu S, nu mi bng chng u cho thy l hng ho s b h hng ti thi im giao hng, ngi mua khng c php i ti lc mi tin hnh cc th tc php l t chi nhn hng. Trong trng hp c th ny, B n tuyn b rng h s khng tip tc nhn hng ho tr khi s hng ny c quy cch phm cht ph hp vi phng php nh gi do B n a ra. Tuy nhin Nguyn n v nh cung cp (nh my Canaa) hin ang s dng phng php ca Bc M, khng chp nhn iu kin ny. Nh vy, nu gi thit v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c chng minh, B n c quyn t chi hp ng th ba. 2. V vic hiu lm: Thc cht, c hai bn u ht sc thin ch trong vic gii quyt tranh chp gia h. V phn mnh, Nguyn n ngay lp tc tuyn b sn sng gi mu do hai bn cng ly ti kim tra ti mt phng th nghim c lp do hai bn cng la chn v s chp nhn vic hu hp ng th ba nu nhng phn tch ny cho thy rng nhng l do m B n a ra l c c s. Nguyn n cng ngay lp tc thng bo v nhng vn v phm cht v gi mu cho nh my Canaa, ng thi yu cu nh my c
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n mt k s. Nh th c th thy nguyn nhn c bn lm pht sinh tranh chp trn l s hiu lm. "Theo kt lun chnh ca k s sau chuyn cng tc ti H Lan, hng c gi i khng phi l hng m ngi mua H Lan ngh rng mnh mua". l do khi cho hng ngi bn Thu S khng h cp ti phng php phn tch phm cht cn ngi mua H Lan th li cho rng, v hng c mt cng ty Chu u cho bn nn phng php phn tch ca Chu u s c p dng. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n lp lun rng "T trc ti nay, phng php c p dng phn tch l phng php ca nc xut x hng ho hoc phng php c ton th gii cng nhn, nh phng php ca Bc M chng hn. S khc bit c bn gia phng php Bc M v phng php Chu u l cch biu th ho tan ca bt bng s (ch s ho tan) m tranh chp ch yu ca hp ng ny l v ho tan ca bt (i tng ca hp ng). Chnh bi vy phng php phn tch cn phi c xc nh r c th xc nh c ho tan ca bt. Tuy nhin ch mi ti khi B n khiu ni v phm cht ca hng th mu thun v phng php s dng phn tch cht lng hng ho mi pht sinh. V cng ch ti khi , ngi bn mi thng bo v phng php kim tra m theo h c quc t cng nhn, l phng php Bc M. Nh my ti Canaa ng c k s sang H Lan vi iu kin l cc bn phi thng nht v phng php kim tra. Trn thc t, nu s dng phng php Bc M kim tra th hng ho giao theo hai hp ng u tin c cht lng hon ton ph hp vi miu t cht lng trong hp ng. Tuy nhin nu s dng phng php Chu u th hng giao khng p ng c cc tiu chun cht lng theo tho thun. Nguyn n l ra phi bit rng vic hiu lm trong vic miu t hng ha hon ton c th xy ra trn th trng Chu u. Thc t, ngi bn Thy S v ngi mua H Lan cha h c mt tho thun no v phng php Bc M c. Ngi bn, tc Nguyn n, l ra phi nu r l nhng miu t v hng ho trong hp ng phi c hiu theo phng php Bc M nh ngi cung cp Canaa nu rt r iu ny trong hp ng k vi Ngi bn. V phn mnh, B n cng bit rt r rng hng c xut x t Canaa v h tng lin h vi ngui cung cp, nh my Canaa. V vy, vic hiu lm ny cng c nguyn nhn mt phn t s cu th ca B n v l ra B n phi hi r v nhng ch s c s dng miu t bt. Mi quan h qua li gia quyn c cung cp thng tin v ngha v phi t hi thng tin mt cch c th chnh l vn c bn ca tranh chp ny. Xt cho cng, B n v Nguyn n cng phi chia s trch nhim v hu qu do li cu th gy nn. Tuy nhin xt v phng php Bc M c s dng rng ri hn so vi nhng phng php khc nn li do cu th trong vic cung cp thng tin
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ca Nguyn n c xt nh hn so vi B n. Theo lut Thu S, bn c li c quyn c yu cu hu hp ng ngay c khi li l do s cu th m mnh gy ra. Li ca mt (cc) bn trong hp ng s c coi l nghim trng khi n dn n nhm ln c bn v phm cht khin hng ho thuc hn v mt loi khc ca hng ho . Trong trng hp ang xt, cch o ho tan ca bt c th dn ti hu qu l hng ho c giao l mt loi khc so vi loi hng ho m B n mun mua. Bn c li c th yu cu hu hp ng vi iu kin phi tr tin bi thng. Trch nhim ny c t ra vi gi nh trc l li pht sinh t chnh s cu th ca bn , trong trng hp c th ny, li ca ngi mua l khng hi y thng tin v hng ho. Cn li ca ngi bn l khng cung cp y thng tin v hng ho. V mt nguyn tc, lut Thu S quy nh rng bn c li khng phi bi thng cho bn i tc ca mnh nu nh i tc ny bit v li trn. Tuy nhin nhng n l trc c xt n vic gim bi thng trong trng hp hai bn cng c li. Xt li ring ca tng bn trong v kin ny, U ban trng ti quyt nh rng s tin bi thng s c chia lm 5 phn, B n chu 3/5 v li hiu nhm v Nguyn n chu 2/5. 3. V n kin li ca B n yu cu c bi thng thit hi do s khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc: Theo U ban trng ti, hai hp ng ban u khng th c coi l v hiu na v chng c xc nhn v vic thanh ton cng c thc hin sau khi li c pht hin, hn na khng c bng chng no chng t rng hai bn c nhng thng lng v vn ny. Do n kin li ca B n l khng c c s. U ban trng ti kt lun:

B n phi thanh ton cho Nguyn n mt khon tin bi thng tr gi 37.000 USD (trong tng s 55.000 USD m Nguyn n yu cu) cho vic hu hp ng th ba. Bc khiu ni i bi thng ca B n v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc. Nguyn n phi tr 2/5 v B n tr 3/5 ph trng ti.

Bnh lun v lu : Trong thc t kinh doanh, vic cc bn gp g trc tip tin hnh m phn v k hp ng khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. k kt mt hp ng hoc thc hin mt thng v, cc bn thng ch trao i rt nhanh thng tin di hnh thc vn bn (n cho hng, n t hng, hp ng, ti liu k thut...) qua Telex, Fax, th tn hoc thm ch c trng hp khng c vn bn y . Nu mi vic din ra sun s th khng c vn g ng nu ra, tuy nhin nu c bt c mt kh khn no
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pht sinh th nhng thiu st, li lm hoc s h d nh my cng c hu qu nghim trng kh lng. Chnh bi vy, trc khi tin hnh k kt bt c hp ng no, vic son tho cht ch cc vn bn hoc hp ng mua bn, nhng ph lc km theo nh ti liu k thut hay miu t v hng ho... phi c c bit coi trng. Mi chi tit cha r rng cn phi c lm sng t ngay trnh nhng thit hi ng tic khng nn c nh chng ta thy qua v d nu trn.

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PHN QUYT S 6 TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG KHNG NG CHT LNG TRONG HP NG MUA BN GIY N Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua B B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn B

Bt kh khng Ngha v lm gim nh thit hi Thit hi do mt uy tn

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng bn hng theo B n s cung cp cho Nguyn n 150.000 i giy ph n trong thi hn bn thng. Cng ngy hm , B n k mt hp ng vi cc iu khon y ht (tr iu khon v gi) vi mt cng ty thng mi quc doanh ca Rumani (sau y gi l bn C) qua C cam kt s cung cp cng mt s lng giy cho B n. Sau , Nguyn n khng nhn c hng ng quy cch phm cht v ng thi hn nh quy nh trong hp ng, do tin hnh khi kin ra trng ti yu cu c bi thng thit hi. V phn mnh, B n khiu ni li ngi cung cp ca mnh l bn C, do li giao hng chm. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trong thng mi quc t c rt nhiu l do khin cho mt trong cc bn k kt hp ng khng th thc hin c y nhng ngha v ca mnh, mt trong nhng l do m cc bn thng vin dn nhm gim nh li ca mnh l "bt kh khng". Tuy nhin xc nh liu l do m cc bn a ra c thuc vo trng hp bt kh khng hay khng hon ton khng n gin. Trong v kin c th ny, B n coi vic khng th giao hng ng qui cch v ng thi hn do li ca nh cung cp ca mnh (bn C) l s kin bt kh khng. Mt vn khc c cp trong v vic ny l ngha v lm gim thit hi ca cc bn khi c mt s c xy ra nh hng ti vic thc hin hp ng. Vic khng th thc hin ng hp ng ko theo rt nhiu hu qu. Thit hi y c th l vt cht v cng c th l phi vt cht. Trong v kin ny, ngoi thit hi thc t c th tnh ton do li ca B n (bn bn), Nguyn n cn i bi thng thit hi v uy tn thng mi ca mnh.
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1. V bt kh khng: B n cho rng, v hp ng k gia Nguyn n v B n quy nh rng giy phi ng l loi giy do cng ty C cung cp nn vic C khng th giao hng ng quy cch v thi hn quy nh trong hp ng l mt tr ngi khng th vt qua i vi B n (thc cht l B n mun xp nguyn nhn ny vo trng hp Bt kh khng), v bi vy cho php B n c min mi trch nhim ca mnh i vi Nguyn n. V vn ny, Nguyn n cho rng, xt trn c s trch nhim ca ngi u thc (trong trng hp ny l trch nhim i vi hnh vi ca ngi c u thc), B n phi chu trch nhim v li ca ngi cung cp ca mnh (cng ty C). Mt khc, Nguyn n lp lun thm rng theo thng l, li ca ngi cung cp khng th c coi l mt yu t bt kh khng i vi ngi bn hng. Xt lp lun ny ca Nguyn n, U ban trng ti cho rng nguyn tc v trch nhim ca bn u thc (B n) theo hp ng i vi hnh ng ca bn c u thc (Bn C) khng c lin quan g ti trng hp ny v tun th theo hp ng k gia Nguyn n v B n, B n khng chn bt c nh cung cp no khc thay th C. Hn na, s l cng nhc v khng chnh xc nu cho rng trong bt c hon cnh no li ca ngi cung cp cng khng th c coi l trng hp bt kh khng i vi ngi bn hng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, B n khng chng minh c rng li ca ngi cung cp (Bn C) l khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. B n khng a ra c bng chng rng vic giao hng chm ca nh my C l khng th lng trc c v trn thc t vic giao hng mun ca mt nh cung cp l mt bin c bt ng c th d on c. Hn na, B n cng khng chng minh c l l ra h cng phi lng trc hoc tm cch lm gim bt nhng hu qu do vic giao hng chm t pha C gy ra. Ngha v ca B n trong trng hp ny l ngha v v kt qu1 (tc l ngha v m bo mang li kt qu m cc bn tho thun - c th trong trng hp ny l vic giao hng, khc vi ngha v v phng thc2 - tc ngha v m bo s dng mi kh nng, mi phng thc, phng tin c th v hp l hng ti vic t c kt qu nhng khng phi m bo s mang li kt qu nh mong mun) v ngha v ny buc B n phi c trch nhim giao hng cho Nguyn n tr trng hp Nguyn n hu b n t hng m khng c l do. Tm li, vic khng giao hng ng quy cch v ng thi hn ca C khng c coi l s kin bt kh khng i vi B n v bi vy, B n phi chu trch nhim v li trn i vi Nguyn n.
1 2

Tm dch t thut ng ting Php Obligation de rsultat Tm dch t thut ng ting Php Obligation de moyen

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2. V ngha v phi hn ch thit hi: B n lp lun rng, xt n ngha v thc hin mi bin php c th hn ch v gim bt thit hi ca cc bn, l ra Nguyn n c thi gian dn xp sao cho c th giao cho khch hng ca mnh hng ho tng t nh i tng hp ng c k gia hai bn . Trn thc t, loi giy l i tng ca hp ng c tnh thi v v ch c th c bn v giao cho khch hng ca Nguyn n mun nht l vo u ma ng. Trong khi cho ti thi im gia thng 9, B n vn lm cho Nguyn n tin rng B n c kh nng giao hng cho Nguyn n, mc d c mun hn so vi tho thun nhng trc thi hn cui cng cho php. Vic khng th thc hin c cam kt ny c bit khi qu mun c th mua c hng thay th t cc ngun khc. Thc t cho thy, xt ti tnh cht thay i thi trang, cc nh cung cp thng gi rt t loi giy ny trong kho d tr. Hn na B n khng h cho Nguyn n bit nhng ngun m Nguyn n c th, vo cui thng 9 nm , mua b sung c hng tng t vi loi c miu t trong hp ng. V vy, trong trng hp ny s l khng tho ng nu min cho B n tin bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng. 3. V thit hi do mt uy tn: Xt ti thc t l trong s 127.000 i giy c Nguyn n t mua ca B n, c ti 45.509 i, ngha l khong 38% khng c giao ng quy cch v thi hn quy nh, chng ta c th thy rng Nguyn n kh c th chp nhn s phn trm hng ln nh vy khng c thc hin ng hp ng. Mt khc xt ti tnh cht thi v ca loi hng ho ny, Nguyn n cng ch c th p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng ca mnh trong mt chng mc nht nh bng cch ly hng t nhng ngun khc. Nu coi rng uy tn thng mi ca mt thng nhn s b nh hng khi h khng th tho mn c phn ln cc n hng k vi khch hng v xem xt ton b cc kha cnh ca v vic ny, c bit l s suy gim v li nhun v s liu kinh doanh ca Nguyn n vi nhng khch hng tng c n t hng vi Nguyn n v loi giy ph n ni trn trong hai nm t 1980 n 1982 so vi nhng nm trc , U ban trng ti thy rng yu cu i bi thng thit hi v uy tn ca Nguyn n l hon ton c cn c. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh l Nguyn n phi c bi thng cho thit hi v uy tn thng mi.

23

PHN QUYT S 7 TRANH CHP TRONG 3 HP NG MUA BN HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi Bn B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi Mua

Lut p dng iu 13(3) v (5) ca Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (I.C.C) Cng c Hague 1955 v lut p dng cho bun bn hng ho quc t Tp qun trong thng mi quc t

Tm tt v vic: B n k ba hp ng vi Nguyn n mua cng mt loi sn phm theo nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo hp ng, B n thanh ton 90% gi tr mi hp ng khi nhn c y b chng t gi hng. Hng c giao theo hp ng th nht v th ba t ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh, tuy nhin cc bn c tranh ci v phm cht hng giao theo hp ng th hai trc khi hng c giao ln tu. Khi tin hnh gim nh l hng ln th hai ti cng n, ngi ta pht hin rng hng khng t quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Cui cng sau khi gia cng li hng d bn hn, B n phi bn li l hng trn cho bn th ba vi mt khon l kh ln. Ly l do l hng giao theo hp ng th hai khng t quy cch phm cht quy nh ti hp ng, B n t chi thanh ton 10% tr gi cn li ca cc hp ng. Nguyn n khi kin trc trng ti i c thanh ton s tin 10% trn. V phn mnh, B n kin li yu cu khon 10% phi c dng thay th vo khon tin l ra Nguyn n phi bi thng cho B n cho khon tin l trc tip, chi ph ti chnh, tht thu li nhun v li sut do l hng th hai c giao khng ng cht lng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trong giao dch thng mi, vic hng ho c giao khng ng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng xy ra kh thng xuyn v iu thng ko theo nhng thit hi khng nh cho ngi mua hng. V mt php l, ngi mua c quyn yu cu ngi bn bi thng cho mnh nhng thit hi pht sinh t vic giao hng khng ng nh quy cch trong hp ng. Tuy nhin, mt vn t ra l liu
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ngi mua c quyn bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh bng cch t khu tr mt phn trn gi tr hp ng hay khng. Mt vn khc lin quan n iu khon v lut p dng trong hp ng. Cc bn khi k kt hp ng thng rt hay b qua iu khon tng nh khng quan trng ny. Th nhng khi tranh chp pht sinh, iu khon ny li l vn c em ra xem xt trc tin v n c mt nh hng kh ln ti kt qu ca vic gii quyt tranh chp. 1. V lut p dng: Hp ng c k gia cc bn khng c iu khon v lut p dng. Tuy nhin, theo hp ng ny th lut p dng s c xc nh theo quyt nh ca cc trng ti vin ph hp vi iu 13(3) ca Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC). Theo iu ny, cc trng ti vin s p dng h thng lut thc cht c xc nh theo qui phm lut xung t m h cho l ph hp gii quyt tranh chp. Hp ng c k kt gia cc bn thuc cc quc tch khc nhau di dng F.O.B nn ri ro c chuyn cho Ngi mua trn lnh th ca Ngi bn. Do nc ca Ngi bn c coi l nc c mi lin h cht ch nht vi hp ng. Quc gia ca Nguyn n v B n u ph chun Cng c Hague ngy 11 thng 6 nm 1955 v Lut p dng cho Mua bn hng ho quc t, iu 3 Cng c ny quy nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh l lut ca nc ni Ngi Bn c tr s hin ti. Mt khc, xu hng chung khi c xung t v lut p dng th lut ca quc gia ni t tr s ca ngi c ngha v chnh pht sinh t hp ng s c chn. Ngi c quyn trong hp ng mua bn hng ho ny l ngi bn hng. Cn c vo cc c s trn, U ban trng ti xt thy lut ca nc Nguyn n l lut thch hp nht iu chnh hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n. Ngoi ra, iu 13 Cng c Hague cng quy nh thm rng "Trong mi trng hp, U ban trng ti phi xem xt ti cc quy nh trong hp ng v nhng tp qun thng mi c lin quan". Vy cn c php l U ban trng ti xt x tranh chp ny s l lut ca nc Nguyn n v cc tp qun thng mi c lin quan ti ni dung tranh chp ca Hp ng. 2. V n kin li ca B n: Trn c s lut ca nc ca ngi bn v cc tp qun thng mi quc t s dng rng ri trong mua bn hng ho quc t, U ban trng ti cho rng ngun tp qun thng mi tt nht chnh l cc iu khon ca Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v bun bn hng ho quc t ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1980, sau ny thng c gi tt l "Cng c Vin", cho d c quc gia ca Nguyn n v B n u cha l thnh vin ca Cng c ny. Nu gi thit rng cc bn l thnh vin ca Cng c ny th Cng c s c p dng iu chnh hp ng vi t cch l lut ch khng phi l tp qun thng mi.
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Cng c Vin ti thi im c hiu lc i vi 17 nc, hon ton c th phn nh nhng tp qun thng mi c tha nhn rng ri, lin quan ti vn khng ph hp ca hng ho trong bun bn hng ho quc t. iu 38(1) ca Cng c quy nh rng "Ngi Mua c ngha v kim tra hng ho hoc cho kim tra hng ho mt cch nhanh chng". Sau Ngi Mua phi thng bo cho Ngi Bn v vic khng ph hp ca hng ho trong mt thi hn hp l k t khi pht hin ra h hng. Nu khng lm nh vy, Ngi Mua s mt quyn c khiu ni v vic khng ph hp ni trn. iu 39(1) quy nh c th v vn ny nh sau: "Trong mi trng hp, Ngi Mua s mt quyn c khiu ni v hng giao khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng nu Ngi Mua khng gi thng bo v vic ny cho Ngi Bn trong mt thi hn l hai nm k t ngy hng c giao cho Ngi Mua, tr khi hng ho c bo hnh trong thi gian di hn hai nm." Trong trng hp ang xt, Nguyn n (Ngi bn) cho kim tra hng ho trong mt thi hn hp l (hng c kim tra thm ch trc khi n cng), B n (Ngi mua) cng gi thng bo v vic h hng trong mt thi gian hp l, ngha l tm ngy k t khi bo co kim tra hng ca chuyn gia gim nh c lp. U ban trng ti thy rng, B n tun th ng nhng yu cu nu trn ca Cng c Vin. V im ny, U ban trng ti khng cn c vo lut ca nc Nguyn n v lut ny quy nh mt thi gian qu ngn cho vic thng bo tn tht ca Ngi mua n Ngi bn, cng bng m xt th qui nh ca lut ny l mt ngoi l so vi tp qun thng mi c tha nhn rng ri. Trong trng hp ny, vic p dng tp qun thng mi hoc lut quc gia l do U ban trng ti quyt nh. V U ban quyt nh p dng Cng c Vin vi t cch l mt tp qun thng mi. V phn Ngi Bn, trong mi trng hp, Ngi Bn cng b coi l b mt quyn khiu ni v cc vi phm i vi cc yu cu nu ti iu 38 v 39 Cng c Vin v iu 40 c quy nh rng "Ngi Bn khng th cn c vo iu 38 v 39 nu vic khng ph hp ca hng ho c lin quan ti nhng thc t m Ngi Bn bit hoc khng th khng bit v khng nu ra". Thc t, t tt c nhng chng c v ti liu ca v kin ny, U ban trng ti thy rng Nguyn n bit v khng th khng bit v vic hng giao theo hp ng th hai khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo qui nh ti Iu 70 B lut t tng dn s mi ca Php, u ban trng ti ch khng chp nhn xt n kin li ca B n cng lc vi n kin ca Nguyn n khi vic xem xt gii quyt n kin li lm cho t tng gii quyt n kin chnh ko di qu lu. Trong trng hp ny, u ban trong ti thy rng vic xem xt gii quyt n kin v n kin li cng lc l hp l. U ban trng ti chp nhn ng thi cc yu cu ca Nguyn n v n kin li ca B n. Do hai khon tin ny b cho nhau, B n khng phi hon tr cho
26

Nguyn n s tin m Nguyn n yu cu cn Nguyn n cng khng phi bi thng cho B n nhng chi ph m B n phi gnh chu.

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PHN QUYT S 8 TRANH CHP V VIC T CHI NHN HNG TRONG HP NG BN NGUYN LIU Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt doanh nghip Nh nc ca mt quc gia ang pht trin (doanh nghip X) B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty nc ngoi Y

Vic gii th ca B n trong qu trnh t tng Bt kh khng Tnh ton thit hi (theo thng l)

Tm tt v vic: phn ng li bin php ca chnh ph mt quc gia ang pht trin quc hu ho cc cng ty nc ngoi khai thc cc nguyn liu th trn lnh th quc gia v giao cc ti sn ca cc cng ty ny cho mt doanh nghip nh nc c chc nng chuyn kinh doanh cc sn phm cng loi, cc cng ty nc ngoi ni trn tuyn b rng h s tch thu cc nguyn liu th trong trng hp chng c bn trn th trng th gii. Sau khi bin php quc hu ho c p dng, doanh nghip nh nc c chc nng khai thc v kinh doanh cc nguyn liu t nhin k kt mt s hp ng mua bn hng ho vi cc bn hng t nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Mt vi trong s cc bn hng ny t chi thc hin ngha v nhn hng ny vi l do l li e do tch thu ca cc cng ty c ti sn b quc hu ho ni trn to nn mt s kin bt kh khng gii phng h khi ngha v nhn hng. Cn c vo iu khon trng ti trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ho, doanh nghip nh nc kin cc i tc ny ra trc To trng ti ICC i c bi thng cho nhng thit hi phi chu. Cc trng ti vin ca ICC a ra cc phn quyt cho doanh nghip nh nc thng kin sau khi bc b l do bt kh khng m cc B n a ra. Di y l mt phn quyt ca cc trng ti a ra c th cho mt trong cc B n l cng ty Y. i vi cng ty Y, trc khi c th a ra cc phn quyt, cc trng ti vin phi gii quyt mt kh khn v th tc t tng khng km phn quan trng l vic cng ty Y b gii th. Thng thng, khi mt php nhn gii th th cng c ngha l php nhn
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khng cn tn ti trn thc t v do khng phi gnh chu bt c ngha v no trong tng lai. Theo tinh thn nu trn, nu nh mt php nhn l B n trong qu trnh t tng th khi php nhn gii th th h cng khng phi gnh chu bt c ngha v no m trong tng lai do cc phn quyt ca cc c quan ti phn, nu vy th y l B n c th li dng im ny trn trnh trch nhim trong qu trnh t tng. V vy, phn ln php lut quc gia v cc n l ca cc to trng ti ICC u ch ra rng: Trong trng hp B n l mt php nhn tuyn b gii th, th khng c ngha rng h s c gii phng khi ton b ngha v pht sinh t cc hot ng trong qu kh v t cc phn quyt ca c quan ti phn trong tng lai, m thay vo h vn phi duy tr t cch t tng ca mnh cho n khi qu trnh t tng thc s chm dt, i din cho B n trong trng hp ny s l ngi c trch nhim thanh l doanh nghip. Nh vy, vic ph sn hoc gii th mt cng ty khng nh hng trc tip n vic cng ty ny cn t cch php nhn tr thnh b n hoc nguyn n trong mt v kin khi m v kin ny bt u t trc khi vic ph sn hoc gii th xy ra. Trong quan h thng mi quc t, vic chm tr thc hin ngha v nhn hng ca Bn mua thng s gy ra nhng thit hi khng nh cho Bn bn, v Bn bn s phi chu thm nhng chi ph pht sinh nh: chi ph kho bi, bc d hng, tr li ngn hng... Ngoi ra Bn mua thng ni ra nhng l do c tnh cht "Bt kh khng" nhm n trnh cc trch nhim s pht sinh t vic khng thc hin hoc thc hin chm tr ngha v nhn hng - trong trng hp ny cn i su vo nhng du hiu m mt s kin Bt kh khng cn phi c, l hai du hiu: Khng th d liu trc rng s kin s xy ra trong tng lai v hu qu m n gy ra l khng th trnh c. Mt vn khc c lin quan l vic tnh ton tng s thit hi phi bi thng trong trng hp khng c mt iu khon no trong Hp ng ang c tranh chp cp ti vic n nh mc thit hi xy ra, gii php ph bin y l da vo nhng phng php tnh ton tr thnh thng l quc t xc nh thit hi hoc nhng phng php c chp nhn trong nhng hp ng tng t. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic B n gii th: Trc khi cc trng ti vin tin hnh phin hp xt x th B n tuyn b gii th v sau b xo tn khi s ng k kinh doanh, do vy vn y l cc trng ti vin phi xc nh xem liu B n c cn c xem l mt bn trong qu trnh t tng hay khng. Cc trng ti vin a ra phn quyt khng nh a v t tng ca B n vi cc lp lun nh sau: - Qu trnh t tng trng ti c bt u tin hnh trc khi c s xo tn chnh thc ca cng ty X khi s ng k kinh doanh, do vy a v php l hin ti ca B n khng nh hng g ti hiu lc ca qu trnh t tng ang c tin hnh trc
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To trng ti ICC; do vy khng c thay i g i vi a v t tng ca cc bn trn thc t. - B n np Bn Gii trnh bin h ca mnh trc khi chnh thc xo tn khi s ng k kinh doanh, nn Bn gii trnh ny cn c coi l c hiu lc v cn phi xem xt. - Sau khi xy ra s kin xo tn B n khi s ng k kinh doanh, vn bn cng nhn thm quyn ca trng ti c ngi chu trch nhim thanh l cng ty B n k. 2. V s kin bt kh khng: Sau khi khng nh a v t tng ca B n, cc trng ti vin ICC tin hnh xem xt gii quyt nhng ni dung chnh ca v kin. V s kin bt kh khng m B n vin dn, cc trng ti vin bc b v nhng l do sau: Mt s kin bt kh khng, theo ngha hp, l mt s kin c xc nh bi hai yu t: Khng th lng trc (c ngha l trc khi s kin xy ra khng c bt c l do c bit no cho rng s kin s xy ra) v khng th trnh c (c ngha l s kin lm cho B n hon ton khng th khc phc c c th thc hin hp ng). Trong trng hp c th ny, hp ng c k kt vo ngy (...) v ti thi im cc rc ri xy ra sau khi c vic quc hu ho ni trn bt u xut hin, do vy s kin bt kh khng c vin dn bi B n khng bao gm yu t khng th thy trc m php lut i hi. Hn na Nguyn n chng minh thng qua vic trnh trc to nhng hp ng c cp khc ca Nguyn n tng t nh hp ng m Nguyn n k vi B n, trong chng t rng vo cng mt giai on ny, nhng ngi mua khc thc hin ngha v nhn hng ho m h mua nh thng l. Do vy, B n khng th vin dn rng xy ra mt s kin bt kh khng lm cho B n khng th thc hin hp ng k. 3. V tnh ton thit hi: Hp ng khng qui nh c th cch thc tnh thit hi trong trng hp c vi phm hp ng. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n cng khng cung cp nhng chng c chnh xc v tng s thit hi xy ra, m ch nh gi thit hi trn c s nhng phng php nh gi mang tnh ch quan. Trn c s nhng thng tin c c t nhng ti liu do Nguyn n a ra trng ti cho rng khon tin pht (...) USD cho mt n v hng ho l nguyn liu th khng c cung cp hoc tip nhn l ph hp vi thng l trong nhng trng hp tng t. Theo cc iu 3 v 8 ca hp ng mua bn hng ho k ngy (...), s lng
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hng ho giao nhn hng thng l (...) tn cho mt nm hoc (...) tn cho mt thng. Trn c s t chc v tm quan trng quc t ca Nguyn n (doanh nghip nh nc), u ban trng ti cho rng s l cng bng nu nh gii hn s lng hng ho phi c giao nhn l (...) tn v B n s phi gnh chu mt khon tin pht theo thng l l (...) USD cho mt n v hng ho ca nguyn liu t nhin.

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PHN QUYT S 9 TRANH CHP V VIC TNG GI HNG TRONG HP NG MUA BN THP Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Ai Cp B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn Nam T

Lut p dng cho Hp ng; Gi hng trn th trng c thay i; Mua hng thay th; Tnh ton li sut.

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1987, cc bn k kt bn hp ng mua bn 80.000 tn thp thanh vi gi trung bnh l 190,00 USD/tn. Hng c giao theo hp ng trong vng ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1988 ti cng Nam T. Nguyn n c Quyn mua c bit, quyn ny cho php Nguyn n tng s lng hng mua ln n 160.000 tn vi cng gi c v iu kin nh trn v phi tuyn b thc hin quyn chm nht l vo ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 v m L/C cho chuyn hng u tin chm nht vo ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987. Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1987, Nguyn n thng bo cho B n rng h s thc hin Quyn mua c bit ny v s m L/C trong khon t 15 n 31 thng 12 nm 1987. Do vic tng gi thp trn th trng th gii, ngy 9 thng 12 nm 1987, B n ngh t chc mt cuc hp vo thng tho lun v mc gi p dng cho s lng hng mua thm. Ti cuc hp ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1987, B n ngh mc gi 215USD/tn cho s lng hng b sung, nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn v cng quyt gi mc gi tho thun. Trong vn th ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987, Nguyn n nhn mnh rng B n vi phm hp ng v nu cho n ngy 6 thng 1 nm 1988 B n vn khng chp thun, th Nguyn n s buc B n phi chu trch nhim cho ton b cc thit hi bt k do vic vi phm hp ng gy ra. Thi hn ny sau c Nguyn n ko di ti ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1988. Ngy 26 thng 1 nm 1988, Nguyn n mua 80.000 tn thp thanh cng loi ca mt cng ty Rumani vi gi 216 USD/tn. Nguyn n vin c rng chi ph vn
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chuyn ng bin t Rumani ti Ai Cp thp hn t 2 n 2,5 USD/tn so vi t Nam T ti Ai Cp. Nguyn n khi kin theo iu khon trng ti trong hp ng, a ra trng ti Phng Thng mi Quc t (ti Paris - Php) i B n bi thng thit hi do chnh lch gi. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Lut p dng: U ban trng ti quyt nh rng lut Nam T l lut p dng cho hp ng v cc l do sau: Vn u tin v ng thi cng l vn trung tm cn phi gii quyt trong v vic ny l vic xc nh lut no c p dng xem xt hp ng. Trong trng hp ny, trng ti xc nh rng Cng c Vin ca Lin Hp Quc v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t (k ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1980) khng th c p dng. Cng c ny c hiu lc Ai Cp, Nam T, cng nh ti Php, nhng theo iu 100(2) ca Cng c ny ch p dng cho nhng hp ng mua bn c k kt sau ngy Cng c c hiu lc (ngy1 thng 1 nm 1988) trong khi hp ng mua bn ang xt li c k vo ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1987. Vic xc nh lut p dng cn phi c xem xt trn c s cc qui nh ca lut t php quc t. Theo lut t php quc t ca Ai Cp, nu cc bn trong hp ng mua bn c tr s nhiu nc khc nhau th lut c p dng l lut ca nc ni k kt hp ng, tr khi cc bn c tho thun khc (iu 19 ca Lut dn s 1949). Theo Lut t php quc t ca Nam T, lut p dng l lut ca nc ni m bn bn c tr s chnh ti thi im m h (hoc bn khc) nhn c ngh cho hng, nu cc bn khng c tho thun v lut p dng. Php l mt trong cc thnh vin ca Cng c Hague v lut p dng trong mua bn hng ho quc t (ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1955). iu 3(2) ca Cng c ny qui nh nu cc bn khng tho thun khc, hp ng s c iu chnh bi lut ca quc gia ni bn bn c a ch thng tr ti thi im m h nhn c n t hng. V tr s chnh v a ch thng tr ca Ngi bn ti thi im tranh chp l Nam T v v hp ng mua bn c k Nam T nn theo ton b qui tc p dng v t php quc t, th lut Nam T s l lut p dng. 2. Tr ngi ca Hp ng: on 1 v 2 ca iu 133 lut Nam T nm 1978 trch nh sau: (1) Trong trng hp c nhng bin c xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng m nhng bin c ny lm cho vic thc hin hp ng ca mt trong cc bn gp kh khn hoc
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mc ch ca hp ng khng th t c v hp ng khng cn p ng c mong mun ca cc bn cng nh vic tip tc gi nguyn hp ng s l khng cng bng th bn gp kh khn trong vic thc hin hp ng hoc khng t c mc ch ca hp ng do c thay i hon cnh (do c bin c) c th yu cu hy b hp ng. (2) Khng th yu cu hu b hp ng nu bn vin dn bin c (s thay i hon cnh) lng trc c bin c ny ti thi im k kt hp ng hoc c th vt qua hoc khc phc n. Bn cnh iu 133 ca Lut ngha v, Qui tc s 56 (hin vn ang c hiu lc thi hnh ti Nam T) lit k "cc s kin kinh t, chng hn nh s t bin, v s tng hoc gim mnh v gi c" l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn cn tr vic thc hin hp ng. V vy, U ban trng ti phi xem xt liu vic gi thp tng t 190 USD ln 215 USD/tn c phi l tng t bin gi hay khng v nu vy, liu B n c tnh n tnh hung ny ti thi im hp ng c k kt khng. Theo kinh nghim cho thy, gi c hng ho trn th trng th gii, m c bit l thp, lun bin ng. Ti thi im k hp ng, gi thp bt u tng nh v c xu hng tip tc tng trong khong thi gian t khi k kt hp ng n khi thc hin "quyn mua c bit", thm ch c th tng hn na vo cui nm 1988. Trong trng hp ny, gi thp trn th trng th gii tng t 190 USD ln 215 USD (tc l khong 13,6%). Theo nh gi ca u ban trng ti, vic bn thp theo gi tho thun (gi bn theo quyn mua c bit) thay v gi hin ti trn th trng vi mc "thit" 13,6% hon ton nm trong phm vi ri ro v gi c theo tp qun. Hn na, vic tng gi cng c th d on c. Mt ngi bn hng bnh thng cn phi d liu c rng gi thp c th tng hn so vi tnh hnh thc t, thm ch mc tng cn c th cao hn nhiu so vi mc tng trong v vic ang xt. Vic xem xt liu B n - ngi bn c hp l khng khi chp thun "quyn mua c bit" vi cng mt mc gi trong thi gian tng i di nh vy khng thuc thm quyn ca U ban trng ti. V mt nguyn tc, B n - ngi bn vn c th khuyn khch ngi mua khi h k hp ng u tin bng cch a l iu khon "quyn mua c bit" m vn bo lu quyn c vin dn iu 133 Lut ngha v nu gi c tip tc tng mnh. Trn thc t, B n khng a ra bo lu ny v v vy khng th vin dn l do tng gi thp t chi "quyn mua c bit" ca Nguyn n. 3. Mua hng thay th v tnh ton li sut: B n gi kin ca mnh rng vic mua 80.000 tn thp t mt cng ty Rumania ca Nguyn n khng th coi l vic mua hng thay th, v B n khng c thng bo trc v nh mua hng c th ca Nguyn n, v hn na, v B n cho gi thp l 215 USD/tn v thp hn gi m Nguyn n mua ca cng ty Rumania, thm vo , thp ca B n c cht lng tt hn.
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Trc tin, y cn lm r s tc ng qua li v mt php l gia iu 262 v 525 Lut ngha v ca Nam T. iu 262 cho php cc bn ca hp ng quyn i bi thng nhng thit hi xy n vi h pht sinh t vic khng thc hin, thc hin khng ng hoc chm tr cc ngha v ca bn kia. iu 525, cp n vic mua hng thay th, coi vic mua hng thay th l gii php gim thit hi cho mt bn tham gia hp ng nu bn a ra c cc chng c v thit hi m h phi gnh chu. C hai bn u khng phn i thc t l gi thp trn th trng th gii (cng loi hng giao) tng t nht ti 215 USD/tn ti thi im thc hin quyn mua c bit. Tuy nhin, B n cho rng vi cc biu hin ca s tng gi ny, Nguyn n l ra phi mua thp ca B n, vic Nguyn n trn thc t mua thp t Rumani vi gi cao hn gi B n cho bn l ht sc v l. Trong bn gii trnh cui cng Nguyn n khng nh rng h thc s mua c gi r hn, h tr 216,50 USD/ tn nhng tit kim c 2 - 2,5 USD/ tn cc ph vn chuyn. Thit hi ca h v vy thp hn so vi s chnh lch gi trn th trng th gii. S lng thit hi ch l s chnh lch gia 190 USD v 214 USD/ tn l 24 USD/tn. B n cho rng Nguyn n phi tr khon thu nhp khu hng ca Rumani cao hn hng ca Nam T, tuy nhin iu ny hon ton khng lin quan v Nguyn n khng h i bi thng bt k khon thit hi b sung no pht sinh t vic mua hng thay th. Thc mc ca B n lin quan n vic liu thp mua ca cng ty Rumani c cht lng thp hn so vi loi thp m B n cung cp khng cng khng c lin quan g trong v vic ny. i vi Nguyn n th cht lng thp l tng ng. V ngha v phi thng bo ca Nguyn n nh lp lun ca B n, u ban trng ti cho rng vic Nguyn n khng thng bo cho B n bit v vic mua hng thay th khng vi phm iu 525. T cc lp lun nu trn, trong ti i n kt lun rng trong trng hp ny Nguyn n hon ton c quyn yu cu B n bi thng khon chnh lch gi do phi mua thp ca mt bn th ba thay th cho s thp ng l mua ca B n theo quyn mua c bit. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n ch c th i bi thng khon thit hi thc t m h phi chu. ay, khon thit hi c tnh l mc chnh lch gia gi mua c bit (190 USD/tn) v gi mua thc t m Nguyn n phi tr cho cng ty Nam T (216,5 USD/tn) sau khi tr i khon tin m Nguyn n tit kim c t vic vn chuyn (khong 2,5 USD/tn). Nh vy B n s phi bi thng cho Nguyn n mt khon tin l 80.000 x 24 USD = 1.920.000 USD V U ban trng ti sau tnh ton khon li sut nh sau: Theo iu 277 ca Lut ngha v Nam T, li sut c tnh cho bn ch n i vi mt khon thit hi k t ngy m bn n bt u khng thc hin ngha v. B n khng thc hin ngha v th hin ch t chi giao hng theo gi tho thun buc
35

Nguyn n phi mua hng thay th. Vic khng thc hin ca B n bt u t ngy m h phi giao hng nhng khng giao. Theo hp ng mua bn, 80.000 tn thp ca quyn mua c bit phi c giao theo 5 ln giao hng tng phn vi khi lng tng t trong khong thng 1 v thng 5 nm 1988. Do vy B n n qu hn 1/5 ca tng s hng vo ngy 1 thng 2; ngy 1 thng 3; ngy 1 thng 4; ngy 1 thng 5 v ngy 1 thng 6 nm 1988. Li sut c th c tnh theo tng s n qu hn bt u t ngy giao hng ca chuyn hng th ba. Nh cp trn, mc li sut t khong 6,25 - 8,25%. Khng th d on trc c v li sut s tng nh th no v c khong thi gian chm tr gia vic a ra phn x ca U ban trng ti v vic thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin nn phn quyt ca U ban trng ti cng phi n nh mc li sut trong tng lai, v d: cho ti khi B n thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin phn quyt. Trn c s xem xt n tr gi tng trng trung bnh, U ban trng ti cho rng mc li sut 7,25% l ph hp.

36

PHN QUYT S 10 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG MUA BN TRANG THIT B Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn M B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua n

Thm quyn Khc t v b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti Phm vi p dng ca iu khon trng ti Lut thc cht p dng

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n l mt cng ty ti New York hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut, bn v thc hin cc dch v i vi mt s loi trang thit b v cc hot ng km theo khc. B n l mt cng ty n hot ng trong lnh vc bn cc sn phm c sn xut bng cc trang thit b ca Nguyn n ti n . Theo hp ng, Nguyn n tho thun bn v cung cp cho B n thit b v thc hin cc dch v cho mt nh my mi ti n ; Lut ca bang New York s iu chnh quyn v ngha v cc bn. iu khon trng ti qui nh nh sau: "Bt c tranh chp no pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny m cc bn khng c kh nng gii quyt thng qua m phn thng lng th s c gii quyt chung thm theo qui tc trng ti ICC. Nh qui nh trong Qui tc ny, mi bn s chn mt trng ti vin, v To Trng ti ca ICC s chn trng ti vin th ba. T tng trng ti s c thc hin vo thi gian v ti a im do To Trng ti quyt nh. Phn quyt trng ti c th c cho thi hnh ti bt k mt to n c thm quyn no". Khi tranh chp gia cc bn xy ra, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti ICC yu cu B n thanh ton cc khon tin trong c khon tr li sut qu hn m B n cha thanh ton. B n pht n kin Nguyn n ln to n ti cao Bombay vi mong mun c c tuyn b v vic Nguyn n a tranh chp ra gii quyt ti To n trng ti l vt qu phm vi ca iu khon trng ti. V phn mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a v tranh chp ra to n trng ti l tun theo nhng quy nh ti on 3 Lut 1961 ca n v vic cng nhn v thi hnh cc phn quyt trng ti nc ngoi m nhng quy nh tng ng vi iu
37

II (3) ca Cng c New York 1958. Quyt nh ca To n ti cao Bombay nhn mnh v Nguyn n a v kin ln trng ti ra To n ny nh ch khng xem xt v kin m B n a ra. Trc u ban trng ti, B n lp lun rng cc trng ti vin thiu thm quyn v yu cu Trng ti gii quyt cc vn sau y: Liu cc trng ti vin c thm quyn quyt nh phm vi v hiu lc ca tho thun trng ti hoc c quyn xem xt v gii quyt n kin ca Nguyn n hay khng?

Liu Nguyn n c khc t quyn tham gia vo t tng trng ti ca mnh (nu c) hay khng?

Liu Nguyn n c b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti hay khng?

Nu cc trng ti vin c quyn quyt nh v phm vi v hiu lc ca tho thun trng ti v Nguyn n khng t chi cng khng b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti, th quyn khi kin ra trng ti ca Nguyn n c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti trong hp ng hay khng? Nu ng vy, th l nhng khiu ni no? Nu khng, th l nhng khiu ni no? Nu khng c khiu ni th khng c trnh t gii quyt no c a ra. Nu nhng khiu ni c a ra trng ti xem xt th nhng vn sau cn c xc nh: + Liu Nguyn n c c quyn m rng phm vi thm quyn a ra trng ti hoc b sung thm khiu ni hay khng? + Lut no l lut p dng? Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V quyn xc nh thm quyn xt x: B n lp lun rng: cc trng ti vin khng c quyn xc nh phm vi hay hiu lc ca iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng v khng c quyn xem xt, ra quyt nh i vi nhng khiu ni ca Nguyn n. B n cng cho rng trng ti khng th quyt nh vic cc tranh chp lin quan c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca tho thun trng ti hay khng. L do m B n a ra l lm nh vy th cng c ngha l trng ti quyt nh lun hiu lc php l ca iu khon trng ti i vi cc tranh chp lin quan v do , quyt nh lun thm quyn ca chnh mnh. U ban trng ti cho rng lp lun ny ca B n l hon ton khng th chp nhn c bi trn thc t cc bn u tha nhn rng gia h c tn ti mt hp ng c hiu lc c cha mt iu khon trng ti nn trng ti khng c ngha v xc nh xem y c phi l mt hp ng v hiu hay bt hp php hay khng. Cn vic xc nh xem mt tranh chp c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti hay khng l mt vn thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca trng ti v iu 8(3) v (4) Qui tc t tng ICC qui nh "mi quyt nh lin quan n thm quyn ca cc trng ti
38

vin s do chnh cc trng ti vin quyt nh". Ni cch khc, cc trng ti vin c "thm quyn v thm quyn"3 (quyn quyt nh rng mnh c thm quyn gii quyt hay khng) 2. Khc t v b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti: B n cho rng Nguyn n khc t quyn ca mnh a v kin ra trng ti v b hn ch tham d t tng trng ti vi l do Nguyn n kin ngn hng bo lnh ca B n ra To n ti cao Calcuta yu cu thanh ton khon li sut nh k m th tc trng ti ny cng ang gii quyt; v trc , Nguyn n kin ti To n ti cao Calcuta i chnh Ngn hng thanh ton khon tin lin quan ti k phiu th nm ca Hp ng. B n cho rng: Khng th c hai c quan ti phn cng c thm quyn xt x, ra quyt nh v cng mt vn .

Phn quyt ca To n n khng th b loi b. Do , trng ti s khng c thm quyn na.

Vic Nguyn n khi kin v cng mt vn ti to n n mu thun vi yu cu ca chnh Nguyn n rng cc bn c ngha v gii quyt cc tranh chp bng con ng trng ti v do vy Nguyn n khc t quyn tham gia t tng trng ti ca mnh v trong trng hp ny th Nguyn n b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti.

Trong gii trnh ca mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a nhng v kin trn ra to n l nhm bo m tnh an ton ca tho thun bo lnh, mt tho thun c lp vi hp ng mua bn ang xt. B n trong cc v kin ny l Ngn hng n , h khng phi l mt bn trong Hp ng mua bn v khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng. Nguyn n c mt tho thun bo lnh vi Ngn hng v l c s a v kin ra to n n . U ban trng ti thy rng lp lun ca Nguyn n l hon ton hp l v i n kt lun cc v kin ti to n n l nhng v kin c lp vi v kin a ra trc trng ti v khng lm nh hng n thm quyn ca cc trng ti vin. Theo quan im ca cc trng ti vin, v kin trc To n n do Nguyn n a ra khng lin quan n cc vn v vic khc t hay b hn ch tham gia t tng trong ti ca Nguyn n. 3. Phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti: Tip theo, u ban trng ti phi quyt nh v vic liu n kin ca Nguyn n ra trng ti ny c nm trong phm vi p dng iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng hay khng.
3

Tm dch t thut ng ting Php 'comptence de comptence'

39

B n cho rng nhng khiu ni ca Nguyn n trong v vic ny ch yu l v cc li sut thng k pht sinh t hoc lin quan n cc k phiu v y l nhng tho thun ring bit v c lp vi tho thun ca Hp ng, do khng thuc iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng. tr li cu hi ny u ban trng ti phi xem xt xem nhng k phiu ni trn khi c thc hin s c coi l hnh thc thanh ton y hoc thanh ton c iu kin hay khng bi v mt nguyn tc, mt k phiu khng th c coi l hnh thc thanh ton tr khi n l mt b phn ca Hp ng lin quan. Trn c s xem xt hp ng gia cc bn u ban trng ti thy rng cc bn cha bao gi c nh coi cc k phiu l hnh thc thanh ton ton b cc ngha v tr tin theo hp ng. Tuy nhin hp ng gia cc bn nu r rng cc k phiu l chng c cho cc ngha v thanh ton thc hin theo hp ng. Cc k phiu ny l cc thanh ton c iu kin: chng s hon ton khng c gi tr nu Ngn hng n khng cp php chuyn ngoi t ra nc ngoi. Cn phi coi cc k phiu ny l mt phn khng th tch ri ca hp ng v khng th tn ti c lp vi hp ng. Nh vy, tranh chp lin quan n cc k phiu cng thuc phm vi p dng ca iu khon trng ti. U ban trng ti cng nhn mnh thm rng ngay c khi cc k phiu ni trn tn ti c lp, tch bit vi hp ng th theo u ban trng ti phm vi p dng iu khon v trng ti cng vn rng bao hm c nhng tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn t cc k phiu . 1. Lut p dng: B n cho rng lut p dng l lut ca n . H bin h rng h thng lut m hp ng v vic thc hin hp ng c mi lin h cht ch v thc t nht chnh l lut n . Trong trng hp cc bn khng c tho thun hoc khng nu ln mt cch r rng v vn lut p dng, th cc trng ti vin ng rng lun im ca B n c th c gi tr. Tuy nhin, iu khon v lut p dng trong hp ng quy nh c th rng quyn v ngha v ca cc bn theo hp ng ny s c iu chnh trn mi phng din bi lut ca bang New York M. Trong trng hp ny, tho thun v lut p dng c nu r trong hp ng, v do vic la chn lut p dng khng cn phi t ra. 2. Phn quyt: Cc trng ti vin a ra quyt nh ca mnh v cc vn trn nh sau: Trong v tranh chp ny, cc trng ti vin c thm quyn xem xt v quyt nh. Nguyn n khng khc t, cng khng b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti.
40

Phm vi khiu ni nm trong iu khon trng ti v lut p dng l lut ca bang New York - Hoa K.

41

PHN QUYT S 11 TRANH CHP V VIC GIAO HNG CHM TRONG HP NG GIA CNG GNG TAY Cc bn: Nguyn n : Bn gia cng Trung Quc B n Cc vn c cp:

: Bn thu gia cng Hng Kng

Giao hng theo l v giao hng chm T chi thc hin ngha v cung cp nguyn liu gia cng do bn kia vi phm hp ng

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 26 thng 2 nm 1988, Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng gia cng gng tay cao su y t Shenzhen bng cao su nhp khu. iu 1 ca hp ng qui nh B n phi cung cp 500 tn cao su 60% ly tm t nhin loi mt (first class 60% natural centrifugal latex) khng tnh ph trong khong thi gian t thng 3 nm 1988 n thng 1 nm 1989. iu 2 Hp ng qui nh Nguyn n phi chuyn cho B n 30.000.000 gng tay cao su y t ng trong cc thng hng vo khong gia thng 5 nm 1988 v thng 3 nm 1989. Ph gia cng l 29 USD cho mt tn gng tay, tng s l 870.000 USD, bc hng Shanghai. Ph vn chuyn do B n chu, k c ph vn chuyn t nh my n cng Shanghai. Thanh ton bng th tn dng gip lng (backto-back L/C). Mi ln giao hng Nguyn n pht hnh mt th tn dng v th tn dng ny ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh tr li mt th tn dng tr tin ngay (time letter of credit). iu 11 Hp ng qui nh bn vi phm hp ng phi bi thng 20% tng tr gi cc sn phm gia cng hoc 20% tr gi cc sn phm cha c gia cng cng vi cc thit hi v nguyn vt liu hoc thit hi v nhn cng cho bn kia. Khon bi thng s phi tr mt ln. Sau khi hp ng c k kt, B n cung cp 175,89 tn cao su thnh bn ln trong khong thi gian t thng 2 n thng 5 nm 1988. Sau khi nhn c nguyn vt liu, Nguyn n tin hnh sn xut. Do B n mun thay i phng thc ng gi v v cc l do khc, Nguyn n hon thi gian giao hng trc khi c s chp thun ca B n. Trong thi gian t thng 7 n ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 Nguyn n chuyn cho B n tng cng l 8.000.000 gng cao su, tnh c 1.000.000 gng chuyn ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 m B n t chi khi s hng ny n Hng Kng v b tr li cho Nguyn n ngy 5 thng 5 nm 1989.
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T thng 5 nm 1988, B n ngng cung cp cao su cho Nguyn n v t chi pht hnh th tn dng cho s gng gia cng . Sau mt thi gian di m phn khng thnh cng, ngy 23 thng 8 nm 1989 Nguyn n khi kin B n ra trng ti vi nhng lp lun nh sau: L gng cao su th tm do Nguyn n xp ln tu c chuyn n Hng Kng sau khi c i din ca B n Shanghai chp nhn qua in thoi. Do vic B n t chi khng nhn hng Hng Kng v l do hng b giao chm hn so vi ngy giao hng ghi trong th tn dng l khng hp l. Trn thc t, B n t chi nhn s hng ny trnh tn tht v mt hng ny trn th trng ang b mt gi. B n phi chu trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v phi bi thng thit hi cho Nguyn n.

Nguyn n phi chu cc tn tht v kinh t v phi lu kho s gng ny do B n khng nhn hng v khng pht hnh th tn dng.

Sau thng 5 nm 1988 B n n phng ngng cung cp cao su theo hp ng. Do nh my ca Nguyn n phi ngng sn xut, gy thit hi nng n cho Nguyn n.

Ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1988 Nguyn n pht hnh th tn dng chp thun (time letter of credit) vi tr gi 191.880 USD nhng B n ch pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay(back-to-back sight letter of credit) theo tng l hng. Ngy 24 thng 6 v ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1988 B n ch pht hnh hai th tn dng vi tng tr gi 243.920 USD trong c 116.000 USD ph gia cng, cc th tn dng ny cn thiu tng cng l 121.960 USD trong c 58.000 USD ph gia cng. Sau Nguyn n lin tc nhc nh B n m th tn dng nhng B n khng thc hin ngha v theo hp ng v B n cn s dng cc phng thc khng hp thc khc rt 95.940 USD cn li trong th tn dng chp thun ca Nguyn n m khng thng bo g cho Nguyn n. V vy Nguyn n cn phi chu thm nhiu thit hi kinh t khc.

V nhng l do nu trn, Nguyn n yu cu: B n bi thng cho Nguyn n tin thit hi 306.666 USD, tc 20% khon tin cn li cha tr, ph hp vi hp ng;

B n phi tr 102.950 USD cho 3.550.000 gng gia cng;

B n phi tr li 95.940 USD b rt mt cch bt hp php t th tn dng chp thun ca Nguyn n, cng vi 17.269,20 USD tin li (tnh theo li sut 1,2%/thng). B n phi hon tr tin cc vn chuyn ni a m Nguyn n tr nhn danh B n: 6.057,6 Rmb + 5.600 Rmb = 11.657 Rmb, tc l 3.142,21 USD (t l qui i: 1USD = 3,71 Rmb); v hon tr li tin ph vn chuyn ng bin v ph lu hng ti cng 40.780 HK$ (5.228USD);

B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n ph lu kho, cng vi tin li l

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1.325,03 Rmb (357,15USD);

Ph lut s 18.800 Rmb (5.067,38 USD) do B n chu; Ph trng ti do bn thua kin chu.

