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Deductive Geometry
Includes more than 80 reasons essential for HKDSE Maths (Compulsory) deductive geometry ()
NOT FOR SALE Copyright by Vinci Mak P.1
1. Angles of Triangle ( )
1.1 In any triangle,
A + B + C = 180 Reason : [ sum of ] / [ ] 1.2 In any triangle,
a + b + c + d = 360
Reason : [ s at a pt.] / [] 2.2 If AB and CD intersect at O, then AB CD O
a=b
Reason :
&
x=y
[vert. opp. s] / []
P.2
3. Polygons ( )
3.1 Sum of interior angles of a n-sided polygon (n) = (n 2) 180
Reason : [ sum of polygon] / [] 3.2 Sum of exterior angles of convex polygon = 360 Reason : [ext. of polygon] / []
4. Straight lines ( )
4.1 If AOB is a straight line, then AOB a + b = 180 Reason : [adj. s on st. line] / [] 4.2 If a + b = 180 , then a + b = 180
is a straight line.
AOB Reason : [adj. s supp.] / []
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5. Parallel lines ( )
5.1 If PQ // RS, then ( PQ // RS) (a) a = b Reason : [corr. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS] (b) b = c Reason : [alt. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS] (c) b + d = 180 Reason : [int. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS] 5.2 PQ // RS if either PQ // RS (a) a = b Reason : [corr. s eq.] / [] (b) b = c Reason : [alt. s eq.] / [] (c) b + d = 180 Reason : [int. s supp.] / []
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6. Isosceles triangles ( )
6.1 If AB = AC, then AB = AC B = C Reason : [base s, isos. ] / [ ] 6.2 If B = C , then B = C AB = AC Reason : [side opp.. eq. s] / [] 6.3 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC if ABC AB = AC B = C Reason : [base s eq.] / []
7. Equilateral triangle ()
7. If AB = BC = CA, then AB = BC = CA A = B = C = 60 Reason : [Property of equi. ] / [ ]
B C A
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8. Right-angled triangle ( )
8.1 If C = 90 , then C = 90 a 2 + b2 = c 2 Reason : [Pyth. theorem] / [] 8.2 If a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , then a 2 + b 2 = c 2 C = 90 / ABC is a right-angled . Reason : [Converse of Pyth. theorem] []
9. Congruent triangles ( )
9.1 If ABC XYZ , then AB = XY BC = YZ AC = XZ Reason : [corr. sides, s] / [ ] A = X B = Y C = Z Reason : [corr. s, s] / [ ]
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Reason : [R.H.S.]
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AB BC CA = = XY YZ ZX
Reason : [3 sides prop.] / [] 10.3 ABC ~ XYZ if
AB CA = & A = X XY ZX
Reason : [ratio of 2 sides, inc. ] [] 10.4 If ABC ~ XYZ , then
AB BC CA = = XY YZ ZX Reason :
[corr. sides, ~ s] / [ ~ ]
A = X B = Y C = Z
Reason : [corr. s, ~ s] / [ ~ ]
P.8
11. Quadrilaterals
11.1 Trapezium
A quadrilateral having 1 pair of parallel sides Properties : 1. A + D = 180 2. B + C = 180 Reason : [Property of trapezium] / []
11.2 Parallelogram
A quadrilateral having 2 pairs of parallel sides 1. AB // DC 2. AD // BC Reason : [Property of //gram] / []
Properties :
11.2A If ABCD is a parallelogram, then 1. AB = CD 2. AD = BC Reason : [opp. sides of //gram] / [] 11.2B If ABCD is a parallelogram, then 1. A = C 2. B = D Reason : [opp. s of //gram] / [] 11.2C If ABCD is a parallelogram, then 1. AO = OC 2. BO = OD Reason : [diags. of //gram] / [] P.9
11.3 Rhombus
A parallelogram having 4 equal sides 4 Properties : 1. All properties of //gram 1. 2. Diagonals bisect each interior angle 2. 3. Diagonals to each other 3. Reason : [Property of rhombus] / []
11.4 Rectangle
A parallelogram having 4 right angles 4 Properties : 1. All properties of //gram 1. 2. Diagonals are equal in length. 2. Reason : [Property of rectangle] / []
11.5 Square
A parallelogram having 4 right angles & 4 equal sides 44 Properties : 1. All properties of //gram 1. 2. Diagonals are equal in length. 2. 3. Diagonals to each other 3. 4. Angle between diagonal and side = 45 4. 45
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11.6 Kite
A quadrilateral having 2 pairs of adjacent equal sides 2 Properties : Diagonals to each other Reason : [Property of kite] / []
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13.2 If MN // BC and MN =
1 BC , then 2
MN // BC MN =
1 BC 2
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If ON AB, then AN = NB. ON ABAN = NB Reason : [ from centre to chord bisects chord] []
17.2. The line joining the centre of a circle and the mid-point of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
If AM = MB, then OM AB. AM = MBOM AB Reason : [line joining centre and mid-pt. of chord chord] / [] 17.3 The centre of a circle lies on the perpendicular bisector of a chord. Reason : [ bisector of chord passes through centre] []
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17.4 If two chords of a circle are equal in length, then they are equidistant from the centre.
If AB = CD, then OM = ON. AB = CDOM = ON Reason : [eq. chords equidistant from centre] []
17.5 If two chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre, then their lengths are equal.
If OM = ON, then AB = CD. OM = ONAB = CD Reason : [chords equidistant from centre eq.] []
Vinci
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Vinci
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18.2 If AB is a diameter and P is any point on the circumference except A and B, then AB P A B
18.4 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal. Reason : x=y [ s in the same segment] / []
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If a = b, then / a = b
19.2 Equal chords on a circle stand on equal arcs and equal angles.
If AB = CD, then / AB = CD
a=b [eq. chords, eq. s] / []
AB = CD
19.3 Equal arcs in a circle (or equal circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
If AB = CD , then / AB = CD
a=b [eq. arcs, eq. s] / [] AB = CD [eq. arcs, eq. chords] / []
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19.4 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of arcs are proportional to the sizes of angles at the centre subtended by the arcs.
AB : BC = m : n
19.5 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of arcs are proportional to the sizes of angles at the circumference.
AB : BC = x : y
Vinci
2010 1A4B3C 2010 (Nov) IGCSE Maths 1 Edexcel A* 2 Cambridge A
P.20
20.2 For a cyclic quadrilateral, an exterior angle is equal to its interior opposite angle.
a=b
Vinci
F.1 - F.3 Maths F.1 - F.2 Integrated Science F.3 Physics & Chemistry HKDSE Maths (Compulsory, M1, M2) GCSE Maths GCSE Physics IGCSE Maths IGCSE Physics
P.21
21.3 If p = q, then A, B, C and D are concyclic. p = q ABC D Reason : [