B n gii trnh nh sau: Th tn dng chp thun do Nguyn n pht hnh ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay, v vy B n c quyn quyt nh c nn tip tc cung cp cao su v pht hnh tn dng gip lng cho gng cao su gia cng ph hp vi vic thc hin hp ng hng thng ca Nguyn n. Nu B n khng cung cp cao su v pht hnh tn dng gip lng th Nguyn n c quyn quyt nh c tip tc gia cng gng cao su, giao hng v pht hnh th tn dng gip lng hay khng. B n cung cp 175,89 tn cao su ph hp vi hp ng, nhng Nguyn n li khng giao hng ng thi hn giao hng qui nh trong hp ng. Nguyn n giao chm tt c l 8.000.000 gng cao su, k c 1.000.000 i trong ln giao hng cui cng, s hng c xp ln tu ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 m khng c php ca i din ca B n Shanghai, v vt qu thi gian xp hng trong th tn dng. Nguyn n phi t chu trch nhim cho vic B n t chi s hng giao chm. trnh nhng thit hi tip theo cn c vo qu trnh thc hin hp ng trc ca Nguyn n, B n tm ngng cung cp cao su v pht hnh cc th tn dng gip lng chp nhn s gng gia cng .

Do Nguyn n vi phm hp ng, ba container cao su m B n chuyn cho Nguyn n khng c thu hi. Sau khi m phn vi ngn hng, B n rt li 95.940 USD coi nh tin thanh ton cho s cao su ni trn. V Nguyn n nhn s cao su trong ba container hng ny nn B n c quyn i tin cao su.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Nguyn n khng c chng c chng minh cho lp lun rng vic B n t chi hng Hng Kng l khng c cn c v rng y l mt vi phm hp ng. Nguyn n khng chng minh c rng B n chp nhn vic gi l hng th tm vi 1.000.000 gng cao su bc ln tu ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988. U ban trng ti lu rng cc bn chp thun hon vic gi l hng u tin. Do , thi gian giao hng tip theo cng c sa i v B n khng phn i nhng ln giao hng mun ngoi tr i vi l hng th tm mc d vic Nguyn n giao hng sau khi th tn dng ht hn l vi phm tho thun ca cc bn v thi gian giao hng. V vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi lin quan n l hng th tm. 2. B n lp lun rng l do khin B n ngng cung cp cao su v pht hnh th tn dng i ng tr tin ngay (opposite sight letter of credit) l trnh nhng tn tht khc do vic giao mun l hng th tm gy ra. Lp lun ny ca B n l khng th chp nhn c.
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U ban trng ti cho rng Vic Nguyn n giao mun l hng th tm khng phi l mt vi phm nghim trng i vi hp ng v do khng gii phng cc bn khi cc quyn v ngha v trong hp ng. Nu s lng hng gi c tnh theo ngy gi hng trc khi sa i, nh B n ngh, th B n phi giao l cao su mi mun nht l vo cui thng 8 nm 1988. B n khng th coi vic giao hng hi thng 11 l s hon thnh ngha v m l ra phi c hon thnh t thng 8. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi tr tin bi thng thit hi l 112.810 USD (tc 29USD/1 tn hng x (30.000.000 7.000.000 - 1.000.000 - 2.550.000) x 20%) v bi thng cho 2.550.000 gng cao su gia cng. Hp ng qui nh th tn dng chp thun do Nguyn n pht hnh ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay. Vic B n n phng rt 95.940 USD cn li, trong c 31.980 USD tin phi tr cho l hng th tm trong thi gian th tn dng do Nguyn n m ang c hiu lc trong khi B n khng pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay tr gi 121.960 USD l khng ng. T thc t l Nguyn n gia cng 3.550.000 gng cao su, trong c 1.000.000 gng giao chm nn Nguyn n phi t mnh chu trch nhim v l hng giao chm ny, B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 73.950 USD cho 2.550.000 gng cn li do B n khng pht hnh th tn dng gip lng thanh ton ngay. V s gng ny khng chuyn cho B n na nn yu cu i 95.940 USD ca Nguyn n khng c chp thun. Ph hp vi iu khon v vn chuyn ca hp ng, U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n v 8.142,21 USD ph vn chuyn ni a m Nguyn n tr cho B n. Tuy nhin, khon tin 1.884, 09 USD ca l hng th tm gm 1.000.000 gng phi c khu tr v phn thanh ton thc t phi tr l 1.258,12 USD. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v 5.228 USD tin cc vn chuyn i v v v tin ph lu kho hng ho cng cho l hng th tm ny. U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng 357,15 USD tin lu kho v tin li pht sinh m Nguyn n phi tr nhn danh B n. 1. Ph lut s ca Nguyn n l 18.800 Rmb phi do Nguyn n chu. 2. Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu: Nguyn n chu 30%, phn 70% cn li do B n chu. Phn quyt: 1. Bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi cho l gng cao su th tm do thiu chng c thc t v chng c v php lut; 2. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n tin thit hi 112.810 USD v khng tip tc thc hin ngha v theo hp ng ca mnh, v 73.950 USD tin ph gia cng 2.550.000 gng;
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3. Bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i tr 95.940 USD m B n rt li, cng vi tin li 11.512, 8%; 4. B n phi hon tr 1.258, 12 USD ph vn chuyn ni a cho Nguyn n;
5. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n tin lu kho 357,15 USD m Nguyn

n tr thay cho B n cng vi tin li; 6. Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu: Nguyn n chu 30%, phn 70% cn li do B n chu.

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PHN QUYT S 12 TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG THIU TRONG HP NG MUA BN QUN O TR EM Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Cuba B n Tm tt v vic: Ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1986, Nguyn n v B n k kt mt hp ng mua bn theo B n phi cung cp 19.500 t qun o tr em si hn hp vi s lng v gi c khc nhau. Tng tr gi hp ng l 404.415 USD, FOB cng Trung Quc, ng vo hp giy, gi hng i vo qu 1 v qu 2 nm 1987. Thng 6 nm 1987 B n giao 900 hp giy cha hng ho theo hp ng. S hng ny c bc ln tu ca Cuba v ri i cng Havana, Cuba. Theo Nguyn n, khi hng n cng Havana Nguyn n xc nhn rng b ngoi ca s thng giy l khng c vn g nhng c mt s thng c trng lng khng . Nguyn n vn chuyn s hng ni trn vo kho. C quan gim nh s ti xc nhn thiu 606 qun/o trong 19 thng hng c gim nh (trong s 300 thng) so vi NQ 9114, B/L52, ho n SUL 30047 c giao. Kt qu gim nh 61 thng hng theo NQIOO58-4, B/L53, ho n SUL 30048 xc nh thiu 1.845 qun/o. Nguyn n hy vng s t c mt tho thun thng qua m phn vi B n, nhng B n khng chp nhn m phn. Cn c vo iu 42 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, Nguyn n cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim cho s hng thiu v yu cu B n bi thng cho cc thit hi v kinh t nh sau: 1. Khon tin 4.245,01 USD thanh ton cho s hng giao thiu, bao gm: 606 qun/o, tng ng vi 50,5 t theo NQ9114 vi gi 22,29 USD/t, l 1.125,65 USD; 1.854 qun/o, tng ng vi 154,5 t theo NQ10058-4 vi gi 20,19 USD/t, l 3.119,36 USD; 2. Ph gim nh 180 USD; 3. Ph trng ti. Trong vn bn tr li, B n gii trnh nh sau:
1. Theo cc qui nh ti iu 14 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, s lng v

: Ngi bn Trung Quc

khi lng ca hng ho c xc nh theo vn n ng bin. Sau khi hng c bc ln tu, B n nhn vn n sch do thuyn trng pht hnh xc nhn hng ho hp l v ph hp vi s lng ghi trong ho n v bn chng nhn s thng hng vi cc chi tit ghi trn vn n. Ngoi ra, t
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cc ti liu do Nguyn n trnh, 71 thng (30-40% trong tng s 120 thng) thiu v s lng, v hu ht l thiu loi qun o c 36 hoc 48. Nu tnh trng ny nghim trng n mc nh Nguyn n bin lun th chc chn c nhiu thng hng rng hoc b m v nu th th thuyn trng chc chn khng k vn n sch. Hn na, Nguyn n cng xc nhn rng khi c chuyn n, cc thng hng vn hp l, Nguyn n khng trnh c chng nhn gim nh hng ho chng minh hng b thiu v khi lng v trong thng c nhiu th khc khng phi l hng ho. Do cn phi bc yu cu ca Nguyn n lin quan n vic giao thiu hng.
2. iu 15 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng qui nh: n v khi lng v

n v o ca bn gim nh v xc nhn hng ho cung cp ph thuc vo cc ti liu ca bn bn. Xc nhn v s thng hng do B n cung cp chng minh rng s hng c giao ph hp vi cc qui nh ca hp ng v cn phi da vo bn xc nhn ny xc nh s hng giao. 3. Hp ng c k theo iu kin FOB. Theo cc qui nh trong INCOTERMS, mt khi hng ho c chuyn qua lan can tu ti cng bc hng, mi ri ro v mt mt hoc tn tht i vi hng ho cng c chuyn cho bn mua. V vy, yu cu ca Nguyn n l khng c c s. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Theo iu 14 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, s lng hng do B n giao c xc nh theo vn n ng bin. Trong cc thng hng thuc vn n s 52 v 53, s hng c ghi ln lt l 300 v 600 thng. Mc d trn vn n ng bin c ghi tng trng lng ca hng ho, nhng khng ghi s hng trong tng thng hoc khi lng ca mi thng hng. Theo chng nhn gim nh ca Cc gim nh hng ho Cuba, tt c cc thng hng u hp l. C tng s 2.460 qun/o thiu trong 71 thng. B n trnh chng nhn v hng ho c ng vo thng khi s hng ny cn trong nh my, nhng hng khng c bc trc tip ln tu sau khi ri nh my m c vn chuyn bng nhiu phng tin, ri cui cng mi c bc ln tu. Do , khng loi tr kh nng vic thiu hng xy ra trc khi s hng ny c bc ln tu. U ban trng ti cho rng iu 42 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng qui nh r quyn ca cc bn c khiu ni v vic thiu hng ho v do B n phi chu trch nhim v vic thiu hng ny. Phn quyt: 1. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 4.425,01 USD l khon tin tr cho s hng thiu, v 180 USD ph gim nh. 2. Ph trng ti s do B n chu.

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PHN QUYT S 13 TRANH CHP V CHT LNG MY NG GI Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Trung Quc B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn Hng Kng

Mua hng ti trin lm Giao thiu hng v bt cn trong vic ng gi hng Lp t v sa cha my

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1985 Nguyn n v B n k hp ng s 5009 theo B n bn cho Nguyn n mt my ng gi vi gi 80.000 USD. My ny s c chuyn n Wuhan theo hai t giao hng. B phn chnh ca my c bn sau khi c trng by trin lm ti Wuhan v c giao vo thng 2 nm 1985. t giao hng th hai gm cc b phn ph ca my s c tin hnh vo ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1985. Sau khi hp ng c k kt, Nguyn n pht hnh th tn dng cho ln giao hng u tin tr gi 65.750 USD theo ng hp ng. Nguyn n giao chuyn hng u tin ng thi hn. Ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1985 Cc Gim nh Hng ho Xut nhp khu Hubei, Trung Quc, cp chng nhn gim nh theo thng hng th hon chnh, nhng thiu mt mt gng kim tra vt liu v hai thc nn l nhm. Ngoi ra, hai cun hn nng b han g ton b. Cc b phn khc ca my cng b han g mt s phn. Trong thn my c mt vi git nc. Bn chng nhn gim nh cng cho thy giao thiu mt s b phn ca my. G st v nc trong my l do khng cn thn khi ng thng my sau trin lm. Cc b phn ph ca my ng gi c B n giao vo thng 10 nm 1985, su thng sau khi hp ng c k kt. Ngy 28 thng 3 nm 1985, cn c vo chng nhn gim nh ca Cc gim nh hng ho XNK Hubei, Trung Quc, Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n yu cu giao cc b phn cn thiu, i ng cun hn nng v bi thng cc thit hi v kinh t. Sau B n giao gng kim tra vt liu v gi cc k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n sa cha my trong cc ngy 23 v ngy 25 thng 4 nm 1985. Sau khi lp t xong, do cn thiu mt s b phn nn ch mt phn ca my l c th hot ng c. Do c khim khuyt ti hai b phn l A5 v A6 nn ton b my khng th hot ng bnh thng. Ngy 8 thng 10 nm 1985, sau khi tt c cc b phn c chuyn n
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Wuhan, cc bn k mt tho thun theo B n bo m s gi k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n lp t, sa cha my v o to cng nhn. 80% gi bn s c thanh ton cho B n sau khi tr khon tin pht do giao chm v thit hi v kinh t. Tho thun khng c thc hin ng hn do cc bn c bt ng quan im. Sau khi trao i gia cc bn, Nguyn n tr 7.125 USD, 50% tr gi l hng th hai cho B n ngy 24 thng 2 nm 1986. T ngy 11 n ngy 23 thng 4 nm 1986, cc k s ca B n n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n sa cha ln th hai. Sau cc bn k mt vn bn lin quan n vic sa cha my ln th hai, vn bn ny ghi nhn rng my khng th hot ng c do my in, b phn chn ph thi, cun ng b v nhit trc khi hot ng khng t tiu chun. Sau , Nguyn n thng xuyn lin h vi B n nhng khng nhn c tr li r rng. Ngy 15 thng 11 nm 1986, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti kin B n khng nhng vi phm hp ng do giao hng ln th hai chm, giao hng thiu, my b han g cng nh tr hon trong vic sa cha my lm cho my khng th hot ng c sau hai ln sa cha. Vn nghim trng ny cng vi thc trng ca my khin cho Nguyn n phi chu tn tht ln v kinh t. Do Nguyn n yu cu tr li my v cc b phn ph ca my cho B n v i B n hon tr 72.785 USD v li ngn hng, bi thng cho Nguyn n cc thit hi do ng thu hi quan v thu cng thng hn hp. Ngoi ra Nguyn n i B n phi chu trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v bi thng tt c cc thit hi v cc tn tht kinh t khc m Nguyn n phi gnh chu. B n gii trnh nh sau: Yu cu ca Nguyn n tr li my do my c vn nghim trng l khng th chp nhn c. Ln sa my u tin vo thng 4 nm 1985 ch mang tnh s b v cc b phn ph ca my cha c chuyn n. Vo giai on my vn hot ng bnh thng. n ln sa my cui cng vo ngy 25 thng 4 nm 1985, v in p khng n nh m mt b n nhit b chy v gy ra s c cho b phn A5 v A6, do khng th sa my c. B n khng cung cp c cho Nguyn n cc b phn cn thiu do nh my c khng cung cp cc b phn cho B n. Hai cun hn nng khng th chnh n thng bng thch hp, v cc k s ca B n khng quen vi cc khun c thay th. Ngoi ra, nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n t chi khng cho php B n sa my. Sau khi B n giao l hng th hai theo hp ng vo thng 9 nm 1985, Nguyn n t chi thanh ton tin hng cho B n. Sau khi trao i, cc bn chp thun l B n s tin hnh sa cha vo thng 4 thng 1986 khi Nguyn n thanh ton mt phn tin hng. Vic sa cha ln th hai khng thc hin c ng thi hn l do Nguyn n t chi tr tin hng nn Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim. B n khng th sa cha my n mc c th hot ng bnh thng. B n ch yu cu u ban trng ti ra mt phn quyt tm thi cho php B n gi cc k s
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ca mnh n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n trong thi gian nhanh nht c th sa cha my v yu cu nh my hp tc vi mnh trong vic sa cha my. Theo yu cu ca B n, U ban trng ti ra mt phn quyt tm thi v vic ti sa cha my ng gi, trnh tng thit hi v nh gi cht lng v chc nng ca my. B n phi c n cc k s c nng lc chuyn mn v tham gia kho o to c bit c, cung cp cc b phn cn thit cho nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n hon thnh vic ti sa cha my ng gi trc ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1988 v t tiu chun cht lng ca my xut xng hoc tiu chun khc do cc bn tho thun. Khi vic sa cha hon thnh, cc bn phi trnh mt bn bo co chung v kt qu sa cha. Tuy nhin, B n khng c k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n cng nh khng np bo co cho U ban trng ti. Phn quyt ca trng ti: V cht lng ca my ng gi l i tng ca tranh chp, v bn thn my ny c B n trin lm ti Wuhan v Nguyn n cng mua my ny ti trin lm nn U ban trng ti quyt nh bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i tr li my. Tuy nhin, B n khng ng gi my ng qui cch lm mt s b phn ca my b han g nghim trng. B n cng khng giao cc b phn cn thiu v cng khng thnh cng trong vic sa cha my mc d hai ln c k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n. My ng gi khng t cc tiu chun ng gi dc phm. Theo yu cu ca B n, U ban trng ti ban hnh mt phn quyt tm thi yu cu B n ti sa cha my vi cc b phn ph cn thit, nhng B n khng c bt k k s no n nh my sa cha cng nh khng trnh bo co v vic thi hnh phn quyt ca U ban trng ti. U ban trng ti gi vn th cho B n yu cu B n np bo co thi hnh phn quyt. B n khng tr li. iu ny cho thy B n khng h c nh ti sa cha my ph hp vi cc yu cu ng gi dc phm, v vy B n phi chu trch nhim v vic ny. T cc kin v tnh tit ghi trong bn bo co kt qu sa cha ln hai do c Nguyn n v B n k ngy 23 thng 4 nm 1986 v trn c s xem xt cc thit hi m Nguyn n phi chu, U ban trng ti quyt nh rng vic gim 35% gi my ng gi l hp l. B n giao l hng th hai chm 6 thng nn b pht 5% tr gi s hng giao chm theo cc qui nh ca hp ng. Khon tin 7.125 USD m Nguyn n cha tr cho B n c khu tr vo khon tin m B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n. V khon tin ny ng l phi tr khi B n sa c my n mc cn thit v khi ht thi hn bo hnh, nn khng c tnh li cho khon tin ny. Phn quyt:
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U ban trng ti quyt nh nh sau: Gi ca my ng gi theo Hp ng s 5009 k kt gia Nguyn n v B n phi c gim xung 35%, tc l 28.000USD (80.000 USD x 35%) gii quyt cc ngha v theo hp ng gia cc bn. B n phi hon tr khon tin ny cho Nguyn n cng vi tin li tnh t ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1986 n ngy thanh ton thc t vi li sut l 8%/nm.

B n phi tr mt khon tin pht l 4.000USD do giao chm l hng

th hai. Khon tin 7.125USD Nguyn n cha thanh ton cho B n s c khu tr vo khon tin B n phi tr cho Nguyn n.

Bc cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n.

Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu. Nguyn n chu 20% v B n chu 80% ph trng ti.

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PHN QUYT S 14 TRANH CHP V TIN TM NG TRONG HP NG LM PHIM Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt cng ty Hng Kng - Macao B n Cc vn c cp:

: Mt c quan vn ho ngh thut Trung Quc

Hp ng v hiu do ch th khng c thm quyn v nng lc k kt Ngha v thng bo v gim thiu thit hi

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n (Bn A) v B n (Bn B) k mt hp ng sn xut phim ta Hai Deng Fa Shi ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985. Phn hp ng lin quan n phng thc hp tc gia hai bn quy nh Bn A chu mi chi ph cho vic lm phim vi tng d ton khong 800.000USD. Bn A chu trch nhim cung cp cc thit b quay phim, xe thng ch o c v mi mt o din v mt th chp nh t Hng Kng v Macao. Bn B chu trch nhim vit kch bn, thu o din, din vin v on phc v lm phim, thu a im, xin cp cc loi giy php v hon thnh mi th tc cn thit v nhng cng vic hng ngy khc. Hp ng cng quy nh sau khi k kt hp ng, Bn A phi chuyn 120.000 USD (bao gm c 50.000 USD tin tm ng phi chuyn ngay trong ngy k kt hp ng). Bn B phi xin c cc giy php cn thit ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan v Phng tuyn truyn tnh Henan v phi thc hin tt c cc th tc c c bo lnh ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh ti Zheng Zhou trong vng 15 ngy. Sau khi cc th tc ny hon thnh, bn A phi chuyn ngay khon tin 70.000USD cn li vo ti khon ca bn B. Trong vng nm ngy k t khi khi quay (d tnh l vo thng 5 nm 1985), bn A phi chuyn 180.000USD vo ti khon ca bn B. Phn u t cn li s c thanh ton thnh nhiu ln bo m cho cc chi ph lm phim. Ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985, ngy k kt hp ng, Nguyn n chuyn cho B n 50.000 USD tin tm ng thng qua Ngn hng Macao Nantong. Ngy 3 thng 5 nm 1985, B n k mt vn bn vi mt cng ty sn xut phim Guangzhou cng sn xut phim Hai Deng Fa Shi. Ngy 8 thng 5 nm 1985, Nguyn n nhn c t B n vn bn tr li cho php cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao c vn chuyn cc thit b lm phim do Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan cp ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1985, mt Bn hng dn chp thun bo co ca C quan vn ho v ngh thut v Cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao
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do Phng tuyn truyn tnh Henan cp v Bo lnh khng hu ngang cho Hp ng s ZT 535406 do Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh ti Zheng Zhou cp. Tuy nhin, ngy cp bo lnh li l ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1985. Ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1985 B n gi vn th cho Nguyn n gic Nguyn n chuyn cho mnh phn 70.000USD cn li trong khon u t u tin 120.000USD v ni rng nu Nguyn n khng chuyn tin trong vng 10 ngy th coi nh vi phm hp ng. Nguyn n khng tr li vic ny bng vn bn. Ngy 4 thng 10 nm 1985 Nguyn n v mt cng ty sn xut phim k mt bn d tho vi tn gi Cc sa i i vi hp ng sn xut phim mu mn nh rng Hai Deng Fa Shi-D n hp tc gia cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao v C quan Vn ho v Ngh thut. Bn d tho ny ghi r: 1. Hp ng k bi cc bn l v hiu v thay vo b phim c thc hin gia Nguyn n v cng ty sn xut phim; 2. Cng ty sn xut phim chu trch nhim xin tt c cc giy php v ph chun v thc hin tt c cc th tc cn thit v np bo co cho B Tuyn truyn; 3. Khon tm ng 50.000 USD c chuyn cho B n s c chuyn li cho cng ty sn xut phim, v.v... Bn d tho cng qui nh d tho s c chnh thc k kt khi xin c tt c cc giy php v thng qua tt c cc th tc cn thit. Bn d tho s t ng chm dt nu khng xin c tt c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit trong thi hn hai thng. V cng ty sn xut phim khng xin c tt c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit nn sau bn d tho t ng chm dt. Ngy 7 thng 8, ngy 8 thng 9, ngy 27 thng 9 v ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1987 Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n i hon tr 50.000USD. B n khng tr khon tin tm ng ny. Do Nguyn n kin ra U ban trng ti. Nguyn n l lun nh sau: 1. Vic khng thc hin c hp ng l do B n khng xin c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit. Bn hng dn m B n cung cp cho Nguyn n c cp trc thi im k kt hp ng. y r rng l mt s gi mo. Vn bn tr li ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan ch cho php cng ty a cc thit b nh lin quan vo Trung Quc ch khng phi l giy php cho d n lin doanh lm phim. Cc giy php v ph chun khng ph hp vi cc qui nh ca hp ng. 2. Hp ng v hiu v B n phi chu trch nhim v vic ny v cc nguyn nhn sau y: B n l mt doanh nghip thuc s hu tp th v, theo cc lut v qui nh ca nc Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa v ca B Pht thanh, Truyn hnh v in nh, B n khng phi l ch th c nng
54

lc k kt hp ng vi i tc nc ngoi cho cc d n lin kt lm phim. Vic lin kt lm phim vi Nguyn n vt qu thm quyn ca B n, v vy hp ng k kt gia cc bn lin quan n d n lin doanh lm phim Hai Deng Fa Shi l bt hp php v v hiu. 3. V hp ng v hiu nn B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n 50.000USD tin t cc v, v U ban K hoch v Hi ng Vn ho ca Thnh ph Kaifeng bo lnh cho B n (theo ngoi t v nhn dn t) nn h phi chu trch nhim chung v ring r. Do , Nguyn n yu cu U ban trng ti ra phn quyt rng: 1. Hp ng k kt gia Nguyn n v B n l v hiu; 2. B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n 50.000USD tin tm ng cng vi tin li tnh t ngy tm ng n ngy np n khi kin. 3. Ph trng ti, ph lut s v nhng thit hi khc v kinh t s do B n chu. B n gii trnh nh sau: 1. Hp ng ny c hiu lc v trch nhim i vi vic khng thc hin hp ng gn lin vi vic vi phm hp ng ca Nguyn n. Hp ng ny l mt tho thun bng vn bn gia cc bn t c thng qua thng lng v p ng tt c cc yu cu ca cc lut lin quan. Vo thi im k kt hp ng, c rt nhiu hp ng lin kt hp tc gia Trung Quc vi nc ngoi v khng c qui nh thng nht v vn ny. Hp ng qui nh mt cch r rng rng B n s c coi l hon thnh cc ngha v ca mnh nu B n xin c cc giy php ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan, Phng Tuyn truyn tnh Henan v bo lnh ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh Zheng Zhou. B n c c cc giy t ny v nhanh chng chuyn cho Nguyn n. Theo hp ng, Nguyn n ng l phi tip tc chuyn tin. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n khng ch lin tc tr hon vic chuyn tin m cn k mt vn bn d tho vi cng ty sn xut phim sa i hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n m khng c s chp thun ca B n. Hnh vi ny l mt s vi phm hp ng. 2. Thm ch nu hp ng v hiu th trch nhim vn thuc v Nguyn n. V hp ng c k bi c hai bn nn suy ra l nu hp ng v hiu th c hai bn cng c li. Thng 10 thng 1985 khi Nguyn n k d tho vi cng ty sn xut phim, r rng Nguyn n bit l hp ng v hiu nhng khng thng bo g cho B n. Tuy nhin, cho n thi im th B n s dng ht s tin tm ng 50.000USD vo cc hot ng v nh, ngoi ra B n phi chi ra rt nhiu tin ca v cng sc. V vy Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim chnh cho cc thit hi v kinh t. V vy B n yu cu U ban trng ti bc cc yu cu ca Nguyn n.
55

U ban trng ti cho rng: Mc d hp ng v d n lin kt sn xut phim Hai Deng Fa Shi c cc bn chnh thc k kt v xc nhn ngy 14 thng 4 nm 1985, hp ng ny l v hiu v Bn B (B n) khng phi l ch th c thm quyn k mt hp ng vi i tc nc ngoi lm phim v cc ni dung ca hp ng vt qu thm quyn ca B n, vi phm cc lut v qui ch lin quan ca nc Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa. Trch nhim chnh trong vic hp ng v hiu thuc v B n. Tuy nhin Nguyn n khng kim tra cn thn nng lc php l v thm quyn ca B n trc khi k kt hp ng, v vy Nguyn n cng phi chu trch nhim cho s khng cn trng ca chnh mnh. Ngy 4 thng 10 nm 1985 khi Nguyn n k mt vn bn d tho vi cng ty sn xut phim, Nguyn n bit rng hp ng k kt vi B n l v hiu. Nguyn n ng l phi thng bo vi B n v vic ny hn ch thit hi. Ch n thng 11 nm 1988 Nguyn n mi yu cu lut s ca mnh thng bo cho B n bit. Tuy nhin, n lc ny B n thc hin xong mt phn ngha v ca mnh v do phi chu mt s thit hi nht nh v kinh t. V Nguyn n khng thc hin cc bin php cn thit hn ch thit hi nn Nguyn n cng phi chu trch nhim theo cc quy nh ca php lut Trung Quc. Kt qu iu tra ca U ban trng ti cho thy trong khon tin tm ng 50.000USD (tng ng vi 140.950 Rmb) m Nguyn n chuyn cho B n, 98.000 Rmb c B n chi cho h thng thit b v cc ph liu chp nh ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1986; 22.000Rmb c i din ca Nguyn n ly li vo ngy 8 thng 6 nm 1985 vi l do th lao lm phim; v 20.950 Rbm cn li cng vi my nghn Rbm m B n t b ra c s dng chi cho cc chi ph khc nhau trong qu trnh chun b lm phim, bao gm c chi ph phng v lng cho nhn vin. Nh vy, ton b s tin 50.000USD tm ng m Nguyn n giao cho B n c s dng ht. Vic iu tra ca U ban trng ti cng cho thy giy bo lnh m Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh Zheng Zhou cp khng c hiu lc v Nguyn n khng chuyn khon tin th lao 120.000USD u tin vo ti khon ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh Keifeng. Giy bo lnh do U ban K hoch Keifeng v Hi ng Vn ho Keifeng cng khng c hiu lc v Nguyn n khng chuyn 60.000USD vo ti khon ca U ban K hoch Keifeng nh yu cu ca ngi bo lnh. Do , Nguyn n khng th i hi U ban K hoch Keifeng v Hi ng Vn ho Keifeng chu trch nhim chung trong vic hon li tin bng ngoi t hay nhn dn t. Do U ban trng ti quyt nh rng nhng thit hi duy nht m Nguyn n c th i trong trng hp ny l h thng thit b v ph liu nh DXC - M3PK m B n s phi hon li cho Nguyn n. U ban trng ti bc cc yu cu cn li. Phn quyt ca trng ti:
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U ban trng ti quyt nh nh sau:

Hp ng k ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985 gia cc bn v d n lm phim mn nh rng l v hiu; Trong vng 60 ngy B n phi hon tr li cho Nguyn n cc thit b v ph liu nh DXC - M3PK mua ngy 2 thng 4 nm 1986. Cc chi ph ng gi, vn chuyn v bo him cho vic tr li thit b s do B n chu; Bc cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n; Ph trng ti mi bn chu mt na.

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PHN QUYT S 15 TRANH CHP V CHT LNG CUA NG LNH V TM MUI Cc bn: Nguyn n B n : Ngi mua M : Ngi bn Trung Quc

Cc vn c cp: - Gi tr ca giy chng nhn gim nh - Gi tr li tuyn b ming v cht lng hng ho khi nhn hng - Thit hi mt phn hay ton b Tm tt v vic: B n bn cho Nguyn n 12 MT cua ng lnh (1.200 thng, mi thng 10 kg) vi gi 2.560 USD/MT, gi CIF Los Angeles, tng tr gi l 30.720 USD; v 39.04 MT tm mui (1.952 thng, mi thng 20 kg) vi gi 1.150 USD/MT, gi CIF Los Angeles, tng tr gi l 44.896 USD. Ngy 9 thng 6 nm 1985, B n giao 12 MT cua ng lnh v 34 MT tm mui ti Fuzhou. Hng c vn chuyn qua Hng Kng ti Los Angeles. Theo Nguyn n, s hng ny n Los Angeles ngy 9 thng 7 nm 1985 v c chuyn vo kho bo qun ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1985. Sau khi thng bo cho cc khch hng, t ngy 20 thng 7 nm 1985 Nguyn n bt u giao hng cho khch ca mnh. Ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1985, mt s khch hng tr li cua ng lnh vi l do cua b hng. Ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1985, Cc qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K (FDA) tin hnh mt cuc thanh tra y t thng l ti nh kho. i tng ca cuc thanh tra l tt c thc phm c bo qun ti bao gm c cua ng lnh v tm mui, i tng trong v tranh chp ny. Kt qu thanh tra l 14 loi hng ho khc nhau b tch thu ch gii quyt. Cua ng lnh khng trong s hng ho b tch thu nhng 480 thng tm mui (20 kg/thng) b tch thu. Bo co thanh tra xc minh 480 thng tm mui c vn chuyn t Trung Quc nhng khng ni r chnh xc tn nh cung cp ti Trung Quc. Ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1985, Nguyn n yu cu Cng ty Toplis & Harding (Toplis & Harding) M gim nh cua ng lnh v tm mui trong cc nh kho hi quan v kho lnh lin bang vo ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1985. n ngy 1 thng 11 nm 1985, Toplis & Harding mi cp giy chng nhn gim nh trong nu: Bao b ngoi ca 1.200 thng cua ng lnh tnh trng tt. Tuy nhin, khi m cc thng hng ny th ngoi s hng vn cn tt, c mt s hng b i mu. Hn
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na, khi ba i mt s cua kim tra th mt s b hng. Chng ti c gng xc nh s lng cua b hng nhng khng c. Phng php nitrate th cc thng cua ng lnh cho kt qu m tnh. Bao b ngoi ca 1.952 thng tm mui vn tt v khng b nh hng ca khng kh m. Sau khi m mt s thng tm mui th cng thy c nhng thng b hng. Tm b hng vo thi im xp ln tu. Chng ti c kt qu m tnh khi dng phng php nitrate kim tra. Trc , sau khi hng ho c th vi khun nh Nguyn n yu cu, chng ti ngh trc tin nn bn s hng ny gim thiu thit hi. Chng ti cho rng hng ho b hng khng lin quan ti qu trnh vn chuyn m xy ra khi ng gi. Ngy 12 thng 9 nm 1985, Nguyn n yu cu Michelson Laboratories M ngh gim nh cua ng lnh v tm mui. Ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1985, Michelson Laboratories cp giy: .... hai loi hng ho ni trn c gim nh. Cua v tm b bc mi do b hng. S hng ny c kim tra theo chun quc t, ngha l kim tra 5.900 con tm mui v 11.000 con cua. Cua v tm khng c t l vi khun cao. C th vi khun ngng pht trin do hng b hng. V vy, khng th tin hnh th vi khun. Ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1985, mt thng sau khi hng n Los Angeles, Nguyn n gi telex cho B n thng bo rng cht lng cua ng lnh v tm mui qu ti v ngh tr li hng. Ngy 12, ngy 22 v ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1985, Nguyn n li fax cho B n v ngh tr li hng do vn cht lng. Ngy 21 v ngy 29 thng 8 nm 1985, B n tr li cht lng hng hon ton tt khi giao hng ti Fuzhou v hng c kim nh bi Cc kim nh hng ho Trung Quc (CCIB) ti Fuzhou. B n ni r nu c vn g v cht lng xy ra th l do qu trnh vn chuyn v Nguyn n nn i bi thng t cng ty bo him. Nguyn n khng tn thnh kin ny. Sau , theo Nguyn n, hng ho b hu ton b. Nguyn n yu cu B n tr li s tin thanh ton nhng khng c B n chp thun. Sau nhiu ln thng lng, ngy 12 thng 4 nm 1986 B n ng bi thng 7.337 USD cho 319 thng tm mui vi iu kin l Nguyn n a ra c bng chng do c quan c thm quyn cp chng minh 319 thng tm mui ng l 319 thng tm mui do B n giao ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1985. ng thi, B n yu cu tip tc thng lng v trong trng hp thng lng tht bi th s a vn ra trng ti. Cc bn khng t c tho thun no v ngy 12 thng 5 nm 1986, Nguyn n np n kin ra U ban trng ti thng mi v kinh t quc t Trung Quc, yu cu B n tr li s tin thanh ton mua cua ng lnh v tm mui 75.616 USD, cng thm s tin li tnh t ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1985 cho ti ngy B n tr li tin. B n lp lun nh sau: - Nguyn n khng c t cch khiu kin bi ngi mua theo hp ng l XX Trading Corporation, mt cng ty thng mi M ch khng phi Nguyn n (C.R. Food, Inc). Hp ng c k bi XX ch khng phi l Nguyn n.
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Nguyn n khng c quan h hp ng vi B n v B n khng h giao hng ho cho Nguyn n. Hng ho, i tng ca v tranh chp, khng phi do B n cung cp v hng ho do C quan kim nh Hoa K kim tra cng khng phi do B n cung cp. Ngay c khi nu s hng ho do B n cung cp th khi hng ti Los Angeles, XX sp xp cho Toplis & Harding kim nh hng ho m khng bo trc cho B n, B n khng chp thun cho Toplis & Harding tin hnh kim nh hng ho. Kt qu kim nh ca Toplis & Harding lin quan n qui trnh ly mu v gim nh hng ho, ngy cp giy chng nhn gim nh, phn ni dung giy chng nhn lin quan n ni bo qun hng ho, cht lng hng, s lng khch mua hng v s hng bn ra, ngy v s lng hng b khch tr li hon ton mu thun vi chng c do XX a ra v trnh by ca ngi i din XX ti phin xt x. V d: giy chng nhn kim nh ni 1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui c kim nh, nhng ngi i din ca XX ni vi U ban trng ti l vo ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1985, hng c bn ht cho cc khch hng. Ngi i din ca XX nh chnh rng ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1985, mt s khch hng tr li tm ng lnh. Nhng ngi i din khng th ni r s lng hng thc t bn v b tr li v xc nhn l anh ta khng bit iu v anh ta khng c mt. Tuy nhin, bn k khai ngy 25 thng 10 nm 1985 ca kho bo qun m ngi i din trnh ln U ban trng ti cho thy r rng 1.201 thng cua ng lnh Trung Quc c a vo trong kho ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1985, 200 thng c bn ngy 15 thng 8, 200 thng bn ngy 16 thng 8 v 200 thng chuyn cho Nguyn n ngy 16 thng 8. Ngy 19 thng 8, khch hng tr li 200 thng. Ngy 22 thng 8, 200 thng c chuyn cho Nguyn n. Ngy 16 thng 9, khch hng tr li 140 thng. Ngy 23 thng 9, 50 thng c chuyn cho Nguyn n. Vi lch mua bn v tr li nh trn, "Toplis and Harding khng th gim nh c tt c 1.200 thng cua ng lnh. Trong giy chng nhn gim nh, Toplis & Harding ghi 1.952 thng tm mui c kim tra. Tuy nhin, XX fax cho B n thng bo 1.163 thng tm b tch thu. V vy, B n t cu hi lm th no m Toplis & Harding li c th kim tra c n 1.952 thng tm mui cn li, Toplis & Harding kim tra bao nhiu thng tm mui, kim tra u v vo khi no. Tm li, giy chng nhn kim nh do Toplis & Harding cp v XX trnh ln U ban trng ti khng ng vi s tht v v vy, khng c gi tr php l. - Hp ng quy nh khiu kin v cht lng, s lng v trng lng ca hng ho phi c a ra trong vng 30 ngy sau khi hng n cng. Sau khi Nguyn n thng bo cho B n v cht lng hng ho qua in thoi ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1985, Nguyn n li fax cho B n ph nhn thng bo . B n t chi nhn hai bn fax v v vy, khiu kin ca Nguyn n v cht lng hng ho nn b bc v a ra sau thi hn quy nh. - Hp ng quy nh cht lng v trng lng hng ho phi c kim nh bi
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c quan kim nh hng ho ti cng xp hng. Cua ng lnh v tm mui c xp ln tu ti Fuzhou, Trung Quc v c Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) tnh Fujian cp giy chng nhn kim nh. Nguyn n khiu kin rng ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1985, 1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui c a n bi rc hu. Nhng ngy 12 thng 9, Michelson Laboratories M xc nhn l nhn c mu cua ng lnh v tm mui kim nh. Bn k khai kho ngy 25 thng 10 cho thy r rng mt s thng cua ng lnh c bo qun trong kho cho n ngy 23 thng 9. Thm ch, nm 1986, Nguyn n yu cu B n tr li hng. Nhng s vic cho thy s khng chnh xc trong vic Nguyn n hu hng ho, ngy v s lng hng ha b hy. Nguyn n ch tuyn b 1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui b hu v a vo bi rc ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1985 m khng c bn th ba c lp lm chng. V vy y khng th coi nh chng c v vic hng bi hy. Cn c vo nhng s kin trn, B n cho rng nn bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n. Nguyn n bc lp lun ca B n nh sau: 1. Ngi ng u XX M c hai cng ty vi tn ting Anh l XX Food, Inc v XX Trading Co. Sau , hai cng ty ny sp nhp vi nhau v ly tn l XX Food, Inc. Ti sn v ngha v php l ca XX Trading Co. u chuyn cho XX Food, Inc v v vy, XX Food, Inc l mt bn trong v kin ny. 2. Vic mua bn cua ng lnh v tm mui c thc hin qua in thoi ch khng qua k kt hp ng. Vic giao hng c thc hin da trn th tn dng thanh ton. Hai bn hp ng B n trnh ln U ban trng ti khng c ch k ca Nguyn n hay B n. Hn na, s lng c cua ng lnh v tm mui l 150 MT, khng lin quan g n vic mua bn 12 MT cua ng lnh v 39.04 MT tm mui hin ti. Khng c cn c B n trch dn cc iu khon lin quan n thi hn khiu kin v v cc iu khon kim nh hng ho bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi. Nguyn n khng bc cc lp lun khc ca B n. kin ca U ban trng ti: 1. XX Food, Inc v XX Trading, Co sp nhp v gi li tn XX Food, Inc. V vy, Nguyn n c t cch php l khiu kin. 2. Nguyn n c quyn yu cu c quan kim nh kim tra cua ng lnh v tm mui. Nguyn n khng thng bo trc vic kim nh hng ho cho B n hoc c s ng ca B n trc khi Nguyn n n phng mi Toplis & Harding kim nh hng ho. Sau ba thng tin hnh vic kim nh, c quan kim nh mi cp giy chng nhn. Tuy nhin, ni dung ca giy chng nhn mu thun vi cc vn bn Nguyn n a ra v s trnh by ca Nguyn n trong phin xt x. Nguyn n khng c chng c chng minh hng ho kim nh l hng do B n
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giao. V vy, B n ng khi t chi chp nhn giy chng nhn kim nh. 3. Cc bn hp ng B n trnh ln U ban trng ti khng c ch k ca c Nguyn n ln B n. Ni dung ca cc bn hp ng cng khng thng nht vi ni dung v kin. V vy, B n khng c quyn vin dn thi hn khiu kin bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n. 4. B n tuyn b iu khon kim nh hng ho ca hai hp ng trn quy nh giy chng nhn kim nh ca Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) l v cht lng hng ho. Cua ng lnh v tm mui c kim nh bi Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) Fuzhou, do , khng th bc c cht lng hng ho. Tuy nhin, hai hp ng trn khng c gi tr php l v khng bn no k v s lng hng khng thng nht vi ni dung v vic. Hn na, B n khng a ra giy chng nhn kim nh chnh thc do Cc kim nh hng ho (CCIB) cp. Tuyn b ca B n v cht lng cua ng lnh v tm mui khng c chng c. 5. Nguyn n khng a ra bng chng chng minh ton b hng ho b hu vo ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1985. Ngc li, mt s bng chng a ra mu thun vi trnh by bng li v bng vn bn ca Nguyn n. Tm li, khng th khng nh 1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui b hu vo ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1985. U ban trng ti kt lun: 1. Nguyn n khng a ra chng c chng minh tt c 1.200 thng cua ng lnh v 1.952 thng tm mui c vn v cht lng hay hng ho b hu. V vy, bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n i B n tr li tin hng v tin li km theo. 2. B n tha nhn kt qu kim nh y t ca Cc qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K (FDA) v t nguyn bi thng 7.337 USD cho 319 thng tm mui vi phm Lut thc phm ca M. Theo cc bo co ca Cc qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K (FDA), 480 thng tm mui, ch khng phi l 319 thng, khng t tiu chun y t v B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 11.040 USD cng vi tin li, ch khng phi l 7.337 USD. 3. Ngoi cc khon bi thng ni trn, B n khng phi bi thng cho Nguyn n bt k mt khon tin no. Phn quyt: 1. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 11.040 USD cng vi tin li tnh t ngy 1 thng 9 nm 1985 cho n ngy B n tr tin, vi li sut 7%/nm. 2. Bc cc khiu kin khc ca Nguyn n. 3. C hai bn u phi tr ph trng ti, B n tr 80% ph trng ti v Nguyn n tr 20% ph trng ti.
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PHN QUYT S 16 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG MUA BN NG CC Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Vit nam

V ch th chnh ca hp ng mua bn giao kt thng qua ngi i din Hng khuyn mi v ngha v np thu nhp khu i vi hng khuyn mi Tm ng hng cho bn th ba trn c s yu cu v tho thun ca bn bn

Tm tt v vic: Cng ty X (cng ty c Nguyn n u quyn lm i din) k vi B n hai hp ng mua bn theo Nguyn n bn cho B n: bt ng cc dinh dng v c ph Coffeemix tr gi 30.925,47 USD (Hp ng th nht) v bt ng cc dinh dng, ch xanh cao cp... tr gi 8.917,45 USD (Hp ng th hai). Trn hai hp ng ny ghi tn cc bn k kt l tn Nguyn n & Cng ty X v tn B n. iu kin giao hng CIF ti cng TP H Ch Minh khng chm hn ngy 30 thng 3 nm 1999 (i vi Hp ng th nht) v ngy 15 thng 9 nm 1999 (i vi Hp ng th hai); Thanh ton bng TTR, B n phi chuyn 100% tr gi ho n trong vng 10 ngy, k t ngy nhn c chng t vn ti gc; ngi hng li l Nguyn n. Thc hin Hp ng, Nguyn n chuyn s hng thuc Hp ng th nht cho B n vo ngy 13 thng 3 nm 1999 v s hng thuc Hp ng th hai ti B n ngy 17 thng 3 nm 1999. Cc ho n vn ti gc ca hai hp ng ny cng c Nguyn n gi cho B n. Nhng B n khng thanh ton tin hng cho Nguyn n. Ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1999 Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n nhc nh vic thanh ton tin hng theo hai ho n ni trn. Tt c cc vn bn ny B n u nhn c. Nhng B n vn khng thanh ton s tin hng ny cho Nguyn n. Ngy 29 thng 5 nm 2000, Nguyn n chnh thc kin B n ra Trung tm Trng ti i B n phi tr cc khon tin sau:

Tng s tin hng ca hai hp ng: 39.842,91 USD. Tin li ca tin hng theo ho n vn ti ca hp ng th nht ngy 12 thng 3 nm 1999 tnh cho giai on t ngy 12 thng 3 nm 1999 n ngy
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ban hnh phn quyt vi li sut 11,7%.

Tin li ca tin hng theo ho n vn ti ca hp ng th hai ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1999 tnh cho giai on t ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1999 n ngy ban hnh phn quyt vi li sut 11,7%. Ph trng ti Ph dch thut: 5.000 USD Ph lin lc : 400 USD

Trong Vn th phn bc n kin B n trnh by nh sau: B n khng k bt c Hp ng no vi Nguyn n nn Nguyn n khng c t cch php l kin b n. Tuy nhin B n tha nhn c k kt hai hp ng ni trn vi Cng ty X. V s tin hng: Theo tho thun gia Cng ty X v B n, trong tng s 39.842,91 USD tin hng ca hai hp ng k kt c 11.194,92 USD l tin mt phn l hng theo hp ng th nht do Cng ty X khuyn mi cho B n. Thc t khi nhp khu s hng khuyn mi ny B n phi np 101.066.059 VND l tin thu nhp khu m theo B n Cng ty X c trch nhim phi hon li cho B n. Theo tho thun v yu cu ca Cng ty X, B n xut tm ng mt phn trong tng s hng theo hai hp ng trn cho Cng ty Y vi tr gi 287.320.000VND, B n cha c thanh ton s tin ny. Theo B n, Cng ty X phi chu trch nhim yu cu Cng ty Y thanh ton cho B n v B n c vn th gi n Cng ty X v vic ny. Sau khi tnh ton, Cng ty X cn thiu ca B n l 6.278,80USD. Tuy nhin, B n khng yu cu Nguyn n hay Cng ty X tr mnh cc khon tin nu trn, m yu cu U ban trng ti bc h s kin ca Nguyn n, vi l do l Nguyn n khng yu t php l l ch th kin B n. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V t cch php l ca Nguyn n: U ban trng ti bc l l ca B n cho rng Nguyn n khng c t cch php l khi kin v cc l do sau y: Th nht, trong c hai hp ng k, tn Ngi mua l B n v tn Ngi bn l Nguyn n & Cng ty X. Nh vy, Ngi bn gm hai cng ty (Nguyn n v Cng ty X). Nguyn n l mt Cng ty c thnh lp hp php theo lut ca Singapore. Cng ty X l cng ty c thnh lp hp php theo lut Singapore, c vn phng i din ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh theo giy php ca B Thng mi Vit Nam. Nguyn n u quyn cho Cng ty X (m c th l cho ng A-Trng chi nhnh Vn phng i din ca Cng ty X ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh) k kt cc hp
64

ng thng mi vi cc i tc Vit Nam. Nh vy, trong c hai hp ng ni trn Nguyn n l bn bn hp php. Th hai, trn thc t B n nhiu ln tin hnh kinh doanh vi Nguyn n & Cng ty X. V vy khng c l do g B n t chi t cch ngi bn ca Nguyn n trong hai hp ng ny. 2. V lut p dng cho tranh chp: Trong c hai hp ng, cc bn u khng quy nh lut iu chnh hp ng. Trong mt vn th gi U ban trng ti, Nguyn n dn chiu n iu 233 Lut Thng mi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam nm 1997 v Quyt nh s 39/1998/QNHNN ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1999 ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam. iu th hin mun ca Nguyn n p dng php lut Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ti phin hp xt x, trong khi Nguyn n vn gi quan im chn php lut Vit Nam p dng cho vic xt x th B n li khng c kin c th g v vic ny. Trong trng hp ny cc bn coi nh khng thng nht c vi nhau v lut p dng. Cn c vo cc hon cnh thc t ca v vic: hp ng c k kt v thc hin ti Vit Nam, tranh chp pht sinh c gii quyt ti Vit Nam, U ban trng ti quyt nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp lin quan n hai hp ng ny l Php lut Vit Nam. 3. V vic thc hin ngha v thanh ton tin hng ca B n: iu 3 ca c hai hp ng u quy nh rng : Ngi mua - B n, phi chuyn tr tin cho Ngi bn - Nguyn n, bng TTR, 100% tr gi ho n trong vng 10 ngy, k t khi nhn c cc chng t vn ti gc. Thc t Nguyn n chuyn y hng v vn n gc cho B n. Ngoi ra, ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1999 (hn tm thng k t thi hn cui cng B n phi thanh ton tin hng) Nguyn n gi th nhc nh B n thanh ton v trong th ny, Nguyn n gia hn thi hn thanh ton cho B n thm 15 ngy, tc l n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1999. Nh vy, Nguyn n thc hin c hai hp ng (iu 7) mt cch c thin ch, cn B n vi phm ngha v thanh ton tin hng: nhn hng m khng tr tin. Do , B n phi c trch nhim tr cho Nguyn n ton b tr gi hai l hng giao l 39.842,92 USD. 4. V tin hng khuyn mi, tin thu nhp khu hng khuyn mi: Sau nhiu ln tr hon vic trnh chng c v phn hng khuyn mi theo gii trnh ca mnh, B n cui cng ch cung cp c cho U ban Trng ti mt bn pht giy k nhn tin c ch k m B n khng nh l ch k ca ng Trng vn phng i din chi nhnh Cng ty X ti Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tuy nhin, trn bn pht ny ch ghi s tin v c mt ch k, khng ni r tn ngi k v cng khng ni r l nhn tin v vic g, theo hp ng hay ho n no. V vy, U ban trng ti
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khng tha nhn gi tr php l ca bn pht ch k m B n gi l bng chng ny v bc b im ny trong Bn gii trnh ca B n. V vic hon thu nhp khu B n yu cu cng ty X phi thc hin, U ban trng ti cho rng, theo quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam (Lut Thu xut nhp khu ngy 26 thng 12 nm 1991, Lut sa i b sung Lut Thu xut nhp khu ngy 5 thng 7 nm 1993, Ngh nh s 54/CP ngy 28 thng 8 nm 1993 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thu xut nhp khu ni trn) th ngha v ng thu xut nhp khu cho hng ho nhp vo Vit Nam l ngha v ca t chc c hng nhp khu - y l ngha v ca B n, tr khi B n c bng chng chng minh rng gia cc bn c s tho thun rng y l hng khuyn mi v Nguyn n - ngi Bn hng - ng hon tr thu nhp khu l hng khuyn mi cho B n. Thc t, B n khng cung cp c bng chng v iu ny cho U ban trng ti, do , U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n khi yu cu Nguyn n phi tr 101.066.059 VND l tin thu cho l hng khuyn mi nu trn. 5. V vic xut hng tm ng cho Cng ty Y: B n khng cung cp c bng chng v yu cu ca Cng ty X bn phn hng tr gi 287.320.000 VND cho Cng ty Y. Do , U ban trng ti bc b lp lun lin quan n vn ny ca B n. U ban trng ti cng bc b ngh ca B n yu cu U ban trng ti phi iu tra Cng ty Y nhn hng xut tm ng. U ban trng ti cho rng v Cng ty Y khng phi l mt bn k kt hai hp ng nu trn, cho nn vic iu tra nhng g lin quan n Cng ty ny khng thuc thm quyn ca U ban trng ti. Mun kin Y, B n phi khi kin Y trc c quan c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut. 6. V cc khon tin bi thng khc do Nguyn n nu ra: - V khon tin li phi tr trn s tin hng cha thanh ton: Yu cu thanh ton tin li trn s tin 39.842,92 USD l s tin B n phi thanh ton cho Nguyn n l hp php. Cch thc tnh tin li m Nguyn n a ra cn c vo iu 233 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997 v cc quy nh ca Quyt nh s 39/1998/Q-NHNN ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1998 ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam c U ban trng ti chp nhn. Nu ch cn c vo hai hp ng ni trn th Ngi mua - B n b coi l vi phm Hp ng th nht k t khi ht thi hn 10 ngy sau khi nhn c vn n gc, tc l k t ngy 24 thng 3 nm 1999, ngy cui cng B n phi thanh ton cho Nguyn n. Tng t nh vy, i vi Hp ng th hai B n b coi l vi phm Hp ng k t ngy 7 thng 4 nm 1999. Tuy nhin, trong Vn th Nguyn n gi cho B n, sau khi nhc nh ngha v tr tin i vi B n, Nguyn n gia hn thi gian thanh ton cho B n thm 15 ngy, k t ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1999, tc l gia hn thanh ton n ht ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1999. Vic lm ny th hin thin ch ca Nguyn n t nguyn cho gia hn thm mt thi gian hp l B n thc hin ngha
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v ca mnh, ph hp vi iu 224 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997. Do , thi hn chm thc hin ngha v thanh ton ca B n s c tnh chung cho c hai hp ng c k kt, tc l t ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1999. Trn c s , U ban trng ti tnh li khon tin li m B n phi tr trn s tin hng cha thanh ton l (39.842,92 USD x 11,7% x 432) : 360 = 5.593,94 USD i vi c hai Hp ng. - V s tin 5.000 USD l cc chi ph phi tr cho vic thu t vn php l: Nguyn n khng c cc bng chng hp l chng minh khon th lao cho lut s, cng nh v khon 400 USD chi cho ph lin lc v 5000 USD cho ph dch thut m Nguyn n i. Do U ban trng ti bc yu cu i cc khon chi ph ny ca Nguyn n. - B n phi tr ph trng ti 1.246 USD. Bnh lun v lu : Hin nay vic k kt hp ng thng qua ngi/t chc i din l mt hin tng kh ph bin trong lnh vc kinh doanh. Tuy nhin, khi xy ra tranh chp mt bn c th vin l do v ch th hp ng t chi t cch ch th khi kin ca i tc. V vy vi hnh thc giao kt ny, cc bn cn xc nh r trong hp ng cc ch th chnh ca hp ng v i din c u quyn giao kt hp ng. Ch cc ch th ca hp ng mi c cc quyn v ngha v theo hp ng v c quyn khi kin hay tham gia t tng khi c tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng . Ngi i din ch l ngi c y quyn giao kt hp ng theo hp ng u quyn. Khi i thanh ton tin hng, nu bn bn n nh mt thi hn thanh ton mi th U ban trng ti s suy on l bn bn gia hn thanh ton cho bn mua v nh vy bn bn s khng th i tin li sut trn s tin hng cha thanh ton cho khong thi gian trc thi hn thanh ton mi. Do , nu khng mun gia hn thm th bn bn ch nn nhc nh i tc thanh ton tin hng ch khng nn n nh mt thi hn thanh ton mi hoc nu c n nh thi hn mi (v d, nhm coi nh mt iu kin v thi gian tin hnh khi kin) th phi i ngay tin li sut trn s tin hng cha thanh ton k t thi hn thanh ton c n thi hn thanh ton mi. Trong t tng trng ti, i vi bt k khiu kin no lin quan n mt khon n, bn yu cu cn c y chng c chng minh cho khon n . Trong v vic ny, B n trnh by v phn hng khuyn mi vi tr gi ln nhng li khng a ra c bt k chng c hp php no lm cn c cho yu cu ca mnh. Tng t nh vy, Nguyn n cng khng chng minh c cc ph lin quan n hot ng t vn php l, dch thut v lin lc m Nguyn n yu cu B n phi bi thng. i vi nhng yu cu nh vy, chc chn U ban trng ti s khng c cch la chn no khc l t chi. Trong mt v vic, U ban trng ti ch gii quyt v xem xt cc vn c lin
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quan trc tip n vn tranh chp. V vy, khng nn a ra cc yu cu i vi hoc c lin quan n mt bn th ba khng c quan h trc tip n giao dch b tranh chp. C mt s trng hp U ban trng ti buc phi xem xt n mt giao dch khc c lin quan trc tip n giao dch ang b tranh chp (V d: hp ng bn li, hp ng mua bn sn phm c sn xut t cc hng ho l i tng ca giao dch ang b tranh chp). Tuy nhin, i vi v vic ny, giao dch thit lp gia B n (v c th c Cng ty X) vi Cng ty Y khng c coi l c mi quan h hu c vi giao dch b tranh chp nn U ban trng ti t chi khng xem xt.

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PHN QUYT S 17 TRANH CHP DO T CHI NHN HNG TRONG HP NG BN GIY GI KO Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore Bn n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Vit Nam

Vic t chi nhn hng ca B n S tin thit hi do Nguyn n i bi thng Vic giao hng chm ca Nguyn n S tin thit hi do B n kin li i bi thng

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n v B n k hp ng ngy 29 thng 6 nm 1994, theo Nguyn n bn cho B n giy gi ko c in nhn v tn c th theo iu kin CIF Hi phng: giao hng tng t. M L/C v giao hng t mt: theo Annex 1. M L/C v giao hng t hai v cc t khc: B n s thng bo cho Nguyn n bng Telex hoc Fax. Thi gian giao hng l 20 ngy sau khi m L/C Thc hin hp ng, hai bn tin hnh giao hng, tr tin t mt v t hai. Sau hai t giao hng, ngy 11 thng 2 nm 1995 Nguyn n fax cho B n l sn xut xong l hng tr gi 77.705USD v yu cu B n m L/C giao hng tip. Ngy 17 thng 5 nm 1995, B n telex ng nhn l hng lm hai ln: ln u vo gia thng 6 nm 1995 cn ln hai th sau ln u. Nhng ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1995, B n li in cho Nguyn n t chi nhn l hng nu trn vi l do l ko khng bn c trn th trng H Ni, s lng ko sn xut ca B n rt ln, dy chuyn sn xut ko ngng hot ng nn khng th nhp khu giy gi ko na. V vy, l hng ca Nguyn n vn nm li trong kho. Ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n khi kin i B n bi thng thit hi gm:

83.185 USD tr gi l hng c sn xut xong ch giao nhng b t chi nhn 39.989 USD tr gi s nguyn liu d tr trong kho nhm thc hin hp ng 20.000 USD chi ph chung nh chi ph php l, chi ph cho mt thi gian.

Sau khi nhn c n kin, B n kin li Nguyn n v vic Nguyn n

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giao hng chm t mt v t hai. Thi hn giao hng t mt chm nht ngy 22 thng 8 nm 1994 nhng Nguyn n khng thc hin ng. L hng cui cng ca t mt n Hi phng ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1994, hn na, hng b giao thiu l 5.820 USD. Nguyn n gii thch rng theo tho thun sau khi m L/C mi cho sn xut hng nn xin co li v s chm tr v giao hng thiu. Thi hn giao hng t hai chm nht ngy 25 thng 2 nm 1995 nhng mi n ngy 7 thng 4 nm 1995 hng mi v n Hi Phng, ng thi hng b giao thiu tr gi 11.641 USD v giao khng ng b. B n i Nguyn n bi thng do hng giao chm gy thit hi cho sn xut v tiu th sn phm, c th l:

t mt: 398.862. 000 VND theo Bin bn xc nh tn tht c lp gia B n v X nghip sn xut ko trc thuc B n. t hai: 502.585.000 VND theo Bin bn xc nh tn tht c lp gia B n v X nghip sn xut ko.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic t chi nhn hng ca B n: thc hin hp ng mua bn, thc t hai bn k Annex 1 v Annex 2. Trn c s cc Annex ny hai bn m L/C v giao hng hai t. Nh vy, cc Annex do hai bn k l cn c cc bn m L/C v giao hng tng t. V th, tin hnh m L/C v giao hng t ba, hai bn phi k kt Annex 3. Tuy hai bn cha k Annex 3, nhng bng fax ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1995, Nguyn n ngh giao l hng t ba vi tr gi l 77.705 USD, v bng telex ngy 17 thng 5 nm 1995, B n ng mua l hng ny v nhn hng giao hai ln. Nh vy, c th kt lun l gia cc bn c tho thun mua l hng th ba. T , B n phi c ngha v m L/C v nhn l hng ny. Vic B n t chi nhn l hng t ba bng telex ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1995 l vi phm tho thun mua bn t ba gia hai bn. L do m B n nu ra t chi nhn hng khng c U ban trng ti chp nhn l cn c min trch nhim bi v ko khng bn c trn th trng H Ni, s lng ko do B n sn xut ra cn rt ln, dy chuyn sn xut ko ngng hot ng khng phi l trng hp bt kh khng v cng khng phi do li ca Nguyn n gy nn. T , B n phi c trch nhim bi thng thit hi pht sinh cho Nguyn n. 2. V s tin thit hi do Nguyn n i - V 83.185 USD l gi tr l hng b t chi nhn: V nguyn tc, khi t chi nhn hng gy thit hi cho Nguyn n th Nguyn n c quyn i bi thng. Mun c bi thng thit hi th Nguyn n phi chng minh thit hi v xut trnh cc chng t lm bng chng. Trong trng hp ny, Nguyn n khng chng minh thit hi thc t pht sinh, khng cung cp cc chng t
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lm bng chng cho thit hi m coi tr gi l hng b t chi nhn l thit hi i B n bi thng. Thng thng khi ngi mua t chi nhn hng, ngi bn c quyn v phi bn l hng cho ngi khc, nu gi cao hn gi hp ng k vi ngi mua th ngi bn c hng, nu gi thp hn th c quyn i ngi mua bi thng chnh lch cng vi cc chi pht sinh nh chi ph lu kho, chi ph lin quan n bn li l hng ch khng c quyn i bi thng ton b tr gi l hng. Nhng trong trng hp ny giy gi ko c sn xut ra mang nhn, tn c th nn Nguyn n khng th bn cho ai khc, bi khng ai c th s dng c, tr B n. V th, Nguyn n c quyn i B n tr tin ton b tr gi l hng vi iu kin l Nguyn n phi giao l hng cho B n. V l hng cn ang nm trong kho ca Nguyn n nn U ban trng ti quyt nh buc B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n tr gi l hng l 77.705 USD ch khng phi l 83.185 USD nh Nguyn n i, ng thi buc Nguyn n phi giao l hng ng vi 77.705 USD theo iu kin CIF Hi Phng cho B n. tr khi B n khng mun nhn l hng ny na. - V 39.989 USD l tr gi s nguyn liu d tr trong kho: Theo bn fax ngy 15 thng 9 nm 1996 ca Nguyn n gi cho B n th s nguyn liu c tr gi 39.989 USD c Nguyn n dng vo sn xut ra thnh phm c tr gi l 77.705 USD giao cho Nguyn n nhng cha giao c. Nh vy, tr gi ca s nguyn liu ny nm trong tr gi ca l hng b t chi nhn, do Nguyn n khng c cn c hp l i bi thng s tin ny. T , U ban trng ti bc yu cu i bi thng 39.989 USD ca Nguyn n. - V chi ph chung 20.000 USD: Chi ph php l cho v kin nh chi ph t vn php l, chi ph thu lut s, Nguyn n c quyn i B n bi thng nhng Nguyn n khng xut trnh cc chng t chng minh, cng khng ch ra c chi ph c th l bao nhiu trong s 20.000 USD. Chi ph do mt thi gian l chi ph g, gm bao nhiu, Nguyn n khng chng minh c trong h s kin cng nh ti phin xt x. T hai l do nu trn, U ban trng ti bc yu cu i bi thng chi ph chung 20.000 USD ca Nguyn n. 3. V vic giao hng chm ca Nguyn n:

Theo L/C m cho Annex 1, Nguyn n phi giao hng chm nht ngy 22 thng 8 nm 1994. Thc t theo cc vn n, Nguyn n giao hng vo cc ngy 9 thng 9, ngy 16 thng 9, ngy 3 thng 10 v ngy 18 thng 10 nm 1994. Nh vy, Nguyn n giao chm c l hng theo Annex (giao chm t mt), hn na cn giao thiu hng tr gi 5.820 USD. Ti phin hp xt x, Nguyn n trnh by nguyn nhn giao hng chm l do B n ngh tng lng hng. U ban trng ti khng chp nhn
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nguyn nhn ny l cn c min trch cho vic giao hng chm, bi v Nguyn n khng c vn bn ng tng s lng v hai bn cng khng sa i s lng ca Annex 1. V vy, Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do vic giao hng chm gy ra. Theo qui nh ca Annex 2 v L/C, Nguyn n phi giao hng chm nht ngy 25 thng 2 nm 1995. Thc t Nguyn n giao l u vo ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1995 tr gi 20.628 USD, l th hai vo ngy 19 thng 3 nm 1995 tr gi 8.395 USD. Nh vy, Nguyn n giao chm l th hai (thuc t hai) l 24 ngy, giao thiu hng tr gi 11.641 USD. Giao chm v giao thiu hng nhng khng chng minh c l c cn c min trch th Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi pht sinh. 4.

V s tin thit hi do B n i Nguyn n bi thng:

V 398.862.000 VND do giao chm v giao thiu hng t mt:

Cn c vo cc ti liu, k hoch sn xut, hp ng bn ko cho khch hng ni a, U ban trng ti xc nh c rng vic giao chm v giao hng thiu ca Nguyn n ch lm cho B n ngng sn xut trong 6 ngy, khng sn xut c 11.720 kg ko giao cho khch hng ni a. T , U ban trng ti tnh s tin thit hi thc t, hp l m B n ang phi chu l 57.380.200 VND v quyt nh buc Nguyn n phi bi thng s tin ny cho B n.

V 502.585.000 VND do giao chm v giao thiu hng t hai:

Cn c vo cc ti liu, k hoch sn xut, hp ng bn ko, cc chng t do cc bn xut trnh, U ban trng ti xc nh rng vic giao hng chm v giao thiu hng ca Nguyn n lm cho B n khng thc hin c k hoch sn xut v tiu th trong thi gian 30 ngy, khng sn xut c 47.620 kg ko giao cho khch hng ni a. T , U ban trng ti tnh c s tin thit hi thc t m B n phi chu l 227.197.000 VND. V vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh buc Nguyn n phi bi thng cho B n 227.197.000 VND v bc cc yu cu cn li ca B n. Bnh lun v lu : T v kin nu trn c th rt ra cc kt lun sau y: Khi vi phm hp ng, bn vi phm lun nu ra cc l do thoi thc trch nhim, k c l do ch quan v khch quan. Do vy, bn b vi phm phi cn c vo hp ng v lut p dng cho hp ng bc nhng l do i min trch khng xc ng. Ch khi no vic vi phm hp ng do chnh nhng cn c min trch c qui nh trong hp ng hoc trong lut gy nn th bn vi phm mi c min trch nhim. Khi i B n bi thng thit hi th Nguyn n phi chng minh thit hi, phi cung cp ti liu, chng t chng minh cho s thit hi . Nhng thit hi i bi thung phi c thc v xc nh c. Nu khng c chng t lm bng chng cho thit
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hi th yu cu i bi thng s b bc. Trong v kin ny, Nguyn n i bi thng 20.000 USD chi ph chung nhng khng c cn c, khng c chng t chng minh nn b U ban trng ti bc yu cu. Mt khc, ch i bi thng nhng thit hi thc t hp l, khng nn k khai nhng thit hi c lng, khng thc t, bi v B n cng nh U ban trng ti lun lun khng tha nhn nhng thit hi gin tip, khng c thc, khng hp l. Trong trng hp nu trn, B n i bi thng 901.447.000 VND nhng ch c U ban trng ti chp nhn 284.577.200 VND. Nh vy, B n i bi thng s tin qu ln, khng thc t v khng hp l, kt qu l khng c p ng ht m cn phi t chu phn ph trng ti tng ng vi s tin khng c p ng.

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PHN QUYT S 18 TRANH CHP DO T CHI THANH TON TRONG HP NG MUA BN C PH Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Singapore B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Vit nam

Ngha v tr tin hng ca B n S tin thit hi do Nguyn n i bi thng

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997 gia Nguyn n v B n k hp ng 9623/INUT.97, theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 9.937 Kg c ph v bt kem theo iu kin CIF HCMC, thanh ton bng TTR trong vng by ngy sau khi ngi mua nhn c chng t vn ti gc, ngi hng li l ngi bn (Nguyn n). Thc hin hp ng, Nguyn n giao hng cho B n ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1997. Sau khi giao hng, Nguyn n chuyn cho B n Vn n gc v Ho n thng mi s 059/97 ngy 21 thng 6 nm 1997 i tin hng, nhng cui cng Nguyn n vn khng nhn c tin hng. Vic B n khng thanh ton tin hng cho Nguyn n lm cho Nguyn n phi chu nhiu thit hi. Qua nhiu ln i m khng c tr tin, Nguyn n khi kin B n ra trng ti i B n phi tr cc khon tin sau:

Tin hng Tin li ca tin hng Ph t vn php l, ph dch thut, ph lin lc in thoi v fax.

Trong vn th phn bc n kin B n trnh by nh sau: Ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997 B n k Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97 vi Nguyn n nhp khu u thc cho Ca hng A. Theo Bin bn tho thun s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997 gia ba bn (B n, Nguyn n v Ca hng A) th trch nhim thanh ton tin hng cho Nguyn n l Ca hng A, cho nn Nguyn n khng c quyn kin B n tr tin hng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V ngha v tr tin ca B n:
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Theo Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10/6/1997, vic thanh ton tin hng c thc hin bng TTR trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy B n (ngi mua) nhn c chng t vn ti gc, ngi hng li l Nguyn n. Song cho n ngy U ban trng ti xt x v kin Nguyn n vn cha nhn c tin hng, mc d B n nhn c chng t vn ti gc v ho n thng mi t cui thng 6 nm 1997. R rng l B n vi phm ngha v thanh ton tin hng. U ban trng ti khng tha nhn Bin bn tho thun ba bn s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997 l c s B n t chi ngha v thanh ton theo Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997, bi v: Th nht, trong Bin bn tho thun ba bn khng c im no qui nh rng Bin bn tho thun ny l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97. Trong Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97 cng khng c iu no qui nh rng Bin bn tho thun ba bn ny c b sung cho Hp ng v l mt b phn khng th thiu ca Hp ng. Th hai, vic qui nh rng B n ch v v nhn danh Ca hng A ( mc 1 Bin bn tho thun ba bn) t bn thn n mu thun vi bn cht ca mt hp ng u thc. iu 99 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam nm 1997 qui nh: u thc mua bn hng l hnh vi thng mi, theo , bn c u thc thc hin vic mua bn hng ho vi danh ngha ca mnh theo nhng iu kin tho thun vi bn u thc v c nhn ph u thc. Nh vy, bn cht ca hp ng u thc mua bn hng ho l bn nhn u thc, c hng ph u thc, th phi nhn danh bn thn mnh thc hin cc cng vic c u thc vi ngi th ba, ch khng phi nhn danh ngi u thc. Vi lp lun ca B n, r rng, bng Bin bn tho thun ba bn k ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997, B n, mt mt mun nhn ph u thc, nhng mt khc li khng mun nhn trch nhim v mnh qua vic nhn danh mnh c thc hin hp ng vi ngi th ba (tc l vi Nguyn n trong Hp ng mua bn s 9623/INUT.97). Th ba, iu 4 Hp ng s 9623/INUT.97 qui nh vic thanh ton c thc hin bng phng thc TTR, chuyn tr cho ngi hng li l Nguyn n, c ti khon Ngn hng Hongkong v Shanghai - Chi nhnh ti Singapore. Bin bn tho thun ba bn li qui nh Ca hng A chu trch nhim tr tin cho Nguyn n - i tc Singapore. iu ny khng th thc hin c, v ca hng A khng c lm vic theo quy nh ca php lut. T , U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi tr ton b tin hng cho Nguyn n. 2. V cc khon tin thit hi do Nguyn n i: Vi phm ngha v tr tin hng gy thit hi cho Nguyn n th B n phi c trch nhim bi thng. V tin li sut ca tin hng: U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu i tin li sut ca Nguyn n. Tuy nhin, mc thi gian tnh li sut U ban trng ti ch

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tha nhn t ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1999, bi v ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1999 Nguyn n gi cho B n th yu cu thanh ton, trong yu cu B n phi thanh ton tin hng cho Nguyn n trong vng 15 ngy k t ngy gi th yu cu, thi hn tr chm nht l ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1999, v vy Nguyn n c coi l t nguyn gia hn thi hn tr tin hng n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1999. V ph t vn php l, ph dch thut, ph lin lc in thoi v fax: U ban trng ti bc cc ph ny, bi v Nguyn n ch lit k nhng khng cung cp c cc bng chng hp l chng minh cho cc khon ph.

Bnh lun v lu : B n l ngi mua c ngha v tr tin hng cho Nguyn n l ngi bn. Trong v kin ny B n khng trc tip thc hin ngha v tr tin m li ch nh ngi th ba (Ca hng A) thay mnh tr tin cho Nguyn n v c Nguyn n ng . Bng chng l Bin bn tho thun ba bn s 9623/INUT.97 ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1997. Nh vy, thc cht l B n thc hin ngha v tr tin thng qua ngi th ba, v do B n vn phi chu trch nhim v vic lm ca ngi th ba. Nu ngi th ba thc hin ng, y ngha v tr tin th B n ht trch nhim, ngc li nu ngi th ba khng thc hin hoc thc hin sai ngha v tr tin th B n vn phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n. Do vy, Nguyn n kin B n i tr tin hng khi ngi th ba (Ca hng A) khng tr l hon ton ng. B n khng c quyn da vo Bin bn tho thun ba bn v vic qui nh ngi th ba (Ca hng A) c trch nhim thc hin ngha v tr tin thot trch nhim trc Nguyn n. Mun khng chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n th B n phi c vn bn chuyn ngha v tr tin (th ngha v) t B n sang ngi th ba, c s ng ca Nguyn n. Khi i thc hin ngha v tr tin (khi ht thi hn m cha tr) th khng nn gia hn, bi v lm nh th th to n, U ban trng ti c th suy on l ch n gia hn thi hn tr tin v do khng cho hng tin li sut trong khong thi gian c coi l gia hn . Hoc l, vn c th a ra mc thi gian cho vic tr tin sau khi ht thi hn tr, nhng i ngay thm tin li sut k t ngy ht thi hn tr . Khi i tin bi thng thit hi l cc khon chi ph v chc chn c U ban trng ti chp nhn, th phi cung cp y chng t hp l chng minh cho cc khon chi ph . Nu khng cung cp bng chng chng minh thit hi th U ban trng ti c th bc yu cu, v nh th quyn li ca mnh khng c bo v.

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PHN QUYT S 19 TRANH CHP DO KHNG GIAO HNG TRONG HP NG MUA BN XI MNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn n

Vic khng giao hng ca B n v vn bt kh khng Cc khon thit hi do Nguyn n yu cu

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n k hp ng s 09/95 ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1995 mua ca B n 20.000 MT 4% Xi mng Kumgang vi gi 55USD/MT CNF.FO cng Nha Trang, giao hng vo thng 12 nm 1995, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang, tr tin ngay, L/C phi c m trc ngy 30 thng 9 nm 1995. Hp ng qui nh Nu bt k bn no khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng ngha v hp ng v cc trng hp bt kh khng nh bo, ng t, l lt, ho hon, ni la phun, chin tranh, nh cng, bo ng ca qun chng, lnh cm ca chnh ph, nh my sn xut b ng ca th c min trch (iu 14). Theo iu 15 Hp ng, Nu chm giao hng do nhng nguyn nhn khc vi iu 14 th 10 ngy chm u tin khng phi np pht. Sau pht 0,7% tr gi l hng cho mi tun chm tr cho n khi t ti ti a l 3% tr gi l hng giao chm. Trn thc t, Nguyn n m L/C vo ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1995 cho B n hng li. Ngy 29 thng 9 nm 1995 Nguyn n k hp ng bn li l xi mng cho ngi mua ni a. Cui thng 11 v c thng 12 nm 1995 Nguyn n nhiu ln gic B n giao hng, B n vi ln in cam kt s giao hng nhng ri vn cha giao. Ngy 20 thng 12 nm 1995 Nguyn n nhn c t B n giy chng nhn bt kh khng do b phn thng mi thuc i s qun ca nc ngi cung cp ng ti th n cp ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1995 cho B n theo Hp ng mua bn s 02/95 c k kt gia B n v ngi cung cp. Hp ng s 02/95 ny c k ngy 4 thng 7 nm 1995 vi s lng 60.000 MT xi mng Kumgang. Nguyn n khng tha nhn B n gp bt kh khng, tip tc yu cu B n giao hng, nhng n ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1996 B n vn khng giao hng.
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Ngy 20 thng 6 nm 1996 B n gi cho Nguyn n hai bn photo giy chng nhn bt kh khng do b phn thng mi thuc i s qun ca nc ngi cung cp ng ti nc s ti cp ngy 21 thng 1 nm 1996 cho B n v mt bn photo giy chng nhn bt kh khng ca U ban xc tin thng mi quc t ca nc ngi cung cp ngy 5 thng 5 nm 1996. C ba giy chng nhn ny do ngi cung cp gi cho B n, B n photo gi cho Nguyn n. Trong cc bn photo giy chng nhn bt kh khng u ghi: nc ngi cung cp b ma ln v l lt, ng s b st ln nng, khng ch nguyn liu vo nh my c, nh my b h hng nng phi ngng sn xut. Hin tng ny c coi l bt kh khng. Nh my ang c gng khc phc hu qu tr li hot ng bnh thng v s thng bo lch giao hng c th. Nguyn n khng chp nhn l do m B n a ra l bt kh khng i vi B n v i B n bi thng thit hi do khng giao hng. Sau nhiu ln i m khng c bi thng, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti i bi thng 199.100 USD, gm cc khon:

70.000 USD tin pht phi tr cho ngi mua ni a. 56.700 USD li sut ngn hng tin k qu m L/C t ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1995 n ngy 20 thng 6 nm 1996 (300.000 USD x 2,1%/thng x 9 thng). Pht do chm giao hng theo iu 15 Hp ng l 1.080.000 USD x 3% = 32.400 USD. Li khng thu c 2 USD/1MT l 2 USD x 20.000 MT = 40.000 USD.

B n bin lun rng B n k hp ng mua xi mng ca nh cung cp thuc nc th ba nhng v nh cung cp gp bt kh khng (nh my ngng sn xut) khng giao c hng cho B n nn B n khng giao c hng cho Nguyn n. Do B n cng c coi l gp bt kh khng v c min trch. Giy chng nhn bt kh khng do i s qun v U ban xc tin thng mi quc t ca nc ngi cung cp c coi l bng chng v bt kh khng ca B n. Ti phin hp xt x B n khng xut trnh c bng chng v thi gian, a im xy ra l lt nc ngi cung cp, trong khi Nguyn n xut trnh c bng chng chng minh a im xy ra l lt, thi gian xy ra l lt l thng 8 nm 1995. Sau khi l lt xy ra nc ngi cung cp, Nguyn n in hi B n l c xi mng khng, nu c th mi k hp ng, nu khng th khng k. B n tha nhn l in hi ngi cung cp v xi mng, ngi cung cp in tr li l mc d ang gp nhiu kh khn do l lt nhng s c xi mng giao v do B n k Hp ng s 09/95 ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1995 vi Nguyn n. Tuy vy, B n vn yu cu c min trch v: Ngi cung cp gp bt kh khng tht s cho nn B n cng c coi l gp bt kh khng, bi iu 14 Hp ng quy nh nh my sn xut b ng ca cng l mt trng hp bt kh khng.

Khng phi l B n khng giao hng m l cha giao hng v ngi

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cung cp cn ang khc phc kh khn c hng giao. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Vic B n khng giao hng v vn bt kh khng do B n nu ra: Cn c vo bng chng ca v kin, vo kin trnh by ca hai bn ti phin hp xt x, U ban trng ti phn tch nh sau: Th nht, B n khng giao hng l vi phm hp ng do hai bn k kt. Th hai, l do m B n nu ra khng c cng nhn l bt kh khng bi v: L lt xy ra nc ngi cung cp vo thng 8 nm 1995 l bt kh khng i vi ngi cung cp hng cho B n theo Hp ng 02/95, v Hp ng ny k ngy 4 thng 7 nm 1995 m l lt xy ra vo thng 8 nm 1995 lm cho ngi cung cp khng giao c hng cho B n. B n khng trc tip gp bt kh khng v l lt khng xy ra nc ca B n.

B n (Cng ty n ) bit l lt xy ra nc ngi cung cp (nc th ba) nhng khng tnh ton k, tin vo s thng bo khng c bo m ca ngi cung cp, vn k hp ng bn li l hng cho Nguyn n (Cng ty Vit Nam) vo ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1995, th phi c ngha v giao hng theo ng hp ng. Khng giao c hng cho Nguyn n, B n phi t chu trch nhim. B n bit l lt xy ra v hu qu ca n trc khi k hp ng th r rng l lt ny khng phi l bt kh khng, cn c min trch nhim cho B n v vic khng giao hng, bi v bt kh khng phi l hin tng khng lng trc c (khng d kin c) vo lc k hp ng v khng th khc phc c khi n xy ra.

Lp lun ca B n v vic "nh my sn xut b ng ca l mt trng hp bt kh khng l khng c cn c, khng hp l, bi l:

Nh my sn xut b ng ca l hu qu ca l lt xy ra nc ngi cung cp, m l lt khng c cng nhn l bt kh khng, cn c min trch cho B n nh phn tch.
+

B n bit nh my sn xut b ng ca trc khi k hp ng bn hng cho Nguyn n, cho nn vic nh my b ng ca trong trng hp ny khng c tha nhn l bt kh khng i vi B n.
+

Ba l, kin ca B n v vic B n cha giao hng ch khng phi l khng giao hng l khng c cn c hp l, bi v thi hn giao hng l thng 12 nm 1995, m n 15 thng 6 nm 1996 hng vn cha c giao th hon ton c th kt lun l B n khng giao hng. L do l khng th bt Nguyn n (ngi mua) ch i vic giao hng qu lu sau khi kt thc thi hn giao hng. Nu lm nh th th Nguyn n khng t c mc ch ca hp ng v ph v k hoch kinh doanh bnh thng ca Nguyn n. Mt khc, sau khi kt thc thi hn giao hng m hng vn cha c giao th ngi mua ch ch i hng trong mt thi gian hp l ch khng th ch i
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v thi hn c, tr khi Hp ng c quy nh khc. T s phn tch , U ban trng ti kt lun B n phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n v vic khng giao hng. 2. V 199.100 USD l s tin thit hi do Nguyn n i:

V tin pht phi tr cho ngi mua ni a 70.000 USD:

V Hp ng khng quy nh np pht nn B n phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh t vic khng giao hng. V B n khng giao hng nn Nguyn n khng c hng giao cho ngi mua ni a, do vy tin pht phi tr cho ngi mua ni a c coi l khon thit hi pht sinh cho Nguyn n, Nguyn n cung cp y bng chng v khon thit hi ny, do U ban trng ti tha nhn khon tin 70.000 USD.

V 56.700 USD l tin li ngn hngtrn s tin k qu m L/C:

Tin li ngn hng trn s tin k qu m L/C cng c coi l mt khon thit hi ca Nguyn n, v nu khng k qu s tin ny m L/C th Nguyn n c th gi tin vo ngn hng ly li. Nguyn n k qu m L/C nhn c hng t B n, nhng B n khng giao hng, do B n phi bi thng tin li 56.700 USD cho Nguyn n.

V 32.400 USD tin pht do chm giao hng:

Nguyn n khng c quyn i B n khon tin pht bi v iu 15 ca Hp ng quy nh tin do chm giao hng, cn thc t B n khng giao hng, ch khng phi l chm giao hng. Mt khc, Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi do B n khng giao hng th khng c i tin pht do chm giao hng.

Li khng thu c:

Nguyn n i B n bi thng tin li 40.000 USD nhng khng cung cp y bng chng chng minh mc li nn U ban trng ti khng tha nhn. Mt khc, tin li trn s tin k qu m L/C m Nguyn n i c coi l phn li mt hng do khng giao hng. Kt lun, U ban trng ti ch chp nhn cho Nguyn n 126.000 USD, bao gm tin pht m Nguyn n phi tr cho ngi mua ni a v tin li trn s tin k qu m L/C, ng thi bc b cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n. Bnh lun v lu : Th nht, khng nn tin vo thng bo khng c bo m ca khch hng k kt hp ng, cn phi nhn nh, phn tch, tnh ton k cc hin tng xy ra trc khi k hp ng. Th hai, cc hin tng t nhin nh bo, ng t, l lt, v..v.. l bt kh khng, cn c min trch cho ngi ny nhng cha chc l bt kh khng, cn c min trch cho ngi khc. Mun c tha nhn l bt kh khng min trch th phi
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chng minh hin tng t nhin l hin tng m cc bn khng lng trc c vo lc k hp ng v bn gp phi khng th khc phc c. ng thi phi chng minh hin tng t nhin l nguyn nhn trc tip dn n vi phm hp ng. Th ba, cung cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng ln u phi l bn chnh, khng c cung cp bn photo. Ni dung giy chng nhn bt kh khng phi bao gm cc mc nh tn hin tng bt kh khng, thi gian pht sinh v tn ti, a im pht sinh, hu qu v tc ng nh hng ca hin tng ny i vi vic thc hin hp ng. D c quan cp giy chng nhn bt kh khng l c quan c thm quyn nhng ni dung giy chng nhn bt kh khng khng ghi thi gian, a im xy ra th hin tng ghi trong giy khng c tha nhn l bt kh khng c min trch. Th t, khi i kin phi nghin cu k hp ng, lut p dng cho hp ng, ch i tin pht, tin thit hi p dng cho tng trng hp vi phm c th, khng c i B n chu trch nhim i vi nhng cn c m B n khng vi phm. Th nm, mun i bi thng li khng thu c (li mt hng) th phi cung cp y bng chng xc thc chng minh, bi v nu thiu bng chng th s b to n hoc U ban trng ti bc.

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PHN QUYT S 20 TRANH CHP DO GIAO HNG C KHUYT TT Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn Hn Quc

Hng ho c giao c khuyt tt khng? Thay th hng hay tr li hng, i li tin Tnh ton thit hi

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 3 thng 8 nm 1997 Nguyn n v B n k hp ng mua bn quc t s 0014/97, theo Nguyn n mua ca B n hai my thu tr gi 136.000 USD theo iu kin CIF cng Thnh ph H Ch Minh, bo hnh 12 thng sau khi hon thnh lp t. Thc hin hp ng, ngy 16 thng 8 nm 1997 B n giao hai my thu cho Nguyn n, my c lp t v a vo s dng. Trong qu trnh s dng, my c nhiu hng hc, B n c chuyn gia sang Vit Nam sa cha nhng khng thnh cng. B n cam kt s sa cha xong vo ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1998 v s bi thng 29.202 USD cho 40 ngy my ngng hot ng nhng sau B n ch bi thng 4.302 USD v khng tip tc sa cha my na. Nguyn n trng cu SGS Vit Nam gim nh tnh trng hai my thu. Bin bn gim nh ngy 1 thng 9 nm 1998 ca SGS ghi "hai my khng th sn xut ra sn phm theo yu cu ca Nguyn n". Do my ngng hot ng, Nguyn n i B n i hai my mi v bi thng thit hi pht sinh cho Nguyn n. Trong Vn th gi Nguyn n ngy 12 thng 2 nm 1999, B n cho rng:

Nguyn n n phng mi SGS Vit Nam lm gim nh nn kt qu khng rng buc B n. Ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1998 nhn vin ca B n n thm phn xng ca Nguyn n th thy mt trong hai my vn hot ng.

V vy, B n ngh cho trng cu gim nh bi mt cng ty gim nh quc t, ng thi B n chp nhn ngh ca Nguyn n v vic i hai my. Ngy 18 thng 4 nm 1999 B n thng bo cho Nguyn n vic ti gim nh
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s c tin hnh t ngy 22 n ngy 28 thng 4 nm 1999 bi Vinacontrol c s chng kin ca lut s A ca nc Nguyn n. Nguyn n khng phn i. Ngy 28 thng 4 nm 1999 Vinacontrol cp Bin bn gim nh s 095/1999G, trong kt lun my b hng hc, tnh trng lp rp, cn chnh hai my cha hon tt, vo thi im gim nh, c hai my u khng th vn hnh c. Ngy 4 thng 5 nm 1999 Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti, i:

Tr li hai my thu, ly li tin Bi thng thit hi, gm:

+ +

Chi ph nhn cng trong thi gian my ngng hot ng Li sut trn s tin hng 136.000USD k t ngy thanh ton n ngy trng ti xt x Chi ph gim nh tr cho SGS Vit Nam Thit hi do mt khch hng, thit hi mt doanh thu, thit hi tinh thn.

+ +

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Vic giao hng c khuyt tt: Vic B n giao hai my c khuyt tt my b h hng trong thi hn bo hnh v sau khng vn hnh c c chng minh bi cc bng chng sau: Th nht, B n cam kt sa cha xong hai my vo ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1998 v s bi thng 29.292 USD cho 40 ngy my khng hot ng c, thc t bi thng 4.302 USD. Th hai, B n ngh v trc tip ch nh Vinacontrol gim nh li hai my, kt qu gim nh trong Bin bn gim nh ngy 28 thng 4 nm 1999 l my hng hc, hai my khng vn hnh c v B n khng h phn i kt qu ny, tc tha nhn my hng hc. Th ba, B n chp nhn ngh i my hng hc bng hai my ng phm cht. Vic ny chng t B n cng nhn hai my km phm cht, khng s dng c. T , trng ti kt lun B n giao hai my c khuyt tt v phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n v vic ny. 2. V yu cu tr li hai my, i li tin hng ca Nguyn n: Khi pht hin hai my thu c khuyt tt, b hng hc trong thi hn bo hnh, Nguyn n yu cu B n thay th hai my ny bng hai my c phm cht ng nh quy nh ca hp ng v B n chp nhn yu cu ny ca Nguyn n. Nh vy, phng n thay th hai my l phng n ph hp vi ch ca hai bn. Mt khc,
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phng n tr li hai my, ly li tin hng thng thng c p dng khi ngi mua khng th thay th c my khc. Phng n thay th hai my c khuyt tt ph hp vi Php lut Vit Nam (iu 223 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997, iu 439, 440, 441 B lut Dn s Vit Nam nm 1995) v php lut ca cc nc. V vy, trng ti khng chp nhn yu cu tr li hai my, i li tin hng ca Nguyn n, m quyt nh buc B n phi thay th hai my mi ph hp vi quy nh ca Hp ng cho Nguyn n v phi chu cc chi ph thay th. 3. V tin thit hi do Nguyn n i bi thng: Giao hng c khuyt tt thit hi cho Nguyn n th B n phi c trch nhim bi thng. Trng ti tha nhn cc thit hi sau y v buc B n phi bi thng: Chi ph nhn cng trong thi gian hai my ngng hot ng, v my ngng hot ng, cng nhn khng c vic lm, Nguyn on vn phi tr lng cho s cng nhn ny.

Li sut ca 136.000 USD tnh cho thi gian k t ngy my ngng hot ng cho n ngy trng ti xt x. Trng ti coi y l khon thit hi do ng vn v khng s dng c my. Thi gian k t ngy thanh ton cho n ngy my khng vn hnh c khng tnh li sut.

Chi ph gim nh tr cho SGS Vit Nam. V khuyt tt ca my pht sinh trong thi gian bo hnh, lm cho my mc khng hot ng c, buc Nguyn n phi mi SGS lm gim nh, kt qu l my c khuyt tt, khng vn hnh c. B n phi thay th my, cho nn B n phi bi thng chi ph gim nh cho Nguyn n.

Trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi do mt khch hng, thit hi mt doanh thu, thit hi tinh thn, bi v y khng phi l thit hi ti sn trc tip thc t, khng phi do my mc c khuyt tt trc tip gy ra. Bnh lun v lu : Khi bn my mc thit b c thi hn bo hnh th theo php lut, ngi bn phi chu trch nhim v khuyt tt ca my mc thit b c pht hin trong thi hn , vi iu kin khuyt tt, h hng khng phi do li ca ngi s dng gy ra. Khi c khiu ni ca ngi mua v vn ny, ngi bn trc ht bng chi ph ca mnh phi sa cha khuyt tt, thay th cc linh kin, b phn lm cho my mc thit b hot ng bnh thng. Nu khng sa cha c khuyt tt, th ngi bn buc phi thay th my mc thit b hoc nhn li my mc thit b, tr li tin. Trong trng hp ngi bn c th thay th my mc thit b c khuyt tt bng my mc thit b c phm cht ng nh quy nh ca hp ng v ng phng n ny, th r rng phi to iu kin cho ngi bn thc hin. V vy, vic trng ti khng chp nhn yu cu ca B n i tr li hai my, ly li tin hng m quyt nh buc B n phi thay th hai my l ph hp vi php lut v ph hp vi thc t.
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Vic my mc khng vn hnh c, phi thay th lm pht sinh thit hi cho ngi mua, th ngi bn phi c trch nhim bi thng. Tt nhin, nhng thit hi phi pht sinh trong thi gian my khng hot ng c v trong thi gian thay th, ng thi, l nhng thit hi ti sn trc tip do vic my khng vn hnh c v vic thay th my gy ra. T , nhng chi ph chi ra khi cha nhn my, trong khi nhn my, trong thi gian my vn hnh c (v d, ph m L/C, ph d my khi tu cng n v.v...) s khng c bi thng v y khng phi l thit hi trc tip ca vic my khng vn hnh c v ca vic thay th my. Nu ngi bn chp nhn tr li tin hng, ly li my c khuyt tt th lc ngi mua mi c quyn i bi thng tt c cc chi ph chi ra mua my nhng cui cng li khng c my (tc p dng ch ti hu hp ng). Theo php lut Vit Nam v php lut cc nc, trch nhim do vi phm hp ng dn s, cng nh hp ng thng mi l trch nhim ti sn, tc l trch nhim vt cht. Bn vi phm hp ng khng chu trch nhim tinh thn. V vy, khi i bn vi phm bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng th khng c i bi thng thit hi tinh thn, nu c i th to n, trng ti cng bc.

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PHN QUYT S 21 TRANH CHP V VIC CHUYN NGHA V TRONG HP NG MUA BN GO Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Hng Kng

Thc hin ngha v thng qua ngi th ba hay chuyn ngha v Tin li ca s tin chm tr

Tm tt v vic: B n (cng ty Hng Kng) k hp ng mua ca Nguyn n (Cng ty Vit nam) 5000MT go trng loi 5% tm vi gi 340USD/MT FOB cng Si Gn hoc Cn Th, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang, giao hng trong vng 25 ngy k t ngy bn bn nhn c thng bo L/C. B n u thc cho Nguyn n thu tu ch hng v tin cc thanh ton bng TTR. Mt cng ty Macao (ngi mua li l hng ca B n) do B n ch nh thay B n m L/C ti Ngn hng thng mi Macao cho Nguyn n hng li. Sau khi nhn c thng bo L/C, Nguyn n thu tu v ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1995 giao xong 5000 MT go tr gi 1.700.000 USD. Hng c d v lu kho cng, nhng mt phn hng b m t trong hm tu v b h hng. Ngi mua Macao khng chp nhn b chng t i nhn hng vi l do b chng t khng hp l. Ngy 25 thng 10 nm 1995 B n thng bo cho Nguyn n rng ngi mua li l go (ngi th ba) s chp nhn b chng t d khng hp l v thanh ton trc cho Nguyn n 1.200.000 USD ly b chng t i nhn hng v khiu ni cng ty bo him bi thng tn tht. Nu cng ty Macao i c tin bo him th s thanh ton tip cho Nguyn n, nu s tin bo him thc tr t hn 500.000 USD th cng ty Macao s thng lng vi Nguyn n gii quyt. B n cho rng nu v Nguyn n khng ng vi phng n gii quyt ny m hng lu trong kho cng tip tc b tn tht th Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim cho nhng tn tht . Nguyn n thng bo bng fax cho B n ng nhn thanh ton trc 1.200.000 USD, nhng yu cu rng phn tin hng cn li (500.000 USD) phi c thanh ton trong vng 10 ngy sau ln thanh ton th nht. Trn thc t, Nguyn n nhn c 1.200.000USD, sau tip tc i ngi mua li (cng ty Macao) tr tip 500.000USD, nhng khng c gii quyt, Nguyn
86

n quay li i B n (ngi k hp ng mua bn vi Nguyn n). B n cho rng Nguyn n chp nhn L/C m theo yu cu ca cng ty Macao (ngi th ba) th cng c ngha l Nguyn n chp nhn vic chuyn ngha v tr tin t B n sang ngi th ba cho nn B n khng chu trch nhim v vic ngi th ba tr thiu tin hng cho Nguyn n. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n ng nhn 1.200.000USD tr trc theo xut ca ngi th ba, v vy s tin cn li Nguyn n phi i ngi th ba tr tip, nu i khng c th i kin ngi th ba ch khng th i B n; mt khi ngha v ca B n chuyn hon ton sang cho ngi th ba th B n khng phi chu trch nhim v vic tr tin hng theo Hp ng. Nguyn n sau vn tip tc i c B n ln cng ty Macao phn tin hng cn li nhng khng t kt qu. Do , Nguyn n kin ra trng ti i B n tr - 500.000 USD tin hng - tin li thanh ton chm 40 ngy i vi s tin 1.200.000 USD v tin li thanh ton chm 500.000USD cho n ngy thanh ton thc t. B n trnh by trong bn gii trnh rng vic go b m t dn n vic phi i i bo him thc t l do chnh Nguyn n cu th trong vic thu tu. V th Nguyn n cng phi chu trch nhim i vi vic ny. Ngoi ra, B n trn thc t vn c thin ch c thc cng ty Macao tr phn tin cn li cho Nguyn n nhng cng ty ny cha th tr c v cng ty bo him cha thanh ton tin bo him. V trch nhim ca mnh, B n nhc li lp lun rng Nguyn n chp nhn ly trc 1.200.000USD t ngi th ba th B n coi nh ht ngha v tr tin hng, ngha v ny c chuyn cho ngi th ba. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1.V vic thc hin ngha v tr tin hng (thng qua ngi th ba hay l chuyn ngha v sang ngi th ba?): U ban trng ti quyt nh rng trong trng hp ny B n khng c gii phng khi ngha v tr tin hng theo Hp ng v do , vn c trch nhim tr phn tin hng cn li cho Nguyn n vi l do: V nguyn tc, trong Hp ng mua bn hng ho, ngi mua c ngha v tr tin hng. Ngi mua c th t thc hin ngha v, hoc u quyn cho ngi th ba thay mnh tr tin (tc l thc hin ngha v tr tin thng qua ngi th ba) hoc chuyn hon ton ngha v ny sang cho mt ngi th ba vi s chp thun minh th ca ngi bn (gi l th ngha v). Trong trng hp ny, vic ngi th ba (cng ty Macao) tr tin thay cho B n ch c th coi nh vic u quyn tr tin thng thng ch khng th coi nh th ngha v v gia ba bn (Nguyn n, B n v cng ty Macao cha h c tho thun g r rng v vic th ngha v). Vic cng ty Macao (ngi th ba) m L/C tr tin, thwjc t tr 1.200.000 USD cng nh vic Nguyn n chp nhn L/C v nhn tin
87

khng th l cn c xc nh rng trong trng hp ny c th ngha v gia B n v cng ty Macao. Theo qui nh v u quyn, ngi u quyn vn phi trc tip chu trch nhim i vi hnh vi ca ngi c u quyn. Do , trong v vic ny, B n phi c trch nhim i vi vic tr tin hng ca cng ty Macao. Cng ty Macao thay B n tr cho Nguyn n 1.200.000 USD trong tng s 1.700.000 USD tin hng. Do , B n phi chu trch nhim v vic cha tr 500.000 USD cho Nguyn n. U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n v li ca Nguyn n lin quan ti s kin thu tu v v vic tin bo him cha c thanh ton tr hon tr 500.000 USD vi l do: Sau khi thu tu, bc hng ln tu v ly c vn n hon ho xp hng th Nguyn n thc hin xong vic nhn u thc thu tu v giao hng, v th Nguyn n khng phi chu trch nhim v tn tht ca hng cng n.

Vic i cng ty bo him bi thng tn tht l quan h php l (hp ng bo him) c lp vi ngha v tr tin hng, do vy, B n khng th coi vic thanh ton tin bo him ca cng ty bo him l mt iu kin tr tin hng.

2. V tin li: U ban trng ti bc tin li do chm thanh ton 40 ngy i vi khon tin 1.200.000 USD v:

Vic chm thanh ton 1.200.000 USD l do li ca Nguyn n c nhng sai st v chng t. Thi gian chm thanh ton l thi gian cc bn tho thun thng lng v cch gii quyt nhng bt hp l trong chng t, v s tin m B n c th tr ly vn n i nhn hng.

V tin li do chm thanh ton 500.000 USD:

Ngi th ba xut tr trc 1.200.000 USD, s 500.000 USD cn li s thanh ton khi i c cng ty bo him bi thng. Nguyn n ng nhn trc 1.200.000 USD, cn li 500.000 USD phi c thanh ton trong vng mi ngy k t ngy thanh ton 1.200.000 USD. B n bit vic ny nhng khng c kin g. Nh vy, r rng gia Nguyn n v B n (cng nh ngi th ba) cha thng nht c thi hn thanh ton 500.000 USD. Hn na, trong cc ln i B n thanh ton 500.000 USD Nguyn n khng nu ra thi hn thanh ton, phng thc thanh ton, khng ch nh ti khon. T U ban trng ti xc nh khng c cn c hp php bt B n tr tin li ca 500.000 USD. Bnh lun v lu : Trong mt quan h php l, nu ngi c ngha v thc hin ngha v thng qua
88

ngi th ba (u quyn cho ngi th ba thc hin ngha v ca mnh) th vn phi chu trch nhim v vic thc hin ca ngi th ba . Nu ngi th ba khng thc hin, hoc thc hin khng ng, khng y ngha v th ngi c ngha v phi tip tc thc hin hoc phi trc tip chu trch nhim trc ngi c quyn. Nu ngi c ngha v chuyn ngha v cho ngi th ba th ngi th ba ny tr thnh ngi c ngha v trc ngi c quyn cn ngi c ngha v ban u th hon ton c gii phng ngha v ni trn. Do , nu ngi th ba vi phm ngha v th ngi c quyn i ngi th ba chu trch nhim, ch khng c i ngi c ngha v ban u. Theo qui nh, vic chuyn ngha v phi c s chp thun ca c ba bn: ngi c ngha v, ngi th ba v ngi c quyn. Thng thng, vic chuyn ngha v nn c thc hin thng qua hnh thc vn bn trnh nhng tranh chp c th pht sinh sau ny lin quan n quyn v ngha v ca cc bn.

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PHN QUYT S 22 TRANH CHP V VIC GIAO HNG SAI QUY CCH TRONG HP NG MUA THP PH LIU Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi mua Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn Nht Bn

Thm quyn xt x ca trng ti Giao hng sai quy cch theo tho thun vi ngi u thc nhp khu (ngi th ba) sau khi hp ng xut nhp khu c k c b coi l vi phm hp ng khng?

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n k hp ng mua ca B n 4000 MT thp ph liu. Hp ng quy nh s lng v phm cht thp ph liu thc t s cn c vo bin bn gim nh ca NKKK (cng ty gim nh Nht bn) ti cng xp hng v bin bn gim nh ca Vinacontrol (cng ty gim nh Vit nam) ti cng d hng. Trong trng hp dung sai vt qu 5% so vi t l kch c quy nh trong hp ng theo bin bn gim nh ca Vinacontrol v NKKK (nh iu 1 Hp ng ghi) th phn hng c t l vt qu c tr theo gi 50 USD/MT. B n tin hnh giao cho Nguyn n 4.018 MT thp ph liu. Bin bn gim nh ca Vinacontrol ti cng d hng kt lun:

dy ln hn 40mm: 570 MT dy t 20mm n 40mm

+ +

Chiu di t 2.000mm n 3.000mm: 925 MT Chiu di ln hn 3.000mm: 180 MT

dy t 6mm n 19mm: 1.220 MT Chiu rng nh hn 100mm: 1.123 MT

Nh vy, so vi qui nh v phm cht hng ho theo Hp ng th mt phn khi lng thp c giao khng ng loi quy nh hoc vt qu t l quy nh ca hp ng, c th:

dy ln hn 40mm (hp ng khng cho php): 570 MT dy t 20mm n 40mm

90

+ +

Chiu di t 2.000mm n 3.000mm: 325 MT Chiu di ln hn 3.000mm (hp ng khng cho php): 180 MT

Chiu rng nh hn 100mm (hp ng khng cho php): 1.123 MT

Tng cng s lng hng sai t l kch c l 2.198 MT Trong khi , dung sai cho php theo hp ng l 5%: 4.018,581 5% = 200,929 MT Theo quy nh ca hp ng s thp ny c tnh theo gi 50USD/MT thay cho gi hp ng 137 USD/MT. S lng thp B n giao ng theo quy nh ca hp ng l: 4.018 MT - 1.997,071 MT = 2.020,929 MT l: S tin m Nguyn n phi tr theo kt qu gim nh thc t ca Vinacontrol 1.997,071 MT 50 USD/MT = 99.853,55 USD 2.020,929 MT 137 USD/MT = 276.876,27 USD Cng = 376.720,82 USD V Nguyn n tr cho B n tng s tin hng l 561.152 USD nn B n phi hon tr li cho Nguyn n s tin: 561.152 USD - 376.720,82 USD = 184.431,18 USD V b n t chi khng hon li s tin ni trn nn Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti i s tin ny. Trong Bn gii trnh, B n trnh by nh sau: Hp ng mua bn thp gia Nguyn n v B n thc cht l trn c s u thc nhp khu ca Cng ty X Vit Nam cho Nguyn n. V v Cng ty X mi thc cht l ngi c nhu cu mua s thp ph liu ni trn cn li nn trong sut thi gian thc hin hp ng, B n thng lng trc tip vi Cng ty X v giao hng theo hng dn ca Cng ty X. Trn thc t, s thp c giao m Nguyn n coi l khng ng tiu chun li t hn loi hng quy nh trong hp ng, cho nn Cng ty X quyt nh nhn l hng ny trn c s tho thun gia Cng ty X v B n. V th, Nguyn n khng c l do g khiu ni v vic ny. V phn mnh, Nguyn n lp lun: Nguyn n khng h bit vic thng lng v tho thun gia B n v Cng ty X, ng thi Nguyn n khng nhn c bt k mt thng bo no ca B n v Cng ty X. Nguyn n khi kin B n l cn c vo Hp ng mua bn k kt gia Nguyn n v B n. Hp ng ny khng lin quan g n cng ty X nh trnh by
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ca B n.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V thm quyn xt x ca trng ti: iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng quy nh: trong trng hp hai bn khng gii quyt c tranh chp bng thng lng th s vic c a ra Trung tm trng ti quc t ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam, quyt nh ca trng ti l cui cng i vi hai bn. Theo qui nh v t chc hin nay, bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam ch c duy nht mt Trung tm trng ti quc t l Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam, v vy Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam c thm quyn xt x tranh chp ny. Mt khc, sau khi c thng bo v n kin ca Nguyn n, B n gi vn th cho Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam trnh by quan im ca mnh v n kin. Nh vy, B n v Nguyn n chp nhn thm quyn xt x ca Trung tm trng ti quc t Vit Nam bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam trong v vic ny. 2. V hng c giao sai t l kch c so vi quy nh ca hp ng: Bin bn gim nh ti cng bc hng ca NKKK kt lun s thp c giao c tiu chun ph hp vi qui nh ca hp ng vi t l sai lch trong phm vi dung sai cho php. Trong khi , bin bn gim nh cng d hng do Vinacontrol cp li c kt lun khc (2.198 MT c giao sai kch c). B n khng c phn i g v bin bn gim nh ny (trong bn gii trnh gi cho trng ti, B n cn tha nhn l l hng ny thiu tiu chun). Nh vy, d bin bn gim nh c nh gi khc nhau v cht lng hng ho nhng c th kt lun l Nguyn n v B n u tha nhn vic giao hng sai qui cch. Giao hng sai t l kch c th B n phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n. U ban trng ti khng chp nhn l do c lin quan n cng ty X m B n nu trong bn gii trnh bi vic B n giao hng l theo hp ng k kt vi Nguyn n ch khng phi vi cng ty X. Cng ty X khng phi l mt bn ca hp ng nn khng c t cch tin hnh thng lng vi B n v vic thc hin Hp ng. V vy, mi tho thun gia B n v ngi th ba khng c gi tr rng buc i vi Nguyn n v cng khng c gi tr sa i b sung iu khon ca hp ng v kch c ca hng ho. Nguyn n xut trnh cho trng ti hai vn th ca B n trong B n t chi hon tr li mt phn tin hng vi l do nh cung cp s thp cho B n t chi tr tin bi thng. S tin m Nguyn n i l qu ln v trnh nguy c ph
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sn, B n khng th tr tin cho Nguyn n c. L do ny khng th chp nhn c bi B n tham gia k kt hp ng th phi c trch nhim thc hin cc ngha v pht sinh t hp ng . Kh khn v ti chnh khng th c coi l mt nguyn nhn min cho B n khi trch nhim trc Nguyn n. 3. V s tin phi hon tr: Cch tnh s tin hon tr ca Nguyn n hon ton ph hp vi qui nh ti Hp ng. V vy, trng ti quyt nh buc B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n (ngi nhp khu) 184.405,12 USD. Bnh lun v lu : Trong hot ng xut nhp khu, u thc xut nhp khu l mt vic lm ph bin, c bit trong cc trng hp n v c nhu cu nhp khu/xut khu hng ho khng c php nhp khu/xut khu trc tip. Tuy nhin, cn lu l trong u thc nhp khu/xut khu, ngi nhn u thc l ngi trc tip k hp ng xut nhp khu (hp ng mua bn vi i tc nc ngoi) v l mt bn ca hp ng ny. Ngi u thc khng phi l mt bn ca hp ng nn khng c quyn tham gia vo vic iu chnh hay sa i hp ng. Do , nu c tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng xut nhp khu, cc bn khng th vin dn n ngi u thc nhp khu lm cn c min trch cho mnh. Khi k kt hp ng xut nhp khu, c bit trong trng hp c u thc xut nhp khu, nn xc nh v ghi r tn ca cc bn trong hp ng trnh nhng tranh chp khng ng c sau ny lin quan n ch th ca hp ng.

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PHN QUYT S 23 TRANH CHP DO KHNG M TH TN DNG (L/C) THANH TON TIN HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn Hng Kng B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua Vit Nam

Khng a vo hp ng cc iu khon ging nh trong hp ng mu K hp ng bng ting nc ngoi n phng sa i hp ng

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n, mt cng ty Hng Kng, m phn k kt hp ng vi B n, mt doanh nghip Vit Nam. Sau khi thng nht c vi nhau hng ho v gi c, B n chuyn cho Nguyn n mt hp ng mu m B n k vi bn hng nc ngoi trc y Nguyn n tham kho son tho cc iu khon ca hp ng. Sau , Nguyn n v B n chnh thc k hp ng mua bn (ngy 6 thng 12 nm 1992), theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 10.000 MT 5% UREA vi gi 215 USD/MT CFR cng Quy Nhn, L/C phi c m chm nht ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1996, qu hn ny m cha m bn mua phi np pht 3% tr gi hp ng, tin pht ny phi c tr trong vng 3 ngy k t ngy ht hn m L/C, ngi bn phi giao hng trong vng 30 ngy k t ngy m L/C. Ngy 8 thng 12 nm 1996, B n gi cho Nguyn n bn d tho giy yu cu m L/C vi mt s im khc bit so vi cc iu khon ca hp ng k v ngh nu Nguyn n chp nhn th B n s m L/C. Ngy 10 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n gi tr B n bn d tho giy yu cu m L/C, trong ch ng ba im sa i, t chi vic sa i bn im khc. B n li tip tc m phn ngh Nguyn n chp nhn bn im sa i cn li. n ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1996, Nguyn n tr li dt khot l khng ng vi bn im sa i . n ngy 20 thng 12 nm 1996, B n vn cha m L/C nn Nguyn n in khiu ni i B n np pht ngy 3% tr gi hp ng vi s tin 64.500 USD theo ng quy nh ca hp ng. B n t chi yu cu ny ca Nguyn n vi l do l Nguyn n khng a
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vo hp ng nhng iu khon ging nh trong hp ng mu m B n chuyn cho cng ty trc khi chnh thc k kt hp ng v khng thin ch trong vic m phn tip tc hp ng. Sau nhiu ln thng lng (trong Nguyn n ng gim mt phn tin bi thng) nhng khng t kt qu, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti i np pht 64.500 USD. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trong bn gii trnh, B n trnh by rng B n ch ng k kt hp ng vi iu kin hp ng tun th hp ng mu m B n chuyn cho Nguyn n. Vic trn thc t B n k vo hp ng vi nhng iu khon khc l do B n khng tho ting Anh (m hp ng li c k bng ting Anh). U ban trng ti cho rng cc iu khon trong hp ng l do cc bn tho thun vi nhau. Trong v vic ny, vic Nguyn n a hay khng a vo hp ng nhng iu khon ging nh hp ng mu do B n chuyn cho l quyn ca Nguyn n. B n c quyn chp nhn hoc t chi Hp ng do Nguyn n son tho. Trc khi k hp ng cn phi c k ni dung hp ng, nu khng ng th B n c quyn khng k. Mt khi k vo bn hp ng th cc bn phi c ngha v thc hin hp ng . V th l do "khng tho ting Anh" khng phi l mt cn c hp php cho vic khng m L/C (khng thc hin hp ng). Sau khi hp ng c k, mi thay i, b sung hp ng phi c lm bng vn bn, c ch k ca hai bn. Mt bn khng th bng ngh n phng ca mnh m sa i hp ng ban u. Do , B n khng th vin dn l do nu trn t chi m L/C. Trn thc t B n khng m L/C ng hn th phi c ngha v m L/C ng hn theo quy nh ca hp ng. Khng m L/C ng hn, B n phi np pht theo ng quy nh ca hp ng. T nhng iu phn tch trn, trng ti ra phn quyt buc B n phi np pht cho cng ty Hng Kng 64.500 USD. Bnh lun v lu : Khi chnh thc k kt cc hp ng, cc bn c suy on l t nguyn chp thun tt c cc iu khon trong hp ng v c ngha v thc hin ng cc qui nh trong hp ng . V th, khi k kt cc bn phi cn trng xc nh chnh xc cc ni dung ca hp ng. Nu hp ng c k bng ting nc ngoi th cc bn phi c chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny m bo hp ng k kt phn nh ng ch ca mnh. Mt khi hp ng k kt, vic sa i phi c s thng nht ca cc bn. Mt bn khng th t mnh n phng sa i hp ng.

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PHN QUYT S 24 TRANH CHP V VIC CHM TR TIN HNG TRONG HP NG NHP KHU QUA U THC Cc bn: Nguyn n : Vn phng i din ca cng ty A (ngi bn) B n : Hai doanh nghip Vit Nam (Doanh nghip C v Doanh nghip D)

Cc vn c cp:

Ngha v tr tin hng trong hp ng nhp khu c lin quan n u thc nhp khu Xc nh cn c khi kin

Tm tt v vic: Cng ty A nc ngoi k hp ng xut khu hng cho doanh nghip C Vit Nam, thanh ton sau khi bn c hng thu c tin ti Vit Nam. Doanh nghip C Vit Nam nhp u thc hng cho doanh nghip D Vit Nam. Hp ng qui nh tin thu c t vic bn hng cho khch hng ni a s c s dng thanh ton tin hng cho ngi bn. Trn thc t, doanh nghip C v D bn gn ht s lng hng nhp khu m vn khng thanh ton tin cho cng ty A nc ngoi. gii quyt vic ny, Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam, doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D Vit Nam k Bin bn tho thun ba bn vi ni dung sau: S tin thu c sau khi bn hng, doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D Vit Nam phi tr cho cng ty A nc ngoi 10 ln trong vng 10 thng, mi thng 35.466,00 USD bt u t thng 1 n thng 10 nm 1998.

S tin hng bn chu sau khi thu hi c t khch hng a phng th doanh nghip C v D Vit Nam phi chuyn tr ngay lp tc cho cng ty A nc ngoi.

Trong trng hp c vi phm i vi Bin bn ny, cc bn c quyn kin ra trng ti Vit Nam.

Sau , do doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D tip tc khng tun th cc ni dung ca Bin bn ba bn, Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi khi kin ra trng ti Vit Nam trn c s Bin bn ba bn ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 i doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D tr ton b tin hng l 434.604,00 USD. Doanh nghip C gii trnh nh sau: Doanh nghip D l n v chu trch nhim trc tip v ch yu v cc khon n
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vi cng ty A nc ngoi, cn doanh nghip C ch l nh nhp khu, gip lm th tc thanh ton i ngoi. Cng ty A nc ngoi tham gia trc tip bn hng trong ni a Vit Nam cng vi doanh nghip D, doanh nghip C khng tham gia bn hng nn ch chu trch nhim gii hn trong vai tr ca mt nh nhp khu u thc. Trong s tin i n cng ty A nc ngoi cha tr i s tin hng bn nhng cha thu c l 47.368,00 USD v tr gi hng tn kho l 32.576,00 USD. Doanh nghip D lp lun: Gim c doanh nghip D b khi t vi ti danh la o chim ot ti sn x hi ch ngha b trn, ti sn ca doanh nghip D b c quan c thm quyn k bin nn ngh trng ti tm hon gii quyt v kin. Nu da vo hp ng u thc nhp khu vi doanh nghip C th doanh nghip D nhn thy khng c cn c gim c nhn danh doanh nghip D k Bin bn tho thun ba bn ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997.

Ti phin hp xt x ca trng ti, trng vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi xut trnh cho trng ti Giy u quyn ca Cng ty A, u quyn cho ng gii quyt mi vn v yu cu trng ti iu chp nhn thm quyn ca ng ti phin hp Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Ngha v tr tin hng cho ngi xut khu: Trn thc t, doanh nghip Vit Nam D mun nhp hng ca cng ty A nc ngoi bn trn th trng Vit Nam, nhng doanh nghip D khi khng c quyn xut nhp khu trc tip, cho nn u thc nhp khu cho doanh nghip Vit Nam C. Doanh nghip C k hp ng nhp khu vi cng ty A nc ngoi. Hng v Vit Nam doanh nghip C nhn hng v giao hng cho doanh nghip D. Nh vy, cng ty A nc ngoi thc hin xong ngha v giao hng cho nn c quyn i doanh nghip C tr tin hng. Doanh nghip C l ngi trc tip k hp ng nhp khu vi cng ty A nn phi c ngha v thanh ton tin hng cho cng ty A. Cn doanh nghip D l ngi k hp ng u thc nhp khu vi doanh nghip C th doanh nghip D phi tr tin hng cho doanh nghip C. Doanh nghip D khng c ngha v thanh ton tin hng trc tip cho cng ty A nc ngoi, tr khi c tho thun hp php khc. Lp lun ca doanh nghip C rng vai tr ca ngi nhn u thc ch gii hn hot ng i ngoi cho doanh nghip nh u thc l khng th chp nhn c v iu ny tri vi nguyn tc ca u thc. Trong u thc, c nhn ph u thc ngi nhn u thc phi nhn danh mnh thc hin hot ng xut nhp khu v do phi chu trch nhim thc hin tt c cc ngha v pht sinh t hp ng xut nhp khu. 2. Gi tr php l ca Bin bn tho thun ba bn:
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U ban trng ti cho rng Bin bn tho thun k ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 gia Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam vi doanh nghip Vit Nam C v doanh nghip Vit Nam D theo php lut Vit Nam l khng c hiu lc v cc l do sau: Vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi t ti Vit Nam khng c thm quyn k kt hp ng thng mi cng nh cc tho thun nhm thc hin hp ng thng mi vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam (iu 18 Thng t 03/tn dng ngn hng - PC ngy 10 thng 2 nm 1994, iu 42 Lut Thng mi Vit Nam 1997). T , vn phng i din ca cng ty A nc ngoi khng c lm ch th k Bin bn tho thun nhm thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu do chnh Cng ty A k. Ch c cng ty A nc ngoi mi l ch th hp php k kt cc vn bn b sung hoc cc bin bn nhm thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu k vi doanh nghip C Vit Nam. Thay mt cho cng ty A l gim c hoc ngi c gim c u quyn bng giy u quyn. Trng ti xem xt giy u quyn ca gim c cng ty A u quyn cho Trng Vn phng i din ti Vit Nam nhng khng thy c s u quyn no lin quan ti vic k kt v thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu do cng ty A k vi doanh nghip C, cng khng c s u quyn v vic k Bin bn tho thun vi doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D.

Doanh nghip Vit Nam D khng c quyn xut nhp khu trc tip nn phi u thc nhp khu cho doanh nghip Vit Nam C, v vy doanh nghip D khng c thm quyn nhn danh mnh k kt bin bn tho thun nhm thc hin hp ng xut nhp khu do doanh nghip C k. T , doanh nghip D nhn danh mnh k Bin bn tho thun ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 l khng hp php.

Nguyn n cn c vo Bin bn tho thun ba bn ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997 khi kin doanh nghip C v doanh nghip D ra trng ti i hai doanh nghip ny tr tin hng, nhng trng ti kt lun Bin bn tho thun ny khng c hiu lc, v vy trng ti quyt nh bc n kin cho Nguyn n. Bnh lun v lu : Trong v kin ny, Nguyn n khi kin trn c s Bin bn tho thun ba bn ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997. Bin bn ny c k kt bi cc ch th khng c thm quyn theo qui nh ca php lut k kt nn trng ti ra quyt nh nh trn l ng n. Tuy nhin, nu Nguyn n l cng ty A nc ngoi (ch khng phi l Vn phng i din ca cng ty A ny) cn n khi kin cn c vo hp ng xut nhp khu k vi doanh nghip C (ch khng phi l cn c vo Bin bn tho thun ngy 4 thng 12 nm 1997) kt lun ca trng ti gii quyt v vic chc chn s khc. V th, khi khi kin, nguyn n cn c bit lu n t cch khi kin ca mnh cng nh cc cn c khi kin. Vic xc nh ch th v cn c sai c th dn n mt kt qu gii quyt hon ton tri vi mong mun ca ngi khi kin.
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Phn quyt s 25 TRANH CHP DO KHNG M TH TN DNG THANH TON TRONG HP NG MUA BN THP Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi bn o B n : Ngi mua Vit Nam

Cc vn c cp:

V vic khng m L/C ca B n V sai st ngy thng trong Telex gia hn ca Nguyn n V tin pht

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 26 thng 6 nm 1999 gia Nguyn n v B n k Hp ng mua bn s 06/99 theo Nguyn n bn cho B n 1500 MT thp tm cn nng theo iu kin C.I.F FO cng Hi Phng vi tng tr gi hp ng l 370.880 USD, giao hng vo thng 7 nm 1999, thanh ton bng L/C khng hu ngang c xc nhn, ngy m chm nht l ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999. iu 7 Hp ng quy nh rng trong trng hp chm tr giao hng hoc nhn c L/C chm hn 15 ngy so vi ngy hp ng quy nh th bn bn/bn mua c quyn hu hp ng, bn vi phm phi tr mt khon tin pht l 5% tng tr gi hp ng cho bn kia. Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999 l ngy cui cng m L/C, do s khng thu xp kp vic m L/C ng hn theo quy nh ca hp ng nn B n gi vn th cho Nguyn n trnh by kh khn khch quan ca B n v ngh xin hu Hp ng s 06/99 c k gia hai bn. Kh khn khch quan c B n trnh by l B n cha tr ht tin n cho ngn hng nn ngn hng khng m L/C theo ngh ca B n. Ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1999, tc ba ngy sau khi ht thi hn m L/C, Nguyn n telex cho B n, theo , Nguyn n ng gia hn ngy m L/C n ngy 7 thng 6 nm 1999 (until June 7th 1999). Nu Nguyn n khng nhn c L/C trong thi gian , c ngha l B n khng thc hin Hp ng. Trong trng hp ny B n phi np cho Nguyn n tin pht l 18.544 USD theo qui nh ca iu 7 Hp ng. B n nhn c bn Telex ny. 20 pht sau khi Telex cho B n, Nguyn n pht hin ra c s sai st v ngy thng, nn sa thng 6 (June) thnh thng 7 (July) v telex li ngay cho B n. Nhng sau ny B n ni l khng nhn c bn Telex sa i ny ca Nguyn n. n ngy 9 thng 8 nm 1999, Nguyn n vn khng nhn c L/C cng nh
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khng nhn c tin pht t pha B n. Do vy, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti i np pht 18.544 USD. Phn bc li n kin, B n trnh by nh sau: Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999 B n trnh by kh khn khch quan v ngh xin hu hp ng. Ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1999 Nguyn n khng tr li v vic hu Hp ng m li thng bo ng gia hn thm thi gian cho vic m L/C, nhng li ghi n ngy 7 thng 6 nm 1999 (until June 7th 1999) tc gia hn li v qu kh, nh vy Nguyn n c thc p B n.

Vic B n xin hu hp ng c thng bo cho Nguyn n trong mt thi hn hp l, cho nn vic lm ny khng gy thit hi no cho Nguyn n. Mt khc l hng ny c sn v cho bn cho cc cng ty khc sau mi cho bn cho B n, cho nn vic B n khng kp m L/C trong thi hn quy nh ca Hp ng v xin hu hp ng trong thi hn ny khng cu thnh mt s vi phm ch yu i vi Hp ng k.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic khng m L/C ca B n: Hp ng s 06/99 gia Nguyn n v B n c hiu lc cho nn B n phi c ngha v m L/C chm nht ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999. n ngy 9 thng 8 nm 1999 B n vn cha m L/C v theo quy nh ca iu 7 Hp ng B n b coi l khng m L/C, tc l B n vi phm ngha v hp ng. B n nu l do ca vic khng m L/C l v B n gp kh khn v ti chnh, cha tr ht n cho Ngn hng nn Ngn hng khng cho m L/C. L do ny khng c U ban trng ti cng nhn l chnh ng, khng phi l cn c min trch cho vic khng m L/C, bi v iu 8 ca Hp ng cng nh Lut Thng mi Vit Nam, lut hp ng ca cc nc u khng qui nh vic gp kh khn v ti chnh l mt cn c min trch cho vic khng thc hin hp ng. Ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999 B n gi vn th cho Nguyn n ngh xin hy hp ng v kh khn v ti chnh, nhng Nguyn n khng c tr li g v vn ny. S im lng ca Nguyn n khng phi l ng hu hp ng, do vy B n cng nh Nguyn n phi tip tc thc hin hp ng. Sau khi hp ng c k v c hiu lc, cc bn khng thng nht hu hp ng m B n khng m L/C th r rng B n vi phm hp ng (khng thc hin hp ng). Vi phm hp ng nhng khng c cn c min trch nhim th B n phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n. 2. V sai st ngy thng trong Telex gia hn m L/C ca Nguyn n: Ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1999 Nguyn n telex thng bo cho B n chp nhn gia hn ngy m L/C, nhng li ghi l n ngy 7 thng 6 nm 1999 (until June 7 th 1999).
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V vn ny U ban trng ti xc nh rng: Khi nhn c Telex ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1999 ca Nguyn n thng bo gia hn ngy m L/C n trc ngy 7 thng 6 nm 1999, tc gia hn li v qu kh, nhng B n khng h c phn ng g, khng in hi Nguyn n ti sao li nh vy, cng khng xut thi gian c th cho vic gia hn m L/C. Nh vy vic gia hn m L/C ca Nguyn n khng lm cho B n quan tm. T s sai st v ngy thng trong Telex gia hn m L/C ca Nguyn n hoc l gia hn L/C li v qu kh ca Nguyn n khng h nh hng n ch thc ca B n v vic xin hu hp ng, bi v B n ngh xin hu hp ng vo ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999. Mt khc s sai st v ngy thng trong Telex gia hn m L/C hoc gia hn li v qu kh ca Nguyn n khng phi l nguyn nhn ca vic khng m L/C, m nguyn nhn ch thc ca vic khng m L/C l do B n gp kh khn v ti chnh, nh cp mc 1 nu trn. V vy B n khng c min trch nhim do khng m L/C.

3. V s tin pht 18.544 USD: Theo iu 7 Hp ng B n c trch nhim np pht 5% tr gi hp ng cho Nguyn n, c th l: 5% x 370.880 USD = 18.544 USD B n lp lun rng vic B n xin hu hp ng, khng m L/C khng h gy thit hi no cho Nguyn n. Lp lun ny khng c U ban trng ti cng nhn, bi v Nguyn n ch i tin pht theo quy nh ca hp ng ch khng i bi thng thit hi. Hn na, khi qui nh tin pht do khng thc hin hp ng th bn khng thc hin phi np tin pht , cho d khng gy thit hi cho bn kia. T U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi np cho Nguyn n 18.544 USD tin pht. Bnh lun v lu : Hp ng k ngy 26 thng 6 nm 1999 m thi hn m L/C chm nht ngy 30 thng 6 nm 1999, nh vy ch c bn ngy m L/C, r rng thi hn ny l qu ngn i vi B n (ngi mua). Nu B n c sn tin, c uy tn vi ngn hng th mi c th thc hin c. Nu khng th d ri vo tnh trng m L/C chm, hoc khng m c L/C v phi chu trch nhim. Do khi tho thun v thi hn m L/C ngi mua phi cn nhc k, tnh ton cho ph hp. Sau khi hp ng c k, mt bn mun hu hp ng th phi ngh vi bn kia v bn kia tr li ng th ngh hu hp ng mi c gi tr v bn ngh hu mi khng phi thc hin hp ng na. Nu bn c ngh im lng, khng pht biu g th ngh hu hp ng khng c hiu lc, bn ngh hu vn phi tip tc thc hin hp ng. Khng c lut no quy nh khi gi ngh hu hp ng cho bn kia trong thi hn thc hin ngha v hp ng th l ngh hp l, bt bn kia phi
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tun theo v bn ngh khng phi thc hin hp ng na. Khi hp ng c quy nh tin pht cho vic khng thc hin hp ng v khng c quy nh thm g khc th bn khng thc hin hp ng phi np tin pht cho bn kia, khng ph thuc vo vic bn kia c b thit hi hay khng, b thit hi nhiu hay t. Nu mun cn c vo vic c thit hi mi np pht th phi qui nh trong hp ng. V trong hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n ch quy nh pht 5% do khng thc hin hp ng nn trng ti khng xt ti bn Nguyn c b thit hi hay khng v buc B n thanh ton cho Nguyn n 18.544 USD tin pht

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PHN QUYT S 26 TRANH CHP V BO M THC HIN HP NG XY DNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt ngn hng Php B n Cc vn c cp:

: Mt cng ty Ma-rc

Bo m thc hin hp ng Bo m c lp Bo m ph thuc Gim nh k thut

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1982 mt cng ty xy dng Php k hp ng vi mt cng ty Ma-rc theo cng ty Php s xy dng mt khu lin hp ti Ma-rc vi tng tr gi cng trnh l 211.200.000 Frng Php (FF) v 60.264.000 Dirhams. Hp ng ny c iu khon chn trng ti ICC. Cng ty xy dng cn chp nhn yu cu mt Ngn hng Php pht hnh bo m thc hin hp ng vi tr gi 20% tng tr gi hp ng. Ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1982, Ngn hng Php, Nguyn n trong v vic ny, pht hnh mt th bo m thc hin vi tr gi ti a l 54.575.438,16 FF, tc l 20% tr gi hp ng. Ngn hng tuyn b trong giy bo m rng: "Bng vic khc t quyn tranh lun v quyt nh ca mnh, chng ti chp nhn tr ton b hoc mt phn trong khon tin ni trn trn c s yu cu bng vn bn ca qu cng ty (B n), km theo mt bn bo co chuyn mn c lp bi mt chuyn gia ca Trung tm gim nh k thut quc t ca Phng Thng mi Quc t". Hai bn tho thun vi nhau l khon tin bo m s gim xung tng ng vi tin hon thnh cng trnh. Theo vn th ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1984, mi tranh chp lin quan n vic bo m s c a ra ICC. Nm 1984, gia nh thu Php v ch d n Ma-rc xy ra tranh chp v vic thc hin hp ng v hai bn a tranh chp ny ra ICC gii quyt ngy 10 thng 9 nm 1985. T tng trng ti trong tranh chp vn ang c tin hnh. Ngy 10 thng 10 nm 1985, cng ty Ma-rc yu cu Trung tm gim nh k thut quc t ch nh mt chuyn gia nh yu cu trong th bo m nm 1984 ca Ngn hng Php. Ngy 12 thng 11 nm 1985, Trung tm ch nh mt chuyn gia ngi Thu S, v chuyn gia ny trnh bo co vo thng 4 nm 1986 trong c
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nu r phn cng vic cha thc hin ca nh thu Php tng ng vi khon bo m thc hin l khong 16.902.000 FF v 13.076.000 Dirhams. Ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1986, cng ty Ma-rc yu cu Ngn hng Php tr khon tin m chuyn gia n nh. Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1986, Ngn hng t chi tr tin v ngy 22 thng 5 nm 1986 khi kin ra trng ti ICC. Ngn hng Php lp lun rng bo m cp cho cng ty Ma-rc ch l mt bo m ph thuc v do n ph thuc vo kt qu ca trng ti trong tranh chp gia cng ty Php v cng ty Ma-rc. Ngn hng cng cho rng ngay c nu bo m ny l bo m chng t ch da trn yu cu duy nht l bo co gim nh th bo co ny cng khng hp php v vic lp bo co c gian ln. Cui cng, Nguyn n cho rng do c cc kh khn trong vic gii thch bo co, bo m ny khng th c t ng thanh ton. Pha cng ty Ma-rc li lp lun rng bo co c lp theo ng qui nh v p ng c cc yu cu nu trong th bo m, v rng th bo m c gi tr c lp. Cng ty ny cng kin li i c thanh ton khon tin m chuyn gia n nh (16.902.000 FF v khon tin tng ng vi FF ca 13.076.000 Dirhams), tin li trn khon tin , ph trng ti v ph cho bo co gim nh v 1.500.000 FF b p cho cc thit hi kinh t phi gnh chu. Phn quyt ca trng ti: A. V khiu kin chnh: 1. Bo m c lp hay Bo m ph thuc? Cc thut ng dng trong th bo m khng r rng. Thc t, mt mt Ngn hng s dng cc t nh bo m thc hin ng ca ngn hng, bo m lin i, v khc t quyn tranh lun v quyt nh l c trng ca bo m ph thuc. Mt khc, Ngn hng li ha s thanh ton "trn c s yu cu bng vn bn ca qu cng ty (B n), km theo mt bo co ca chuyn gia. Ngn hng a ra ba im m theo Ngn hng th c th xc nh tnh cht ph thuc ca bo m . Th nht, Ngn hng vin dn rng Ngn hng ha s tr ton b hoc mt phn khon tin nu trong th bo m v vic tr ny ph thuc vo vic thanh ton khon tin chnh m cng ty xy dng c th phi tr. Th hai, tr gi ca bo m ny s gim tng ng vi tin hon thnh cng trnh. V th ba, Ngn hng cho rng s tn ti ca mt iu khon trng ti nhm gii quyt nhng kh khn trong vic gii thch v thc hin bo m cho thy bn thn bo m khng th thc hin mt cch t ng c. Tuy nhin, theo u ban trng ti ba kha cnh ny khng xc nh tnh ph thuc hay tnh c lp ca bo m. V im th nht, ha tr ton b hay mt phn l xut pht t thc t cng ty Ma-rc c th yu cu mt khon tin nh hn tng tr gi khon bo m. V im th hai, vic tr gi bo m gim tng ng vi tin hon
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thnh cng vic hon ton khng c mi lin h g vi tnh c lp hay ph thuc ca bo m. V im th ba, vic a mt iu khon trng ti vo hp ng gii quyt cc kh khn trong vic gii thch hay thc hin bo m khng c ngha l bo m khng c lp. Ngc li, nu nh hiu lc ca bo m ph thuc vo kt qu trng ti gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty Php th khng phi qui nh cho n mt th tc trng ti th hai. Vic tr gi bo m gim tng ng vi tin hon thnh cng vic cng c th lm pht sinh nhng kh khn cn n trng ti. Mt khc, c mt s thut ng s dng trong bo m li th hin tnh c lp ca bo m ny nh ha tr trn c s yu cu". Nh vy, trong trng hp ny ngi ta thy c s mu thun gia cc t bo m hon thnh v bo m lin i vi ha tr trn c s yu cu. U ban trng ti, do buc phi la chn gia cc t ng mu thun ny, v ly lm tic l mt ngn hng m li c tnh trng mu thun nh vy. Sau khi xem xt, U ban trng ti cho rng y l mt bo m ngn hng dng chng t, c lp vi ngha v chnh v ch ph thuc vo yu cu xut trnh ti liu. Thc t, khi t chi tr tin vo ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1986, Ngn hng khng nu l do l cc ngha v ca mnh ph thuc vo kt qu gii quyt tranh chp gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty Php m ch khng nh rng bo m ny khng th thc hin c. Quyt inh ny ca trng ti cn c vo mt s chi tit sau y: Nu y khng phi l mt bo m c lp (tc l Ngn hng ch b rng buc vi bo m ny sau khi tranh chp gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty xy dng Php c gii quyt) th khng th gii thch ti sao li c yu cu cng ty Ma-rc trnh mt bo co ca chuyn gia c nhn tin bo m t pha Ngn hng. Yu cu v bn bo co thc cht trnh cc yu cu i thanh ton bo m v cn c, ch khng n thun ch l mt bng chng chnh xc v thit hi ca cng ty Ma-rc m Ngn hng lp lun. Thc t, s khng r rng trong cc thut ng c s dng cng xut pht t thc t y l mt gii php tho hip gia:

Mt bo m ph thuc theo ngha hp m Ngn hng gi trong vn th ngy 10 thng 10 nm 1984; phng thc ny b loi b, Mt bo m c lp theo gi u tin ca Cng ty Ma-rc; phng thc ny cng b loi b.

Tuy nhin, Ngn hng vn tip tc s dng thut ng bo m ph thuc (caution/surety) theo ngha thng thng ca thut ng ny, tc l cng ngha vi thut ng bo m (guarantee) theo ngha rng, ch khng phi l theo ngha php l c trng ca n. Do , Ngn hng khng th lp lun rng vn th ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1984 thit lp mt bo m ph thuc.
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U ban trng ti, cho rng ngn hng trong trng hp ny lp mt bo m chng t cho cng ty Ma-rc hng li, quyt nh rng bo co do chuyn gia Thu S lp l iu kin cn v , do chnh Ngn hng t ra, thc hin bo m. 2. V vn gian ln hay khng ng qui nh trong vic lp bo co: Bo co gim nh khng h nhm to iu kin thun li hay thc y vic gii quyt tranh chp gia cng ty Ma-rc v cng ty Php; bo co ny l nhm trnh nhng yu cu tr tin khng c cn c ca cng ty Ma-rc, thng qua vic nh mt chuyn gia c thm quyn v trung lp xc nh tr gi yu cu ca cng ty Ma-rc i vi cng ty xy dng Php, v dn ti vic thanh ton t ng khon bo m. Bo co ny khng c mi lin h php l vi t tng trng ti lin quan n cng ty xy dng Php, bao gm c cc trng ti vin v cc bn. Chuyn gia c ch nh theo cc yu cu trong th bo m v theo cc qui tc v gim nh k thut nu trong th . Hn na, khng ch Ngn hng m c cng ty xy dng Php u c thng bo v vic ch nh chuyn gia , chuyn gia ny cng n gp v nghe h trnh by, i thm cng trnh thc a v, theo yu cu ca cng ty Php, n thm mt ni khc tng t. V th trong vic lp bo co ny khng c g l bt bnh thng hay gian ln nh tng thy trong cc v vic c lin quan n bo m ngn hng. V vy bo co ny c chp nhn. 3. V vn liu cc kh khn trong vic gii thch bo co c lm cho bo m tr thnh khng th thc hin c hay khng: y l l do chnh Ngn hng t chi tr tin bo m vi lp lun rng nhng nhn xt ca chuyn gia l khng chnh xc v rng chuyn gia c sai lm nghim trng trong vic gii thch cc iu khon ca hp ng, v rng cc kt lun trong bo co ca chuyn gia ch mang tnh gi thit. Trong vn ny cn xem li nhng phn tch v bn cht ca bo m. V mt nguyn tc, vic trnh mt bo co c lp bi mt chuyn gia c ch nh theo ng tho thun ca cc bn phi c coi l thc thi mt bo m ca ngn hng, d nhin vi iu kin l cc kt lun ca chuyn gia khng tri vi cc vin dn ca cng ty Ma-rc. V mt hnh thc, nu chuyn gia kt lun l khng tn ti quyn c hon tr th yu cu ca cng ty Ma-rc cng khng th c p ng. Ngc li, sau khi nghin cu k lng, chuyn gia xc nh chnh xc tr gi cc yu cu c th ca cng ty Ma-rc, v cng ty Ma-rc nu khon tin ny trong yu cu ca mnh. Hn na, kt lun m chuyn gia a ra khng phi l cc gi thit; chuyn gia phn loi cc nh gi v nhn xt thnh ba loi khc nhau v cng nhn mnh rng cc nh gi ca mnh c th thay i nu tnh hnh thay i. V vy, bo co ca chuyn gia l hon ton r rng v minh bch, cc kt lun trong khng h mang tnh gi thit nh lp lun ca Nguyn n.
106

B. V n kin li: T cc phn tch nu trn c th thy B n, cng ty Ma-rc, c quyn yu cu thc hin bo m v hn na, Nguyn n, Ngn hng Php, phi bi thng cho nhng thit hi pht sinh trc tip t vic t chi khng thc hin bo m. V vn ny, B n c cn c khi yu cu cc khon tin sau y ngoi khon tin do chuyn gia xc nh: Tin li trn s tin nu trn, bt u tnh t ngy c thng bo yu cu tr tin bo m chnh thc bng th bo m ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1986; tin li ny c tnh ton theo lut ca Php vi li sut 9,5%/nm.

Tin bi thng cho nhng thit hi vt cht v h qu ca cng nguyn nhn m B n phi chu, c lp vi vic tr hon thc hin khon bo m.

U ban trng ti xc nh tng s tin thit hi pht sinh l 1.300.000 FF. B n khng c c s yu cu Nguyn n thanh ton cc chi ph cho bo co gim nh bi chnh cng ty phi chu chi ph ny nu cng ty mun c tr bo him. V ph trng ti (ph hnh chnh cho ICC v th lao cho cc trng ti vin), U ban trng ti xc nh cc chi ph ny s c thanh ton theo t l sau y:

Ngn hng Php, Nguyn n chu 3/4 Cng ty Ma-rc, B n chu 1/4.

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PHN QUYT S 27 TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N TH TN DNG KHNG HU NGANG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty Ty Ban Nha B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngn hng C-ot

T chi nhn hng nh ngha v cch hiu "Th tn dng khng hu ngang"

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n, vi t cch l bn nhn u thc cho mt cng ty Ty Ban Nha khc, bn mt l sn phm lng thc cho mt Cng ty C-ot. V phn mnh, vo ngy 1 thng 7 nm 1978, Cng ty C-ot m ti ngn hng ca mnh mt th tn dng khng hu ngang v chuyn nhng c tr gi 76.244 la M cho cng ty u thc Ty Ban Nha th hng qua mt ngn hng Ty Ban Nha. Hng s c giao thnh hai chuyn, mi chuyn cch nhau 20 ngy mun nht l vo ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1978. Tin hng cng c thanh ton lm hai ln. Hng giao theo gi C&F v p dng Quy tc v Thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t ca ICC (bn sa i nm 1974). C hai iu kin c quy nh cho th tn dng. Th nht, Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha s tin hnh thanh ton khi nhn c mt b y vn n ng bin xp hng hon ho. Th hai, Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha s phi i giy php do Ngn hng C-ot (B n) cp. Giy php ny s c cp sau khi c thng bo ca Cng ty Cot (Ngi mua) rng h nhn c hng v hng c c quan y t C-ot ti cng chp nhn. Ngy 30 thng 9 nm 1978, Ngn hng C-ot sa i li iu kin 2 rng Ngn hng s cp giy php trong vng 75 ngy k t ngy nhn c vn n ng bin "vi iu kin l hng c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng v c c quan Y t ca chnh ph C-ot chp nhn" m khng c kin chp nhn ca ngi c hng li (Nguyn n). Ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1978, Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha gi b chng t ca chuyn hng th hai cho B n (Ngn hng C-ot) v b B n t chi vi l do thi gian gia hai chuyn giao hng vt qu 20 ngy. Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha khng chp nhn iu ny. Do vy Ngn hng C-ot thuyt phc ngi mua C-ot chp nhn iu khng ng nguyn tc trn, nhng ng thi Cng ty C-ot vn i s chp nhn l
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hng ca B Y t C-ot, c quan m cng ty C-ot np n xin kim tra hng. Hai ngy sau, ngy 13 thng 2 nm 1979, B n thng bo rng ngi mua Cot t chi hng v C quan Y t ti cng cp mt giy chng nhn rng hng s ht hn s dng trong hai thng na. Ngn hng Ty Ban Nha lp lun rng giy chng nhn ca C quan y t khng bc b hng. B n vn gi nguyn quan im ca mnh v lp lun rng: l hng vn cha c nhn bi ngi mua (Cng ty C-ot) v iu ny c khng nh sau bng tuyn b "theo thng l, hng thc phm phi tin cy lu kho trong vng 12 thng". Trong n kin gi trng ti Nguyn n tuyn b rng vic B n t chi b chng t l khng hp thc v yu cu c thanh ton khon tin 38.122 la M cng li sut hng nm 13% tnh t ngy 5 thng 1 nm 1979. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trc ht U ban trng ti cho rng l do duy nht m hng cha thuc quyn s hu ca ngi mua C-ot, ngi m th tn dng, l do h t chi l hng khi hng n ni v giy chng nhn y t cng c cp. Vn cn gii quyt l vic xc nh rng trong tnh hung ny liu iu kin "hng ho c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng" c tho mn hay cha. U ban trng ti nh ngha bn cht ca th tn dng khng hu ngang v cch m ngi ta phi hiu n nh sau: Mt th tn dng khng th hu ngang l mt s cam kt chc chn ca ngn hng m th tn dng rng ngn hng s thanh ton nu cc iu kin ca th tn dng c tho mn, nu th tn dng dng thanh ton (iu 3 Quy tc v Thc hnh thng nht tn dng chng t).

Bn cht ca th tn dng khng hu ngang l ngi hng li chc chn s c thanh ton nu xut trnh ng b chng t.

Mt c tnh c bn ca tn dng chng t l tnh hnh thc ca n. Cc chng t c xut trnh ch c th l ng hoc khng ng. S mp m y khng c chp nhn.

Mt tn dng chng t khng c hiu theo bt c 1 lut quc gia no m cc bn khng c tho thun m phi c hiu theo cc thng l c p dng cho i tng ny trong thng mi quc t.

Mt c tnh na ca th tn dng l vic thanh ton bng phng thc tn dng chng t khng ph thuc vo mun ch quan ca cc bn. Ch cn cc iu kin trong th tn dng c tho mn v ngi hng li xut trnh ng b chng t th vic thanh ton s c thc hin.

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B n lp lun rng trong trng hp ny, hng giao khng c ngi m th tn dng chp nhn, iu kin "hng c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng" khng c tho mn. Ni mt cch khc vic th tn dng c c thanh ton hay khng ph thuc vo thin ch ca ngi m th tn dng. Vic hiu iu kin "hng c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng" nh vy mu thun vi mc ch ca th tn dng chng t theo vic thanh ton khng c ph thuc vo thin ca ngi m th tn dng, v iu c ngha l tn dng chng t khng h an ton cho ngi hng li. Bi vy U ban trng ti cho rng iu kin "hng c nhn bi ngi m th tn dng" cng cn phi c hiu c ngha l ngi m th tn dng c th nhn c hng nu anh ta mun (v trn thc t hng n ni v ngi mua c cc iu kin nhn hng). Nh th iu kin ny mi c ngha v chp nhn c trong thng mi quc t. Nh vy r rng B n sai khi t chi thanh ton Nguyn n. Bi vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh Nguyn n c hng s tin l 38.122 USD. Sau khi a ra phn quyt v khiu ni chnh, U ban trng ti xt tip n mc li sut hng nm 13% tnh t thng 2 nm 1979. Nguyn n yu cu mc li sut l 13%/nm tnh t ngy 1 thng 12 nm 1979. B n khng phn i yu cu ny v vic thanh ton khng c thc hin vo ngy nh v mc li sut m Nguyn n yu cu trong thi hn nu trn cng khng c g l v l trong thng mi quc t. V th, U ban trng ti ng vi mc li sut nu trn.

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PHN QUYT S 28 TRANH CHP V BO M THC HIN HP NG V IU KIN Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngi cung cp M B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi mua M

Tranh chp c th c gii quyt bng trng ti khng Bo m thc hin v iu kin Vi phm nghim trng hp ng Tip tc thc hin hp ng d ang c tranh chp

Tm tt v vic: Bng Hp ng mua bn ngy 12 thng 7 nm 1982, Nguyn n cam kt cung cp cho B n mt s t vn phng v t ng qun o. Sau , B n s cung cp s hng ho ny cho mt cng ty Arp X-t (Khch hng). Hp ng qui nh tranh chp pht sinh s c gii quyt bng trng ti ICC ti Oa-sing-tn. Theo hp ng, trong vng 15 ngy k t ngy k hp ng Nguyn n phi cung cp: Mt bo m thc hin hp ng v iu kin v khng hy ngang c th c [B n] chp nhn, do mt Ngn hng M pht hnh v xc nhn cho [B n] hng li vi tr gi l 10% gi bn ... nh l mt bo m cho Tho thun ny (sau y gi tt l L/C bo m thc hin). Mt mu giy bo m c nh km vi hp ng. Theo hp ng, B n phi thanh ton bng: Mt th tn dng khng hu ngang, c th chuyn nhng v tun hon vi tr gi tng 25% tng gi bn, thanh ton trong vng 67 ngy k t ngy giao cc chng t xc nhn vic nhn hng. Th tn dng phi c m cho Nguyn n hng li trong vng 15 k t ngy nhn c chp thun ca khch hng (sau y gi l L/C thanh ton). Do mt s kh khn t pha Nguyn n nn cho n ngy 20 thng 9 nm 1982 L/C Bo m thc hin cho B n hng li mi c m v Bo m ny c qui nh rng th ch c hiu lc khi B n m L/C thanh ton. Ngy 27 thng 9 nm 1982, B n gi telex cho Nguyn n thng bo L/C bo m thc hin khng th chp nhn
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c v khng p ng qui nh v iu kin. Telex ny nu rng Nguyn n vi phm hp ng v rng nu Nguyn n cung cp mt bo m c th chp nhn c th hai bn s bn bc v kh nng tip tc thc hin hp ng. Nguyn n tr li bng vn th ngy 29 thng 9 nm 1982 rng v iu kin duy nht ca chng ti hon ton thuc quyt nh ca qu cng ty, tc quyt nh m L/C thanh ton, nn thc t L/C bo m thc hin ny l v iu kin i vi qu cng ty. B n tr li bng telex ngy 4 thng 10 nm 1982 rng iu kin m Nguyn n nu ra khin cho L/C bo m ny tr thnh c iu kin. B n kt lun rng mc d chng ti cho qu cng ty hn 60 ngy cp mt bo m c th chp nhn c nhng qu cng ty khng lm c vic ny. Trong trng hp ny chng ti khng cn la chn no khc l hu hp ng vi qu cng ty do li ca qu cng ty. Chng ti s mua hng t mt bn th ba. Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti ngy 22 thng 11 nm 1982 khng nh rng B n vi phm ngha v hp ng, th hin qua vic t chi m L/C thanh ton cho Nguyn n hng li v khng thc hin cc ngha v theo hp ng trong khi ch i kt qu trng ti, ng thi i bi thng cc thit hi pht sinh t cc vi phm ny. Trng ti phi gii quyt nhng vn sau y: (1) Tranh chp c th gii quyt bng trng ti hay khng, (2) B n c vi phm hp ng khng khi n phng chm dt hp ng, v (3) nu c th Nguyn n c thit hi g. Trng ti quyt nh rng tranh chp c th c gii quyt bng trng ti v vic B n n phng chm dt hp ng khng phi l mt vi phm hp ng, do Nguyn n khng c bi thng cho cc thit hi l h qu ca vic chm dt ny. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V kh nng c th gii quyt tranh chp bng trng ti: iu khon trng ti trong hp ng qui nh p dng cho tt c cc tranh chp pht sinh theo hay c lin quan n, hoc v bt k vi phm no i vi Hp ng ny.... y chnh l mt tranh chp nh vy. B n lp lun rng iu khon ny khng th c p dng bi hp ng qui nh rng Tho thun ny c hiu lc ph thuc vo vn bn chp thun ca Khch hng. Thc t khng c mt chp thun nh vy, v do iu khon trng ti cha tng bao gi c hiu lc. U ban trng ti cho rng lp lun ny khng thuyt phc bi cng ging nh mt s qui nh khc trong hp ng (v d, qui nh Nguyn n phi hp tc h tr vi B n trong vic t c chp thun t pha Khch hng, hay Nguyn n phi thng bo chi tit v gim gi hng trong vng 30 ngy k t khi k hp ng, v ngha v m L/C bo m thc hin ca Nguyn n), iu khon trng ti c k kt vi nh l s c hiu lc t thi im hp ng c k kt v trc khi c vn bn chp thun ca Khch hng, d nhiu qui nh khc trong hp ng ch c hiu lc k t thi
112

im c vn bn chp thun. Khng h c c s no kt lun rng cc bn c nh a ra gii quyt ti to n cc tranh chp pht sinh trc khi c chp thun ca Khch hng v ch a ra trng ti gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh sau thi im . Thc t, B n ng khi lp lun rng cc ngha v hp ng ca cc bn cha bao gi c hiu lc, nhng B n cng khng th bc b v vic ny bi nu th ngha v m L/C bo m thc hin ca Nguyn n cng khng th pht sinh v nh vy B n chng c cn c no chm dt hp ng. 2. Bo m thc hin v iu kin (unconditional performance guarantee): U ban trng ti cho rng Nguyn n khng thc hin ngha v hp ng tc khng m L/C bo m thc hin v iu kin, khng hu ngang v c th c B n chp nhn. iu ny c l gii nh sau: Th nht, thut ng v iu kin c nh ngha mt cch thng thng l khng b hn ch hay nh hng bi bt k iu kin no (T in Black's Law tr. 1367 - xut bn ln th 5, nm 1979). Theo nh ngha ny, L/C bo m thc hin ca Nguyn n khng th c coi l v iu kin, v n b hn ch bi iu kin l bo m s khng c hiu lc cho n khi B n m L/C thanh ton. Cch hiu ca Nguyn n cng c th c chp nhn nu Nguyn n dn c ra cc chng c c sc thuyt phc v thng l thng mi quc t hoc v nh thc ca cc bn. Nhng Nguyn n khng a ra c chng c no nh vy. Trong khi cc chng c hin c cho thy Nguyn n tin rng iu khon m mnh a vo th bo m l c php, U ban trng ti li cho rng thc t hai bn cha h c tho thun no v vic ny. Kh nng v iu khon ny c cc i din ca Nguyn n v B n bn bc trc khi k kt hp ng nhng cha t c mt s thng nht no, v, ngay c khi c coi nh l c cc bn nht tr, kh nng ny cng b v hiu ho bi iu khon thng nht cui cng (iu khon v "v iu kin") c a vo hp ng k sau . Hp ng, c nh km mt bn th bo m thc hin, khng ng h lp lun ca Nguyn n. Sau khi k kt hp ng, Nguyn n v B n cng c gp g tho lun v vic sa i hp ng nhng khng i n mt tho thun no. V th khng h c mt sa i no i vi hp ng cho php mt bo m c iu kin. T cc lp lun nu trn, u ban trng ti ng vi lp lun ca B n rng Nguyn n thc hin khng ng hp ng v tho thun gia h vi nhau cha h c sa i. Th hai, Hp ng nu mt cch r rng rng Nguyn n phi m mt th bo m thc hin v iu kin c th c B n chp nhn. Khi L/C bo m thc hin c pht hnh, B n thng bo cho Nguyn n rng L/C bo m ny khng th chp nhn c. Quan im ny ca B n khng phi l khng c cn c.
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B n cho Nguyn n c hi sa li khim khuyt ny v lp mt th bo m khc c th chp nhn c nhng Nguyn n khng lm c vic ny. Do c th kt lun rng Nguyn n khng cung cp c mt th bo m thc hin p ng c yu cu ca hp ng. 3. V vi phm nghim trng hp ng v vic tip tc thc hin hp ng: U ban trng ti cho rng vi vi phm ny ca Nguyn n, B n c quyn chm dt hp ng. Nguyn n cho rng vic chm dt ny l khng c php, bi (a) vi phm ny khng nghim trng, v (b) iu khon trng ti qui nh B n phi tip tc thc hin hp ng d ang c tranh chp. U ban trng ti bc lp lun ny ca Nguyn n v nhng l do sau y: Mt l, U ban trng ti cho rng y l mt vi phm nghim trng i vi hp ng trn c s chng c do B n trnh lin quan n tm quan trng ca vic c mt th bo m thc hin c gi tr, iu 241(a) Lut Hp ng nm 1981. Hai l, iu khon trng ti qui nh gii quyt bng trng ti "tt c cc tranh chp pht sinh theo hay c lin quan n, hoc v bt k vi phm no i vi Hp ng ny... nhng ch qui nh ngha v phi tip tc thc hin hp ng khi t tng trng ti ang c tin hnh trong trng hp cc tranh chp pht sinh theo hp ng. V y l tranh chp lin quan n vi phm hp ng, mt dng tranh chp m khi pc loi tr khi yu cu tip tc thc hin hp ng nn B n khng c ngha v tip tc thc hin hp ng. V Nguyn n hon ton khng c nh cung cp mt th bo m thc hin m B n c th chp nhn c, v vi tnh cht nghim trng ca vi phm nn B n hon ton c l khi tm mt ngi cung cp khc thay th B n c th thc hin c cc ngha v ca B n i vi cc khch hng ca mnh.

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PHN QUYT S 29 TRANH CHP TNH TRNG AN TON CA CU BN Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty gi hng Cc B n : Cng ty vn ti hng hi Cng ty khai thc cu cng Cc vn c cp:

Hp ng thu tu nh hn Cc thit hi phi chu do bo Cu bn an ton Trch nhim

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 15 thng 5 nm 1970 Nguyn n v Cng ty vn ti hng hi, B n th nht, k kt mt hp ng thu tu nh hn vn chuyn mt lng amoni-sun pht dng ri t Hopewell v Norfolk, M n Manzanillo, Mexico. Theo cc ch dn ca Cng ty khai thc cu cng, B n th hai, tu gh mn ng cu cng Fiscal trong cng Manazanillo d hng ngy 11 thng 3 nm 1972. Tu cp c cu cng nhng phn ui tu li hi nh ra so vi chiu di ca cu cng. Sau khi cp cu cng, thuyn trng nhn thy thnh cu thiu cc m chn chng va p v phn nn v iu ny vi i l ca tu. Trong thi gian neo ti cu cng, tu phi chu mt cn bo ln v phi s dng tt c cc dy neo tu v m chn m tu c trang b nhng vn khng trnh khi mt s thit hi v vt cht i vi tu. Trong thi gian , thuyn trng c gng lin h qua in thoi vi i l ca cng ty thu tu New York yu cu mt cu cng khc nhng khng th lin lc c. Tu vn cu cng Fiscal v bt u d hng cho n chiu ngy 15 thng 3 nm 1972 mi nhn c ch th ca i l ca ngi thu tu yu cu tu di chuyn n khu th neo. Trong thng bo ngy 14 thng 3 nm 1972 thuyn trng nu rng khi cp cu cng ngy 11 thng 3 nm 1972, thuyn trng kim tra v thy rng cu cng ny khng an ton d hng. Trong mt tuyn b sau ngy 30 thng 3 nm 1972, thuyn trng nhn mnh rng c th c mt cn bo ln s xy ra do c nhng cn gi d di trc . Nguyn n i 200.130 USD cho cc thit hi m tu phi chu do bo khi
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ang neo ti cu cng Fiscal. Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti kt lun rng mn ng ca cu cng Fiscal trong cng Manzanillo l mt cu cng an ton v rng d tu c phi chu nhng thit hi v vt cht th y l do li ca thuyn trng khng thc hin cc bc cn thit bo v tu bng cch di chuyn tu ti khu th neo. U ban trng ti cng nhc li lp lun ca Nguyn n rng cu tu ny khng an ton theo ngha ca iu 6 Hp ng thu tu, theo hng ho ... c bc ln tu v/hoc d xung bt k mt vng u tu, cu cng hay bt k mt a im no m bn thu tu hay i l ca bn thu tu ch nh, vi iu kin tu c th ni mt cch an ton ngay c khi nc rng. U ban cng ch ra rng mc d thuyn trng th hin mi lo ngi v tnh hnh ang xu dn nhng khng thc hin bt k mt khiu ni chnh thc no cng nh yu cu hoa tiu hay tu ko tr gip khi bo tr nn d di. Mc d sau c mt s phn i ca thuyn trng nhng khng h c mt yu cu chnh thc no v vic di chuyn tu n khu th neo cho n tn ngy 14 thng 3 nm 1972. U ban trng ti cho rng ng l thuyn trng phi hnh ng nhanh hn v kin quyt hn trong vic di chuyn tu khi bo tng dn, v rng cc thng tin v cng v cu tu trong cc ch th v cch thc di chuyn ng l phi lu thuyn trng v cc iu kin c th gp phi ti cng. C th thuyn trng cho rng di chuyn tu th cn phi c php. y l mt suy ngh sai, do d khng th l cn c min trch cho vic thuyn trng khng di chuyn tu ra khi cu cng trc khi tu b thit hi. U ban trng ti kt lun cu cng Fiscal Manzinillo l mt cu cng an ton nhng c th tr nn nguy him do cc iu kin thi tit. U ban cng lu thm rng hin tng nhng cn bo ngoi khi c th gy ra bo trong cng khng phi l bt bnh thng i vi cc cng v cu tu dc b bin pha ty khu vc Trung v Nam M. U ban kt lun rng K nng iu khin tu tt i hi cc thuyn trng phi nhn thc c khi no thi tit thay i cn phi ri cu cng n khu th neo. Cc iu kin thi tit tm thi nhng khng phi l khng d tnh c khng lm mt cu tu tr thnh cu cng mt an ton. Bnh lun v lu : Bn thn cu cng l an ton. Trong iu kin thi tit ang xu dn (do bo) l ra thuyn trng phi quyt on v cho tu di di. Song trng hp ny thuyn trng e ngi khng dm quyt nh v vy B n c min trch nhim i vi nhng thit hi vt cht m tu phi chu.

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PHN QUYT S 30 TRANH CHP V THI GIAN GIA HN D HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty vn ti hng hi B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty thu tu

Hp ng thu tu chuyn Thi hn d hng/Thi hn gia hn d hng iu khon lng hng Cc khiu kin v vic thc hin hp ng Bo m bm nc dn tu

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 27 thng 5 nm 1983 Nguyn n, ch s hu tu, k vi B n, bn thu tu, mt hp ng thu tu chuyn theo mu Asbatankvoy ch ti thiu 117.000 tn du th t Ecuador n b bin pha ty nc M. Tu nhn 111.500 tn du th ti Balao, Ecuador v i n Vnh M ngy 24 thng 6 nm 1983. B n ch th tu phi lng hng cho nh bt ti khu vc th neo phc v d hng xung s lan South West Pass, sng Missisippi c th vo c bn cui l Capline Terminal, St James, Louisiana vi mn nc qui nh l 38 feet. Tu n khu vc th neo d hng ngy 28 thng 7 nm 1983, sau khi d 43.000 tn du th xung s lan Freeport Chief, m ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1983 tu tip tc hnh trnh n Capline Terminal. Sng ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1983 tu phi th neo ti Dockside Anchorage theo lnh cm qua li ca Cnh st bin Hoa K do c mt tu khc b mc cn trong knh o gn Beltmont Crossing. Sng ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1983 tu tip tc i n Capline Terminal nhng mt ln na b buc phi dng li v cc lnh cm Beltmont Crossing do cng nguyn nhn nu trn. Cui cng tu n Capline Terminal ngy 1 thng 8 nm 1983, bt u d 68.500 tn du th cn li trn tu t 23h30 cng ngy. Vic d hng hon thnh vo 14h05 ngy 3 thng 8 nm 1983 v tu ri bn lc 22 h30 ngy 3 thng 8 nm 1983 sau khi bm nc dn tu. Nguyn n yu cu B n tr 53.250 USD tin bi thng do tu b lu gi qu thi hn (thi gian gia hn d hng) cn B n th cho rng B n khng chu bt k trch nhim g cho thi gian d hng chm ny. Tranh chp xoay quanh cu hi khong thi gian tu b chm li trn ng n ni d hng v thi gian tu bm nc
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 St James c c tnh vo thi gian d hng chm hay khng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Cc bn u ng rng khong thi gian qui nh cho vic d hng ht khi tu khu th neo d hng xung s lan, v t sau l thi gian gia hn d hng ca tu. Nguyn n cho rng ton b thi gian sau cho n khi tu hon thnh vic d hng ti Capline Terminal, bao gm c thi gian tu di chuyn t khu th neo d hng xung s lan n ni d hng cui cng, phi c tnh l thi gian gia hn d hng. Lp lun m Nguyn n a ra l trong trng hp ny hc thuyt mt khi b pht v d hng chm th mi khong thi gian sau u c tnh vo thi gian d hng chm (once on demurrage always on demurrage) phi c p dng v y khng h c mt loi tr r rng no trong vic tnh thi hn d hng. Nguyn n cho rng cc qui nh ti iu khon s 6, iu khon v Thng bo Sn sng ch cho php c cc loi tr i vi thi gian d hng tho thun ch khng p dng i vi thi gian gia hn d hng. Trong khi B n lp lun rng mc d cu cui cng ca iu khon s 6 trong Hp ng ch qui nh cc trng hp loi tr trong vic tnh thi gian d hng nhng vic a vo Hp ng thu tu iu khon Arco - Lng hng (Arco Lighterage Clause) m rng phm vi p dng cc loi tr ny cho vic tnh ton thi gian d hng v/hoc thi gian gia hn d hng trong trng hp trc khi d hng chnh thc c thc hin vic d hng xung s lan cho nh bt tu. iu khon Arco- Lng hng qui nh thi gian tu di chuyn khng c tnh vo thi gian d hng hay thi gian gia hn d hng (nu c gia hn thi gian d hng). V phn tranh chp lin quan ti thi gian tu bm nc dn tu, Nguyn n bc b lp lun ca B n cho rng tu khng c kh nng duy tr lan can tu mc 100psi hoc khng c kh nng d ton b s hng trong vng 24 ting. Nguyn n cho rng ct cu cng khng kh nng p ng yu cu ca tu. B n tr i 22 gi 11 pht trong khong thi gian gia hn d hng do tu khng bo m c kh nng v nc dn tu. Bo co cho thy trn thc t tu mt tng cng 55 gi 45 pht d hng khu th neo v ti bn cui v trong thi gian d hng Capline Terminal, p lc bm ca tu cha bao gi vt qu 70psi v thng l mc thp hn. kin ca a s trng ti vin cho rng yu cu ca Nguyn n v tin bi thng thi gian gia hn d hng l khng th chp nhn c. U ban trng ti kt lun thi gian tu di chuyn khng c tnh vo thi gian dng d hng ngay c khi tu ang trong thi gian gia hn d hng. U ban trng ti nhn mnh rng thi gian di chuyn tu khng th c tnh vo thi gian d hng cng nh thi gian gia hn d hng v hot ng d hng xung s lan trong v vic ny l mt phn v c lin quan trc tip n vic tu gh vo St James theo cc ch th v d hng ca B n. Nhng cn tr khin tu b chm tr khi di chuyn t khu th neo n ni d hng chnh thc l mt s kin nht thi, khng th d tnh trc v c sa cha nhanh chng.
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U ban trng ti cho rng khng th chng minh c l B n khng n nh mt a im d hng an ton v c th ra vo c, mc d n c a im ny tu cng gp phi mt vi kh khn. R rng l tu d hng xung s lan vi s nhn thc y l sau tu phi tip tc n St James d hng ti Capline. Do , khi B n a ra cc yu cu v d hng ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1983, ni d hng Capline hon ton c th ra vo c v lc khng c con tu no b mc cn Belmont Crossing. V khiu ni ca B n rng tu khng p ng bo m nc dn tu theo hp ng vn chuyn, U ban trng ti cho rng Nguyn n c trch nhim phi chng minh rng tu t c mc 100 psi ti lan can. Thc t Nguyn n khng chng minh c iu ny. T cc lp lun nu trn, U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng do tu b lu gi qu hn. kin bo lu Mt thnh vin ca U ban trng ti c kin bo lu cho rng: Hc thuyt mt khi b pht v d hng chm th mi khong thi gian sau u c tnh vo thi gian d hng chm" c p dng rt rng ri v n rt c ngha trong thng mi. Cc khu tr i vi thi gian gia hn d hng ch c th thc hin khi c nu r trong hp ng vn chuyn v v trong v vic ny, i tng khu tr duy nht c th c chp nhn, tc khong thi gian t khi d hng xung s lan cho n khi n cng d hng theo qui nh, khng c qui nh trong hp ng nn lp lun ca Nguyn n l c th chp nhn c. Theo trng ti vin ny, trong v vic ny thm ch cng khng cn phi da trn hc thuyt ny m ch cn da trn cc chng c m B n trnh cng c th bc b lp lun ca B n. Trng ti vin ny cho rng quyt nh ca B n ch dn tu i vo Capline vi mn nc 38 feet l mt vi phm i vi iu khon Arco - Lng hng v do B n phi chu trch nhim cho nhng tr hon trn ng i. Theo trng ti vin ny th U ban trng ti ng l phi thy rng B n c ngha v gim mc mn nc qui nh tu c th cp cng St James hoc phi ch nh mt cng v a im d hng khc m tu c th cp vo vi mc mn nc ca mnh. V thi gian bm nc dn tu, trng ti vin ny hon ton khng ng vi quan im cho rng vic bo m kh nng ca tu l mt bo m thc hin tuyt i v theo ng th bo m ny khng bao gi p dng cho vic vn chuyn ng bin lin hp v d hng ti a im la chn. Theo trng ti vin ny Nguyn n phi c hng tin bi thng cho thi gian gia hn d hng l 87.175 USD. Bnh lun v lu : Hc thuyt mt khi b pht v bc, d hng chm th lun lun b pht, khng
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c min tr l mt hc thuyt rt ph bin trong lut hng hi Anh - M, nht l khi p dng trong cc hp ng thu tu chuyn. Lut Anh- M cho rng mt khi b pht c ngha l ngi thu vi phm hp ng thu tu v khi vi phm hp ng ri th khng c hng min tr na. iu ny phi c cn nhc k lng khi chp nhn ngun lut p dng cho hp ng thu tu, c bit trong cc hp ng nhp khu hng ri theo iu kin CIF hoc CFR, tc l mt loi hp ng mua bn m khu thu tu do ngi bn m nhn. Ngi bn rt d chp nhn lut Anh p dng cho hp ng thu tu - hp ng m ngi mua khng kim sot c v INCOTERMS 2000 qui nh ngi bn khng c ngha v phi cung cp mt bn hp ng thu tu cho ngi mua nh trong INCOTERMS 1990. Ngi mua Vit Nam cn lu vn ny khi k kt hp ng nhp khu CIF hay CFR.

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PHN QUYT S 31 TRANH CHP V THI GIAN I CU BN Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ch tu B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty thu tu

Thi gian ch i cu bn Cu bn cha sn sng Ri ro hng hi

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n v B n k kt mt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin. Nguyn n c ngha v ch hng n Le Havre. Ngy 29 thng 7 tu n ni nhng phi th neo lc 13h 42 pha ngoi cng do nc rng. Vo thi im cu cng cng khng trong tnh trng sn sng do ang c mt tu khc ti cu cng. Tu phi i mc nc triu cng tip theo. Cc bn ng rng trong mi trng hp, ngay c khi cu cng khng bn, th tu cng khng th vo cng trc 20h30, tc l 6 gi 48 pht k t khi th neo do phi i triu cng. Thc t th mi n 19h00 ngy 4 thng 8 cu cng mi trng, nhng phi n 23h54 cng ngy khi c triu cng tu mi nh neo vo cu. Tranh chp lin quan n khong thi gian 6 gi 48 pht m tu phi ch vo cu cng. Nguyn n cho rng thi gian ch i bt u t khi tu n ni th neo do B n phi chu trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho khong thi gian ny. Trong khi , B n cho rng vic ch i l do nc rng nn tu khng th tip cn cu cng, v vy B n khng phi chu bt k trch nhim g. Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti ra phn quyt chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n v trch dn li l do trong Phn quyt s 371 ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980 ca Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris: "Ch tu ch phi chu mi ri ro lin quan n vic di chuyn thc t ca tu pht sinh khi cu cng ni tu phi cp trong tnh trng sn sng Theo quan im ca B n, ch tu phi chu trch nhim cho c hai ln tu
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khng th vo cu cng do iu kin nc rng. Ln th nht l khi tu mi n v v mt l thuyt, tu khng th cp cu cng c ngay c nu lc cu cng tnh trng sn sng. Ln th hai l khi cu cng sn sng nhng tu vn khng vo c cu cng. U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n vi l do khng th bt ch tu chu trch nhim hai ln ni trn khi nhng ri ro l hu qu trc tip ca vic B n khng thc hin ngha v bo m cu cng trng thi sn sng lm hng khi tu n. Bnh lun v lu : Mt chuyn gia ca Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris bnh lun v vic ny nh sau: y l mt phn quyt c tnh nguyn tc bi cc bn mun s dng cch gii quyt ca U ban trng ti trong v vic ny gii quyt mt s tranh chp khc c tr gi kinh t ln hn. R rng l c th c mt s ri ro khc ngoi thu triu c th khin tu chm tr trong vic cp cu, d l s kin t nhin hay l hu qu ca hnh ng ca con ngi, v c th khin tu b chm khng ch vi gi m cn c th l vi ngy hay vi tun. Mt s kin khc cho rng s l cng bng hn nu nhng ri ro tn ti vt khi tm kim sot ca ch tu sau khi tu n l thuc trch nhim ca ch tu hn l thuc trch nhim ca ngi thu tu khi cu cng sau sn sng lm hng. Tuy vy, quan nim ny vp phi mt tr ngi khng th vt qua l khng ai c quyn xc nh hu qu ca mt lng ln cc ri ro hng hi khi m bn thn tu khng h trc tip ng u vi mt ri ro no. Mt trn gi mnh, sng m hay mt cuc nh cng c th l mt tr ngi khng th vt qua i vi mt s tu nhng li khng phi nh vy i vi nhng tu khc. ng l chnh thuyn trng ch khng phi ai khc l ngi phi quyt nh c i mt vi nhng ri ro hay khng. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l mt tiu ch chnh xc bi quyt nh l mt chuyn cn c t c hay khng li l mt chuyn khc. U ban trng ti c yu cu phi a ra mt nguyn tc chung c th p dng trong mi trng hp. Do U ban trng ti cho rng cn phi khng nh nguyn tc: cc hu qu ca cc ri ro hng hi ch c th c tnh khi chng l nhng s kin thc t v phi c b qua nu ngc li. Khi tu tr thnh tu n (arrived ship) ngha l tu trng thi sn sng lm hng. Nu v mt l do no (tr bt kh khng) m cu cng khng sn sng th tu vn c quyn tnh cc khong thi gian ch i. Trong trng hp ny, khi tu n, cu cng cha sn sng lm hng, do tu c quyn tnh thi gian ch i khng ph thuc vo vic khi bn thn tu c th cp cng hay khng.
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PHN QUYT S 32 TRANH CHP V KH NNG I BIN CA TU Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty thu ch hng Australia B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty vn ti ng bin Trung Quc

Hp ng thu tu chuyn Cc khiu kin v hng ho Kh nng i bin S mn cn hp l

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n, ch hng ng thi l ngi nhn hng, k vi B n, ch s hu tu, hp ng vn chuyn 5.100 MT ct ziricon t Bunbary, Australia n Burnside, Louisiana. Vn n pht hnh ngy 9 thng 2 nm 1982 xc nhn hng ho c chuyn vo hm s 1 tng trn (Hm 1A), hm trn s 2 (Hm 2A) v hm s 4. Khi tu n Burnside ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1982, hng ha trong Hm 1A b h hi. Mt cng ty gim nh kt lun rng nc vo hm ny t np hm tu v t khoang dn tu trn. Bo co gim nh cho thy lng ct ziricon trong hm ny b t nghim trng mt s ch v cc mu ct ly t khoang ny kim tra clorua cho phn ng m tnh. Khoang dn tu tip gip vi Hm 1A cha mt lng nc ngt ly t sng Mississipi trc khi tu n Burnside. i din ca Nguyn n cho bit thy nc trn vo t mt khe nt trn vch ngn pha trc v tip gip vi khoang dn bn sn tu S 1. S hng b h hi Hm 1A c chuyn xung s lan. Tnh s b c 990.881 tn non (1 tn non 907,2kg) b h hi. Sau Nguyn n phi bn s ct ziricon t ny cho mt cng ty vi gi l 99.088 USD, tc 100 USD/1 tn non. Nguyn n yu cu bi thng 45.996 USD tin thit hi theo gi th trng cho s ct b t do B n khng thc hin s mn cn hp l lm cho tu c kh nng i bin. B n th cho rng Nguyn n khng chng minh c cc tn tht m B n phi chu trch nhim v vt nt mi hn trn ngn tip gip l mt n t (latent defect) . Hn na, theo B n, khiu kin i bi thng ny l qu ng v tin bi thng ch gii hn gi bn cng vi tin cc vn chuyn n b (freight landed value) ca s ct ti Burnside.
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Phn quyt ca trng ti: a s trng ti vin cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim i vi cc thit hi pht sinh t s ct b t. Theo Lut vn chuyn hng ho bng ng bin v Qui tc Hagues, Nguyn n cung cp bng chng hp thc v vic B n nhn hng trong tnh trng tt v sau giao hng trong tnh trng b tn tht. Cn lu rng B n pht hnh mt vn n sch ti Burnside v cc chng t ti liu lin quan u cho thy hng ho iu kin hon ton tt khi bc ln tu. V vy, U ban trng ti kt lun hng ho trong Hm 1A b h hi do nc trn t khoang dn tu tip gip. y Nguyn n a ra mt tnh trng thc t (prima facie) v B n c ngha v chng minh rng cc tn tht i vi hng ho khng phi v s bt cn ca B n dn ti tnh trng khng c kh nng i bin m v nhng ri ro ngu nhin. B n cho rng tn tht l do mt n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l v do B n phi c min trch theo iu 4 khon 2 Qui tc Hagues. U ban trng ti xc nh tu ny c ng ti Nam T nm 1962 v c rt t thng tin v vic ng li tu, bo dng hoc sa cha chng minh l c s mn cn hp l trong vic bo m tu c kh nng i bin. Ho n thng 9 nm 1981 ca mt xng sa cha tu ch cho thy y l mt vic sa cha thng thng ch bn thn ho n ny cng nh kim tra phn hng tin hnh gn thi gian ny u khng chng minh c l c bt k mt cuc kim tra chi tit v cc mi hn. U ban trng ti thy rng chng c ca B n khng chng minh B n c min trch do n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l. V s tin bi thng thit hi, U ban trng ti cho rng s hng ho thit hi c tnh l s hng d xung s lan Burnside. im ng lu y l cc n lc ca Nguyn n trong vic gim thiu thit hi. U ban trng ti xc nh rng vic tch ri ct kh v ct t l mt thao tc rt kh khn, hn na loi ct ny c c tnh thm nc rt mnh. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n cng rt c gng trong vic cho bn s hng ny cho cc khch hng khc nhau v s hng b h hi c bn vi gi h. Do , y c th coi l chng c chng minh Nguyn n thc hin y ngha v gim thiu thit hi ca mnh. V cc chng c lin quan n cch thc c s dng tnh ton thit hi, U ban trng ti cho rng trong lut hng hi, Nguyn n c trch nhim chng minh s tin thit hi v cch thc tnh thng thng l khon chnh lch gia gi th trng ca hng ho c vn chuyn an ton n cng ch v gi th trng ca hng ho b h hi. U ban trng ti cng tha nhn rng c th thay th cch thc tnh ton thit hi ny bng mt cch thc khc nu v nhng l do c bit, vic s dng cch thc ny l khng chnh xc hoc khng th thc hin. U ban trng ti cho rng trong trng hp ny khng th xc nh c mt c cu gi no v gi c th thay i theo cung cu vo thi im bn hng trong tng lai v do cch thc la chn logic s l s dng gi tr ca hng khi giao ti cng ch cng vi tt c cc chi ph v tr i gi bn thc t ca s hng nh c nu trong cc tnh ton ca B n.
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 kin bo lu Trong kin bo lu ca mnh, trng ti vin thiu s khng ng vi lp lun ca u ban trng ti rng B n khng chng minh c rng n t ny khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l trong vic lm cho tu c kh nng i bin. Trng ti vin ny nht tr rng Nguyn n ch phi trnh by v thit hi cn ngha v chng minh thit hi khng phi do thiu mn cn thuc v trch nhim ca B n nhng phn i kt lun ca a s trng ti vin cho rng nhng sa cha thc hin vo thng 8 nm 1981 l nhng sa cha chung chung v ng khng cho l ch tu c trch nhim chng minh rng cc mi hn ca mt hm cha c kim tra. Trng ti vin ny cho rng vic yu cu ch tu cung cp mt bng chng kh khn nh vy vi nhng chi tit nh nht v cc mi hn ca cc tm ngn khoang tu nh vy ch da trn nhng cn c rt hn ch v b qua nhng cn nhc thng mi c bn. iu ny th hin mt s cng nhc khi gii quyt vn v khim khuyt n t vn l mt vn tng i n gin v hin nhin. Yu cu mt ch tu cung cp mt chng c nghim nht nh vy khng ch khng cng bng m lm phng hi n t duy c bn trong vn ti hng hi quc t v thch thc nghim trng i vi cc khi nim nn tng v ngha v chng minh vn c thc hin v chp nhn trong ngnh cng nghip ny t nhiu nm nay. Trng ti vin ny cho rng khng mt tu bin no m cc khoang dn tu ca n li c th nghim v cc mi hn c kim tra chi tit vo bt k thi im no gia cc cuc kim tra phn hng d ch tu c thn trng n u chng na. Trng ti vin ny kt lun rng v mt php lut cng nh trong vic k kt cc hp ng thu tu, cc tu khng phi mc nhin chu trch nhim v vic tu khng kh nng i bin sau khi tu ri cng bc hng tr trng hp thiu mn cn hp l trong vic pht hin ra mt n t. Vi quan im cho rng vt nt trong khoang tu l mt n t khng th pht hin c d c s mn cn hp l v rng B n thc hin s mn cn hp l , trng ti vin ny kt lun B n khng phi chu trch nhim i vi cc tn tht v hng ho. Bnh lun v lu : Nu hng ho b h hng khi tu ri cng bc hng th khng nn khiu ni ch tu v li tu khng kh nng i bin v trch nhim bo m kh nng i bin cho tu ch l ngha v ca ch tu trc khi bt u hnh trnh. iu ny c ngha l ch hng phi xem xt xem hng ho b h hng trong lc tu ang trn hnh trnh l do ni t hay n t. Nu l do ni t, tc mt khim khuyt bn trong ca trang thit b trn tu th ch tu kh lng khc t trch nhim. Ngc li nu l do n t (latent defects) th ch tu c min trch nhim v mt khi l n t th vi con mt thng thng v phng tin thng thng kh c th pht hin. Tuy nhin khi pht hin hng b h hng trong hnh trnh cng cn phi lu
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xem h hng l do li g gy ra, nu l li hng vn (navigation mistake) th ch tu c min trch nhim, ngc li nu l li thng mi (v d cht xp ti) th ch tu kh c th khc t trch nhim c.

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PHN QUYT S 33 TRANH CHP DO HNG HO KHNG C CHP NHN TI CNG D HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ch tu B n Cc vn c cp:

: Bn thu tu

Khim khuyt ni t ca hng ho v cc thit hi i vi hng ho Hng ho khng c chp nhn ti cng d hng theo quyt nh ca C quan kim dch do khng t tiu chun Vi phm ngha v chnh, ngha v d hng ca bn thu tu Tin pht do gi tu qu hn

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n k vi B n mt hp ng vn chuyn ht la m dng ri. Khi tu n cng d hng theo qui nh trong hp ng, do cc th tc hnh chnh tu phi d hng chm v vic d hng c thc hin sau khi thi gian gia hn d hng bt u. Tu phi dng vic d hng khi vn cn 2000 tn la m trn tu theo quyt nh ca mt c quan thuc B Y t nc s ti cm tiu th s la m ny v ba l do: trong hng ho c ln g st t tu, hng c cha phostoxin (mt loi thuc tr su c s dng ti nc xut x ca hng ho), hng c ln cc ht c c (c kim) vi s lng vt qu mc cho php. Sau tu b bt gi theo yu cu ca ngi nhn hng, bn cm vn n. Ch tu khng th xin hu lnh bt gi ny v khng c kh nng cung cp bo lnh c tr gi tng ng vi tr gi ca hng ho. 17 thng sau tu mi c th theo quyt nh ca To n cng theo tu khng phi chu trch nhim v tnh trng ca s hng ho ny. Ngi nhn hng khng co quyt nh ny ln To phc thm. Tu vn b cm khng c ri khi cng v l do s la m cn li trn tu thuc v ngi nhn hng. Mi thng sau ch tu v ngi nhn hng t c mt tho thun theo ch tu mua li s la m trn tu v c quyn t do x l s hng ny cn ngi nhn hng vn bo lu quyn kin ch tu theo th tc t tng ti To phc thm. Lc ny tu phi thu mt tu ko khc a v quc gia m tu mang c (v cng l ni xut x ca hng ho, mt nc thuc Lin minh Chu u) do khng
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kh nng i bin v chng nhn xp hng ca tu ht hn v do khng c thu th on. Nguyn n kin i tin bi thng do gi tu qu hn (khong ba nm) v cc chi ph khc (nh ph thu tu ko, nhin liu, ph bc d hng,..) v tin bi thng cho thit hi thng mi ca tu (vi tr gi bng tin bi thng mt nm gi tu qu hn). B n yu cu hu hp ng vn chuyn do Nguyn n khng cung cp tu ph hp v c tnh che du tnh trng tu bng cch sn ph ln lp g trn thnh khoang tu, B n coi y l mt vi phm nghim trng i vi hp ng. B n lp lun rng ngha v d hng ca mnh chm dt do c s kin bt kh khng l quyt nh ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn v do tu khng trong t th sn sng (v b bt gi). Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti cho rng g st trn tu l hin nhin i vi mt con tu 22 tui v yu cu hu hp ng vn chuyn do tu khng c kh nng i bin ca B n l khng c cn c v l ra B n phi t chi tu trc khi xp hng, sau khi yu cu bn th ba gim nh tu. Ngoi ra cc chng c cng cho thy bn gim nh khng cn trng khi kim tra tu. U ban trng ti cng bc lp lun ca B n cho rng Nguyn n gian ln khi cho sn ph lp g st trn thnh khoang tu, bi mt vic lm nh vy khng th nh la cc chuyn gia c. Tuy nhin, U ban trng ti cng tuyn b vic B n khng t chi tu khng phi l li hp ng v khng h lm gim ngha v c bn ca Nguyn n l cung cp mt con tu p ng cc iu kin kh nng i bin. U ban trng ti lu rng trong v vic ny, cc bn khng yu cu U ban trng ti xc nh cc thit hi i vi hng ho do tu gy ra (bi y l i tng gii quyt ca mt t tng t php do ngi nhn hng khi kin ra trc to n c thm quyn) v cc khim khuyt ni t ca hng ho (l i tng ca hp ng mua bn vi cc iu khon trng ti ti Phng Trng ti Hng hi Paris). Tuy nhin, U ban trng ti cho rng quyt nh khng cho php d hng ca c quan chc trch khng c coi l mt s kin bt kh khng m n xut pht t hai l do, mt thuc li ca tu v mt thuc v bn thn hng ho. Nguyn n ng l phi bo m tu khng lm h hi hng ho v ngi thu tu ng l phi bo m hng ha khng cha cc thnh phn c hi. T lp lun ny, U ban trng ti quyt nh mi bn phi chu trch nhim mt na i vi cc hu qu ca vic khng c d hng. U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi bi thng cho thi gian d hng qu hn n thi im c quyt nh cm d hng ca nh chc trch theo mc qui nh ti hp ng.
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U ban trng ti nhc li rng tin bi thng cho thi gian d hng qu hn c coi nh phn cc b sung, c so snh nh mt hp ng cho thu khi i tng cho thu khng thuc quyn s dng ca ngi cho thu. V vy B n phi bi thng cho thi gian tu b bt gi vi mc bi thng thp bng mt na mc thng thng cho khong thi gian k t khi c quyt nh cm d hng n khi tu mua li s hng ho t ngi nhn hng (hnh ng mua ny lm chm dt vic thc hin hp ng vn chuyn v tt c cc ngha v ca B n lin quan n hng ho). Khong thi gian ny c tnh l 890 ngy. Ngoi ra, mc d khng chp nhn lp lun ca B n cho rng mt con tu b bt gi th khng cn thuc quyn s dng ca ngi thu tu, U ban trng ti cho rng khong thi gian bt gi qu di trong trng hp ny (hn 500 ngy) l kt qu ca vic ch tu khng c kh nng ti chnh bo lnh cho hng ho m v nguyn tc khi nhn hng tu phi chu trch nhim i vi s hng . U ban trng ti kt lun rng khong thi gian tm gi ny c nguyn nhn trc tip mt phn t li ca Nguyn n, v vy khon tin bi thng cho thi gian gi tu qu hn phi gim tng ng nh gii quyt trn. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v chi ph khc vi l do tin bi thng cho thi gian gia hn d hng v tin bi thng do gi tu qu lu bao gm cc chi ph ph ny.

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PHN QUYT S 34 TRANH CHP V VIC HU HP NG VN CHUYN DO KHNG XP HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ch tu Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi thu tu Hng Kng

Bc hng chm hay khng thc hin ngha v bc hng Hu hp ng

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n k kt vi B n mt hp ng ch 5.200 tn g trn t Rangoon, Burma n Huangpu, Trung Quc. B n cam kt tr khon 140.000 USD cc vn chuyn cho ngn hng do Nguyn n ch nh trong vng ba ngy lm vic k t khi hon thnh vic xp hng ln tu v k vo vn n. Tu phi n cng bc hng v phi tnh trng sn sng xp hng vo khong thi gian gia ngy 5 thng 2 v ngy 15 thng 2 nm 1992. Nguyn n a tu n Rangoon th su ngy 12 thng 2 nm 1992 v gi Thng bo sn sng bc hng vo hi 17h10 cng ngy. Nh vy theo cc qui nh v thi gian bc hng trong hp ng th thi gian bc hng s bt u tnh t 13 h00 ngy th by. Nhng Nguyn n khng h nhn c tn hiu g v vic giao hng t pha B n. Nguyn n lin tc lin h vi B n thng qua ngi mi gii thu tu xc nh xem hng ho sn sng cha v v B n khng tr li nn Nguyn n phi xc minh iu ny qua cng Rangoon thng qua i l ca mnh. Sau khi xc minh Nguyn n bit c rng B n khng th bc s hng ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn v B n ang gp kh khn ln trong vic p ng cc yu cu v giy t th tc theo cc qui ch v xut khu g. Trc s im lng ca B n, Nguyn n i cho n ht thi hn bc hng v ngy 27 thng 2 nm 1992 Nguyn n gi mt telex cho B n thng bo rng nu Nguyn n khng nhn c tr li ca B n xc nhn s bc hng ln tu trong ngy hm th Nguyn n s coi l B n khng th bc hng, t chi hp ng gia hai bn v do vi phm hp ng v Nguyn n s iu tu i ni khc. B n vn khng tr li v ngy hm sau Nguyn n gi mt telex khng nh Nguyn n coi hnh vi ca B n l vi phm hp ng v tuyn b Nguyn n c quyn t do iu tu i ni khc. Thc t ngy 12 thng 3 nm 1992 Nguyn n k mt hp
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ng ch phn ur t Lhokseumawe, Indonesia n Tp H Ch Minh. Nguyn n i 72.354 USD tin bi thng gm 140.000 USD cc khng tr i cc chi ph phi chi khi hng khon cc cng vi tin bi thng do gi tu qu hn l 7.000 USD ti cng bc hng Rangoon tnh n ngy chm dt hp ng. B n ph nhn vic mnh vi phm hp ng v lp lun rng trn thc t chnh Nguyn n mi l ngi ph v hp ng bng vic iu tu i ni khc trong khi B n cha bao gi tuyn b s khng thc hin hp ng. B n kin li i bi thng thit hi bao gm tin cc thc t phi chi tr vn chuyn s hng ghi trong hp ng n min nam Trung Quc vo khong gia cc thng 4 v thng 10 nm 1992. Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti so snh v vic ny vi v vic gy xn xao d lun c tn Jupiter vo nhng nm 60 trong nh khai thc du c tn Jupiter k hp ng thu rt nhiu tu ch du nhng li khng pht lnh bc hng ngoi tr i vi cc tu u bn ngoi cc cng du trong Vnh Persic. Cc ch tu phi chn la hoc a tu i ni khc v chu mi ri ro hoc l ch i khng bit n bao gi. Cui cng ngi ta khng bao gi cn thy Jupiter xut hin na v nhng ch tu phi chu thit hi do s cn trng qu mc ca mnh. U ban trng ti cho rng trn thc t Nguyn n khng c quyn hiu s im lng ca B n l s t chi thc hin hp ng v do cc thng bo do Nguyn n gi ngy 28 v 29 thng 2 l khng c hiu lc. Tuy nhin U ban trng ti cng cho rng cho n ngy 29 thng 2, khi Nguyn n coi hp ng vn chuyn l chm dt, B n hon ton khng cn kh nng kim hng ho v bc hng ln tu trc khi vic tr hon ca B n ph v quan h hp ng vn chuyn. Trn c s cc chng c trnh ra trc U ban trng ti, B n khng th chng minh kh nng thc hin hp ng, tc l bc hng ln tu trc khi vic tr hon tr thnh mt vi phm nghim trng i vi hp ng, c th n tn thng 10 nm 1992 B n vn cn tip tc bc hng ln cc tu v B n khng a ra c bng chng no chng minh lp lun rng trc h c gng kim tu bc hng. Hn na B n cng khng chng minh c rng mnh c y cc ti liu v giy php xut khu theo lut Burma ti thi im bc hng theo hp ng vn chuyn vi Nguyn n c th bc hng ln tu. Do , U ban trng ti chp thun yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi v tin pht do gi tu qu lu trc khi hp ng vn chuyn b chm dt. Bnh lun v lu : Trong nhng trng hp tng t ch tu cn phi tuyn b rng buc ngi thu rng mi s im lng ca ngi thu c gi tr tng t nh l mt s xc nhn rng ngi thu khng c hng v vi phm hp ng, ch trong trng hp ch tu
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mi c quyn iu tu i ch l hng khc v i thit hi thc t pht sinh (chnh lch gia cc thc thu v cc l ra phi thu).

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PHN QUYT S 35 TRANH CHP V NGHA V VN CHUYN TRONG HP NG C&F Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt cng ty B B n : Mt cng ty B l thnh vin ca mt tp on Nht Bn Cc vn c cp:

Bn C&F: Thi im chuyn giao ri ro, Li ca ngi vn chuyn Thit hi: nh gi thit hi, Ngha v gim thiu thit hi Thi im bt u tnh li ng tin trong ti khon v ng tin thanh ton Bn hng xut khu

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n k kt mt hp ng mua ca B n 500 tn thp theo cc iu kin C&F Karachi. Hp ng quy nh bc hng ln tu khi hnh t bt k cng no ca Chu u v theo bt k ng bin no theo la chn ca B n, ngi bn. Tuy nhin, khong mt thng sau khi hp ng c k kt, Nguyn n gi cho B n yu cu ca ngi mua li Pakistan theo hng phi c ch bng tu theo tuyn thng thng n thng Karachi. B n chuyn cc yu cu mi ny n ngi trung gian vn chuyn ca mnh v nu r tuyn ng yu cu: tu ch hng theo tuyn thng thng, i trc tip n Karachi. Khng may l chic tu c ngi trung gian vn chuyn ca B n thu khng ti c Karachi. Chuyn tu ny xut pht t Anvers vi s thp bn cho Nguyn n, dng li Rotterdam vi ngy ri n Dunkerque d khong 12.000 tn ng ch trn tu. Tuy nhin, tu ny khng th ri cng Dunkerque v b cc ch n ca ch tu tch thu bn u gi sau khi tt c hng ho trn tu bao gm c s hng bn cho Nguyn n c d xung v lu kho theo quyt nh ca Chnh n To Thng mi Dunkerque. Do khng nhn c s thp ni trn nn ngi mua Pakistan ca Nguyn n quyt nh hu hp ng vi Nguyn n. Nguyn n thng bo vi B n rng B n phi chu trch nhim cho mi thit hi v tu khng i tuyn trc tip t Anves n Karachi v ni r rng gim thiu thit hi Nguyn n s c gng thu xp vi ngi mua Pakistan. Vic dn xp ny kt thc bng vic Nguyn n bi thng
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cho ngi mua Pakistan. V cng gim thit hi, Nguyn n bn li l hng ni trn vi s chp thun ca B n, B n cng t nguyn mua li 3/5 s hng ny. Nguyn n yu cu U ban trng ti buc B n bi thng ton b thit hi m Nguyn n phi gnh chu, bao gm:

Khon chnh lnh gia gi ca hp ng vi gi m Nguyn n thu c sau khi phi bn li l hng ti Dunkerque, Khon tin bi thng cho ngi mua Pakistan, Cc chi ph chi ti Dunkerque, Cc chi ph vn chuyn hng cho nhng ngi mua mi, Cc chi ph i li n Karachi.

Nguyn n cng yu cu rng nhng thit hi tnh bng -la v Frng Php phi c qui i sang Frng B theo t gi qui i hin hnh vo thi im thanh ton hoc vo ngy Nguyn n phi thc hin cc chi ph do hp ng khng c thc hin. B n bc b yu cu ca Nguyn n v lp lun rng trong cc hp ng mua bn C&F mi ri ro xy ra sau khi bc hng ln tu thuc trch nhim ca ngi mua v hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n khng qui nh B n phi thu mt chuyn tu i thng n Karachi. Hn na, B n cho rng Nguyn n ch c quyn i cc thit hi l khon chnh lch gia gi hp ng v gi bn cho ngi mua Pakistan. B n cng cho rng vic qui i cc khon tin tnh bng -la v Frng Php ch phi thc hin vo thi im thi hnh phn quyt. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic xc nh B n c li hay khng theo cc thng l iu chnh hp ng mua bn theo C&F: Cc bn tha nhn rng khi mua bn theo C&F ngha v ca ngi bn cng ging nh cc ngha v ca ngi bn trong hp ng mua bn CIF v ch khc mt im l ngi bn khng c ngha v bo him cho hng ho. C th hn, ngi bn C&F c ngha v vn chuyn hoc nh mt ch th khc vn chuyn hng ho theo cc iu kin vn chuyn tho thun gia ngi bn v ngi mua vi chi ph do ngi bn chu, tuy nhin mi ri ro trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng hi li thuc v trch nhim ca ngi mua tnh t khi xp hng ln tu. Cc hc thuyt cng nh n l u tha nhn rng khi cc bn khng a vo hp ng nhng quy nh c th lin quan n iu kin vn chuyn th ngi bn c ngha v vn chuyn hng ho theo cc iu kin theo thng l ti cng xp hng trn tu c cht lng ph hp vi tnh cht ca hng ho . Php lut cng cho php cc bn tho thun v cc yu cu c th khc lin quan
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n cch thc v iu kin vn chuyn m ngi bn c ngha v tun th. Theo Nguyn n th hai bn tho thun thng qua cc sa i i vi hp ng rng bn bn phi thu tu theo chuyn thng thng i thng ti Karachi. Bn bn khng thc hin ngha v ny, gy ra vic d hng v cc thit hi lin quan. B n li lp lun ngc li rng B n thc hin chnh xc cc ngha v ca ngi bn trong hp ng C&F v khng h vi phm hp ng. Th nht, hp ng cha h c sa i bi mt tho thun chung no v nhng hng dn m Nguyn n a ra sau v vic tu phi i theo tuyn thng thng v n thng Karachi ch l mt mong mun m B n s c gng thc hin nhng vic khng thc hin c mong mun ny th cng khng th coi l mt s vi phm hp ng. Th hai, ngay c khi y l mt ngha v bt buc th B n cng hon thnh ngha v ny thng qua vic chuyn cho i l vn chuyn u thc ca mnh nhng hng dn ca Nguyn n v yu cu phi k hp ng vn chuyn hng ha vi tu chuyn thng thng i thng ti Karachi. Cui cng B n lp lun rng thng qua vic chp nhn khng bo lu cc giy t v nht l s cng nhn ca mnh, Nguyn n chp nhn vic thc hin cc ngha v ca bn bn theo cc nguyn tc ca mua bn C&F, nhng ri ro xy ra sau khi xp hng, m c bit l vic ngi vn chuyn khng thc hin ngha v m anh ta phi tun th thuc v trch nhim ca bn mua. Nh vy iu quan trng l phi xc nh xem B n trn thc t chp nhn thc s cc sa i i vi hp ng ban u hay cha. T cc yu t c trong h s v c bit l cc thut ng m Nguyn n s dng hng ho phi c xp trong telex ngy .... cng nh cc thut ng m B n s dng trong telex gi ngi trung gian vn chuyn: tuyn ng yu cu, cng nh yu cu gii thch m ngi trung gian vn chuyn gi cho B n ngy... rng tu khng thc hin hnh trnh thng Anvers/Karachi nh tho thun, c th kt lun rng bn bn v bn mua tho thun vi nhau sa i hp ng ban u v qui nh thm hai iu kin i vi vic vn chuyn hng ho, vic ny c bn bn chp thun nn bn bn c trch nhim thc hin. Cc kt qu ca chuyn gia cng nh cc ti liu trong h s chng minh mt cch r rng l tu khng phi l tu theo tuyn thng thng. Hn na sau khi ri Anvers tu dng li Rotterdam v Dunkerque... V vn ny, khng mt yu t tm l no c th khng nh rng trong suy ngh ca ngi vn chuyn, hng dn i thng ti Karachi n gin ch c ngha l hng ho khng c bc sang tu khc trc khi tu n Karachi. y cng khng th l cch hiu ca cc bn v trong trng hp c th ny cc bn cng c mt quy nh cm chuyn hng qua tu khc trong hp ng. Trn thc t ngi vn chuyn m B n k hp ng vn chuyn thng qua ngi trung gian vn chuyn ca mnh khng khai thc tuyn thng thng v cng
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khng i thng ti Karachi nh anh ta tho thun. Vn th hai cn xc nh y l ngi bn C&F c phi chu trch nhim v vic ny trc ngi mua hay khng. ng l trong hp ng mua bn C&F ri ro c chuyn cho ngi mua k t khi hng ho c xp ln tu v k t thi im ngi mua phi chu nhng hu qu thit hi do li ca ngi vn chuyn khi thc hin hp ng vn chuyn hng ho ng nh lp lun ca B n. Tuy nhin vic ny s khc nu thit hi l hu qu t li vi phm hp ng ca bn bn, c bit l khi bn bn khng thc hin ngha v cn trng v cn mn thch ng i vi bn mua khi k kt hp ng vn chuyn. B n khng th t chi trch nhim bng cch lp lun rng mnh lin h vi mt nh trung gian chuyn nghip c uy tn. Hn na, khng th ph nhn rng ngi bn C&F, B n, phi chu trch nhim khng ch cho chnh hnh vi ca mnh m cn phi chu trch nhim cho hnh vi ca ngi trung gian vn chuyn m B n u quyn k hp ng vn chuyn hng ho. T cc hon cnh thc t c th thy B n khng thc hin ng cc ngha v cam kt. V phn ngi trung gian vn chuyn, U ban trng ti khng c bt k thng tin g v cc bc m ch th ny thc hin k kt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho vi tu theo tuyn thng thng i thng ti Karachi v cng khng c chi tit no th hin l khi k kt hp ng vi ngi vn chuyn, ngi trung gian vn chuyn a vo hp ng yu cu tu theo tuyn thng thng v i thng ti Karachi v rng ngi trung gian vn chuyn gim st vic thc hin cc iu kin ny, trong khi ngi bn C&F c ngha v, v do ngi trung gian vn chuyn cng c ngha v, thc hin cc bo m cn thit hon thnh cc ngha v cam kt. U ban trng ti cng bc lp lun ca B n lin quan vic Nguyn n chp nhn cc ti liu m khng c bt k bo lu no. R rng l Nguyn n ch chp thun nhng g c ghi trong cc ti liu , nhng tri vi thc t, trong cc ti liu ny li ghi y l tu theo tuyn thng thng v i thng ti Karachi. T cc phn tch trn y, U ban trng ti kt lun rng B n phi bi thng cc thit hi m Nguyn n phi chu do hnh trnh b gin on v hng ho khng c vn chuyn n Karachi. 2. Tnh ton thit hi: Theo B n th khon thit hi m Nguyn n c th c bi thng ch hn ch khon chnh lch gia gi m Nguyn n tr cho B n (457.000USD) v gi m Nguyn n bn li hng ho cho ngi mua Pakistan (461.866,02USD) tc l 4.866,02USD, nhng phn thit hi khc m Nguyn n yu cu xut pht t mt nguyn nhn khc vi nguyn nhn c vin dn.
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Lp lun ny ca B n l khng th chp nhn c. Do khng tn trng cc qui nh ca hp ng v c li trong vic hng ho phi chu nhng ri ro m bn mua c trnh, p dng cc iu 1150 v 1151 B lut Dn s, bn bn phi chu ton b cc thit hi c th lng trc l hu qu trc tip v ngay tc th ca vic khng thc hin hp ng. Trong cc hon cnh c th ca trng hp ny, c tnh n cc yu cu ca bn mua v tuyn ng trc tip ca hng ho, nhng thit hi c th lng trc l hu qu trc tip v ngay tc th ca vic khng thc hin hp ng khng ch bao gm thit hi li nhun b mt do khng chuyn c hng ho n ngi mua Pakistan, m cn bao gm c cc thit hi t vic Nguyn n phi bi thng cho cc chi ph m ngi mua Pakistan phi b ra v ch v t vic hng ha buc phi bc d ti Dunkerque cng nh nhng gim gi m Nguyn n phi thc hin ra khi bn li l hng vi s chp thun ca B n trnh tng thit hi. Nguyn n i trc tin l khon chnh lch gia gi m ng l Nguyn n bn cho khch hng Pakistan v gi thc t bn li ti Dunkerque cng vi cc gim gi. Yu cu ny l chnh ng v cc l do trnh by trn. Tuy nhin t cc ti liu trong h s cho thy gi m Nguyn n bn cho ngi mua Pakistan khng n 461.866,02 USD m l 459.015,67 USD v Nguyn n chp nhn gim gi 2.850,35 USD. Gi bn ti Dunkerque l 340.867,03 USD. V vy khon thit hi trong phn ny l 118.148,64 USD. V thit hi m Nguyn n phi bi thng cho ngi mua Pakistan sau khi tho thun ho hu, thit hi ny bao gm tin li trn s tin m th tn dng tr tin hng tnh trong khong thi gian t ngy 4 thng 7 nm 1985 n ngy 1 thng 10 nm 1985, tc l 23.892,19 USD v cc chi ph m ngi mua Pakistan phi b ra hon thin cc giy t tn dng, ph xin cp php nhp khu, ph bo him v tin li trn tng s ph ni trn, tc l 21.225,54 USD. Tng s thit hi l 45.117,73 USD l hon ton chnh ng. Nguyn n cng c l khi yu cu hon tr cc chi ph m Nguyn n phi thc hin c mt i din n Karachi dn xp cc yu sch ca ngi mua Pakistan, tc l 93.378 Frng B. Cc chi ph Dunkerque cng hon ton chnh ng, bao gm cc chi ph tr cho c quan tm gi hng ho thc hin vic d hng v bn u gi v cc chi ph khc lin quan vi tng s l 122.340,16 Frng Php, cng nh cc chi ph chuyn hng ho cho nhng ngi mua mi l 50.414,17 Frng Php v 186.668 Frng B. V ngy qui i cc thit hi tnh bng ng Frng Php v -la sang ng Frng B, U ban trng ti cng gii quyt tng t nh trn. Tnh cht ca vic bi thng thit hi cho vic khng thc hin hp ng l
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Nguyn n phi c a v tnh trng m Nguyn n ng l s trong tnh trng nu B n thc hin ng cc ngha v m mnh cam kt. t c mc tiu ny khng th qui i sang ng Frng B cc ngoi t theo t l qui i vo ngy k kt hp ng v cng khng phi l vo ngy B n thanh ton cho Nguyn n cc khon bi thng thit hi. Ngc li cn qui i theo t l qui i p dng vo ngy m Nguyn n, cng ty B, chu cc thit hi m B n phi bi thng. Nhng khon tin li trn s tin bi thng thit hi m Nguyn n c hng s do B n chu tnh t ngy 21 thng 10 nm 1985, ngy m Nguyn n yu cu B n bi thng, tr cc chi ph m Nguyn n thc hin sau ngy ny - tin li trn cc chi ph ny ch c tnh bt u t ngy chi thc t. kin bo lu Mc d cc kt lun trong phn quyt v li ca ngi bn trong hp ng vn chuyn l khng th tranh ci, phn tch trong phn quyt v mi quan h gia cc bn trong hp ng mua bn C&F vn cn vi im khng chnh xc. Nh cc trng ti vin nhn mnh, i vi vic k kt hp ng vn chuyn th cc ngha v ca ngi bn C&F cng ging nh cc ngha v ca ngi bn CIF. Tuy nhin, s l khng chnh xc khi khng nh rng ngi bn C&F c ngha v vn chuyn hoc nh mt ch th khc vn chuyn hng ho theo cc iu kin vn chuyn tho thun gia ngi bn v ngi mua vi chi ph do ngi bn chu, tuy nhin mi ri ro trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng hi li thuc v trch nhim ca ngi mua tnh t khi xp hng ln tu. ng l trong cc hp ng mua bn C&F v CIF, ngi mua phi chu trch nhim i vi mi ri ro k t thi im xp hng ln tu, nhng ngi bn cng khng c ngha v nh mt ch th khc vn chuyn v cng khng c ngha v t mnh vn chuyn. Thc t th ngha v ca ngi bn trong trng hp ny ch gii hn trong vic k mt hp ng vn chuyn hng ho vi chi ph vn chuyn do ngi bn chu, vi nhng iu kin thng thng, theo tuyn ng thng thng bng mt tu i bin dng thng c s dng chuyn ch loi hng ho l i tng ca hp ng. iu A(2) INCOTERMS qui nh rt r v vic ny. iu 39 Lut Php ngy 3 thng 1 nm 1969 cng phn nh tng t nh vy cc thng l quc t trong lnh vc ny: trong hp ng mua bn CIF, ngi bn c ngha v k hp ng vn chuyn v xp hng ho ln tu cng nh bo m hng ho chng li nhng ri ro trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Nh vy ngi bn coi nh hon thnh cc ngha v ca mnh lin quan n vic vn chuyn k t thi im cc iu kin ca hp ng vn chuyn m ngi ny k kt khng gp s phn khng g t pha ngi mua cng nh khng tri vi cc thng l quc t cng nh nhng qui nh c bit trong hp ng mua bn. Ngc li, nu ngi bn k hp ng vn chuyn vi nhng iu kin bt bnh thng, m vic thc hin hp ng dn ti thit hi cho ngi mua th phi chu trch nhim i vi
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nhng thit hi . Thc t, vic vn chuyn bn thn n khng phi l ngha v ca ngi bn v ngi vn chuyn khng phi l nhn vin ca ngi bn, tri vi nu trong phn quyt khi phn quyt cho rng ngi bn c ngha v vn chuyn hoc nh ngi khc vn chuyn. Tuy nhin U ban trng ti khng hn nhm khi khng nh rng cc hu qu ca vic ngi vn chuyn thc hin khng ng hp ng vn chuyn hng ho... thuc v trch nhim ca ngi mua. Kt lun ny cng ng c trong trng hp ngi vn chuyn thc hin mt ngha v ca ngi mua v li ch ca ngi mua. V cc yu cu ca ngi mua lin quan n vic vn chuyn, c th khng nh rng cc yu cu ny l hon ton hp l. Trn thc t, ng l trong cc hp ng mua bn C&F v CIF, ngi mua ch l mt bn th ba ca hp ng vn chuyn, nhng ngi mua cng khng hon ton th vi cc iu kin ca hp ng vn chuyn v ngi mua l ngi phi chu cc hu qu trc tip ca vic thc hin hp ng vn chuyn v cc ri ro gn lin vi vic vn chuyn . y l l do ti sao trong cc hp ng mua bn C&F v CIF thng qui nh rt c th cc iu kin vn chuyn: tuyn thng thng hay khng, trch nhim ca ngi vn chuyn n u, phng thc vn chuyn v d hng, tc ca tu, kh nng i bin v..v Trong trng hp ny, r rng l ngi bn c li khi k mt hp ng vn chuyn khng tun th tho thun gia hai bn. Tuy nhin li ny khng phi l nguyn nhn gy ra ton b thit hi m ngi mua yu cu c bi thng. C th thy l phn quyt ca cc trng ti vin khng chp nhn quan im ny. Theo lp lun ca cc trng ti vin th nu li ca ngi bn l nguyn nhn gy ra thit hi th n chnh l nguyn nhn duy nht bi, nh U ban trng ti nhn mnh, y l mt thit hi c th d on c v c tnh trc tip. Nhng liu c dm chc l thit hi s khng xy ra trong trng hp cng ty vn ti khai thc tuyn i thng Anvers/Karachi hay khng. Liu tu c th b bt gi khi tu gh cng v l do k thut khng? y l cu hi m ch cc trng ti vin mi c quyn quyt nh. L thuyt v ri ro, c th hin trong cc thng l mua bn quc t v nht l trong INCOTERMS, cng dn n cc kt lun tng t. K t thi im ngi bn C&F hay CIF khng xp hng ln mt con tu p ng cc iu kin yu cu trong hp ng mua bn th ri ro cha c chuyn cho ngi mua. V tin li trn s tin bi thng thit hi: Ngi ta c th ngc nhin ti sao U ban trng ti c th quyt nh cho ngi mua c hng tin li trn s tin bi thng d dng n th. Thc t, thnh nguyn tc, tri vi tin li do qu hn, tin li trn s tin bi thng thit hi ch c tnh nu ngi c ngha v c tnh tr hon vic thanh ton mt cch thiu thin ch gy ra mt thit hi ring r do tr hon (iu 1153 B lut Dn s). Th nhng y r rng l cc trng ti vin khng quan tm nhiu lm n s thiu thin ch ca
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ngi bn. Trong phn quyt ny, mi quan ngi hng u ca cc trng ti vin l lm sao bi thng y cho nn nhn ca mt li hp ng v c xem xt trc tip trn cc tnh tit c yu t kinh t. y thc ra cng l mt cch tip cn hay trong vic xc nh thit hi. Tuy nhin, nu nh cc trng ti vin c cch tip cn nh vy th ti sao khng quyt nh l tin li trn s tin phi bi thng phi c tnh ngay t ngy bt u tn ti khon thit hi phi bi thng. Cng theo nguyn tc ny th khng th tnh s tin li trn s tin bi thng thit hi bt u ngy ra phn quyt, m li phi bt u tnh t khi phi chu thit hi.

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PHN QUYT S 36 TRANH CHP TRONG V TU CH GO Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty thu tu Vit Nam B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty vn ti Singapore

Khng giao hng/lm mt hng iu khon min trch Quyn khi kin trong tranh chp lin quan n hp ng vn chuyn hng ho bn theo iu kin C&F

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 27 thng 11 nm 1997, Nguyn n (mt cng ty Vit Nam) k mt hp ng mua bn vi cng ty Angiri (Ngi mua) theo Nguyn n bn cho Ngi mua 10.000 MT go trng ht di 5% theo iu kin C&F mt cng Angiri do Ngi mua la chn. iu 18 quy nh tr gi mi ln giao hng s ng gp vo vic tr khon n m Chnh ph Vit Nam n Chnh ph Angiri theo mt Tho thun chnh ph nm 1995 gia hai nc ny. Phng thc thanh ton qui nh trong hp ng l Nguyn n trnh cho ngn hng ca mnh (ngn hng Vit Nam) cc chng t chng minh quyn s hu i vi hng ho, sau cc chng t ny c ngn hng Vit Nam chuyn cho ngn hng Angiri, nu Ngi mua khng c phn i g th Nguyn n s c ngn hng Vit Nam thanh ton tin hng theo hp ng mua bn sau khi c tho thun cui cng gia ngn hng Vit Nam v ngn hng Angiri. Thc hin ngha v theo hp ng mua bn ni trn, ngy 5 thng 1 nm 1998 Nguyn n k kt hp ng vn chuyn vi B n (mt cng ty vn ti ng bin Singapore). Thc cht B n khng c tu m phi k mt hp ng thu tu trc vi mt ch s hu tu. Theo cc iu khon ca hp ng vn chuyn, B n phi xp 10.000 MT go ng bao ti mt cu cng an ton thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam, vn chuyn n v d hng ti Oran, Angiri. Hp ng vn chuyn qui nh B n ch phi chu trch nhim i vi cc mt mt hoc thit hi i vi hng ho nu cc mt mt hoc thit hi ny do ch tu hoc ngi qun l khng thc hin s mn cn hp l tu kh nng i bin v bo m tu c trang b y , c nhn lc v c cung cp y nguyn vt liu hoc do hnh vi hoc li ca ch tu hoc ngi qun l ca ch tu. B n khng chu trch nhim i vi cc mt mt hoc thit hi pht sinh t bt k nguyn nhn bt k no khc k c do li ca Thuyn trng hoc on thu th v mt s ngi khc do B n (ch tu) thu ln tu hoc trn b m thng thng ch tu phi chu trch
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nhim cho nhng hnh ng ca h hoc do tnh trng khng kh nng i bin ca tu khi bc hng hoc khi bt u hnh trnh hoc ti bt k thi im no. iu 18 Hp ng vn chuyn quy nh Sau khi hon thnh vic xp hng tu i thng ti Angiri vi tc c tnh kinh t v an ton m khng c php i hng .... iu 22 hp ng ny quy nh 100% cc vn chuyn phi c thanh ton trong vng 5 ngy lm vic ca ngn hng tr i tin hoa hng vn chuyn k t khi Thuyn trng pht hnh vn n . Hp ng qui nh mi tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng vn chuyn s c a ra Trng ti Hng Kng gii quyt theo lut Anh. Tu vo cng thnh ph H Ch Minh ngy 12 thng 1 nm 1998, hon thnh vic xp hng v ri cng ngy 20 thng 1 nm 1998. Vn n dng congenbill do Thuyn trng pht hnh v k ngy 20 thng 1 nm 1998 xc nhn tu xp 10.024 MT go Vit Nam loi trng, ht di. Nguyn n thanh ton 360.864 USD cc vo gia thng 1 nm 1998 trc thi hn qui nh ti hp ng vn chuyn. Thng thng vi chng ng t thnh ph H Ch Minh n Angiri tu phi i mt khong t 3 n 4 tun. Sau hai thng tu vn cha n Angiri, Nguyn n tin hnh iu tra xem tu ang u. Theo cc thng tin m Nguyn n nhn c, tu khng th qu cnh qua Knh Suez do B n khng v/hoc khng kh nng tr cc l ph qui nh ti Knh Suez do c tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng thu tu gia B n v ch s hu tu. Sau mt thi gian bt tin, ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1998 tu n Gibralta, b bt gi y theo yu cu ca ngn hng nhn cm c ca ch tu v b bn vi gi 1.400.000 USD. S hng ho trn tu b d xung trc khi tu n Gibralta nhng cc chi tit v vic d v bn hng khng xc nh c. Cn c vo iu khon trng ti trong hp ng vn chuyn, Nguyn n khi kin i B n bi thng 3.200.000 USD l tr gi s hng theo iu 4 Hp ng mua bn. Nguyn n i B n hon tr 288.820,80 USD l mt phn tin cc vn chuyn. Ngoi ra Nguyn n cn i B n phi chu trch nhim cho mi khiu kin hoc bn n m mt bn th ba tin hnh chng li Nguyn n pht sinh t hoc c lin quan n s mt mt/khng giao hng. Nguyn n cng i bi thng tin li v cc chi ph khc. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V t cch khi kin ca Nguyn n: Trn c s cc chng c do Nguyn n cung cp, Nguyn n l Ngi bn trong hp ng mua bn vi Ngi mua Angiri v l ngi thu tu trong hp ng vn chuyn. Vic thanh ton cho s go theo hp ng mua bn s c thc hin sau khi hng c giao cho ngi mua v tr gi ca l hng s c dng vo vic tr n ca Chnh ph Vit Nam cho Chnh ph Angiri. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh rng Nguyn n vn l ngi gi vn n gc v l ch s hu ca s hng ho ti thi im s hng ny b mt. V vy Nguyn n c quyn kin i thit hi do mt
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hng ho. 2. V trch nhim i vi thit hi: Cc kt qu iu tra do Nguyn n cung cp cho thy s hng ho cha tng c ch n Angiri v giao cho Ngi mua. Theo iu 13 Hp ng vn chuyn, B n c ngha v a tu n thnh ph H Ch Minh, xp hng theo cc iu kin ghi trong hp ng vn chuyn v giao s hng n Oral, Angiri. iu 18 Hp ng qui nh B n c ngha v cho tu i thng ti Angiri khng chm tr hay i hng. Mc d khng c chi tit chnh xc v vic hng ho trn tu b mt nh th no nhng c th kt lun l B n vi phm ngha v theo hp ng vn chuyn, m c th l vi phm iu 13 v iu 18 do khng i n Angiri v giao hng ti y. ng thi, U ban trng ti yu cu Nguyn n gii trnh theo iu 2 Hp ng vn chuyn (qui nh v trch nhim ca bn vn chuyn). Nguyn n tr li bng bn fax ngy 16 thng 11 nm 1999 cho rng B n hon ton khng nhc g n iu 2 Hp ng vn chuyn trong gii trnh ca mnh. Bn sao ca bn fax ny cng c chuyn n B n. Theo iu 2, B n c th c min trch nu chng minh c rng vic mt hng ho khng xut pht t s thiu mn cn hp l lm cho tu c kh nng i bin v bo m tu c trang thit b y , c nhn lc v c cung cp nguyn nhin liu hoc xut pht t hnh vi hoc li c nhn ca B n. U ban trng ti chp nhn lp lun ca Nguyn n cho rng iu 2 ch yu l mt iu khon min trch, ngha v chng minh v quyn hng min trch thuc v B n. c min trch B n phi chng minh l vic mt mt hoc thit hi ca hng ho khng phi do li thiu mn cn cn thit ca B n.... Thc t B n khng trnh bt k chng c no v hon cnh mt hng. Do , U ban trng ti kt lun B n khng c quyn min trch theo iu 2 Hp ng vn chuyn v phi chu trch nhim trc Nguyn n do khng chuyn v giao hng theo cc iu khon ca Hp ng vn chuyn. 3.V thit hi: Nguyn n lp lun trn c s Hp ng vn chuyn rng: Bin php thng thng tnh thit hi do khng giao hng l tr gi ca hng ho ti thi im v a im m ng l hng phi c giao, tr i cc chi ph m ng l Nguyn n phi chi ra c c s hng ti cng ch nhng do hng khng c giao nn Nguyn n khng phi chi. Trong trng hp c th bn c hng ho trn th trng th thit hi s c tnh theo gi tr th trng khng ph thuc vo vic Nguyn n bn hng theo gi th trng thng thng ... hay cao hn gi th trng. Gi ca hng ho m Nguyn n mua hoc bn c th coi l bng chng v gi th trng... V nguyn tc, Nguyn n c ngha v chng minh cc thit hi m mnh
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phi chu v do ngha v a ra chng c v gi th trng lm cn c cho cc thit hi mun c bi thng thuc trch nhim ca Nguyn n. Tuy nhin trong v vic hin ti, gi ca hng ho c im khc bit do s hng ho ny c lin quan n vic tr n ca Chnh ph Vit Nam vi Chnh ph Angiri. T Hp ng mua bn c th kt lun l Nguyn n s c Ngn hng Vit Nam tr 320 USD cho mi tn go c giao Angiri. V vy, U ban trng ti cho rng phng thc tnh thit hi hp l nht l phng thc nu trong iu 4 Hp ng mua bn, tc l 320 USD/MT. S lng hng ho 10.000 MT c chng minh bng vn n ng bin v do , Nguyn n c quyn hng 3.200.000 USD l tr gi s hng ca h. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i hon tr 288.820,80 USD tin cc vn chuyn m Nguyn n tr cho B n v l do gi nu trong Hp ng mua bn bao gm c cc v bo him v do tin bi thng thit hi 3.200.000 USD bao gm tin cc m Nguyn n phi tr. 4.V trch nhim i vi khiu kin ca mt bn th ba: Trong n kin Nguyn n yu cu U ban trng ti tuyn b B n phi chu trch nhim i vi mi khiu kin pht sinh t hoc c lin quan n vic khng giao hng/mt hng m mt bn th ba c th tin hnh chng li Nguyn n. Trong vn bn ngy 8/3/2000, Nguyn n cho rng Nguyn n c th phi chu trch nhim bi thng cho Ngi mua mt khon tin cao hn gi hng 3,2 triu USD do vi phm hp ng mua bn. Tuy nhin khng mt bng chng no c a ra trc U ban trng ti cho thy tng c mt khiu kin nh vy mc d qu hai nm k t khi xy ra vic mt hng. U ban trng ti tha nhn rng v nguyn tc, Nguyn n c quyn bi hon trong trng hp c mt khiu kin c mt bn th ba a ra sau ny chng li Nguyn n, mc d vic Nguyn n c c B n hon tr li nhng khon tin m Nguyn n phi bi thng cho bn th ba hay khng ch c th xc nh khi v nu mt khiu kin nh vy pht sinh. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi bi hon cho Nguyn n mi khon tin m Nguyn n phi bi thng cho mt bn th ba xut pht t vic B n khng giao hng. 5. V tin li: U ban trng ti chp nhn rng Nguyn n c quyn hng tin li trn s thit hi ca mnh. Nu vic vn chuyn din ra sun s tu s n cng ca Angiri khong 4 tun sau khi ri cng bc hng, tc l vo khong ngy 20 thng 2 nm 1998. U ban trng ti cho rng Nguyn n s phi mt thm khong 8 ngy d hng v hon thnh cc giy t cn thit gia Chnh ph Vit Nam v Angiri, do Nguyn n ch c th c tr tin li tnh t ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1998 ch khng phi l t ngy 1 thng 3 nm 1998 nh Nguyn n yu cu. U ban trng ti cho rng li sut 10% m Nguyn n yu cu l cao nn ch chp nhn li sut 9,5% trn s tin hng. U ban trng ti bc yu cu v tin li trn cc chi ph.
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6. Cc chi ph: V khiu kin chnh ca Nguyn n c chp nhn nn Nguyn n c quyn c bi hon cc chi ph bao gm chi ph cho U ban trng ti v cc chi ph cho lut s m Nguyn n b ra theo ui v kin ny.

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PHN QUYT S 37 TRANH CHP V TH LAO TRONG HP NG KHO ST THIT K Cc bn: Nguyn n : Kin trc s ngi M B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty thu thit k Arp X-t

Lut p dng cho tranh chp La chn lut trc tip Lex mercatoria Cc tp qun thng mi

Tm tt v vic: Nm 1976 Nguyn n v B n k kt vi nhau hai tho thun (Tho thun Dch v giai on I v Tho thun Dch v giai on II) theo Nguyn n thc hin cc cng vic chun b cc bn v v cc ti liu xy dng lin quan khc cng nh lin h vi cc nh thu xy dng chnh cho mt d n xy dng Jeddah, Arp X-t. Cc bn tho thun a cc tranh chp c th pht sinh ra trc trng ti ICC ti Geneva gii quyt. Trong cc tho thun ny khng cp g n vic chn lut p dng. Khi tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn v mc ph kho st thit k, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti. B n kin li vi l do mnh phi tr cho Nguyn n mc ph qu cao. Phn quyt ny c tuyn nm 1985 gii quyt vn lut p dng cho tranh chp. Nguyn n th cho rng lut p dng cho tranh chp phi l Lut ca bang Georgia, M bi tt c cc cng vic chnh qui nh trong cc tho thun u c thc hin ti bang ny. Nguyn n cng cho rng c th la chn lut ca Thu S, lut ca ni c ch th xt x (lex fori), hay lex mercatoria cng c th c p dng. Cui cng, Nguyn n cn da vo cc qui tc lut quc t tng t qui nh v cc dch v k thut theo nu khng c tho thun ngc li, mi quan h gia cc bn s c iu chnh bi lut ca ni c tr ca k thut vin ch khng phi l lut ni c tr ca ngi thu dch v k thut. B n th li cho rng cn p dng lut ca Arp X-t bi cc ngha v ca Nguyn n c thc hin mt phn ti bang Georgia, mt phn ti Arp X-t, trong khi tt c cc ngha v v pha B n li c thc hin ti Arp X-t. Hn na,
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theo Tho thun Dch v giai on II, tt c cc ngha v ca Nguyn n s c thc hin ti Arp X-t. V cc tp qun thng mi, B n cho rng khng tn ti bt k mt tp qun no qui nh trc tip v cc dch v kin trc do mt kin trc s M cho mt d n ti Arp X-t. Cui cng, B n cho rng c lut Thu S ln lex mercatoria u khng th c p dng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: U ban trng ti quyt nh trong trng hp ny phi p dng lut bang Georgia v cc l do sau y: 1. R rng l cc bn khng la chn lut. 2. Cn c vo chng c c trnh ra trc U ban trng ti th vn lut iu chnh khng h c cc bn bn bc n khi k kt hp ng, v r rng l cc bn cng khng t c mt tho thun ngm hay hiu ngm no v vn ny. Do khng c bt k chng c no v mt tho thun hay mt nh thc t no ca cc bn, U ban trng ti cho rng khng th tuyn b l cc bn chn lut thc cht ca Thu S hay lex mercatoria. U ban trng ti cho rng la chn lut p dng th cn c mt tho thun ca cc bn v vn ny v trong v vic ang xem xt th khng c mt tho thun nh vy. 3. Da vo cc chng c do cc bn trnh ra lin quan n cc dch v m Nguyn n phi cung cp cho B n theo tho thun th r rng l phn ln cc cng vic c thc hin ti bang Georgia. Mt vi chuyn cng tc iu tra thc t v lin h ca cc i din ca B n n Arp X-t khng th lm cho trung tm cng vic chnh c chuyn t bang Georgia sang Arp X-t. U ban trng ti cho rng trng tm v phn cng vic c bn ca Nguyn n (c tr ph l 5.135.997 ng Rial Saudi) c tin hnh v thc hin ti bang Georgia, M. U ban trng ti cho rng trong v vic ny khng nht thit phi xc nh mt qui tc lut xung t c th no xc nh lut p dng cho hp ng bi hu ht cc qui tc lut ny qui nh lut c p dng l lut ca ni tin hnh phn cng vic ch yu, m theo quan im ca U ban trng ti th khng cn g nghi ng rng phn cng vic c bn v ch yu theo tho thun c thc hin ti bang Georgia. U ban trng ti cng lu rng quyt nh p dng lut ca bang Georgia cng ph hp vi cc qui tc lut quc t lin quan n cung cp dch v k thut. U ban trng ti cho rng khng cn phi xem xt trng hp gi nh l lut no s c p dng nu Giai on dch v II c tin hnh. R rng l cc bn c la chn k hai tho thun ring r lin quan n cng vic ca Nguyn n trong d n ny v r rng l Giai on Dch v II cha bt u v t nht l trong t tng trng ti ny cc bn cha h vin dn n s tn ti ca bt k ngha v hay trch nhim no pht sinh t Tho thun Dch v Giai on II. Theo U ban trng ti th khng nht thit l hai tho thun dch v ny phi c iu chnh bi cng mt lut. Do vy, lut iu chnh Tho thun Dch v Giai on II khng th l c s chc chn xc nh lut
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iu chnh Tho thun Dch v giai on I m U ban trng ti ang phi quyt nh. Theo nhiu qui tc xung t lut th vic xc nh lut p dng ch yu da vo cc tnh tit thc t v cng vic c bn theo cc hp ng c thc hin. Trong trng hp c th ny th phn cng vic Giai on Dch v II cha c thc hin, nn U ban trng ti ch cn xem xt cc tnh tit thc t ca v vic ch khng xem xt n phn cng vic trong tng lai, phn s c iu chnh bi mt tho thun ring r khc m cha c thc hin. Bnh lun v lu : Mt hp ng k kt gia cc ch th thuc cc quc gia khc nhau c th c iu chnh bi nhiu h thng php lut khc nhau (v d: lut quc gia ca mi bn k kt, lut ni thc hin hp ng, lut ni c ti sn l i tng ca hp ng, lut ca quc gia c truyn thng lu i v lnh vc , tp qun thng mi trong lnh vc , v..v..). V vy, trnh nhng mu thun c th xy ra lin quan n vn ny, khi giao kt cc hp ng dng ny cc bn nn cng thng nht la chn mt lut p dng cho hp ng. Khi cc bn khng chn lut p dng cho hp ng, nu c tranh chp a ra trng ti th trng ti s l ngi c quyn quyt nh vic ny trn c s xem xt cc hon cnh c th ca v vic. Thng thng, lut p dng s l lut ca quc gia c quan h cht ch nht vi hp ng (v d trong trng hp ny l quc gia ni thc hin phn cng vic ch yu ca hp ng) hay tp qun quc t trong lnh vc lin quan nu khng th xc nh c quc gia c mi lin h cht ch nht vi hp ng.

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PHN QUYT S 38 TRANH CHP V SA I GI TRONG HP NG THU PH XY DNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Nh thu ph Italia B n Cc vn c cp:

: Nh thu chnh Libi

Sa i gi quy nh trong hp ng n phng ngng cng vic cng trng ang xy dng Ngha v hp tc thin ch p dng mi bin php nhm gim thit hi

Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n l mt lin doanh c thnh lp theo lut Italia vi mc ch thc hin cng vic xy dng dn dng ti Libi. B n l mt cng ty c phn hot ng theo lut Libi trong lnh vc xy dng v xy dng dn dng ti Libi. B n c chn thc hin mt s cng vic xy dng cho Ch Cng trnh Libi. Ngy 22 thng 10 nm 1978, mt hp ng thu ph c k gia Nguyn n v B n, theo Nguyn n c thu li mt s cng vic. Cc bn quy nh mt gi khon n nh trong hp ng v gi ca cng trnh s l gi c nh trong sut thi gian thc hin hp ng v khng th b sa i. Hp ng chu s iu chnh ca lut Libi v thi hn thc hin hp ng n nh l 24 thng, thi hn bn giao cng trnh l ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980. Ngay t khi bt u cng vic xy dng gp phi kh khn do c mt vi chm tr v th tc hnh chnh v do c khan him v nguyn vt liu. Sau khi cn nhc cc kh khn ny, B n yu cu Ch cng trnh cho li thi gian bn giao cng trnh li 8 thng so vi d tnh ban u. V B n cng yu cu Ch Cng trnh tng gi cng trnh ln 30%, vi l do l gi g, xi mng v ct tng nhiu k t khi hp ng c k kt. Ti ngy 1 thng 5 nm 1980, ch khong 10% tng gi tr cng vic c hon thnh, iu ny chng t cng vic gp phi rt nhiu kh khn. Cc bn gp i din ca Ch cng trnh nhiu ln tm ra gii php gii quyt nhng kh khn lin quan n vic hon thnh cng trnh. V cui cng Nguyn n v B n k kt mt vn bn sa i i vi hp ng thu ph vo ngy 28 thng 10 nm 1980, vi cc iu khon sa i c bn nh sau:
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Thi hn bn giao cng trnh c di ti ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1982, tc l 20 thng k t ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1980; B n chp nhn v nguyn tc sa i gi ca hp ng, vi iu kin l c s ng ca Ch Cng trnh; B n chp nhn to iu kin v ti chnh cho Nguyn n c th tip tc cng vic.

Trong tho thun khc c k cng ngy, B n cam kt a ra mt tr li chnh thc trong vng hai thng v vic tng gi hp ng, vn m cc bn tha thun c vi nhau v mt nguyn tc. Thc t n tn nm 1981 vic sa i gi ny vn khng c thc hin. Do Nguyn n c vn bn gi B n nhc li vic sa i gi cng trnh v B n gi ti Ch Cng trnh ngh tng gi hp ng ln 45%. Trong khi , Nguyn n vn tip tc thc hin cng vic. Thng 12 nm 1981, Nguyn n v B n k mt tho thun quyt nh tng gi hp ng v vic thanh ton s c thc hin chm nht vo ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1981. Tha thun ny ko theo mt s sa i khc i vi hp ng vo thng 1 nm 1982. Tuy nhin, B n khng h n nh khon tin sa i l bao nhiu cng nh thanh ton bt c mt khon tin no cho Nguyn n theo nh tho thun v sa i gi ca hp ng v thc t, ch cng trnh cha tng chp nhn sa i gi ca hp ng. Mc d vy, Nguyn n vn tip tc cc hot ng ca mnh ti cng trng v B n tr li rng tnh trng ni trn ch l do quan liu giy t m thi. Thng 7 nm 1982, Nguyn n tin hnh rt nhn lc ca mnh khi cng trng, khng tip tc thc hin cc cng vic trn cng trng ca mnh vi l do B n chm tr trong vic thc hin cc ngha v k kt trong bn sa i hp ng thng 1 nm 1982. n thi im ny, Nguyn n mi ch hon thnh gn 20% gi tr cng trnh. Sau khi c gng ho gii nhng khng c kt qu, thng 7 nm 1983, B n gi cng vn cho Nguyn n thng bo hu b hp ng thu ph do li ca Nguyn n. Sau , Nguyn n trnh ln To n trng ti ICC yu cu gii quyt vic hu b hp ng do li nghim trng ca B n v yu cu i bi thng thit hi m Nguyn n phi chu. Phn quyt ca trng ti: To n trng ti quyt nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp ny l lut Libi, trong trng hp lut Libi khng iu chnh hoc khng y th s p dng lex mercatoria (thng l thng mi) v cc nguyn tc chung. To n trng ti cho rng cc bn thng nht v nhng thay i i vi hp ng sau khi pht sinh nhng kh khn u tin, v vy thy khng cn thit phi xem xt mc thit hi m Nguyn n phi gnh chu, trng ti ch xem xt nhng vn
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sau: Vn th nht cn c xem xt l vic bt ng rt khi cng trng vo thng 6 v 7 nm 1982. Hnh vi ny l mt cn c xc nh li ca Nguyn n trong vic dng thc hin hp ng thu ph, tr khi Nguyn n vin dn c h thc hin hnh vi l do li ca B n. Nguyn n khng nh rng Nguyn n c quyn rt khi cng trng vo thng 6 v 7 v hu b hp ng thu ph v B n khng chp hnh cc ngha v k kt trong cc vn bn sa i v vic tng gi ca hp ng v thanh ton khon tin n. bo cha, mt mt B n lp lun rng vic sa i gi hp ng ch c thc hin vi iu kin l phi c Ch cng trnh chp thun, m thc t Ch cng trnh cha bao gi chp thun, mt khc B n cho rng lut Libi loi tr nguyn tc sa i gi c n nh, v vy bt c tho thun no v vic sa i s khng c hiu lc. V vn th nht, U ban trng ti nhn thy rng ng l tho thun ngy 28 thng 10 nm 1980 th hin s thng nht ca B n v nguyn tc sa i gi ca hp ng c thc hin vi iu kin c s chp thun ca Ch cng trnh, nhng trong cc tho thun sa i sau khng h nhc n iu kin ny. Hn na, trong bn sa i hp ng ngy 14 thng 1 nm 1982 xc nh nguyn tc sa i gi hp ng c nu r rng nguyn tc ny c Ch cng trnh thng qua. Ngoi ra, v hp ng thu chnh gia Ch cng trnh v B n hon ton c lp vi hp ng thu ph gia B n v Nguyn n v trong cc tha thun sa i hp ng B n cam kt tng gi hp ng v iu kin, nht tr thanh ton trong thi hn xc nh nn vic Ch cng trnh c ng vi vic tng gi hay khng cng khng c ngha g. V lun im th hai ca B n, iu 657 Lut dn s Libi loi tr trn nguyn tc vic sa i gi hp ng c n nh, song Mc 4 ca iu ny qui nh v quyn tng gi hoc ngng hp ng khi c nhng s kin khng th lng trc v ngoi l pht sinh sau khi hp ng c k kt. V im ny, U ban trng ti cho rng lut Libi cng ging nh lut quc gia ca c v lut ca Thu S hoc thm ch cng nh lex mercatoria, a ra thuyt v s kin khng lng trc pht sinh v trong nhng trng hp nh vy s p dng nguyn tc cao hn, l nguyn tc thin ch. U ban trng ti cng cho rng lut Libi cng nh lut Thu S v lut c, khng ch quy nh cc bn phi hon thnh ngha v ca mnh ph hp vi nguyn tc thin ch (nh qui nh ti iu 148 Chng 1 Lut dn s Libi), m cn cm lm dng lut (nh qui nh ti iu 5 Lut dn s Libi). Nh vy, tri vi nhng im bo cha ca B n, lut Libi khng cm vic sa i gi c n nh khi c nhng s kin khng lng trc v bt thng xy ra
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v trong nhng trng hp nh vy cho php tng gi hp ng hoc ngng hp ng v l lun ny cng c h thng php lut khc nh lut c v Thu S tha nhn. iu c ngha l sa i gi ca hp ng trong mt thi hn n nh v thanh ton khon tin chnh lch do tng gi l hp php v v vy nhng sa i ny l hon ton c hiu lc. B n cho rng tho thun gia cc bn l khng y v n khng cp yu t quan trng ca hp ng, l khon tng gi ca hp ng. Cn Nguyn n li cho rng nhng khon tng c nu ra trong bc th do B n gi cho Ch cng trnh ngy 4 thng 6 nm 1981 v mt bn sao c gi cho Nguyn n theo B n yu cu ch cng trnh tng 45% gi hp ng. Trng ti cho rng khng cn thit phi xc nh xem bc th ni trn c phi l tho thun gia cc bn v khon gi tng hay khng, bi t cc ti liu a ra trong v kin ny v c bit l thng bo v tng chi ph vt liu, cng vic, vn ti v cc chi ph dch v khc th hon ton c th xc nh khon tng gi mt cch khch quan ch trn c s cc s liu sn c m khng cn quyt nh ch quan ca mt bn no c. Ngoi ra, iu 7 vn bn sa i ngy 4 thng 1 nm 1982 cp n ngha v xc nh khon tng gi ca B n trong thi hn nht nh. y l ngha v phi thc hin trong hp ng. Nh vy, vic khng tin hnh cc bc thch hp xc nh vic tng gi c coi nh l mt s vi phm ngha v t pha B n v do B n phi chu trch nhim v vic ny. T cc phn tch nu trn, U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu i bi thng ca Nguyn n. V khon thit hi, tc khon bi thng cho Nguyn n, khon tin ny s c xc nh theo nguyn tc ti iu 224 Lut dn s Libi. Theo , vic xc nh mc thit hi s cn c vo hon cnh v mc nghim trng ca li ca B n v trong v kin ny r rng rng B n khng thc hin ngha v ca h. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, B n khng c gy thit hi cho Nguyn n m h cn c gng hp tc vi hy vng hon thnh cng vic. Thc t, B n nht tr vi Nguyn n v nhng khon tin ng trc quan trng m khng cn bt c ngha v hp ng no v chnh l bng chng r rng v thi thin ch, v nu c p dng ch ti th s l ch ti khng qu nghim khc. T xem xt cc yu t ni trn, u ban trng ti xc nh khon tin hp l m B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n.

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PHN QUYT S 39 TRANH CHP DO KHNG THC HIN NGHA V TRONG HP NG XY DNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Nh thu an Mch B n Cc vn c cp:

: Nh thu li Ai Cp

Ni tin hnh t tng trng ti Trt t cng cng Cc ni dung ca iu khon trng ti Cc qu trnh t tng tin hnh song song Tr hon thc hin hp ng Chm dt hp ng Tnh ton cc thit hi Ngi thu t mnh hon thnh nt cng vic Sa i n kin Li sut

Tm tt v vic: Ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1983 Nguyn n k hp ng vi ch d n ngi Ai Cp xy dng mt l m gia sc Ai Cp. Ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983, Nguyn n k hp ng thu li vi B n, mt cng ty Ai Cp khc. Hp ng ny, sau c sa i, c cha mt iu khon trng ti. Cng ty Ai Cp tho thun s xy mi khu nh v cc cng trnh ph khc. Sau khi pht sinh tranh chp v vic B n tr hon thc hin cng vic, vo cui thng 1 nm 1985 Nguyn n thc hin thm phn cng vic ca mnh theo qui nh ti Tho thun sa i ngy 19 thng 9 nm 1984 v hon thnh lun phn cng vic cn d dang ca B n. Theo yu cu ca Nguyn n, thanh tra cht lng lp bo co xc nh mc cng vic c thc hin cho n ngy 31 thng 1 nm 1985. Ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1985 cng ty an Mch khi kin ra trng ti ICC ti Zurich, Thu S i B n bi thng 555.000 EGP (ngy 30 thng 4 nm 1987 khon tin ny c sa i thm 230.097 EGP) v 7.262.997 Dkr. Ngy 10 thng 9 nm 1985 ICC ch nh mt trng ti vin duy nht. Trng ti vin ny xc nh Zurich l
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ni tin hnh t tng trng ti. B n t chi k vo bn Cng nhn thm quyn xt x ca Trng ti vin (Terms of Reference), phn i thm quyn xt x ca trng ti vin v khng chnh thc tham gia t tng. Tuy nhin, trng ti vin nhn c mt s vn th ca ng A v ng B, t xng l c vn php l ca B n. Trng ti vin gii quyt vn thm quyn xt x ng nhin (ex officio) ca chnh mnh v quyt nh rng mnh c thm quyn gii quyt v vic. V ni dung tranh chp, trng ti vin quyt nh rng cng ty an Mch c quyn hng th lao cho phn cng vic m cng ty ny thc hin mt cch ng n. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V thm quyn xt x ca trng ti: V Zurich l ni tin hnh t tng trng ti nn qu trnh t tng c iu chnh bi Qui tc t tng ICC v Qui tc t tng dn s Thy S. Cc qui nh trong Qui tc t tng dn s Thy S lin quan n trng ti c sa i ngy 1 thng 7 nm 1985 (thay th Qui tc Zurich trc y bng Giao c lin vng Thy S v t tng trng ti). Tuy nhin, v v vic ny c bt u trc ngy 1 thng 7 nm 1985 nn qu trnh t tng ca n vn do Qui tc Zurich trc y iu chnh. iu ny c ngha c bit quan trng bi theo lut c th v mt hnh thc trng ti vin phi ra mt phn quyt ring v thm quyn xt x vi rt nhiu hnh thc khng co, khc vi qui nh v khng co i vi phn quyt v ni dung tranh chp. Theo iu 241 Qui tc t tng dn s Zurich v iu 8(3) Qui tc t tng ICC, trng ti vin c quyn t quyt nh v thm quyn xt x ca mnh4. iu khon trng ti m Nguyn n vin dn c nu trong iu 14 Tho thun gia cc bn ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 qui nh nh sau: Mi tranh chp hay mu thun khng th gii quyt mt cch ho hu gia cc bn phi c gii quyt v xc nh bi trng ti theo Qui tc Ho gii v Trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, Zurich, Thy S ph hp vi Lut ca vng Zurich, Thy S. T bn thn iu khon ny cng c im khng chnh xc khi qui nh Phng Thng mi Quc t, Zurich, Thy S: Phng Thng mi Quc t c tr s Paris v khng c Phng Thng mi Quc t no Thu S.
4

iu 241 Qui tc t tng dn s Zurich ngy 13/6/1976 qui nh: "U ban trng ti c quyn quyt nh v thm quyn xt x ca chnh mnh theo Phn III thm ch ngay c khi c phn i v gi tr php l ca tho thun trng ti". iu 8(3) Qui tc t tng ICC 1975 qui nh: "Nu mt trong cc bn c mt hoc nhiu khiu ni v s tn ti hay gi tr php l ca tho thun trng ti, v nu U ban trng ti cho rng s tn ti ca tho thun ny l ng nhin, U ban trng ti c th quyt nh vn tip tc tin hnh t tng m khng lm phng hi n tnh c th chp nhn c cng nh ni dung ca mt hoc cc khiu ni . Trong trng hp nh vy th quyt nh v thm quyn xt x ca trng ti vin phi do chnh trng ti vin a ra."

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 sa cha sai st trong iu khon ny cn xem xt cc c s ca n. Hp ng thu li ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 gia Nguyn n v B n c mi lin h trc tip ti hp ng chnh gia Nguyn n v Ch d n ngi Ai Cp ngy 26 thng 3 nm 1983, hp ng sau l mt phn khng th tch ri ca hp ng trc v, do , c c hai bn bit. Trong Ph lc F ca hp ng thu chnh cng c mt iu khon trng ti. iu khon ny qui nh t tng trng ti ti Zurich v p dng lut Thu S nhng c tin hnh bi mt u ban trng ti ad hoc gm ba thnh vin vi qui nh rt c th vic ch nh trng ti vin. iu 14 Tho thun (hp ng thu li) gia cc bn li c ni dung hon ton khc khi qui nh t tng trng ti theo Qui tc Ho gii v Trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, Zurich. Thut ng Qui tc Ho gii v Trng ti thng c s dng ch Qui tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (c tr s ti Paris) m t chc trng ti ca Phng c bit n trn ton th gii. Trong khi Qui tc ca Phng Thng mi Zurich a phng c tn gi Qui tc trung gian v trng ti. Trong hon cnh nh vy buc phi kt lun rng ngha thc ca iu khon c th c p dng y l mt t tng trng ti Zurich theo Qui tc t tng ICC v lut p dng cho ni dung tranh chp l lut Thy S. Kt lun ny ph hp vi t nht l mt quyt nh ca To n Thy S v rt nhiu phn quyt trong cc v kin ca ICC. Qu trnh t tng c tin hnh trong v vic ny (n kin ca Nguyn n ra To n trng ti ICC v vic To n trng ti ICC ch nh mt trng ti vin tin hnh t tng ti Zurich) hon ton ph hp vi iu khon ny. B n lp lun rng iu khon trng ti ny l sai lm v vi phm trt t cng cng Ai Cp do trng ti vin khng c ch nh ngay trong iu khon ny nh yu cu trong lut Ai cp. Lp lun ny khng c th hin trc tip trong cc bn gii trnh ca B n gi trng ti vin m li c nu mt cch gin tip trong bn sao n kin ca B n ra To n Ai Cp trong B n cho rng iu khon trng ti trong v vic ny khng c gi tr php l v n khng tun th iu 502(3) B lut t tng Dn s Ai Cp, theo cc trng ti vin phi c ch nh ch danh trong tho thun trng ti hoc trong mt tho thun ring bit. R rng l trong v kin ny iu khon trng ti khng trc tip ch nh trng ti vin m ch qui nh rng trng ti vin s do ICC ch nh theo Qui tc t tng ICC. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng th khin cho iu khon trng ti tr thnh v hiu. iu khon trng ti khng phi do lut Ai Cp iu chnh m do lut ca nc ni tin hnh t tng trng ti (lex fori) iu chnh. iu 22 B lut Dn s Ai Cp quy nh lut p dng cho t tng trng ti l lut ca nc ni tin hnh t tng. Theo lut p dng cho v kin ny (Qui tc t tng ICC v B lut t tng Dn s Zurich bn nm 1976) th tho thun trng ti ny vn c gi tr mc d trong cc bn khng ch nh cc trng ti vin. Ngoi ra, trong mt bn n tuyn ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1982 Ta Ph n Ai Cp cng cho rng iu 502(3) B lut t tng Dn s Ai Cp khng p dng trong trng hp mt tho thun qui nh tin hnh t tng trng ti ti Anh v hn na, vic mt
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lut nc ngoi c quy nh khc vi iu 502(3) B lut ny khng b coi l vi phm trt t cng cng. y c th coi nh mt n l c th c p dng trong v vic ny. T cc l do nu trn, trng ti kt lun lp lun ca B n rng iu khon trng ti khng c gi tr php l do khng tun th iu 502(3) l khng c cn c. Trong bn Telex ngy 20 thng 11 nm 1985, ng A, nhn danh B n, thng bo cho trng ti vin bit rng B n khi kin ra to n Ai Cp to tuyn b iu khon trng ti v hiu v yu cu to n ra quyt nh nh ch t tng trng ti cho n khi to n ra quyt nh chnh thc v vn ny. Trong bn Telex ngy 29 thng 1 nm 1987, ng B, nhn danh B n, dn mt Lnh ca To yu cu hon t tng trng ti cho n khi c quyt nh khc ca to n. Thc t trng ti vin cha tng nhn c mt lnh no ca to n Ai Cp d l trc tip hay thng qua cc bn. Tuy vy, iu ny cng khng quan trng lm. Nh trng ti vin nu r trong bn Telex ngy 21 thng 11 nm 1985 gi cho ng A (Nguyn n cng c gi mt bn sao ca Telex ny), t tng t php ti To n Ai Cp khng c tc ng n t tng trng ti cng nh n trng ti vin. Chng cng khng c bt k nh hng g n thm quyn xt x ca trng ti vin trong v vic hin ti. Da vo cc cn c nu trn, c th kt lun rng c tn ti gia cc bn mt tho thun trng ti theo ICC Zurich v do , trng ti vin c thm quyn xt x. Kt lun ny c ghi nhn trong mt phn quyt ring r chnh thc. 2. V ni dung ca tranh chp: chng minh c rng B n tr hon cng vic vo cc ngy 8 v ngy 16 thng 1 nm 1985 theo ngha ti iu 7 ca bn hp ng sa i ngy 19 thng 9 nm 1984, v khng cn thit phi xem xt chi tit hn phm vi ca cc tr hon ny ca B n. Theo cc ti liu c trnh trc u ban trng ti th khng c mt ch dn no c th chng minh rng cc tr hon ny l do cc nguyn nhn ngoi kh nng kim sot ca B n. Theo lut Thu S, B n c ngha v chng minh c cc hon cnh nh vy bi theo lut Thy S th cc li nh vy c suy on l vi phm hp ng nu khng c chng minh ngc li. iu 97 Lut ngha v Thy S qui nh nu mt ngha v khng c thc hin hon ton hoc khng c thc hin ng th ngi c ngha v phi bi thng cho cc thit hi gy ra bi vic ny nu khng chng minh c l mnh khng c li. Trong v vic ny, B n khng a ra c bt k mt bng chng no nh vy. iu 107 Lut ngha v Thu S qui nh chung rng trong mt hp ng song v khi mt bn khng thc hin hp ng th bn kia c th gia hn mt thi gian thc hin hoc, nu hp ng vn khng c thc hin trong thi gian gia hn ny, khng yu cu thc hin hp ng na v i bi thng thit hi. Nhng thit hi ny c th bao gm cc chi ph nh mt bn th ba hoc chnh bn c quyn thc hin ngha
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v thay cho bn khng thc hin ngha v. i vi nhng hp ng cng vic (trong c cc hp ng xy dng), iu 366 Lut ngha v qui nh c th rng trong qu trnh thc hin cng vic nu thy r rng cng vic s khng c thc hin theo cc ni dung tho thun do li ca bn c ngha v thc hin cng vic, bn thu thc hin cng vic c th n nh cho bn c ngha v mt thi hn hp l m ngi phi thc hin cng vic, nu khng phn cng vic cha c thc hin s c giao ph cho mt ngi th ba vi chi ph v trch nhim i vi ri ro thuc v ngi c ngha v. iu 7 Tho thun sa i ngy 17 thng 9 nm 1984 qui nh: "Th hai: khi [B n] khng tun th lch trnh, k hoch v vt liu hay nhn lc, vo cui mi thng mt ngi qun l ca pha [B n] v mt ngi qun l t pha [Nguyn n] kim tra thc a v xc minh cc tr hon. Nu c tr hon v cc tr hon ny l do [B n] hoc ngi cung cp ca [B n] trc tip gy ra v khng v cc l do vt qu kh nng kim sot ca [B n] th [B n] phi sa cha li tr hon trong thi hn by ngy k t khi gp g, nu khng [Nguyn n] c quyn, sau by ngy k t ngy thng bo bng vn bn, thc hin cng vic b tr hon v i cc chi ph trong ln nghim thu tm thi u tin ph hp vi tng s tin ghi trong ho n gi cho [Nguyn n] cho vic thc hin phn cng vic b tr hon. Th ba, trong trng hp [B n] khng tun th lch trnh, k hoch v vt liu hay nhn lc, trong cng cc iu kin nh c nu ti iu 7(2), [Nguyn n] c quyn nhn phn cng vic hon thnh v t chi tr bt k chi ph no trong nhng ln thanh ton tip theo. Qui nh ti iu 7 ny khng tri vi cc qui nh php l khng mang tnh bt buc ni trn ca php lut Thy S. Th tc m cc bn tho thun ch l mt hnh thc bin i cho ph hp cc nguyn tc ca php lut Thy S vo mt hon cnh hp ng c th. Theo nguyn tc t do giao kt hp ng (nguyn tc c bn ca php lut hp ng Thy S), cc bn c t do thc hin cc tho thun nh vy. Trng hp ny c th v phi c iu chnh theo iu 7 Tho thun sa i m khng cn i su vo cc qui nh ca lut Thy S. C th, vn liu Tho thun gia cc bn l mt tho thun lin doanh/hp tc kinh doanh (nh nu trong Tho thun) hay l mt hp ng cng vic (nu l mt hp ng cng vic th s ph hp hn vi ni dung ca n) vn l mt cu hi cha c li gii. B n c quan im, tuy khng r rng lm, rng vic Nguyn n bng hnh vi n phng chm dt hp ng m khng a ra trng ti hay to n trc l khng th c. Quan im ny l sai lm. Tri vi lut Php (v c th l c lut Ai Cp), lut Thy S cho php mt bn chm dt mt tho thun (hay thay i tho thun theo cch bin ngha v ca bn phi thc hin cng vic thnh ngha v bi thng thit hi bng tuyn b n phng trong trng hp bn kia c li) ch bng tuyn b ca ring mnh (nu p ng cc iu kin) v khng cn yu cu to n ra quyt nh chm dt hay
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hu tho thun . Do , iu 7 Tho thun sa i, qui nh v mt hnh vi n phng nh vy, hon ton khng tri vi php lut Thu S. T cc phn tch nu trn c th thy rng Nguyn n c quyn c vin dn iu 7(3) Tho thun sa i ngy 16 thng 1 nm 1985 v t chi vic thc hin tip hp ng t pha B n k t ngy 31 thng 1 nm 1985 v nh mt ngi th ba hoc t mnh thc hin tip cng vic xy dng m ng l B n phi lm. Do , Nguyn n c quyn i hon tr cc chi ph phi chi ra mt cch hp l hon thnh cng vic tr i khon tin m Nguyn n c nhn t Ch cng trnh ngi Ai Cp. Khi phi a ra cc chi tit c th v cc chi ph, h thng k ton ca Nguyn n khng cho php xc nh chi ph c th ca nhng hng mc cng vic cn phi thc hin theo bo co ca Thanh tra cht lng. Mt khc, r rng l cc chi ph m Nguyn n khai l phi chi ra hon thnh phn cng vic cha c thc hin cao hn hn so vi khon tin tho thun thc hin cng vic. Do cn phi kim tra li tnh hp l ca cc chi ph b ra. thc hin vic ny, trng ti vin ch nh ng X, mt Thanh tra cht lng c lp, lm chuyn gia trong v vic. Chuyn gia ny c nhim v a ra mt bn d ton cc chi ph hon thnh cc hng mc nu ti ct 3 ca bo co (ca Thanh tra cht lng u tin) nu c thc hin bi nh thu li ngi Ai Cp v bn d ton chi ph nu c thc hin bi mt nh thu dn s quc t. Trong bn bo co ngy 27 thng 3 nm 1987, chuyn gia gii thch rng mnh nh gi cho phn cng vic cn li trn c s bn ngun gi khc nhau: v d, mt nh thu Ai Cp ni chung, mt nh thu Hn Quc ti Ai Cp, mt nh thu dn s Ai Cp ln, v mt nh thu Nht bn c lin doanh vi ngi s ti ti Ai Cp. Trong mi trng hp chuyn gia b qua gi nhn lc/nguyn vt liu thp nht v cao nht m tnh gi trung bnh gia hai mc ny, qui i gi tng sang gi tnh theo n v hng mc ang xem xt. Bo co kt lun rng chi ph hp l hon thnh cng vic cn li l 1.425.500 EGP nu c thc hin bi nh thu dn s Ai Cp v 1.275.400 EGP cng vi 5.817.700 DKr nu c thc hin bi mt nh thu dn s quc t ( thun li trong cch tnh, tt c cc chi ph khng tnh bng tin Ai Cp u c chuyn i sang DKr vi t l qui i p dng vo gia nm 1985). Trng ti vin cho rng phng php m chuyn gia s dng l mt phng php ng v kt qu t c l ng tin cy. Vn cui cng l liu B n c phi bi thng ton b chi ph b sung m Nguyn n phi chi t mnh hon thnh cng vic thay v nh mt ngi th ba. Trng ti vin cho rng vic lm ca Nguyn n l hp l trong cc hon cnh c th lin quan nhng khng phi l gii php duy nht. Vic tr hon xy ra kh nghim trng i vi vic thc hin ton b d n ni chung theo lch trnh cht ch ca Ch d n ngi Ai Cp. R rng l vic tham gia ca mt nh thu th ba vo d n s lm mt thi gian hn v c nguy c khng p ng thi hn ca Ch d n. Nh vy, Nguyn n hnh ng mt cch trung thc v thin ch khi t mnh lm thay phn cng vic m B n khng lm. Do , Nguyn n c quyn i hon tr y
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cc chi ph nu trn. Cn phi lu rng n kin ban u ch cp n mt s tin l 555.000 EGP, thp hn s tin i hin ti. Tuy nhin, cng phi ghi nhn rng s tin i hin ti c a vo phn tnh ton cc tn tht gii trnh trong bn trnh by u tin ca Nguyn n ngy 30 thng 7 nm 1986 theo yu cu ca trng ti vin. Trong n kin Nguyn n bo lu quyn tng tr gi v kin. V vy tng tr gi v kin l c th chp nhn c. Li sut tin gi qui nh theo php lut ca Thu S l 5% (iu 104 Lut ngha v Thy S). Li sut cao hn (7% cho ng DKr v 6% cho ng EGP) m Nguyn n yu cu l khng chnh ng.

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PHN QUYT S 40 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG I DIN BN HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty i din bn hng M B n Cc vn c cp:

: Cng ty Ty Ban Nha

U quyn thc t Sa i hp ng Tho thun bng hnh thc vn bn theo php lut Thu S Ph chun giao dch hp php bng hnh vi sau

Tm tt v vic: Mt cng ty M v mt cng ty Ty Ban Nha k kt mt Tho thun i din bn hng (Tho thun) vo nm 1982 trong c qui nh cc khu vc v lnh th m cng ty M c cho bn cc sn phm hng ho ca cng ty Ty Ban Nha v hng hoa hng t cc hp ng mua bn ny. Tho thun qui nh mi sa i i vi Tho thun phi c lp thnh vn bn. Hai bn tho thun s a cc tranh chp trong tng lai ra gii quyt tranh chp ti trng ti ICC Geneva v lut p dng cho hp ng l lut Thu S. Sau gia h pht sinh tranh chp lin quan n vic liu cng ty M c quyn c hng hoa hng t vic bn hng cho khch hng ti Lebanon, mt quc gia nm ngoi cc khu vc lnh th c nu trong Tho thun hay khng. Vn mu cht cn xc nh trong tranh chp ny l liu gia cc bn c tn ti tho thun b sung danh sch lnh th qui nh trong Tho thun ban u hay khng. Cng ty Ty Ban Nha th cho l khng v Tho thun yu cu cc tho thun mi phi c lp thnh vn bn v thc t khng c mt sa i bng vn bn no. Ngoi ra, nhng bn telex v vn th l bng chng duy nht ca vic ny li c k bi ngi khng c u nhim i din cho cng ty Ty Ban Nha. Ngc li, pha cng ty M cho rng thc t c sa i c gi tr php l i vi Tho thun lin quan n vic b sung vo danh sch lnh th c php thc hin dch v tho thun v cng ty M phi c hng hoa hng i vi tt c cc hp ng thc hin vi khch hng Lebanon. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic ch th k kt khng c t cch php l i din cho cng ty Ty Ban Nha:
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B n phn i gi tr php l ca cc bn Telex v vn th m Nguyn n coi l bng chng ca vic sa i Tho thun vi l do ng X, ngi k vo cc vn bn , khng c u quyn lm i din cho B n. B n tha nhn l v mt php lut, ng X l i din cho B n vi t cch l gim c ph trch xut khu nhng B n li l lun rng trn thc t ng X cha tng i din cho Cng ty. U ban trng ti bc l l ny ca B n vi cc l do sau: Th nht, ch mt cn c l ng X c B n u quyn theo php lut cng xc nh rng B n b rng buc bi ch k ca ngi ny cho d ng X c c u quyn trn thc t hay khng. Nu B n khng c nh t rng buc trch nhim vi ch k ring hay ch k chung vi ngi khc ca ng X th B n phi nhn mnh iu ny trc khi k kt Tho thun i din bn hng. Th hai, theo qui nh ca iu 37 Lut ngha v Thu S, lut iu chnh hp ng, th tr khi mt bn thng bo mt cch hp thc v vic hu b i din th c th tin mt cch trung thc rng vic u quyn i din vn c gi tr php l. Qui nh php l ny c p dng cho v vic ang xem xt mc d B n cho rng tn ca ng X cha bao gi c a vo ng k kinh doanh nh l mt ngi ph trch iu hnh ca cng ty mnh. Thc t l ng X cng k vo mt hp ng nhn danh B n vi chp thun minh th ca chnh cng ty ny. 2. V vic c hay khng c cc sa i i vi Tho thun: iu 2 ca Tho thun qui nh rng mi sa i i vi Tho thun phi c lp thnh vn bn bi mt trong s cc gim c iu hnh. Trn thc t, lin quan n 3 hp ng mua bn vi khch hng Lebanon, gim c iu hnh ca hai bn (ng X pha B n v ng Y pha Nguyn n) trao i vi nhau mt s bn telex v fax, thm ch ng X i din ca B n cn gi cho Nguyn n cc ho n giao hng theo ba hp ng vi khch hng Lebanon. iu 12 Lut ngha v Thu S quy nh: Nu lut yu cu rng mt tho thun phi c lp thnh vn bn, qui nh ny cng p dng cho cc thay i i vi tho thun , tr cc qui nh b sung hoc ph tr khng tri vi tho thun . Nh vy, trong v vic ny, tr li cho cu hi trn thc t gia cc bn c tn ti mt sa i hp thc hay khng, chng ta phi lm r ba vn sau y: Th nht, cc bn telex v fax c trao i gia ng X v ng Y ln lt l i din cho B n v Nguyn n, c ch k ca ng X nhng thiu ch k ca ng Y, c c coi l nhng vn bn hp thc hay khng?

Th hai, ba hp ng k vi khch hng Lebanon c c coi l cc qui nh b sung hoc ph tr khng tri vi Tho thun theo iu 12 Lut ngha v hay khng?

Th ba, vic B n giao kt v thc hin cc hp ng vi khch hng Lebanon ng thi gi cc ho n bn hng theo cc hp ng ny cho Nguyn n

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c th c coi l mt s chp thun bng hnh vi sa i Tho thun hay khng? V vn th nht: iu 14(1) v (2) Lut ngha v Thu S qui nh: t rng buc mnh vi vn bn, mt bn phi hoc l trc tip k hoc l k thng qua cc phng thc k thut khc nhng ch trong cc giao dch c tp qun chp nhn. Hin nay, vic lin lc thng qua cc phng thc k thut, m nhiu nht l telex, tr nn rt ph bin trong cc giao dch kinh doanh. Tc ca cc giao dch hin i v khong cch gia cc ch th tham gia giao dch cn mt s lin lc trao i nhanh chng cc li ngh giao kt v tr li, vic ny ch c th thc hin c thng qua telex hoc telecopier (sao chp t xa). Do , khng phi l bt bnh thng khi trong v vic ny, cc bn thit lp cc qui nh c bit cho mt s giao dch nht nh thng qua telex. Theo qui nh, cc bn giao dch ny phi c y ch k ca hai bn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, vic ng Y khng k khng lm thay i bn cht ca vn v r rng l yu cu v mt tho thun bng vn bn v c k ch yu nhm bo v bn khng mun b rng buc (tc B n) m ch k b thiu li l ch k ca Nguyn n. Tuy nhin, sau ng ra h phi xc nhn li tho thun ca mnh bng cch trao i cc ti liu bng vn bn ph hp vi iu 2 Tho thun. Nhng thc t khng c vn bn xc nhn li no gia hai bn. Nh vy, v nguyn tc, cc bn telex v fax do hai bn trao i vi nhau khng p ng c cc yu cu v hnh thc c coi l sa i bng vn bn i vi Tho thun. V vn th hai: Cn phi ghi nhn rng Tho thun i din khng phi l mt hp ng n gin theo mi bn c th theo ui li ch ring ca mnh, m nhng li ch ny thng l i lp vi li ch ca i tc. Ngc li Tho thun i din l mt hp ng hp tc theo cc bn cng theo ui mt mc ch chung: t c nhiu hp ng bn hng vi cc khch hng do Bn i din gii thiu cho Bn c i din. V th trong hp ng ny tn ti ngha v hp tc gia Nguyn n v B n, mt ngha v ging nh ngha v rng buc cc c ng trong mt cng ty vi nhau hoc gia ngi i din v ngi c i din. Ngha v hp tc ny buc B n t ra cng phi c nhng bo lu i vi Nguyn n Nguyn n c th tin hnh mt s hnh vi m Nguyn n khng c u quyn. Nh vy, vic Nguyn n gii thiu cho B n khch hng nc Lebanon cng c th c coi nh mt trng hp bo lu v c th chp nhn c. Ni mt cch khc, cc hp ng vi khch hng Lebanon c th c xem l cc qui nh b sung hay ph tr khng tri vi Tho thun v c gi tr php l mc d khng c thc hin bng hnh thc vn bn vi iu kin l B n cng chp thun iu ny.
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V vn th ba: Nh trn xem xt, bn thn cc bn telex v fax trong v vic ny khng to thnh mt tho thun minh th v vic B n chp thun s tr tin hoa hng. Tuy nhin thc t cc ho n giao hng ca ba giao dch bn hng c lin quan c gi km theo vn th ny v ngi ta s khng th gii thch ti sao nhng ho n ny li c ng X gi cho Nguyn n nu khng phi l phc v cho vic tnh ton, v d, tin hoa hng. T hnh vi ny c th suy ra nh tr tin hoa hng cho Nguyn n cho ba giao dch ny ca B n d khch hng c cc tr s ng k ngoi lnh th c php thc hin dch v. Lut Thu S tha nhn nguyn tc ph chun cc giao dch hp php bng hnh vi cui cng, ngay c trong trng hp cc giao dch ny vn khng hp php v mt hnh thc, v thm ch ngay c khi chng c li ln. iu 31 Lut ngha v qui nh v vn ny nh sau: "Mt tho thun b v hiu do nhm ln hoc do gian ln, hay mt tho thun c thit lp do b e do c coi nh c ph chun trong trng hp bn khng mun b rng buc bi tho thun khng thng bo cho bn kia quyt nh khng duy tr tho thun ca mnh, hay khng i li tin m mnh tr". Theo n l ca Thu S (v d, Journal des Tribunaux nm 1959, 486) bn khng mun b rng buc bi mt tho thun ch cn tuyn b phn i trong thi hn l mt nm. Do , theo Lut Thu S mt tho thun c giao kt vi li nghim trng vn c th c coi l c hiu lc ch v l do khng c bn no phn i tho thun . Lut ngha v Thu S cho php vic ph chun cc tho thun v hiu hay thm ch bt hp php n gin ch bng mt hnh vi ngm hiu c gi tr nh mt s ph chun. V ba giao dch thc hin ny, B n chp nhn khch hng m khng a ra bt k iu kin bo lu g i vi Nguyn n, giao hng v nhn tin. y r rng l mt trng hp ph chun bng hnh vi v, theo ngha ny, d rng xt t gc hnh thc cc bn telex v cc ti liu khc c trao i gia cc bn cha p ng iu kin sa i bng vn bn i vi Tho thun, Tho thun ny trn thc t c sa i trong phm vi ba giao dch c lin quan thng qua thi ng h ca B n i vi khch hng v i vi Nguyn n. Tuy nhin, t cc bn Telex c trao i gia cc bn th cng khng th suy ra l h tng c nh m rng Tho thun ca h sang Lebanon. Ni cch khc, B n cha bao gi chp thun s tr tin hoa hng cho Nguyn n cho tt c cc giao dch m Nguyn n c th tin hnh vi mt khch hng Lebanon bt k. V vy, c th kt lun rng gia cc bn c sa i v phm vi lnh th c php thc hin dch v i vi Tho thun nhng ch gii hn ba hp ng k kt vi khch hng Lebanon. V vy, U ban trng ti bc l l ca c hai bn.
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Bnh lun v lu : Ngy nay hin tng giao kt hp ng hay tho thun thng qua cc phng thc k thut nh telex, fax, th in t v..v tr nn kh ph bin. Php lut nhiu nc cng tha nhn cc hnh thc ny. Tuy nhin, quy nh ca cc nc v gi tr php l ca cc hnh thc ny vn cn nhiu khc bit, c bit l vn c nn coi cc hnh thc ny tng ng vi hnh thc vn bn hay khng. V th, bo m gi tr v tnh an ton php l cho cc giao dch ca mnh, khi tin hnh giao dch thng qua telex, fax hay cc phng thc k thut khc, cc bn cn xc nhn li bng vn th chnh thc tun th cc hnh thc yu cu nh ch k, du... Vn bn xc nhn th hin mt cch xc thc ch ca cc bn v c gi tr chng c quan trng trong cc trng hp c tranh chp pht sinh lin quan n giao dch ny. Khi c nghi ng hay phn i g v gi tr php l ca giao dch m mnh k kt th cn nu/tuyn b phn i trong thi hn do lut quy nh, nu lut khng quy nh thi hn th phi trong thi hn hp l. S im lng hay vic tip tc thc hin giao dch, theo php lut ca nhiu nc, c coi nh mt s ph chun i vi giao dch v l mt hnh thc hp php ho giao dch ngay c khi giao dch ban u c khim khuyt hay thm ch tri php lut. Mc d nguyn tc Im lng khng c ngha l ng c tha nhn mt cch rng ri trong nhiu h thng php lut, nguyn tc ny cng khng ngn cn cc quc gia t s n nh ca quan h php lut ln v tr u tin hn trong mt s trng hp nht nh.

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PHN QUYT S 41 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG PHN PHI T Cc bn: Nguyn n : Nh phn phi Libng B n Cc vn c cp: - Tho thun lm i l phn phi - Chm dt hp ng - Lm dng quyn - Thit hi Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n, mt cng ty Libng, v B n, mt cng ty Ty u chuyn sn xut t, k mt hp ng, theo Nguyn n s l nh phn phi cho B n ti Libng. Hp ng quy nh rng Nguyn n khng ch bn t m cn thc hin dch v hu mi v cung cp cc ph tng thay th. Do Nguyn n phi xy dng mt ga-ra t km theo mt nh kho. Da trn iu 19 ca Hp ng v quyn chm dt hp ng, B n tuyn b chm dt hp ng sau ba thng, v mt trong cc l do c vin dn l Nguyn n khng xy dng ga-ra km theo nh kho. Theo iu khon trng ti ICC nu trong hp ng, Nguyn n khi kin B n theo trnh t trng ti ti Paris, Php. Nguyn n cho rng B n khng c quyn chm dt hp ng nh iu 19 ca Hp ng quy nh, v i bi thng thit hi i vi khon li nhun b tn tht khong mt triu bng Libng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Lut p dng: Cc quy phm xung t lut: Lut s ca c hai bn tuyn b ti to n trng ti rng trong trng hp ny cc trng ti vin c quyn quyt nh lut p dng i vi hp ng theo cc quy tc lut xung t ca Php. Cc trng ti vin, tuy khng bt buc phi tun theo cc quy tc lut xung t ca nc ni tin hnh th tc trng ti, nhng phi tun theo tho thun ny ca cc bn v p dng quy phm xung t php lut. Theo quy tc xung t lut ca Php lin quan n hp ng, lut p dng cho hp ng trong trng hp ny cn c xc nh da trn nh (ng nhin hoc ngm nh) ca cc bn i vi vic xc nh lut p dng, v da vo vic kim tra cc tnh tit.
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: Nh sn xut t Ty u

Xt trong trng hp ny, cc bn khng c tho thun v lut iu chnh hp ng. Do vy, vic p dng theo cch thc la chn lut p dng ca To n ti cao Php l thch hp, c ngha l trong trng hp khng c tho thun v lut iu chnh hp ng, th phi phn tch cc kha cnh kinh t ca vic thc hin hp ng thy c tho thun ca cc bn v trn c s xc nh lut p dng. Lut iu chnh hp ng: Cc trng ti vin cho rng nu hp ng c lp vi mc ch duy nht lin quan n vic bn t th lut ca nc B n chc chn s l lut p dng v iu ny ph hp vi ch ca cc bn. Hp ng c B n k ti nc h sau khi Nguyn n k ti Beyrouth (Libng). Hn na, im quan trng c bit l vic giao hng phi c thc hin ti ni bc hng (ti mt cng nc B n), theo iu 7 ca Hp ng. iu ny cho thy rng mi hot ng giao dch din ra ti nc B n. Tuy nhin, cc trng ti vin thy rng i tng ca hp ng rng hn, cn l vic phn phi sn phm ca B n Libng. Mc d Nguyn n phi gnh chu ri ro ca vic bn c t hng, v th lao ca Nguyn n l chnh lch gia gi bn v gi mua nhng Nguyn n vn c cc ngha v bo m vic phn phi cc sn phm ca B n Libng. V phn mnh, B n phi gp kin v vic ny song cng c quyn i hi Nguyn n thc hin ngha v. iu ny c th thy qua cc cuc kim tra nh k nh c quy nh trong hp ng. Do , vic bn hng ch l mt phn ca ton b quan h php l gia Nguyn n v B n m vic thc hin c tin hnh ti Libng. Hn na, tranh chp ang xem xt pht sinh t vic thc hin ngha v ca Nguyn n ti Libng. Cc trng ti vin kt lun: Xt trong v vic ny, hp ng phi c coi nh thc hin ch yu ti Libng; v do hp ng khng quy nh iu khon lin quan n vic la chn lut iu chnh nn vic chn lut Libng l lut iu chnh khng th b phn i. 2. Cc khiu kin c thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca trng ti hay khng: V vic n kin ca Nguyn n l c hi iu kin c th c xem xt hay khng, cc trng ti vin dn chiu hai iu khon ca B Lut ngha v ca Libng. Theo iu 124: mt ngi gy thit hi cho ngi khc phi bi thng cho nhng thit hi nu ngi vt qu gii hn quyn ca mnh do thiu thin ch. Theo iu 248 lin quan n vic chm dt hp ng, mt ngi chm dt hp ng phi bi thng thit hi nu ngi lm dng quyn chm dt hp ng, ni cch khc c ngha l nu nhng g m ngi lm tri vi tinh thn ca Lut hoc ca hp ng. Hai qui nh ny ca lut Libng gip cho cc trng ti vin c th xc nh liu B n c s dng quyn chm dt hp ng theo iu 19 l vt qu hay lm dng theo nh hai quy nh trn. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh nhng khiu kin ny c th c xem xt (tc cc trng ti vin c thm quyn gii quyt cc khiu kin ny).
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3. Lm dng quyn chm dt hp ng: Tranh chp gia cc bn v khi lng hng bn, vic bo qun ph tng thay th v dch v hu mi, B n khiu ni vi l do Nguyn n khng xy dng gara km theo nh kho. Tuy nhin, cc trng ti vin nhn thy rng nh sn xut t hon vic giao hng l lin quan n khi lng hng bn khng , v do vin dn ny khng c c s. Lin quan n vic khng xy dng ga-ra km theo nh kho, trng ti vin cho rng B n khng dnh cho Nguyn n mt c hi gii thch tnh trng ca mnh trc khi a ra thng bo v vic chm dt hp ng. Trn thc t ng l Nguyn n hon tt k hoch xy dng, v vic xy dng ch i cho n khi ma ma Libng kt thc. Cc trng ti vin kt lun rng B n s dng quyn chm dt hp ng tri vi tinh thn ca hp ng nh c qui nh trong iu 248 ca B Lut ngha v Libng. 4. Thit hi: Nh phn phi Libng khiu kin i tng bi thng thit hi tng ng vi hai nm li nhun b tn tht, da trn c s li nhun thu c trong nm trc, hoc da trn c s trung bnh cng li nhun ca ba nm qua. Theo u ban trng ti, mc d trn thc t s lng hng bn ra trong nm trc c tng ln nhng iu ny khng th s dng xc nh thit hi v th trng mua bn t lun lun bin ng v cung cu. Do cc trng ti vin chn phng php th hai do Nguyn n a ra. H tnh li nhun rng trung bnh thu c trong ba nm qua l khong 150.000 bng Libng mt nm. Mc d Nguyn n tnh ton thit hi ca mnh trn c s li nhun hai nm b tn tht, cc trng ti vin quyt nh cho Nguyn n ch c hng mt nm n b tn tht do bn thn Nguyn n cng tha nhn v phn mnh c gp phi mt s kh khn.

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PHN QUYT S 42 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG PHN PHI THIT B Cc bn: Nguyn n B n : Nh xut khu M : Nh phn phi Ac-hen-ti-na

Cc vn c cp: - Hp ng phn phi hng ho - Phn quyt b phn - Chn lut thc cht v hp ng khng m phn (adhesion contract) - Chm dt hp ng - Rt li quyt nh chm dt hp ng - Quan h trc khi k kt hp ng - Gim thiu thit hi Tm tt v vic: Trong Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t (sau y gi l Hp ng) k ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1979, Nguyn n ch nh B n lm nh phn phi thit b ca mnh Ac-hen-ti-na. iu 15 ca Hp ng quy nh khi c tranh chp hoc bt ng xy ra gia cc bn m khng th dn xp thng qua thng lng th cc bn s a ra trng ti theo cc quy tc ca Phng thng mi quc t (ICC). Ni xt x trng ti (nh sa i ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1979) l Trinidad v Tobago, West Indies. Hp ng s t ng chm dt sau hai nm nhng c th gia hn Hp ng bng mt vn bn tho thun gia hai bn. Hp ng ht hn vo ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1981. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n v B n k cc tho thun gia hn hp ng ngn hn v v vy, c hai bn tip tc thc hin Hp ng. Ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983, Nguyn n thng bo cho B n l Nguyn n ang trong qu trnh son tho mt Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t mi v ch cn vi thng na Hp ng mi ny s hon thnh. Do , Nguyn n quyt nh gia hn Hp ng ang thc hin thm hai thng tnh t thi im Nguyn n a Hp ng mi cho B n B n c thi gian xem xt Hp ng mi ny. Nhng sau Nguyn n khng gi bn hp ng mi ny. Trong thi gian ny Ac-hen-ti-na, sau cuc tuyn c, mt ng chnh tr khc ln nm quyn. Chnh ph mi d nh s ban hnh cc chnh sch hon ton mi lin quan n tye l ni a ho ca hng ho. V vy, Nguyn n v B n tin hnh
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mt s cuc thng lng v vn ny v y dn dn tr thnh vn chnh i vi Nguyn n. Thng 11 nm 1983, Nguyn n nhn thy cc quy nh thng mi i vi hot ng ca Nguyn n Ac-hen-ti-na thay i v buc Nguyn n phi c sn xut thc t Ac-hen-ti-na. V vy, Nguyn n mun ch nh mt cng ty khc lm i tc v nh phn phi. Ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983, Nguyn n gi telex cho B n chnh thc thng bo t ngy 1 thng 2 nm 1984 kt thc bn hp ng c gia hn lin tip. Cng trong bn telex , Nguyn n thng bo cho B n l Nguyn n s chn mt cng ty Ac-hen-ti-na khc lm nh phn phi. B n phn i bn telex ca Nguyn n v thng bo cho Nguyn n nu Nguyn n n phng chm dt hp ng, B n s kin ra to n ca Ac-hen-ti-na. Nguyn n ngh nn c gng m phn v gii quyt mt cch hu ngh nhng thay i trong quan h thng mi gia hai bn, ng thi yu cu B n n California lm vic vi Nguyn n. Sau , ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1984 Nguyn n gi mt bn telex cho B n hu b bn telex thng bo chm dt hp ng ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983 nhm "to iu kin cho hai cng ty m phn mt bn hp ng lin quan n vic tip tc cc hot ng ca Nguyn n Ac-hen-ti-na". Thng 2 nm 1984 Nguyn n v B n gp nhau ti California, nhng khng gii quyt c bt ng gia hai bn. Hai bn tin hnh mt lot cc cuc gp, trao i qua th v telex sau . Nhiu cch gii quyt c a ra nhm rt dn cc hot ng hin ti ca Nguyn n Ac-hen-ti-na, nhng B n bc cc ngh ca Nguyn n v yu cu bi thng do Nguyn n n phng vi phm Hp ng. Trong bn telex ngy 29 thng 3 nm 1984, Nguyn n chnh thc ngh gia hn Hp ng thm hai nm vi cc iu khon v iu kin tng t nh bn Hp ng gc k t ngy B n chp thun s gia hn. Nhng trong bn telex ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1984, B n bc ngh ca Nguyn n v cho rng Nguyn n t chm dt quan h gia hai bn vo ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983. Ngy 16 thng 5 nm 1984 B n k hp ng phn phi c quyn vi mt cng ty Php, i th cnh tranh ca Nguyn n. i li, Nguyn n k hp ng phn phi c quyn vi mt cng ty Ac-hen-ti-na khc vo thng 4 nm 1985. Thng 8 nm 1984 Nguyn n np yu cu xt x trng ti cho ICC, v mun c mt phn quyt trng ti "tuyn b Hp ng c chm dt hp l" v "cm B n khi kin Ac-hen-ti-na". B n kin li i bi thng thit hi 19.000.000 USD lin quan n cc thit hi v: - D tr ph tng thit b - Thit b thuc s hu ca B n v thit b cho ngi khc thu
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- Cc hp ng cho thu thit b - Hp ng bo dng thit b - Tn tht lin quan n vic bn ph tng nng cp thit b c lp t - Tn tht hp ng trong qu trnh thc hin - Li nhun b gim do mt th phn trong tng lai - Chi ph i li Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1985, cc bn v cc trng ti vin k Vn bn v thm quyn ca trng ti. Cc vn s c gii quyt bng trng ti l: Khiu kin ca Nguyn n: (1) - Bn telex Nguyn n gi cho B n ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983 trong Nguyn n thng bo cho B n nh (hoc quyt nh) chm dt Hp ng t ngy 1 thng 2 nm 1984 c phi l chm dt bt hp php (vi phm nghim trng) Hp ng v nhng bn gia hn hp ng m hai bn tho thun khng? (2) - Gi s rng bn telex ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983 vi phm nghim trng Hp ng th liu bn telex ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1984 ca Nguyn n (B n tr li bn telex ny bng bn telex ngy 19 thng 1 nm 1984) c c coi l rt li hp php yu cu chm dt hp ng ni trn khng? (3) - ngh ca Nguyn n ngy 29 thng 3 nm 1984 (gia hn Hp ng thm hai nm vi cc iu khon v iu kin ging nh Hp ng gc) cng vi bn telex ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1984 ca B n (trong B n phn i ngh ca Nguyn n vi l do ngh c a ra mt cch thiu thin ch) c chm dt quan h thng mi gia hai bn v gii phng Nguyn n khi cc trch nhim v ngha v i vi B n khng? (4) - Vic Nguyn n k kt hp ng vi mt cng ty Ac-hen-ti-na khc hoc B n k kt hp ng vi mt cng ty Php, hoc cc hot ng hay k kt hp ng ca Nguyn n v B n vi cc cng ty khc c phi l s vi phm ngha v ca mt bn vi bn kia trong hp ng hay khng? Khiu kin li ca B n: (5) - B n c quyn i Nguyn n bi thng cc thit hi v tn tht khng ? (6) - Nu cho rng B n s c bi thng, liu B n c quyn nhn ton b s tin yu cu khng? Hoc liu s tin bi thng c phi iu chnh theo nhng li bo cha ca Nguyn n hay khng? Ph trng ti: (7) - Bn no s chu ph trng ti v cc chi ph php l? Nu c hai bn u phi chu ph trng ti v cc chi ph php l th t l phn chia cho cc bn s nh th no? Trong bn bin h ngy 16 thng 1 nm 1986, B n iu chnh li s tin i
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bi thng l 27.500.000 USD. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. Quyn ca U ban trng ti c ban hnh phn quyt b phn: iu 21 Quy tc th tc ca ICC phn bit gia phn quyt b phn v phn quyt cui cng. R rng, U ban trng ti c th a ra quyt nh s b v cc ngha v trc khi gii quyt cc vn khc i hi thi gian lu hn. Trong mt s trng hp, vic ban hnh phn quyt b phn c th y nhanh th tc t tng do gii hn c cc vn cn gii quyt nhng khng tc i quyn ca cc bn c trnh by cc chng c v lp lun v tt c cc vn c lin quan. Trong v ny, Nguyn n khiu kin l Nguyn n chm dt hp l Hp ng v v vy, khng phi chu trch nhim vi B n. Nhng khiu kin i bi thng thit hi ca B n li da trn s tn ti ca trch nhim . Cc trng ti vin tin rng hon ton c th quyt nh vn trch nhim ca Nguyn n i vi B n trc khi i vo phn tch s tin B n i bi thng trong n kin li. iu ny c ngha l bn vn u tin trong Vn bn xc nh thm quyn ca trng ti nn c gii quyt trc khi xem xt ba vn cn li v khiu kin li ca B n v ph trng ti. Mc d, B n phn i ban hnh phn quyt b phn, cc trng ti vin cho rng s phn i ca B n l khng hp l. U ban trng ti cng lu Lut trng ti ca Trinidad v Tobago, ni tin hnh t tng trng ti, quy nh cc trng ti vin c th tu ban hnh phn quyt tm thi (Bn ph lc th nht, iu 10). 2. p dng lut thc cht: iu 16 ca Hp ng quy nh Hp ng c gii thch v iu chnh bi lut ca bang California M. Tuy nhin, xc nh lut p dng cho v tranh chp ny, B n yu cu phi coi Hp ng l hp ng khng m phn nhng Nguyn n khng ng nh vy. B n cn lp lun rng U ban trng ti khng nn qu coi trng iu khon chn lut p dng trong Hp ng, v cc iu khon ca lut California khng c li cho B n bng cc iu khon ca lut Ac-hen-ti-na, lut m l ra ng nhin iu chnh quan h hp ng gia hai bn bi y l lut ca ni thc hin hp ng. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n lun nhn mnh rng lut thc cht ca bang California c p dng khi thc hin Hp ng hoc khi c vi phm Hp ng v lut ny c chnh cc bn trong Hp ng la chn v Hp ng ny khng th coi l mt hp ng khng m phn. Quan im thng nht ca cc trng ti vin l: lut iu chnh hp ng (tc lut p dng xc nh liu Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t c phi l hp ng khng m phn khng v liu iu khon la chn lut trong Hp ng c hiu lc khng) trong v vic ny s l lut California, lut do cc bn la chn, nu vic la
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chn ny l c gi tr. Thc t, theo c lut California v lut Ac-hen-ti-na, Nguyn n v B n u c coi l cc i tc thng mi. Khi tham gia k kt hp ng cng nh khi cng nhau gii quyt cc bt ng, c hai bn hnh ng vi t cch l i tc thng mi ca nhau. Cc chng c cho thy rng c hai bn u c nng lc php l tin hnh cc hnh vi thng mi ca mnh. Chc chn, B n khng th coi mnh l ngi tiu dng (ngi s dng dch v). "Mt cng ty danh ting nht trn th trng" Ac-hen-ti-na khng th c coi l "ngi tiu dng". Hn na, hp ng khng th coi l mt hp ng mu c in c nh do Nguyn n son tho v c a cho B n xem xt trn c s "chp thun hoc khng chp thun ton b hp ng" (tc chp thun hoc khng chp thun ch khng c quyn sa i cc iu khon trong hp ng - y l tnh cht c trng ca hp ng khng m phn). Trn thc t, v vic khng n gin nh vy. B n khng lp lun rng Nguyn n c s c quyn, hoc rng tt c cc nh sn xut trong lnh vc c th ny s dng mu hp ng chun thng nht. B n thm ch khng lp lun rng mnh buc phi chp nhn mu hp ng chun do Nguyn n a ra. Tt nhin, cc trng ti vin khng cho rng y c s cng bng tuyt i gia hai bn hoc lun d dng vch ra ranh gii r rng gia min cng chp thun v thiu t nguyn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, U ban trng ti nhn thy rng khi hp ng c hiu lc cc bn khng c s phn i iu khon chn lut p dng trong hp ng cng nh ton b Hp ng. Hn na, cc chng c cho thy rng B n c c hi tho lun v thng lng cc iu khon Hp ng. Vic ni xt x trng ti chuyn t Lun-n v Trinidad theo yu cu ca B n cho thy r rng l mt chng mc nht nh, cc iu kin ca hp ng c cc bn thng lng mt cch c hiu qu. Ngoi ra, B n khng chng minh c rng s la chn lut California s mang li nhng kt qu php l khng cng bng. Bng chng l B n tip tc da vo cc n l ca California khi m iu ny c li hn cho khiu kin ca B n. V vy, cc trng ti vin khng cho rng B n phi chp thun mt iu khon la chn lut v l v l do y l hp ng khng m phn nn B n thc t khng c la chn g. U ban trng ti kt lun: theo lut California m c hai bn vin dn trong v kin ny, Hp ng phn phi hng ho quc t k kt gia cc bn l mt hp ng chun quc t ch khng phi l mt hp ng khng m phn. Khng tnh n vn hp ng khng m phn, U ban trng ti cho rng iu khon la chn lut California c hiu lc khng nhng ch theo lut California m cn theo Lut xung t, Lut t php quc t Argentina v lut Trinidad v Tobago. Mc 16 ca Hp ng quy nh: "Hp ng ny c gii thch v s c iu
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chnh bi lut ca bang California, M." U ban trng ti trong v Cng ty TNHH Empresa de Viacao Aerea Rio Grandense (Vairig Airlines) kin Cng ty Boeing hp ng i n quyt nh rng: mt khi cc bn c tho thun la chn lut ca mt quc gia p dng cho hp ng th c ngha l cc bn chn lut thc cht ca quc gia tr hai ngoi l sau: (1) khi quc gia c chn khng c mi quan h g ln vi hp ng hoc vi cc bn trong hp ng, hoc (2) khi vic p dng lut ca nc s i ngc li chnh sch c bn ca chnh nc ny. Trong v ny, r rng l Hp ng c quan h thc t vi t nht mt trong cc bn trong hp ng v khng bn no khiu kin rng lut thc cht California i ngc li chnh sch c bn hoc nguyn tc ca cc lut c th c p dng cho hp ng, thm ch ngay c khi lut Ac-hen-ti-na l lut p dng. t nht, U ban trng ti khng thy B n a ra nhng lp lun v iu ny. Thc t, lut c chn c quy nh s bo h hp l cho nh phn phi. Nh vy, v vic ny khng ri vo bt k ngoi l no trong s hai ngoi l khng p dng lut thc cht California. 3. Chm dt bt hp php hp ng: quyt nh xem liu Nguyn n c vi phm nghim trng hp ng vi B n hay khng khi Nguyn n thng bo chm dt hp ng phn phi hng ho bng telex ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983, U ban trng ti phi phn tch quan h php l gia cc bn vo thi im , c bit theo th Nguyn n gi B n ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983. Theo U ban trng ti, Hp ng phn phi hng ho gc gia cc bn k ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1979 ht hn sau hai nm, vo ngy 8 thng 8 nm 1981. Sau , Hp ng c gia hn nm ln trong nhng khong thi gian ngn hn, ln gia hn cui cng l thm hai thng v kt thc vo ngy 30 thng 4 nm 1983. U ban trng ti cho rng trong tt c cc ln gia hn hp ng th ngoi thi hn hp ng, tt c cc iu khon ca hp ng gc u c gi li. Trong s nhng iu khon ca hp ng c gi li c (1) iu khon quy nh Hp ng s t ng chm dt khi thi hn hp ng kt thc, tu thuc vo khong thi gian gia hn c lp bng vn bn tho thun gia hai bn (on 2.a, Hp ng), v (2) cc iu khon quy nh mt bn c th chm dt hp ng bng mt bn thng bo trc 30 ngy cho bn kia nu bn kia vi phm hp ng (mt trong bn trng hp vi phm nu trong Hp ng) (on 2.b, Hp ng). U ban trng ti xt thy Nguyn n khng kin vic chm dt hp ng phn phi do B n vi phm hp ng, nn vic chm dt hp ng ca Nguyn n khng th da trn on 2.b. Trong nm 1982 v 1983, B n ng gia hn hp ng ngn hn v tm kim t Nguyn n s bo m cho mt quan h lu di. Cui cng, khi B n n vn phng ca Nguyn n California v theo yu cu ca B n, Nguyn n
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a cho B n mt vn bn ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983, y l chi tit rt quan trng trong v ny. Theo vn bn , Nguyn n s gia hn hp ng thm hai thng sau khi Nguyn n a cho B n bn Hp ng phn phi quc t mi m Nguyn n ni rng ang trong qu trnh chun b nng cp quan h phn phi quc t ln mt c s php l mi. V vy, vi thi hn hai thng gia hn hp ng ln cui cng kt thc vo 30 thng 4 nm 1983, Nguyn n gia hn hp ng trong mt khong thi gian khng hn nh, hp ng c gia hn thm hai thng sau mt thi im khng xc nh, tc l khi B n nhn c bn hp ng phn phi quc t mi. D c quan im khc nhau v cch din t trn, cc bn hon ton chp thun rng vn th ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 l c s ca vic gia hn hp ng. Tuy nhin, cc bn khng thng nht quan im v hiu lc php l ca ni dung vn th ny lin quan n vic cung cp bn hp ng mi ca Nguyn n v thi gian tr li hai thng dnh cho B n. Mt khc, mc d trong vn th ni trn Nguyn n c a ra cc mc thi gian lin quan n quan h tng lai ca cc bn, U ban trng ti khng cho rng vi vn th ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 Nguyn n cam kt khng chm dt hp ng hin ti nu khng a trc bn hp ng phn phi quc t mi B n xem xt. Trc ht, quan h php l gia cc bn ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 v c bn l trn c s hp ng khng thi hn, m theo lut California cc bn c quyn chm dt hp ng khng thi hn, min l hp ng thc hin c mt khong thi gian hp l v bn mun chm dt hp ng phi thng bo v vic ny cho bn kia trc mt khong thi gian hp l. Hn na, theo lut California mt bn c quyn chm dt hp ng m khng cn phi a ra l do tr khi cc bn c tho thun khc. Trn c s nhng ln gia hn hp ng ngn hn v theo n l ca California, U ban trng ti cho rng Nguyn n vo ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 gia hn Hp ng v thi hn. Theo lp lun ny, Nguyn n c quyn chm dt hp ng ny trn c s thng bo trc hai thng cho B n v quyt nh chm dt hp ng. Tuy nhin, trong v vic ny, hp ng khng ch n gin c gia hn mt khong thi gian khng hn nh, m v hnh thc, hp ng gia hn c thi gian chun b cho mt hp ng phn phi mi gia cc bn. V y l mt chi tit ht sc quan trng trong v vic ny. Tuy nhin, cc bn cn bit rng cc iu kin thc hin ca hp ng khng thi hn v c bn d b thay i. Trong v ny, B n bit Nguyn n rt cn i tc Ac-hen-ti-na; vo cui nm 1983, B n cng bit c cc iu kin hn ch mi m Nguyn n t ra cho B n vi t cch l mt i tc gip Nguyn n thm nhp th trng. Ngoi ra, cc iu khon mi ca hp ng phn phi hng ho mi trong c bit l cc iu khon lin quan n cc iu kin thc hin hp ng, thi hn,... khng c xc nh r. iu ny cho thy gia cc bn cha h t c mt tho thun no v cc iu kin ny cng nh cha h bn bc c th trc ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 hoc vo bt k thi im no trc khi thng bo chm dt hp ng vo thng 12.
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S khng r rng ny, th hin trong khi nim m h v "giai on th hai" pht trin th trng Ac-hen-ti-na, khng th b b qua khi xc nh tm quan trng v tc ng php l ca hp ng phn phi mi. Theo lut California, cc hp ng ch chp thun ca cc bn khng phi l cc hp ng c gi tr thi hnh. "Nu mt hp ng khng r rng to n c th gii thch chnh xc hoc nu mt iu khon chnh ca hp ng tng lai b bo lu th hp ng ny khng lm pht sinh cc ngha v php l i vi cc bn" (Phn quyt trng ti trong v Cng ty cho thu Thit b Transamerica kin Ngn hng Union, v Cng ty White Point kin Herrington) T cc cn c nu trn, U ban trng ti kt lun Nguyn n khng b mt quyn chm dt hp ng cho d Nguyn n khng a bn hp ng mi cho B n. Nu U ban trng ti quyt nh khc th Nguyn n, gii quyt nhng kh khn do c thay i hon cnh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng v thi hn, s khng c s la chn no khc ngoi vic a vo bn hp ng mi nhng iu khon m B n khng th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, y cha phi l kt lun cui cng ca u ban trng ti v vn ny. U ban trng ti thy rng tuyn b r rng ca Nguyn n trong vn th ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 v bn hp ng mi cng vi mt lot cc tuyn b r rng hoc ng ca Nguyn n trong nm 1982 v 1983 v quan h tng lai gia Nguyn n v B n khin B n hy vng v trin vng mt quan h lu di. Trong hon cnh ny, quyn t do n phng chm dt quan h hp ng ca Nguyn n khng cn mc tuyt i nh trc khi cc tuyn b trn cha c a ra. U ban trng ti thy vic Nguyn n chm dt hp ng l qu bt ng. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca vic chm dt hp ng t pha Nguyn n l nhng thay i trong chnh sch kinh t ca ng chnh tr mi thng c Ac-hen-ti-na ngy 30 thng 10 nm 1983. Nhng r rng l vo thi im thng 11 hoc 12 nm 1983 cc chnh sch mi ca ng thng c cha th thnh hin thc v v th ng c thc p Nguyn n chm dt ngay hp ng cha tn ti. Nguyn n lp lun rng vo nm 1983 B n a ra rt nhiu cc bng chng v s bp bnh trong quan h hin ti v tng lai vi Nguyn n. Thc t h s v kin cng phn nh s bp bnh v cng c nhiu li khai ca cc nhn chng ca c hai bn v iu ny. Cc cuc m phn ca B n trong sut thi gian ny vi cng ty ca Php, mt i th cnh tranh ca Nguyn n chnh l bng chng ca s bp bnh trong quan h gia B n v Nguyn n. Tuy nhin h s v kin cng cho thy trong sut thi gian Nguyn n vn khch l bng vn bn v bng li vi B n v trin vng tip tc hp tc gia hai bn. Nh vy, y c c nhng yu t khng nh v ph nh vic bn thn B n nhn thc c v kh nng Nguyn n s chm dt hp ng. U ban trng ti nhn nh rng vo ngy 9 thng 3 nm 1983 v sau , cc yu t ph nh c v c u th hn (ni mt cch khc, l do B n tin tng l Nguyn n vn tip tc hp ng vi mnh chim u th hn), do bc lp lun ca Nguyn n rng trong trng hp ny khng cn phi thng bo trc cho B n v vic chm dt hp ng v B n bit r v kh nng ny
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Lut p dng gii quyt vn ny l lut California. Nh cp trn, mc d v nguyn tc lut California khng bt buc cc bn phi thc hin cc ngha v nu ti cc hp ng cha c cc bn chp thun chnh thc, nhng lut ny cng ng thi qui nh ngha v hnh ng ca cc bn phi mt cch thin ch cho d hp ng cha chnh thc k kt. Trong v ny, ngha v thin ch ca Nguyn n i vi B n i hi Nguyn n phi thng bo chm dt hp ng trc mt khong thi gian nhiu hn l Nguyn n lm trn thc t. Tm li, v nhng l do ni trn, U ban trng ti cho rng thng bo hai thng trc khi chm dt hp ng l qu ngn v v vy, hp ng b chm dt mt cch t ngt. Do , vic chm dt hp ng v cc hp ng gia hn ca Nguyn n l tri php lut. 4. Rt li quyt nh chm dt hp ng: Lut thng mi California Mc 2-611(1) quy nh trc khi kt thc thi hn thc hin ngha v ca bn mun chm dt hp ng, bn mun chm dt hp ng c th rt li quyt nh chm dt hp ng ca mnh, vi iu kin l bn kia khng phn i vic tip tc thc hin hp ng hoc khng coi quyt nh chm dt hp ng l quyt nh cui cng. Cc to n California, trong mt s v vic, cho rng bn quyt nh chm dt hp ng s khng b coi l vi phm hp ng na nu sau bn ny rt li quyt nh hu b hp ng. V vy, Nguyn n lp lun l vi bn telex ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1984, Nguyn n khng cn b coi l vi phm hp ng do n phng chm dt hp ng na. Tuy nhin, cng trong cc n l ni trn, cc to n cng nhn mnh l rt li quyt nh chm dt hp ng mt cch r rng, bn mun rt li quyt nh phi th hin nh r rng v khng c a vo hp ng c cc iu kin mi. Bn phi khi phc li quan h php l nh trc khi n b vi phm hp ng. Bn telex ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1984 ca Nguyn n thc t khng cp n vic khi phc hp ng phn phi; ngc li, n li c ch thch l "m phn gii quyt quan h hin ti gia Nguyn n v B n". U ban trng ti nhn thy bn telex ny ging mt li ngh m phn nhm rt dn quan h vi B n hn l khi phc li quan h trc . Nh tuyn b ca To n ti cao California trong v Taylor, bn b thit hi c th la chn nhiu cch gii quyt. Bn c th coi vic chm dt hp ng l mt s vi phm hp ng trc thi hn v ngay lp tc i bi thng cho s vi phm hp ng , ... hoc bn c th coi yu cu chm dt hp ng n gin ch l mt s e do khng my gi tr... . Theo kin ca u ban trng ti, vn bn tr li ngy 19 thng 1 nm 1984 ca B n khng th coi l B n quyt nh b qua vi phm ny ca Nguyn n. B n ch by t r nguyn vng mun n California tm ra mt gii php bo v cc quyn li ca mnh v hai bn khi phi dn nhau ra to. V nhng l do nu trn, cc trng ti vin quyt nh rng bn telex ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1984 ca Nguyn n khng c coi l s sa i hp php vi phm ca
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Nguyn n do n phng chm dt hp ng. 5. Chm dt quan h thng mi: U ban trng ti cho rng trong bn telex ngy 29 thng 3 nm 1984 Nguyn n chnh thc ngh B n gia hn hp ng vi cc iu khon v iu kin tng t nh hp ng gc thm hai nm k t ngy B n chp thun. y l mt ngh hp l v c thin tip tc thc hin hp ng theo bn hp ng gc. B n khng tip tc chp thun cc iu khon ca hp ng gc v thi hn ca hp ng c Nguyn n ngh l hai nm ch khng phi l nm hay mi nm v hn na, trong c nhng iu khon lm tn hi quan h gia hai bn trong mt nm ri trc . Tuy nhin, sau khi nhn c li ngh, l ra B n phi trnh by r tt c cc l do phn i cc iu khon , k c iu khon v thi hn hp ng v nh vy s buc ngi a ra li ngh phi xem xt sa i ngh ca mnh. Nhng B n ng nhin coi li ngh l hon ton khng th chp nhn v khng c thin , v v l do ny B n bc li ngh thng qua bn telex 2379 ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1984. Theo quan im ca cc trng ti vin, s bc b nh vy khng c c s. Tuy nhin iu ny cng khng gim bt trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho B n t pha Nguyn n. U ban trng ti quyt nh rng Nguyn n t ngt thng bo chm dt quan h hp ng cho B n ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1983. V vy, B n c quyn i bi thng cho nhng tn tht pht sinh m bn c th chng minh c, nhng ch xt nhng tn tht phi gnh chu cho n khi B n v l bc ngh gia hn hp ng ca Nguyn n. Ni cch khc, theo chng 2 ca B lut dn s California (t mc 1485 n mc 1505 v c bit l mc 1492), khi mt bn tr hon thc hin ngha v hoc vi phm hp ng bng cch chm dt t ngt hp ng, bn phi bi thng tn tht cho bn kia theo lut nh. U ban trng ti thy rng ph hp vi mc 1492 ca B lut dn s California vic tr hon thc hin hp ng buc mt bn c th phi bi thng ton b v y cc thit hi cho bn kia. Trong hp ng ny, thi khng phi l vn ct li i vi ngha v pht sinh t hp ng: mt hp ng m c hiu lc hn bn nm v tr thnh mt hp ng v thi hn th thi gian khng cn l vn quan trng i vi hp ng. iu ny hon ton ph hp vi quy tc lut California v gim thiu thit hi. Theo qui tc ny, B n phi gim thiu thit hi pht sinh t vic Nguyn n t ngt chm dt hp ng. t nht, ngh ca Nguyn n ngy 29 thng 3 nm 1984 v gia hn hp ng thm hai nm to cho B n mt c hi thch hp gim thiu thit hi. U ban trng ti tin rng s khng cng bng khi mt bn t chi cho bn kia c hi sa cha sai lm. Cc trng ti vin khng quyt nh lm th no nh gi hoc gim thiu thit
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hi gy ra bi s chm dt hp ng sai tri. iu s c gii quyt trong phn quyt cui cng khi U ban trng ti da trn tt c nhng chng c ra quyt nh v vn th nm v im th su trong s cc vn cn quyt nh. 6. K kt hp ng vi cc i th cnh tranh (tim tng): U ban trng ti tuyn b lut California tha nhn mt ngha v ngm nh v thin ch v cng bng khi giao kt hp ng v khng lm tn hi n quyn li ca bn kia nhm t c li ch t hp ng. T cc ti liu v chng c do cc bn trnh by, cc trng ti vin nhn thy Nguyn n v B n tin hnh giao dch bun bn v m phn khng chnh thc vi cc i th cnh tranh tim tng ca bn kia. Ni mt cch cng bng, khng bn no c x mt cch thin ch khi thc hin cc cuc m phn v giao dch . C th thy c hai bn u vi phm ngha v v thin ch. Nhng U ban trng ti khng c nh xem xt s cng bng gia cc bn trong nhng giao dch bi v khng bn no c cc chng c thuyt phc U ban trng ti rng vic lm sai tri ca bn kia nghim trng n mc phi bi thng. Trong phn quyt b phn ban hnh nm 1986, cc trng ti vin quyt nh cc vn trn nh sau: - Thng bo chm dt hp ng ca Nguyn n qu bt ng v v th b coi l chm dt Hp ng bt hp php. - Bn telex ngy 11 thng 1 nm 1982 ca Nguyn n khng c gi tr rt li vic chm dt hp ng bt hp php ni trn. - ngh ngy 24 thng 3 nm 1984 ca Nguyn n (gia hn Hp ng vi cc iu khon v iu kin tng t vi Hp ng gc) cng vi bn telex ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1984 ca B n (bc ngh ca Nguyn n), chm dt quan h thng mi gia hai bn, nhng khng lm cho Nguyn n thot khi trch nhim phi bi thng cho B n cc thit hi v tn tht pht sinh. - Khng c chng c chng minh cc bn k kt hp ng vi i th cnh tranh (tim tng) ca bn kia. - Cc vn cn li s c quyt nh trong phn quyt cui cng.

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PHN QUYT S 43 TRANH CHP V THANH TON TRONG HP NG LI-XNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty Php B n Cc vn c cp: - Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch - Hp ng t ng b hu b - Ngha v hn ch thit hi - ng tin thanh ton Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n (cng ty Php) k mt Hp ng vi B n (cng ty M) theo Nguyn n nhng quyn s dng tn v nhn hiu hng ho ca mnh trong ba nm cho B n, s dng trn nhng sn phm do cng ty ny sn xut v c tiu th trong phm vi lnh th M. Thng thng theo phng thc hot ng ny, B n phi tr (su thng mt ln) cc khon ph tng ng vi mt s phn trm nht nh ca doanh thu v mt khon bo m ti thiu trong mi trng hp. V iu ny, Hp ng qui nh rng vic khng thanh ton cc khon ph vo cc ngy o hn tng ng s dn n vic Hp ng t ng b hu b v vic khng tun th mt trong nhng iu khon ca hp ng bi mt trong cc bn cng dn n nhng hu qu tng t, m khng lm nh hng n quyn c bi thng thit hi ca bn kia. Thc t, B n ch thanh ton mt khon tin bo m ti thiu theo hp ng trong nm u tin v quyt nh chm dt hp ng. Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti ti Bruxelles, B, yu cu B n thanh ton khon bo m ti thiu cn li vo ngy o hn theo quy nh ca hp ng trong khong thi gian hai nm. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Trng ti vin bc yu cu trn ca Nguyn n vi cc l do sau: Trn thc t, khiu ni ny l tri vi ch ca cc bn c biu hin trong hp ng v tri vi tp qun v thc tin ni chung trong hot ng thng mi v c bit l trong quan h thng mi quc t;

: Cng ty M

- Cc iu khon hp ng ni trn l hon ton r rng v c th v cc iu khon hp ng khng bao gm iu khon hn ch hay bo lu no d nh nht v
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tnh hp php v t ng ca vic hu b hp ng. T cc l do trn, trng ti quyt nh Nguyn n khng c quyn v cn c khiu ni i c tr nhng khon ph theo hp ng s n hn sau ngy hu b hp ng. Tuy nhin, Trng ti vin cho rng Nguyn n c quyn nhn c khon n b thit hi do vi phm hp ng, vi iu kin c gng ht sc mnh nhm gii hn mc thit hi ca vi phm hp ng gy ra v l do: iu 10 ca hp ng c quy nh r rng iu khon bo lu v quyn c bi thng ny;

Khon bi thng c xc nh l khon bo m ti thiu n ngy X, bi v B n c th thng bo d kin kh nng tip tc quan h hp ng trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v do Nguyn n khng tm cch t cc quan h hp ng mi vi mt hoc nhiu cng ty khc M thay th cho quan h hp ng vi B n. Trin vng v m phn v bn bc vi B n khng cn k t ngy X. K t ngy X, Nguyn n l ra phi n lc thit lp nhng quan h mi nhm b p nhng thit hi gy ra do chm dt hp ng vi B n; Nguyn n khng a ra mt bng c no d nh nht v cc n lc ny. Do , hon ton hp l v cng bng khi cho rng nu nh Nguyn n tin hnh nhng n lc nh vy th Nguyn n c th gim mt na nhng thit hi gy ra do s chm dt hp ng ni trn vi B n.

Cui cng, vn cn phi bn bc ng tin no s c chn l ng tin thanh ton. V vn ny, trng ti vin tuyn b nh sau: Xt rng trong hp ng do hai bn k kt, ng la c s dng nh ng tin thanh ton do vy cng phi l ng tin c s dng trong phn quyt, v thm ch l ng tin s dng bi thng bi v khon ny nhm n b nhng tn tht trn th trng M.

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PHN QUYT S 44 TRANH CHP V VIC LA CHN LUT P DNG TRONG HP NG LI-XNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Nh sn xut M B n Cc vn c cp: - Lut p dng thc cht - Lex mercatoria - iu 13 Quy tc ca ICC - Lut ca ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng - Cng c Rme 1980 - p dng phi hp cc quy tc lut xung t Tm tt v vic: B n, ngi s hu bng sng ch v Nguyn n, nh sn xut M, k mt hp ng cho php Nguyn n c quyn sn xut v bn cc thit b M v Canaa da trn cc bng sng ch v cng ngh ca B n. Tranh chp pht sinh khi Nguyn n tuyn b Hp ng b vi phm v khi kin B n i bi thng nhng thit hi pht sinh. B n khng tha nhn vic vi phm hp ng vi l do l Nguyn n khng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch khi chm dt hp ng. B n cng kin li i bi thng thit hi. Cc bn a tranh chp ra trng ti ICC. Vn bn xc nh thm quyn ca trng ti quy nh U ban trng ti s xc nh lut thc cht p dng cho hp ng. B n yu cu p dng lex mercatoria, bao gm cc nguyn tc chung ca lut v tp qun; trong khi , Nguyn n yu cu p dng lut ca M v c bit l lut bang Massachusetts, ng thi dn chiu lex mercatoria nu cn thit. Do cc bn khng tho thun c vi nhau, U ban trng ti phi gii quyt vn ny bng mt phn quyt tm thi. Trong phn quyt tm thi, U ban trng ti quyt nh p dng lut ca M v lut bang Massachusett bi l lut ca ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Mc IX Vn bn xc nh thm quyn ca trng ti quy nh U ban trng ti s
181

: Ngi cho php s dng bng sng ch Italia

quyt nh lut p dng thc cht cho v tranh chp bng mt phn quyt tm thi, ging nh iu 32 Cng c trng ti lin bang Thu S. Trong khi , on 3 iu 13 Quy tc ICC quy nh nu cc bn khng ch ra c lut p dng th U ban trng ti s xc nh lut p dng bng cc quy tc lut xung t, v on 5 iu 13 quy nh trong mi trng hp, U ban trng ti phi xem xt c cc iu khon hp ng v nhng tp qun thng mi lin quan. Quy tc ICC khng buc U ban trng ti phi chn quy tc lut ca ni tin hnh t tng trng ti, trong v ny l cc quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S. Theo thng l xt x trng ti hin nay ca ICC, xc nh lut p dng cho v tranh chp, u ban trng ti ICC c th s dng phng php p dng tng hp cc quy tc lut xung t ca tt c cc quc gia c lin quan n tranh chp. Trong v ny, cc quc gia lin quan n tranh chp l:

Thu S, ni tin hnh th tc t tng trng ti

Hoa K ni chung v bang Massachusetts ni ring, nc Nguyn n mang quc tch

Italia, nc B n mang quc tch.

Nu Quy tc lut xung t ca M c dng xc nh lut p dng th phi xem xt mt s nhn t sau khi xc nh ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng:

Ni k kt hp ng Ni m phn hp ng Ni thc hin hp ng a im ca i tng thc hin chnh ca hp ng

Ni c tr c nh, ni c tr thng xuyn, quc tch v ni tin hnh hot ng kinh doanh ca cc bn. Theo Quy tc lut xung t ca Italia, lut p dng l lut ca ni k kt hp ng. Tuy nhin, Italia ph chun v thi hnh Cng c EEC ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1980 v lut p dng cho cc ngha v hp ng. Cng c ny cng nhn nguyn tc v lut ca "ni c mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng". iu 4(2) Cng c EEC quy nh ni c "mi lin h mt thit nht" l nc c tr thng xuyn ca bn phi thc hin "ngha v chnh ca hp ng". Tuy nhin, iu 4(5) Cng c EEC quy nh iu 4(2) khng p dng khi xt trn mi kha cnh, hp ng c mi lin h mt thit nht vi mt nc khc, khng phi ni c tr thng xuyn ca bn phi thc hin ngha v chnh ca hp ng. Quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S cng tha nhn vic p dng lut ca ni mi lin h mt thit nht vi hp ng. To n Lin bang Thu S cho rng lut p dng l lut ca ni c tr c nh hoc ni c tr thng xuyn ca ngi phi thc hin ngha v chnh ca hp ng v trong hp ng ny, v nguyn tc th ngha v chnh l
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ngha v ca bn phi thanh ton tin mua quyn s dng sng ch. Bi Hp ng ny c xem l mt tho thun cho php s dng sng ch v b quyt sn xut nn Nguyn n c quyn s dng M v Canaa cc sng ch ti M ca B n v b quyt sn xut lin quan n sng ch ny. Mc d ngi phi thc hin ngha v chnh ca Hp ng c tr Italia, Hp ng li c mi lin h mt thit nht vi M, c bit vi bang Massachusetts v M l ni thc hin v a im ca i tng thc hin chnh ca hp ng (sng ch). U ban trng ti cho rng theo Quy tc lut xung t ca M th lut p dng cho v tranh chp s l lut M ni chung v lut bang Massachusetts ni ring. Trn c s Cng c EEC v theo Quy tc lut xung t ca Italia th kt qu xc nh lut p dng cng tng t . Theo Quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S, To n Lin bang Thu S xc nh lut p dng cho Hp ng l lut ca ni c tr c nh ca ngi cho php s dng bng sng ch bi v To n cho rng y l bn thc hin ngha v chnh ca Hp ng. Cch xc nh ny cng c Lut Lin bang mi ca Thu S v lut t php quc t cng nhn. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ny b ch trch, bi lut ca ni c tr ca ngi c quyn s dng sng ch c th bao gm mt s nguyn tc bt buc phi tun th. Trong cc v vic trc , To n Lin bang Thu S cng p dng lut ca ni thc hin ngha v chnh ca hp ng. Trong v ny, xem xt mi kha cnh th thy gii php chn lut M v lut bang Massachusetts l lut p dng chc chn c Quy tc lut xung t ca Thu S tha nhn. V vy, da vo iu 13(3) Quy tc ICC, U ban trng ti quyt nh p dng lut ca M v lut bang Massachusetts. Mt khc, iu 13(5) Quy tc ICC buc U ban trng ti phi xem xt c cc tp qun thng mi lin quan. Ngun ca lex mercatoria cng l cc tp qun thng mi v v c bn, lex mercatoria thng c p dng trong thng mi quc t. V vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh nh sau: 1. Lut ca M ni chung v lut bang Massachusetts ni ring l lut p dng cho v tranh chp v nu cn thit s p dng c lex merctoria. 2. Cc chi ph, k c ph lin quan ti phn quyt tm thi ny s c xc nh trong phn quyt cui cng.

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PHN QUYT S 45 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG LI -XNG V MT HP CHT DC PHM Cc bn: Nguyn n : Cng ty s dng sng ch B n : Cng ty cho php s dng sng ch M Cc vn c cp: Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch Bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h do li ca ch s hu sng ch v hu qu (chm dt Hp ng s dng sng ch) Quyn i bi thng ca ngi c php s dng sng ch Tm tt v vic: B n (mt cng ty M) np n xin cp bng sng ch s XX001 ti Php nm 1972 cho hp cht XX1, phng php sn xut ra hp cht ny v cc ng dng hp cht ny sn xut thuc cha bnh. n nm 1976 th B n chnh thc c cp bng sng ch. Nguyn n (mt cng ty Php) v B n k mt Hp ng v quyn la chn, theo Nguyn n tr cho B n th nht 100.000 USD v c c quyn la chn thc hin mt s quyn v sng ch nhm khai thc XX1 Php v mt s nc khc. Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch c Nguyn n v B n k nm 1979, theo B n cp cho Nguyn n giy php c quyn s dng bng sng ch s XX001 thit k sn phm (di cc dng khc nhau) t hp cht XX1 ph hp vi cc ch dn ca B n, s dng v bn sn phm Php v mt giy php bn c quyn (semi-exclusive) s dng v bn sn phm mt s nc khc. Theo Hp ng, Nguyn n cam kt chp nhn chu mi chi ph tin hnh cc nghin cu v th nghim lm sng theo quy nh c ng k kinh doanh sn phm ni trn. Hp ng quy nh Hp ng s c hiu lc t ngy k cho n ngy Bng sng ch s XX001 ht thi hn bo h. Theo lut ca Php, thi hn bo h ca mt bng sng ch l 20 nm k t ngy np n xin cp, v vy, thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch s XX001 n nm 1992 mi kt thc. Nm 1979, Nguyn n v B n cng k mt hp ng cung cp, theo B n th nht ng cung cp cho Nguyn n hp cht XX1 vi mt s iu kin nht nh v cht lng, gi c, thanh ton, v.v... Hp ng cung cp quy nh Hp ng ny s cn hiu lc chng no Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch vn cn hiu lc.
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Nm 1985, Nguyn n bit c rng Bng sng ch s XX001 ht thi hn bo h t nm 1980 do ch s hu bng sng ch, B n, khng ng ph hng nm theo quy nh ca Lut sng ch Php. Nguyn n kin ra trng ti i B n bi thng: - S tin Nguyn n thanh ton cho B n l 200.000 USD do B n vi phm Hp ng, khng ng ph bo h dn ti chm dt Hp ng (v Hp ng c hiu lc cho n khi kt thc thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch) m khng h thng bo g cho Nguyn n. - Cc chi ph cho cc cuc th nghim v nghin cu m Nguyn n tin hnh trong sut 6 nm (theo Nguyn n, vic nghin cu ny ko di m khng t kt qu do B n c tnh cung cp cc thng tin sai lch v mu khng chnh xc ca hp cht XX1) - Mt khon tin bi thng cho cc thit hi pht sinh, k c li nhun b tn tht. - Tin li ca cc khon tin ni trn. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V n phn i thm quyn ca trng ti: B n np n phn i thm quyn ca trng ti v cho rng v vic cn phi do mt to n dn s Php xt x hoc t nht t tng trng ti cng phi hon li cho n khi vn thm quyn ca trng ti c xc nh chnh xc. n phn i ca B n da trn cc cn c sau y: (i) U ban trng ti vt qu gii hn thm quyn ca mnh khi ra quyt nh yu cu cc bn trnh cc ti liu v vic bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h; (ii) Quyt nh ni trn ca U ban trng ti lm ny sinh trong t tng trng ti mt vn mi lin quan trc tip n "thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch", mt vn thuc trt t cng cng v ch thuc thm quyn xt x ca cc to n dn s Php; (iii) Ngoi ra, xut sa i ni dung bn tranh tng ca B n c vin dn n bng sng ch b sung s YY002 (theo B n, bng sng ch YY002 cng c ni dung bao hm hp cht XX1, v th d bng sng ch XX001 c ht thi hn bo h th Nguyn n vn khng b nh hng v l do bng YY001 vn cn thi hn bo h ti Php). V gia hai bn cha c tho thun trng ti i vi bng sng ch ny nn trng ti khng c thm quyn xt x. Cn c vo nguyn tc v quyn xc nh thm quyn xt x ca chnh mnh (iu 8(3) Qui tc ICC), u ban trng ti quyt nh bc n yu cu ca B n v xc nh rng trng ti c thm quyn trong v vic ny vi nhng l do sau y: - Trong v vic ny cc bn u tha nhn rng bng sng ch s XX001 cho hp cht XX1 ht hiu lc t nm 1980. Nh vy y khng c tranh chp v
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thi hn ca bng sng ch v u ban trng ti khng c trch nhim gii quyt vn ny. Do , u ban trng ti c thm quyn xt x trong v vic ny d thi hn ca bng sng ch c phi l vn thuc trt t cng cng v nm trong phm vi c quyn xt x ca cc to n dn s Php hay khng. - Cc chng c m trng ti yu cu (nhm xc nh xem vic bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h l do li ca B n hay ch l h qu ca s bt cn hoc mt s kin khc vt qu tm kim sot ca B n) lin quan n khiu kin ca Nguyn n v hnh vi gian ln ca B n. M khiu kin ny nm trong phm vi thm quyn xt x ca trng ti. V th, trng ti hon ton c thm quyn yu cu cc bn trnh by cc chng c ny. - Theo iu 16 Qui tc ICC, cc bn trong t tng trng ti ch c th a ra cc khiu kin mi hoc b sung thm cc chi tit cho khiu kin ca mnh nu tho mn mt trong hai iu kin sau y: th nht, cc b sung hoc khiu kin mi ny vn thuc phm vi ca Vn bn v thm quyn xt x ca trng ti; th hai, cc b sung hoc khiu kin mi ny c tt c cc bn chp thun v c thng bo ti To Trng ti ICC. Trong v vic ny, b sung khiu kin ca B n c lin quan n YY001, bng sng ch khng c qui nh trong Vn bn thm quyn ca u ban trng ti cng khng c cc bn cng chp thun. Ngoi ra, u ban trng ti cng nhn mnh rng tranh chp gia cc bn khng ch lin quan n hp cht XX1 m quan trng hn l v nhng vi phm hp ng. V vy, trng ti bc b sung khiu ni mi ny ca B n v tuyn b vn c thm quyn trong v vic ny. 2. V vic vi phm hp ng ca B n: V nguyn nhn ca vic ht hn bo h ca bng sng ch, sau khi xem xt cc chng c, u ban trng ti kt lun: bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h l do B n khng ng ph bo h 90 USD/nm mc d nhn c y cc thng bo np ph. Nguyn n cho rng vic B n c tnh khng ng ph bo h lm cho bng sng ch XX001 cho hp cht XX1 ht thi hn bo h Php trc thi hn d kin (nm 1992) v h qu l lm cho Hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n t ng ht hiu lc (do hiu lc ca Hp ng ph thuc vo thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch). Do , B n vi phm nghim trng Hp ng. chng minh cho lp lun ca mnh, lut s ca Nguyn n vin dn trc U ban trng ti quyt nh ca To Phc thm Paris trong v Fridor vs. Exhenry (Paris, ngy 3 thng 3 nm 1953). Trong v , ngi s hu bng sng ch khng ng ph hng nm nn lm chm dt thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch. To n cho rng vic ng ph hng nm l trch nhim ca ch s hu sng ch v nu ch s hu khng lm nh vy, anh ta c ngha v bi thng thit hi cho ngi s dng sng ch. B n lp lun: vic bng sng ch hp cht XX1 ht thi hn bo h khng nh
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hng nhiu n quyn li ca Nguyn n theo Hp ng s dng sng ch, thm ch Nguyn n tip tc hng li theo Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch, c bit t bng sng ch s YY002. B n cho rng ngi cho php s dng sng ch ch c ngha v chuyn cho ngi s dng sng ch thng tin y v sng ch v nhng ci tin c pht hin v bo h trc khi k hp ng cho php s dng sng ch. (Trc khi gii quyt vn ny, U ban trng ti nhc li rng trong giai on bt u t tng trng ti, U ban trng ti quyt nh l bng sng ch s YY002 khng c a vo ni dung bn tranh tng ca cc B n theo quy nh ti Quy tc ICC. Tuy nhin, trong bn tranh tng, lut s ca cc B n vn a ra cc lp lun da trn s tn ti ca bng sng ch ny. Do vy, U ban trng ti xem xt v quyt nh v lp lun ny ca cc B n) Cng trong v Frior, To n bc lp lun ca ngi cho php s dng bng sng ch rng trn thc t, ngi s dng bng sng ch vn tip tc gi c quyn sau khi bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h. To n kt lun ngha v cung cp cho ngi s dng bng sng ch nhng kinh nghim v cng ngh lin quan khng phi l mt nhn t c lp c th duy tr bng sng ch sau khi i tng chnh ca bng sng ch khng cn na. Tuy nhin, To n cho rng cc yu t thc t sau khi thi hn bo h ca bng sng ch cng cn phi c lu xem xt xc nh thit hi thc t m ngi s dng sng ch phi chu. Do , trong v vic ny, i tng ca Hp ng khng cn v bng sng ch YY001 khng th thay th ng nhin cho XX001. Hp ng s dng sng ch chm dt, do vy ngay c khi B n thc s c mang li cho Nguyn n nhng li ch nht nh hay cc t vn v k thut sau khi thi hn bo h bng sng ch kt thc th B n vn phi chu trch nhim v lm hp ng chm dt v phi bi thng cho Nguyn n. U ban trng ti kt lun: Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch chm dt khi bng sng ch hp cht XX1 ht thi hn bo h. V B n phi chu trch nhim cho vic bng sng ch chm dt thi gian bo h trc thi hn nn B n cng chu trch nhim i vi vic Hp ng chm dt trc thi hn. U ban trng ti cng thy rng hnh vi ca B n dn n bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h v vic cc B n khng thng bo s kin ny cho Nguyn n sut 5 nm l mt li rt nng, do Nguyn n c quyn i bi thng tn tht li nhun m ng l Nguyn n c th c hng theo Hp ng ny tnh n nm 1992. U ban trng ti quyt nh cc B n phi tr cho Nguyn n s li nhun b tn tht l 37.365.173 FF.

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PHN QUYT S 46 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG LI - XNG V CHAI NG UNG NH Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ch s hu bng sng ch Italia B n : Ngi s dng bng sng ch Italia Cc vn c cp: Quyt nh ca c quan hnh chnh gia hn min ph thi hn bo h bng sng ch Thm quyn xt x ca trng ti Tm tt v vic: Nguyn n l ch s hu sng ch ng k Italia, c quyn s hu y v c hng cc li ch t cc sng ch v ng dng sng ch trong sn xut chai nha polyethylene dng ng ung nh c ga. Nm 1979, Nguyn n v cng ty X k Hp ng cho php s dng sng ch chai ng ung nh (chai SDK). Italia, loi chai SKD c cp bng sng ch s .... Bng sng ch ny c nu trong Ph lc A ca Hp ng. Nguyn n cng l ch s hu ca nm bng sng ch khc Italia (xem Ph lc B ca Hp ng) lin quan n cc loi chai SKD c bit hoc phng php sn xut hoc thit b sn xut ra cc loi chai ny. Nm 1984, vi s ng ca Nguyn n, cng ty X chuyn nhng Hp ng cho cng ty con ca mnh, B n. Nm 1985, B n gi cho Nguyn n bn telex cp ti mt Sc lnh ca Chnh ph Italia ngy 22 thng 6 nm 1979 ng trong Cng bo ngy 7 thng 8 nm 1979 (sau y gi l Sc lnh). iu 4 ca Sc lnh quy nh tng thi hn bo h ca cc bng sng ch Italia t 15 nm ln 20 nm v iu 84 quy nh "nhng ngi c cho php s dng sng ch v nhng ngi u t c hiu qu v nghim tc s dng sng ch c quyn nhn mt giy php khng c quyn bt buc (a non exclusive compulsory license) s dng sng ch min ph trong thi gian gia hn thm vi iu kin thi hn bo h ca sng ch sp ht. Nu bng sng ch cha ht thi hn bo h th khng p dng quyn ny." Vin dn cc iu khon ni trn, B n thng bo cho Nguyn n rng h s ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch vo cui nm 1985 bi v tnh n nm 1985 sng ch ng k c 15 nm. Nguyn n phn i v cho rng B n khng c quyn ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch.
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Qua bn telex ngy 3 thng 7 nm 1986, B n yu cu Nguyn n cp mt giy php khng c quyn s dng bng sng ch min ph (a non exclusive free license) cho n ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1990. B n cn nhn mnh "nu yu cu chnh thc ny khng c chp nhn trong vng 15 ngy k t ngy hm nay, B n c quyn np n cho Vn phng sng ch Italia chnh thc xin cp giy php bt buc (a compulsory license) ph hp vi cc iu khon lin quan ca Lut sng ch Italia." Theo yu cu ca B n, B Cng nghip Italia ban hnh mt Quyt nh cp cho B n mt giy php bt buc khng c quyn (a non exclusive compulsory license) s dng sng ch min ph trong vng 5 nm t ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1985 n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1990. Do B n t chi thanh ton tin mua quyn s dng sng ch nn Nguyn n kin ra trng ti i B n bi thng thit hi hp ng v tr tt c mi khon thanh ton theo Hp ng cho n ngy bng sng ch ht thi hn bo h, l ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1990. Phn quyt ca trng ti: (Phn quyt trnh by di y ch gii quyt vn kh nng th l khiu kin ca Nguyn n) B n phn i thm quyn xt x ca trng ti vi cc l do sau y: Th nht, Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia hon ton gii quyt c khiu kin ca Nguyn n. V vy, cn chm dt v kin. Theo B n iu 84 ca Sc lnh trao cho B Cng nghip Italia quyn cp giy php s dng sng ch min ph. Khng c To n hay trng ti no c th thay th B Cng nghip Italia thc hin quyn lc hnh chnh ny. Th hai, nu B n c giy php s dng bng sng ch min ph c hiu lc php l, th B n hon ton khng vi phm hp ng; nu khng th Hp ng ng nhin b vi phm. iu ny c ngha l vn xc nh vi phm hp ng cng ng thi l vic xc nh quyn ca B n theo iu 84 ca Sc lnh. Quyn s dng sng ch ca B n cn c trn c s Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia ch khng cn c trn Hp ng. Ni cch khc, tranh chp a ra U ban trng ti khng lin quan n cc quyn ca B n pht sinh t Hp ng hay gii thch hp ng nh quy nh trong iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng. V vy trng ti khng c thm quyn. Ngoi ra, B n cn cho rng U ban trng ti khng th ph nhn Quyt nh ngy 16 thng 5 bn 1988 ca B Cng nghip Italia. U ban trng ti cn xem xt Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia v sau khi khng nh giy php ca B Cng nghip Italia cho php s dng sng ch min ph th phi tuyn b B n khng vi phm hp ng. Theo B n, nu s vic ch trong gii hn nh vy th tranh chp c th a ra xt x trng ti.
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V phn mnh, Nguyn n lp lun nh sau: Vn duy nht U ban trng ti phi quyt nh l trong phm vi ca Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia, B n c phi tip tc thc hin ngha v tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch cho Nguyn n na hay khng. Theo Nguyn n, vn ny khng c quyt nh bi B Cng nghip Italia v c quan ny ch quyt nh xem liu B n c quyn nhn giy php theo iu 84 ca Sc lnh khng. B Cng nghip Italia khng a ra bt c gii thch Hp ng no bi vic thuc thm quyn ca U ban trng ti. V vy, Nguyn n cho rng U ban trng ti phi thc hin quyn gii thch hp ng. Theo Nguyn n, Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip khng min cho B n cc ngha v hp ng phi tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch cho Nguyn n. Hn na, Nguyn n cn cho rng B n ln ln gia quyn s dng sng ch min ph m B n c c theo Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia v khiu kin ca Nguyn n i tin bn quyn theo hp ng. i vi Nguyn n, U ban trng ti phi xem xt vic Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip c tc ng nh th no n v tranh chp. Bn thn Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip phi c gii thch v p dng theo Hp ng. U ban trng ti c kin nh sau: Vn chnh c a ra trc U ban trng ti l liu B n c quyn ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch theo Hp ng khng v liu B n c phi tr tin bi thng thit hi vi phm hp ng khng. Theo iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng "bt k tranh chp no lin quan ti gii thch hoc thc hin Hp ng ny v bt k vn no ny sinh t Hp ng m cc bn khng th gii quyt trong mt thi hn hp l, s c a ra trng ti theo cc quy tc ca Phng thng mi quc t." Vic tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch qui nh ti Hp ng v vic vi phm hp ng do khng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch l cc vn lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng. U ban trng ti khng chp nhn quan im ca B n cho rng tranh chp khng th a ra trng ti v "vn v vi phm hp ng trng vi vn xc nh quyn ca B n theo iu 84 ca Sc lnh". B n t chi thm quyn ca trng ti da trn mt cn c duy nht l Quyt nh ngy 16 thng 5 nm 1988 ca B Cng nghip Italia cho B n quyn ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch. Nguyn n bc quan im ny trc U ban trng ti. Nguyn n nhn mnh vn cn xem xt y l liu trong phm vi Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia, B n c ngha v tip tc tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch cho Nguyn n theo Hp ng na hay khng. Vn ny lin quan ti gii thch Hp ng v theo quy nh ca iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng, U ban trng ti c php gii thch Hp ng. Hn na, do Nguyn n ni r l Nguyn n khng phn i Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip Italia, U ban trng ti khng c cc bn yu cu phi quyt nh xem
190

liu B n c quyn c nhn giy php s dng sng ch min ph trong phm vi iu 84 ca Sc lnh khng, mt vn vt ra ngoi phm vi thm quyn ca U ban trng ti. Quyt nh ngy 16 thng 5 nm 1988 l mt trong nhng nhn t php l U ban trng ti cn xem xt khi xc nh quyn ca B n khng phi tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch theo Hp ng nhng s tn ti ca Quyt nh ny khng tc i quyn gii thch Hp ng v xc nh tranh chp pht sinh t Hp ng ca U ban trng ti. Thc t, B n khng hon ton phn i quan im ny, bi B n tha nhn rng U ban trng ti c th xem xt Quyt nh ca B Cng nghip v sau khi khng nh giy php cho B n quyn s dng sng ch min ph th tuyn b l B n khng vi phm Hp ng. iu ny cho thy vic B n khc t a tranh chp ra trng ti trn thc t l s khc t mt trong nhng gii php m U ban trng ti c th xut vi B n. Nu U ban trng ti c thm quyn quyt nh B n khng vi phm Hp ng, U ban trng ti cng c thm quyn a ra quyt nh v cc vi phm hp ng khc. V cc l do nu trn, U ban trng ti quyt nh tranh chp c th a ra trng ti v U ban trng ti c thm quyn quyt nh xem liu B n c quyn ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch theo Hp ng khng v nu ngng tr tin mua quyn s dng sng ch th B n c vi phm Hp ng khng.

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PHN QUYT S 47 TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N TH QUYN TRONG HP NG BO HIM TN DNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Ngn hng (A) B n : Ngi cung cp bo lnh (B) Cc vn c cp: Quyn khi kin ca ngi c bo him Th quyn

Tm tt v vic: Ngn hng A, Nguyn n, cho mt cng ty vay tin xy dng nh my. Vic cho vay ny c thc hin trn c s bo lnh tr ca B, B n. Hp ng vay qui nh lut p dng l lut Php. Sau A k mt hp ng bo him tn dng vi COFACE (Cng ty bo him ngoi thng Php) theo COFACE cam kt s thanh ton cho A tin bo him l x% tr gi khon vay khi xy ra s kin c bo him (tc l khi khon vay khng c tr ng hn v ngi bo lnh B t chi thc hin ngha v bo lnh ca mnh). Trn thc t, B t chi thc hin ngha v bo lnh ca mnh khi n hn. COFACE, v th, tr cho Ngn hng A mt khon tin l x% tr gi khon vay theo ng hp ng bo him tn dng. Ngn hng A kin B ra trng ti yu cu B tr khon tin vay m B ng ra bo lnh. Phn quyt ca trng ti: (Phn quyt trng ti trnh by di y ch gii quyt vn v quyn khi kin ca Nguyn n) Khi t tng trng ti mi bt u, B n, trn c s t vn ca ngi vay, a ra lp lun rng Nguyn n khng c quyn khi kin trong v vic ny v Nguyn n thc t c COFACE thanh ton tin bo him cho khon vay. Nhng trong qu trnh t tng sau B n khng h nhc li lp lun ny. Trong cc bn gii trnh v bin h ca mnh, B n ch nu rng Nguyn n khng c quyn kin i ton b khon vay c B n bo lnh m ch c quyn kin i phn tin khng c COFACE thanh ton bo him. Tuy nhin, cn c vo cc s kin c vin dn v cc chng c do cc bn a ra, u ban trng ti thy rng cn thit phi gii quyt vn : Nguyn n c quyn khi kin i B n thanh ton ton b khon vay hay khng khi Nguyn n c
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COFACE thanh ton tin bo him l x% khon vay c bo lnh, tnh c vn ln li? (Liu y quyn khi kin ca Nguyn n c b chuyn sang cho COFACE theo nguyn tc th quyn trong bo him hay khng?) iu L.121-12 B lut bo him Php qui nh: ngi bo him, sau khi tr tin bo him cho ngi c bo him, c thay th ngi c bo him trong vic i v khi kin (gi l th quyn) i vi khon n tng ng vi khon tin bo him m ngi bo him thanh ton cho ngi c bo him. Qui nh v th quyn ny l mt trong cc qui tc c bn ca lut v bo him v c khng nh trong nhiu phn quyt ca To Ph n Php. Trong v vic ny, hp ng bo him c k kt gia Ngn hng A v COFACE. COFACE l mt cng ty nh nc hot ng vi mc ch h tr cc nh xut khu thng qua vic cung cp cc bo m tn dng cho cc khon vay trung hn trong mt s giao dch c tm quan trng nht nh. COFACE bo him cho cc nh xut khu i vi cc ri ro xy ra khi nh xut khu khng thu c tin t i tc ca mnh. Thc t, COFACE khng bo him ton b ri ro m ch bo him mt s phn trm nht nh ca ri ro. iu ny ph hp vi thng l quc t nhm buc ngi c bo him phi c s cn trng ti thiu khi tin hnh cc giao dch v c trch nhim gim thiu thit hi khi c ri ro xy ra. Hp ng m COFACE k vi Ngn hng A th hin y cc qui tc hot ng ni trn ca COFACE v c xc nh l mt Hp ng bo him tn dng. Theo khon 3 iu L.111-1 B lut bo him, cc hp ng bo him tn dng khng thuc phm vi p dng ca iu L.112-12 qui nh v vic th quyn ca ngi bo him i vi ngi c bo him. Nh vy, trong v vic ny, vic th quyn khng c p dng mt cch ng nhin theo qui nh ti iu L.112-12. xc nh c tn ti th quyn trong v vic ny hay khng, v nu c th th quyn cn phi c hiu nh th no, trng ti phi da trn cc cn c khc s c xem xt ln lt di y. Th nht, iu XV Hp ng qui nh: bt k vic thanh ton tin bo him no do COFACE thc hin u dn ti h qu l COFACE c thay th ngi c bo him trong vic thc hin quyn i v khi kin i khon tin vay c bo him, cc khon li v cc khon tin khc c lin quan n khon vay chnh. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny, th quyn gia ngi bo him v ngi c bo him sau khi tin bo him c thanh ton l hon ton r rng: khon tin bo him c thanh ton trc khi t tng trng ti ny bt u, COFACE l ngi th hng duy nht ca x% khon tin n pht sinh t hp ng cho vay ca Ngn hng v Ngn hng A ch cn quyn khi kin i vi y% cn li ca khon n ny. Th hai, B lut bo him cng nh cc iu khon trong Hp ng bo him c nhng qui nh cho thy vic th quyn khng phi l tuyt i (tc l ngay c khi c th quyn, ngi bo him ln ngi c bo him vn c nhng quyn v ngha v lin quan cht ch vi nhau). iu A.432-5 B lut bo him qui nh mi khon tin
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thu c (t pha ngi c ngha v tr tin) sau khi tin bo him c thanh ton phi c phn chia cho ngi bo him v ngi c bo him theo t l bo him qui nh trong hp ng; tuy nhin iu khon ny khng xc nh r trong s hai ch th ny, ai l ngi c quyn i (hoc kin i) khon n . iu XII Cc iu kin chung ca Hp ng qui nh COFACE phi chu cc chi ph xt x, vi t l tng ng vi t l bo him, trong cc th tc t tng c tin hnh trnh hoc hn ch nhng thit hi pht sinh t ri ro c bo him. iu XIII Cc iu kin chung qui nh rng vic thanh ton tin bo him ph thuc vo vic thc hin cc quyn gn lin vi khon n c bo him ca Ngi c bo him. Qui nh ny ph hp vi iu 21 ca Hp ng theo Ngi c bo him (d th quyn cho Ngi bo him) vn c trch nhim tin hnh tt c cc bin php cn thit i li khon n ca mnh v cam kt tun th cc ch dn ca COFACE lin quan n vn ny. Vic thanh ton tin bo him khng gii phng Ngi c bo him khi cc ngha v nu trong Hp ng bo him. T cc iu khon ny c th thy ngi c bo him sau khi nhn tin bo him vn c quyn v t cch khi kin i tr n. Th ba, theo mt n l ca To Ph n Php trong phn quyt ban hnh ngy 17 thng 12 nm 1985, khng mt qui nh no trong h thng php lut hin nay buc ngi th quyn phi t mnh thc hin cc quyn m anh ta c v ngi th quyn c th cho ngi c th quyn thc hin cc quyn ny. Vic thanh ton tin bo him khng gii phng ngi vay n (ngi phi thanh ton khon n c bo him) khi ngha v ca mnh. Nh vy, trong v vic ny, COFACE hon ton c th cho Ngn hng thay mnh kin i ton b khon n. iu ny l hon ton hp l bi tin n trong trng hp ny l mt khon vay trung hn v Ngn hng r rng l c li th hn COFACE trong vic qun l v theo di h s ca vic vay n. Th t, iu 10 Hp ng bo him c qui nh Khi COFACE khng mun t mnh tin hnh khi kin chng li ngi c ngha v tr n, Ngi c bo him cam kt thc hin tt c cc bin php cn thit v hp l bo v cc quyn li ca mnh v m bo vic thanh ton khon tin c bo him vi s chp thun v theo cc ch dn ca COFACE. Vi iu khon ny, c th ni rng trc khi t tng trng ti c bt u, COFACE u quyn mt cch minh bch cho Ngn hng tin hnh khi kin ra trng ti theo ng qui nh ti hp ng thu hi li ton b khon n. Tuy nhin, COFACE vn bo lu quyn c a ra nhng ch dn cn thit cho Ngn hng A v quyn c thng bo v tin trnh t tng trng ti. Nh vy, vic Ngn hng A thay th cho COFACE khi kin i B n ton b khon n l hon ton ph hp vi tho thun u nhim khiu kin gia Ngn hng v COFACE. Th nm, v mt nguyn tc, khi c tranh chp pht sinh gia Ngi c bo him ( y l Ngn hng A) v i tc ca h (ngi vay n), Ngi bo him (COFACE) s phi ngng vic thanh ton tin bo him cho n khi tranh chp lin quan c gii quyt xong (theo th tc gii quyt tranh chp qui nh ti hp ng vay n) v Ngi c bo him c tha nhn l ngi th hng ca khon tin vay (Phn quyt ngy 9 thng 11 nm 1988, To Phc thm Paris). Tuy nhin, Ngi bo
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him vn c th thanh ton mt phn tin bo him vi iu kin Ngi c bo him cam kt s tr li cho Ngi bo him khon tin bo him nhn nu c quan xt x (trng ti hoc to n) ra quyt nh bc b yu cu ca Ngi c bo him i vi khon n b tranh chp. Do , trong v vic ny, vic COFACE thanh ton tin bo him cho Ngn hng khng vi phm nguyn tc ngng thanh ton v c t tng gii quyt tranh chp. T cc cn c nu trn, u ban trng ti kt lun: trong v vic ny, Nguyn n hon ton c t cch php l v c quyn li khi kin i B n ton b khon vay, li v cc khon tin khc lin quan n khon vay .

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PHN QUYT S 48 TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG BO HIM THANH TON TIN HNG Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt ngn hng B (X) Mt cng ty Php (Y) B n Cc vn c cp: - Quyn khi kin - Lut p dng cho hp ng - Bo him thng thng hay bo him tn dng? - S kin bo him v tnh khng lng trc c ca hp ng bo him - Tnh trng ph sn ca mt bn trong t tng trng ti Tm tt v vic: Cng ty Y k hp ng bn nguyn vt liu cho mt ngi mua chu Phi. Hai bn tho thun tin hng phi c thanh ton bng tn dng chng t khng hu ngang, c xc nhn, trong quy nh tr 90% gi tr l hng sau mi ln giao hng, 10% cn li s thanh ton khi bn bn xut trnh "Cc th gii phng hng" m ngi mua phi pht hnh 60 ngy sau khi chuyn hng cui cng v n im giao hng. Vic mua bn ny c thc hin bng ngun ti chnh ca ngn hng B (X). Mt hp ng bo him c k kt gia X, Y v hng bo him Z theo Z cam kt tr cho ngi bn khon bo him trong trng hp ngi mua khng thanh ton 10% gi tr l hng khi cc chng t ly hng c xut trnh. Thi gian bo him ko di t ngy 1 thng 11 nm 1988 n ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1989 v thi hn i thanh ton tin bo him l 510 ngy k t ngy xy ra s kin bo him. Theo bn Ph lc ca Hp ng, ngn hng X, ngi s trc tip tr ph bo him, s c hng tin bo him. Ngy 2/2/1989, cng ty Y thng bo cho hng bo him Z rng vic d hng ca chuyn tu cui cng thc hin vo ngy 26/11/1988 m cng ty ny vn cha nhn c " Cc th gii phng hng" ng ra phi c k pht chm nht l vo ngy 25/1/1989 tc l 60 ngy sau khi d l hng cui cng ngi bn c th nhn c khon thanh ton 10% cn li. Cng ty Y cng thng bo cho hng bo him Z rng h v ang tin hnh xc minh vic khng thanh ton ny ti nc ca ngi mua v qua ngn hng xc nhn tn dng chng t ni trn. Hng bo him Z tr li rng h ghi nhn vic "Cc th gii phng hng" vn cha c k pht v h ch i kt
196

: Hng bo him (Z)

qu tip theo ca v vic. Sau , hng Z nhn thy rng cng ty Y tho thun vi khch hng ca mnh ko di thm thi hn tn dng n ngy 31/5/1989 m khng c s ng ca hng Z v thi hn ca hp ng bo him v th cng b nh hng. Trn c s cc cn c chm dt bo him, hng Z cho rng mnh c gii phng khi trch nhim bo him. Ngn hng X (vi t cch l ngi kin chnh) v Cng ty Y (vi t cch l ngi kin ph tr5) kin ra trng ti yu cu Hng Z tr tin bo him nh tho thun. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V t cch khi kin ca cng ty Y: Trong bn gii trnh gi cho trng ti, cc bn b n ngh trng ti xem xt tnh hp php ca quyn khi kin ca bn nguyn th hai. Trng ti cho rng yu cu ny l hp l v chp nhn xem xt gii quyt. Ph lc ca hp ng bo him k ngy 30 thng 11 nm 1988 quy nh : "theo ngh ca ngi c bo him, quyn hng bo him khi s c xy ra s c chuyn cho ngn hng X" ; Ph lc ny c c Y, Z v X k. Cng ty Y khng lp lun rng cc bn tho thun mt ph lc mi thay i ni dung bn ph lc k ngy 30 thng 11 nm 1988, cng khng khng nh mnh c ngn hng chp thun cho ly li quyn nhn tin bo him. Trong khi khiu kin ca ngn hng ch nhm mt mc ch duy nht l i hng Z tr bo him quy nh trong hp ng bo him. Cng ty Y cng khng a ra c mt chng c php l no chng minh cho lp lun v t cch "nguyn n b tr" m Nguyn n a ra bi v chnh ng ...., cn b ph trch th tc ph sn ca cng ty Y, i din cng ty ny, vit rng khon tin bi thng tr gi ... phi c tr cho ngn hng X, n v cp tn dng cho khon tin 10% cn li ca hp ng bn hng. Do , trng ti kt lun rng cng ty Y khng c quyn khi kin v v vy bc n kin ca cng ty Y. 2. V bn cht ca hp ng bo him: Cc bn c quan im khc nhau v bn cht ca Hp ng bo him m cc bn k kt. i vi cc Nguyn n, l mt hp ng bo him thng thng v c iu chnh bi B lut Bo him Php, trong khi B n li coi y l mt Bo him tn dng : Hp ng bo him, phn M u ca Cc iu kin chung qui nh : "hp ng bo him ny c iu chnh bi Lut ca quc gia thuc Cng ng chung Chu u c nu trong phn Cc iu kin c bit". Trong Cc iu kin c bit ny c mt iu khon trng ti trong qui nh mt cch chung chung l lut ca Php s l lut p dng cho hp ng. Khng mt quy nh no trong cc iu kin chung hay iu
5

Tm dch t thut ng ting Php "demandeur titre subsidiaire"

197

kin c bit dn chiu c th n B lut Bo him hay mt quy nh php quy khc ca h thng lut Php. Tuy nhin, khon cui ca iu 1 phn Cc iu kin chung c quy nh: "Cc vn bn sau y l b phn khng tch ri ca Hp ng bo him : bn hp ng ny, cc ph lc ca Cc iu kin chung, cc iu kin c bit v bn hi p c ngi ngh bo him in v k tn trong c gn km hp ng thng mi". Ti trang 10 ca bn hi p do hng Z lp v cng ty Y k tn c on lu ngi k rng vic khai khng chnh xc "tu tng trng hp c th dn n nhng hnh thc pht quy nh trong cc iu L.113-8 v L.113-9 B lut Bo him". Chng c ny do cc bn Nguyn n a ra v c u ban trng ti chp nhn. Do bn hi p ny l mt b phn ca hp ng bo him nn r rng l hp ng ny thuc s iu chnh ca B lut Bo him m B n buc phi tun th. Do , khng nht thit phi xem xt thm vn liu cc bn trong hp ng c tho thun k kt mt hp ng bo him tn dng theo nh ngha ca Jean Bastin (m c hai bn ng s cng vin dn) hay khng. (Jean Bastin nh ngha nh sau: bo him tn dng l "mt h thng bo him cho php cc ch n c th thu hi c cc khon n, thng qua khon tin bo him, trong trng hp nhng ngi c ngha v tr n nu ang trong tnh trng mt kh nng thanh ton v do khng th thanh ton c khon n"). Theo iu II ca Cc iu kin chung ca Hp ng bo him, tt c cc thit hi pht sinh trc tip hay gin tip t: "s mt kh nngti chnh ca ngi c bo him hay ca ngi mua/ngi bn ca ngi c bo him" khng thuc phm vi c bo him. (Theo qui nh ca hp ng bo him, vic thanh ton bo him s c thc hin nu bn bn khng c thanh ton s tin hng 10% cn li do li ca ngi mua hng khng thc hin ngha v k pht cc chng t ly hng). iu ny tri vi nh ngha ca Jean Bastin v bo him tn dng nn c th kt lun bn hp ng k kt gia Nguyn n v B n nm 1988 khng phi l mt bo him tn dng. V v th khng cn phi xem xt lp lun ca B n rng trong trng hp ny tn ti s mt kh nng thanh ton v rng y l trng hp c loi tr khi vic bo him. Trng ti kt lun rng Hp ng bo him ny c iu chnh bi B lut Bo him v tt c cc iu kin chung v iu kin c bit quy nh trong Hp ng . 3. V ngha v tr tin bo him: B n lp lun rng mnh khng c bt c mt ngha v no i vi bn Nguyn n v l do trn thc t ph ba him ch c thanh ton vo ngy 8/2/1989, tc l sau khi xy ra s kin bo him (tin hng khng c thanh ton do ngi mua Chu Phi khng k pht cc chng t cn thit ngi bn nhn tin hng) vo ngy 26/1/1989. Nguyn n tha nhn rng ng l theo iu V ca Cc iu kin chung ca Hp ng bo him, Hp ng ny ch c hiu lc k t thi im thanh ton ph bo
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him. Tuy nhin, phn Cc iu kin c bit li quy nh rng "d cho ngy c hiu lc theo qui nh ti Cc iu kin c bit ny l ngy no, vic bo him ch c thc hin nu bn c bo him tr ph bo him. Nu ph bo him khng c tr, ngi bo him c quyn hu hp ng m vn bo lu quyn i ph bo him". Theo u ban trng ti, cc Nguyn n rt c l khi dn chiu n iu khon ny ca Cc iu kin c bit, bi v Hp ng bo him quy nh r rng trong trng hp c s bt ng trong cch hiu, th Cc iu kin c bit s c hiu lc u tin hn tt c cc quy nh khc ca Hp ng. Nh vy, Cc iu kin c bit s l c s trng ti xem xt gii quyt bt ng ny ca cc bn. U ban trng ti tha nhn y l mt iu khon khng my r rng. Tuy nhin iu khon ny khng th c hiu l cho php ngi c bo him ch tr tin ph bo him sau khi xy ra s kin c bo him; iu khon ny ch c th c hiu mt cch thin ch v trung thc, ph hp vi ch ca cc bn, l c th tr ph bo him sau ngy hp ng c hiu lc, tc l sau ngy 10 thng 11 nm 1988, thi im bt u thi hn bo him, nhng phi trc ngy xy ra s kin c bo him. Bn cht ca hp ng bo him l tnh khng th d on trc. iu ny cng c Nguyn n tha nhn. Nu cc Nguyn n c php thanh ton ph bo him sau khi s kin c bo him xy ra th r rng l hp ng bo him mt i tnh cht "khng th d on trc c" ny. Do vy, trng ti cho rng : ph bo him c thanh ton vo ngy 7/2/1989, sau khi thi hn 2 thng ngi mua k pht cc chng t ly hng kt thc (vo ngy 25/1/1989), tc l sau thi im xut hin s kin c bo him, do B n khng c ngha v thc hin vic bo him, v khiu kin ca cc Nguyn n l khng c cn c. 4. V trch nhim np ph trng ti: Khi n kin b bc th ph trng ti v cc ph khc ng nhin s do cc nguyn n tr. Tuy nhin, vic Y ang trong giai on tin ph sn t ra mt vn c bit m trng ti x l nh sau : Cc Nguyn n hon ton khng c c s khi kin yu cu B n thanh ton tin bo him, do , phi chu trch nhim tr ton b ph trng ti. Tuy nhin, v Nguyn n Y ang trong giai on tin hnh th tc ph sn nn u ban trng ti khng th buc cc Nguyn n tr cc ph xt x (Phn quyt ca To Dn s To Ph n ngy 8 thng 3 nm 1988 trong v Cng ty Thinet kin Labrely, Tp ch Trng ti nm 1989, trang 473). Do , u ban trng ti quyt nh cc Nguyn n (X v Y) phi chu trch nhim chung v lin i i vi ton b ph trng ti nhng khng ra quyt nh buc cc Nguyn n phi tr ngay khon ph ny. kin bo lu: 1. V quyn khi kin ca Cng ty Y:
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y l mt trng hp t gp trong thc tin xt x: trong s hai nguyn n, mt ngi hnh ng vi t cch l nguyn n ph tr trong khi nguyn n chnh li a ra mt khiu kin hon ton khng c c s. Thc t trong v vic ny, chnh Cng ty Y v Ngn hng X cng lng l v quyn khi kin i ngi bo him thanh ton tin bo him m hai ch th ny tin l h c quyn c hng sau khi ngi mua khng thanh ton tin hng. Ngn hng, ngi c bo him v ngi bo him trn thc t u nht tr rng trong trng hp c s c, tin bi thng s c tr trc tip cho ngn hng. iu ny th hin s cn trng hp l ca bn cp ti chnh, ngi ng trc s tin m bn mua phi tr cho bn bn. Qui nh ny thng i i vi vic chuyn cho ngn hng quyn th hng i vi tn dng chng t m ngi mua pht hnh thanh ton tin hng. Nhng, trong mt trng hp nh th ny, vic chuyn dch c dn ti vic chuyn dch lun quyn khi kin khng ? Liu y c th c coi l mt hnh thc th quyn (tng i hoc tuyt i), mt trng hp k kt hp ng v li ch ca ngi th ba hay mt u nhim thanh ton (gia Y v X) nh qui nh ti iu 1277 B lut Dn s Php khng? Do cn phn vn v iu ny nn ngn hng v ngi c bo him cng khi kin, cho trng ti quyt nh xem vic khi kin ca ai l hp l, n kin ca ngn hng vi t cch l bn khi kin chnh hay n ca ngi Cng ty Y vi t cch l bn khi kin ph tr. Trng ti r rng chn phng n u tin, bi v h cho rng gia ngi c bo him v ngi bo him khng cn mi quan h hp ng na. Cch gii quyt ny ca u ban trng ti gy nhiu tranh ci bi vic k kt mt hp ng bo him cho bn th ba hng li vn c coi nh l mt hnh thc k kt hp ng v li ch ca ngi th ba (Xem H.L. v J. Mazeaud, F. Chabas Gio trnh Lut dn s, Tp 2: Ngha v, trang 907), tc l ngi k hp ng bo him vn c coi l mt bn trong hp ng d khng c nhn tin bo him, v do ngi k bo him vn c quyn kin ngi bo him nu c tranh chp v hp ng bo him. Nhng ng l s khc nhau gia hnh thc th quyn v k hp ng v quyn li ca ngi th ba l rt nh, th quyn tn ti khi "khi bn th ba tham gia vo vic k kt hp ng v li ch ca mnh v chp nhn vic hng li bt u t thi im k kt " (Gio trnh lut Dn s dn, trang 1270). iu ny xy ra trong v vic ang xt bi chnh ngn hng tham gia vo vic k kt hp ng bo him cng vi cng ty Y v hng bo him Z ng thi cam kt s t mnh tr ph bo him. Do , ngi c bo him ban u mt hon ton mi quyn khi kin i vi ngi bo him. 2. Hp ng bo him thng thng hay Bo him tn dng? Trong khon 3, iu L.111-1 ca B lut Bo him c quy nh rng ba mc u tin ca quyn I B lut Bo him, lin quan n hp ng bo him, khng p dng cho cc giao dch v bo him tn dng.
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 quyt nh rng hp ng bo him ang xem xt ny khng phi l mt hp ng bo him tn dng, trong khi n rt ging nh vy, trng ti phi tin hnh hai bc: Th nht, xc nh xem lut no trong bn thn h thng php lut ni a ca Php c th p dng cho hp ng ang xt (iu ny c v hi l v thng thng vic la chn lut p dng ch c tin hnh khi c xung t php lut gia hai hay nhiu nc). Trng ti quyt nh rng bn hp ng ny c iu chnh bi B lut Bo him bi v cc bn mun nh vy ch khng xc nh bn cht ca hp ng trn c s cc c im ca hot ng bo him m cc bn tho thun. Mong mun ny ca cc bn c th hin thng qua vic dn chiu n hai iu khon ca B lut Bo him trong bn hi p mu v l mt b phn khng tch ri ca hp ng bo him, hon ton ging nh t vic mt s iu khon ca B lut dn s Php c nu ln trong mt bn hp ng quc t, mt trng ti c th suy on l cc bn mun dng lut ca Php iu chnh hp ng . Vic lm ny ca trng ti nhm xc nh ch ca cc bn l hon ton ng n, nhng liu trong mt h thng php lut ni a cc bn vn c quyn t do la chn p dng lut ny hay lut khc p dng cho hp ng ca mnh ging nh trong mt hp ng quc t khng? Trong h thng php lut ni a, quan h hp ng do cc bn thit lp phi tun th cc qui phm bt buc khng ph thuc vo vic xc nh bn cht ca quan h . V vy, vic cc bn t tho thun trc vi nhau v bn cht ca quan h hp ng phi ht sc thn trng. Tuy nhin, trong phn quyt ny, cc trng ti li cho iu ny l th yu v t vic phn tch hp ng bo him b tranh chp, u ban trng ti i n kt lun rng y khng phi l mt bo him tn dng. Quan nim v hp ng tn dng ca trng ti theo bo him tn dng ch gii hn cc hp ng bo him khi ngi phi thanh ton n mt kh nng thanh ton c v l qu hp. Trong v vic ny u ban trng ti i n kt lun rng hp ng phi c iu chnh bi B lut bo him Php. Nhng liu kt lun ny ca trng ti c cn thit khng khi thc ra mt hp ng bo him tn dng vn c th thuc phm vi iu chnh ca B lut Bo him Php, hoc chnh xc hn l mt phn ca B lut ny (tr phn khng p dng cho bo him tn dng). 3. V tnh khng th d on trc ca hp ng bo him: Trng ti khng nh chc chn rng hp ng bo him l mt hp ng khng th d on trc c (vic thc hin bo him ph thuc vo s xut hin ca s kin c bo him). Tuy nhin tnh cht ny khng phi l tuyt i, t nht l t pha ngi bo him bi khi nhn bo him ngi bo him phi c nhng s liu thng k v nhng tnh ton v xc sut xy ra s c lm cn c tnh ph bo him (CF. J. Carbonnier, Lut dn s, T.4, s 11, trang 38). Tuy vy, nu so vi cc loi hp ng khc th r rng l trong hp ng bo him, yu t ngu nhin c vai tr quan trng v do tnh khng th d on trc vn c coi l mt c tnh ca loi hp ng ny. V th quan im cho rng ngi th hng bo him c th lm cho hp ng c hiu lc sau khi xy ra s kin c
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bo him bng cch thanh ton ph bo him l khng th chp nhn c. Trong trng hp ny, yu t ngu nhin khng cn tn ti i vi ngi c bo him cng nh i vi ngi bo him. 4. V quyt nh lin quan n vic np ph trng ti: Khi mt bn tham gia v kin m ang trong giai on tin hnh cc th tc ph sn, bn khng th b cc trng ti buc thanh ton mt khon tin. Nh P. Ancel nhn mnh trong phn nhn nh ca mnh ti bn n ca To Ph n ngy 8 thng 3 nm 1988 (Ti liu dn, trang 473) v c u ban trng ti nhc li trong phn quyt ca mnh, khi mt bn ng s ang trong qu trnh tin hnh th tc ph sn, quyt nh ca trng ti v mt khon n i vi bn (trong v vic ny l khon ph trng ti) ch c th quyt nh trn nguyn tc v xc nh v mc tin, ch khng bt buc phi thanh ton. To Ph n trn thc t cho rng nguyn tc v vic hon cc khon truy n i vi c nhn do ph sn khng ch l trt t cng cng quc gia m cn l mt nguyn tc ca trt t cng cng quc t. Do , c th ni cch gii quyt ca cc trng ti vin trong trng hp ny l hon ton ng v mt nguyn tc. Tuy nhin, im khc bit trong quyt nh ny l ch trng ti quyt nh rng ph trng ti s thuc trch nhim chung v lin i gia cng ty Y v Ngn hng X v khng quyt nh v vic phi thanh ton ph ny v c vn th tc ph sn. Quyt nh ny ca trng ti cng gy tranh ci bi trong s hai nguyn n, Ngn hng X khng trong tnh trng ph sn, nh vy liu vic Ngn hng X cng c i x nh Cng ty Y c phi l cng bng khng?

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PHN QUYT S 49 TRANH CHP TRONG LIN DOANH Cc bn: Nguyn n : Mt cng ty Trung Quc B n Cc vn c cp: - Thnh lp mt phng ban trong Lin doanh - Hnh ng ca Ch tch Hi ng qun tr m khng c s nht tr ca ton b thnh vin Hi ng qun tr - Thit hi Tm tt v vic: Ngy 16 thng 5 nm 1992, Nguyn n, B n v hai bn khc k hp ng Lin doanh thnh lp Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Thng Hi chuyn sn xut qun o. Vn bn chp thun thnh lp Lin doanh c ban hnh ngy 21 thng 5 nm 1992 v giy php kinh doanh c cp ngy 2 thng 6 nm 1992. Ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1992, Lin doanh bt u hot ng. Ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1992, Ch tch Hi ng qun tr ca Lin doanh, mt thnh vin Hi ng qun tr do B n ch nh v mt s ngi khc n Phng kinh doanh ca Lin doanh ly i gic cm in thoi v tuyn b Lin doanh ngng hot ng tin hnh mt s iu chnh. H cng nim phong kt an ton v ba ngn ko bn tri bn lm vic ca nhn vin ph trch ti chnh, gi cha kho t ca Lin doanh v bng li xe ca ngi li xe. Sng ngy 16 thng 10 nm 1992, Ch tch Hi ng qun tr c i din n ngn hng ng ti khon ca Lin doanh nhng b ngn hng t chi. Ngy hm sau, ti khon ca Lin doanh Chi nhnh Thng Hi Ngn hng u t Trung Quc b ng. V vy, mi hot ng ca Lin doanh b ngng li. Nguyn n kin B n vi phm hp ng v gy thit hi 960.000 Nhn dn t cho Lin doanh. Theo iu 43 ca Hp ng Lin doanh, bt k bn no cn tr vic thc hin cc iu khon hp ng v cc ph lc km theo s b coi l vi phm hp ng. iu 54 ca iu l Lin doanh quy nh Nguyn n c hng li nhun t hot ng ca lin doanh theo t l ng gp vo vn iu l ca Lin doanh, tc 15% li thu c ca Lin doanh. V vy, hnh vi ca B n gy thit hi cho Nguyn n 144.000 Nhn dn t v Nguyn n kin B n ra Vn phng Thng Hi ca U ban trng ti thng mi v kinh t quc t Trung Quc (CIETAC) theo iu 46 ca Hp ng Lin doanh yu cu: 1. B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 144.000 Nhn dn t. 2. Ph trng ti do B n chu.
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: Mt cng ty Php

3. B n phi tr 3.700 Nhn dn t chi ph php l. B n lp lun rng Phng kinh doanh ca Lin doanh thc t c Tng gim c v mt thnh vin Hi ng qun tr thnh lp mt cch bt hp php. Tng gim c v thnh vin Hi ng qun tr u do Nguyn n ch nh. Vic thnh lp Phng kinh doanh khng ch vi phm Hp ng Lin doanh, iu l Lin doanh m cn vi phm cc b lut v quy nh thng mi v cng nghip ca Trung Quc. Hn na, hnh ng ca Ch tch Hi ng qun tr Lin doanh (do chnh Nguyn n ch nh) vo ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1992 v nhng ngy sau khng phi ch l hnh ng n phng ca B n. Hnh ng ny c tin hnh theo quyt nh chung ca nm thnh vin Hi ng qun tr trn c s yu cu khn cp ca hn 1/3 s thnh vin Hi ng qun tr. Quyt nh ny ca cc thnh vin Hi ng qun tr v Tng gim c Lin doanh (tt c nhng ngi ny u do B n ch nh) c a ra do h b mua chuc v vi phm nghim trng ngha v c giao. Nhng hnh vi ny ca h gy tn tht cho Lin doanh nhng c thc hin v c Hi ng qun tr ph chun sau bng quyt nh ngy 21 thng 10 nm 1992. Phn quyt ca trng ti: Phng kinh doanh ca Lin doanh l mt b phn ni ti ch khng phi l mt chi nhnh ca Lin doanh. Theo Quy nh v qun l thng mi v cng nghip v kin ca S thng mi v cng nghip Thng Hi, khng cn thm tra, ph chun v cng khng cn ng k vi s thng mi v cng nghip a phng khi thnh lp mt phng ban ca Lin doanh.
1.

2. Hnh ng ca Ch tch Hi ng qun tr do Nguyn n ch nh vo ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1992 v nhng ngy sau khng c ton b hi ng qun tr thng qua, m ch c s ng ca mt s thnh vin hi ng qun tr. Sau , hnh ng ny c thng qua bng mt ngh quyt ca Hi ng qun tr vo ngy 21 thng 10 nm 1992 nhng ch c mt vi thnh vin Hi ng qun tr tham d cuc hp. V hnh ng khng c ton b thnh vin Hi ng qun tr thng qua nn n hon ton tri vi cc iu khon trong Hp ng Lin doanh v iu l Lin doanh. 3. Trong thi gian t 28 thng 8 nm 1992 (khi Lin doanh bt u hot ng) cho n ngy bt u t tng trng ti, Lin doanh khng chnh thc sn xut hay k kt hp ng vi bt k khch hng no. V vy, yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng 144.000 Nhn dn t khng c chng c v b U ban trng ti bc. 4. Xt thy c Nguyn n v B n u khng yu cu hu Hp ng Lin doanh, U ban trng ti ngh c Nguyn n v B n v hai bn kia tun th cc iu khon ca Hp ng Lin doanh v iu l Lin doanh, Lut Lin doanh vi nc ngoi ca Nc Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa, Quy nh v vic thi hnh Lut Lin doanh vi nc ngoi ca Nc Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa, tt c cc vn ca Lin doanh phi c xem xt v quyt nh bi Hi ng qun tr Lin doanh. Nu tranh chp pht sinh th phi bo co cho c quan chnh ph c lin quan hoc gii quyt thng qua t vn hay ho gii ca bn th ba.
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5. Ph trng ti s do c Nguyn n v B n tr. Nguyn n tr 35% ph trng ti v phn cn li do B n tr. 6. 1. t. 2. Ph trng ti do c Nguyn n v B n tr. Nguyn n tr 35% ph trng ti v phn cn li do B n tr. 3. Bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n i B n thanh ton v ph php l. Phn quyt ny c gi tr chung thm. Cc loi chi ph php l ca Nguyn n s do Nguyn n t tr. Bc khiu kin ca Nguyn n i B n bi thng 144.000 Nhn dn Phn quyt:

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PHN QUYT S 50 TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N VIC LA CHN T PHP HAY CNG PHP LM LUT IU CHNH HP NG Cc bn: Nguyn n B n Cc vn c cp:

: Ngi bn Italia : Ngi mua Hn Quc

Lut cng quc gia (public national law) v gi tr php l ca hp ng Lut iu chnh hp ng Quy tc cnh tranh ca Cng ng chu u

Tm tt v vic: Tranh chp pht sinh sau khi "Hp ng cung cp v mua hng" c hiu lc vo ngy 11 thng 11 nm 1976. Th tc t tng trng ti c tin hnh ti To n trng ti ICC v To n ny ph chun vic ch nh trng ti vin duy nht Hague. Phn quyt ny gii quyt hai vn : s tha k ca Ngi bn Italia i vi cc quyn v ngha v ca mt cng ty sp nhp vi Ngi bn Italia v iu ny c B n tha nhn; yu cu ca Ngi mua Hn Quc ngh u ban trng ti ra phn quyt tm thi tuyn b hu b Hp ng nm 1976 do hp ng ny khng th thc hin c trn c s lut cng Hn Quc (Lut chng c quyn, Lut gi c v Lut thng mi cng bng). U ban trng ti cho rng trong t tng trng ti, cng ty Italia l ngi tha k hp php ca cng ty sp nhp vi n v rng Hp ng ngy 11 thng 11 nm 1976 c iu chnh bi lut t php Hn Quc. U ban trng ti bc yu cu tuyn b Hp ng khng th thc hin c v quyt nh tip tc t tng trng ti. Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V kh nng p dng lut cng php ca Hn Quc cho vic thc hin hp ng U ban trng ti tin hnh phn bit gia lut t iu chnh Hp ng v cc quy tc khc ca lut cng c th p dng cho Hp ng. Cc bn tha nhn Hp ng ch yu c thc hin trn lnh th Hn Quc. V vy, cho d lut t php ca bt c quc gia no iu chnh Hp ng, Hp ng vn thuc phm vi iu chnh ca lut cng Hn Quc. Do , U ban trng ti phi xc nh liu lut Hn Quc nh B n vin dn c p dng cho Hp ng khng, cho d lut ny khng iu chnh Hp ng.
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Tuy nhin, trong v ny, lut cng quc gia nh Nguyn n vin dn (Lut chng c quyn, Lut gi c, Lut thng mi cng bng) v bn cht l cc quy tc chung. Thng thng, vic p dng cc quy tc ny phi trn c s chnh sch ca nh nc. V vy, U ban trng ti khng th t do p dng cng php Hn Quc nh yu cu ca B n nu vic p dng ny i hi trng ti phi nh gi, gii thch cc chnh sch ca Nh nc. Mt khc, U ban trng ti c quyn p dng lut cng php quc gia chng no U ban trng ti thy rng trong v kin ny, theo nh thc tin t php c cng b ca cc to n quc gia c thm quyn v/hoc cc chnh sch c ban hnh v cng b ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn th cc b lut m U ban trng ti ang xem xt u b coi l v hiu v khng th thc hin c do b cng php ca cc quc gia c lin quan cm. Do vy, bn tham gia t tng trng ti mun p dng lut cng php quc gia phi chng minh cng php quc gia thc s c th p dng c trong v kin ny v nu p dng th mc no. Bi B n khng cung cp chng c v tnh hnh th trng Hn Quc v v tr ca Nguyn n th trng , U ban trng ti cho rng vo thi im , Nguyn n khng th gi v tr chi phi th trng c th lm dng th phn ca mnh, v b quyt k thut lin quan ti sn xut mt loi sn phm v vic cung cp nguyn liu th sn xut sn phm khng phi l hai mc c lp dn n quy nh hn ch hot ng ca cc bn k kt hp ng trong iu 4 ca bn Thng bo ni trn. V vy, quan im ca U ban trng ti l B n khng chng minh c iu 1 v iu 2 ca Hp ng c cc iu khon hn ch hot ng ca cc bn k kt hp ng b cm bi lut cng php Hn Quc. B n cng vin dn o lut thng mi cng bng v chng c quyn Hn Quc nm 1980, c hiu lc t ngy 1 thng 4 nm 1981. Theo quan im ca B n, o lut ny cng p dng cho Hp ng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t B n hu Hp ng vo ngy 19 thng 5 nm 1980 hoc ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1980. Do B n khng ch ra c rng o lut mi c hiu lc hi t v Hp ng mc d b hu vo nm 1980, nhng vn c hiu lc sau ngy 31 thng 3 nm 1981, U ban trng ti cho rng o lut mi ca Hn Quc khng lin quan ti v kin ny. Trn c s cc vn bn trnh ca hai bn, cc cuc tho lun trong cc phin xt x v cc cu tr li ca B n i vi cc cu hi v i tng ca cng php Hn Quc m U ban trng ti a ra, U ban trng ti khng chp nhn p dng lut cng php Hn Quc cho Hp ng. 2. V vic p dng iu 85 ca Hip c Rma:
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Cng nh cng php quc gia, cc quy tc cnh tranh (iu 85) ca Hip c Rme l cc quy tc chung v l mt phn chnh sch chung ca Cng ng chu u. V vic p dng cc quy tc v cnh tranh ca Hip c Rme c lin quan ti v kin, U ban trng ti phi xem xt k vn ny. T thc tin t php ca To n Cng ng chu u, iu 85 hon ton c th p dng trc tip i vi cng dn ca cc quc gia thnh vin (tc l cng dn ca cc quc gia thanh vin c quyn cn c vo iu khon ny yu cu ta n quc gia ca h bo v quyn li). Theo on 2 iu 85 ca Hip c, tt c tho thun c k kt vi phm iu 85 ca Hip c u b cm v s t ng v hiu. Nu U ban trng ti thy rng ton b hoc mt phn Hp ng ang xem xt vi phm iu 85 ca Hip c Rme, th mt s iu khon ca hp ng hoc ton b hp ng s b coi l v hiu v khng c gi tr thi hnh. V vy, U ban trng ti phi xem xt liu Hp ng c b cm theo on 1 iu 85 ca Hip c Rme khng. Theo cc quyt nh ca To n t php Cng ng chu u lin quan ti iu 85 Hip c Rme, qui nh cm trong iu ny ch p dng cho cc hp ng, tho thun c k kt nhm mc ch to ra s ngn cn, hn ch hoc bp mo cnh tranh th trng chung Cng ng chu u v c th nh hng ti thng mi gia cc quc gia thnh vin ca Cng ng chu u. Bi y l Hp ng gia mt cng ty Italia v mt cng ty Hn Quc v ch yu c thc hin Hn Quc, U ban trng ti cho rng Hp ng khng th nh hng ti thng mi gia cc quc gia thnh vin Cng ng chu u v Hp ng, c bit l iu 2, khng c mc ch to ra s ngn cn, hn ch hoc bp mo cnh tranh th trng chung Cng ng chu u. V vy, U ban trng ti khng chp nhn p dng iu 85 Hip c Rme cho Hp ng. 3. V lut iu chnh hp ng: Hp ng c thc hin c Italia v Hn Quc. Vo thi im k kt Hp ng, cc bn khng ni r lut iu chnh quan h hp ng ca h. V cc bn khng la chn lut iu chnh cng nh khng tho thun v cc nhn t xc nh lut iu chnh hp ng nn trong ti quyt nh vic xc nh lut p dng cn da trn "trung tm" ca hp ng. Mc d tn ca Hp ng l Hp ng cung cp v mua hng, Hp ng ny khng ch n thun l mt hp ng cung cp v mua hng. Nguyn n trao cho B n quyn c quyn s dng cc b quyt k thut lin quan n sn xut mt loi sn phm Hn Quc. B n mua ca Nguyn n nguyn liu th sn xut sn phm Hn Quc. Xem xt cc nhn t c bit ny ca Hp ng, U ban trng ti thy Hp ng ch yu thc hin Hn Quc v c "trung tm" Hn Quc. Do , lut t php Hn Quc s l lut iu chnh hp ng.
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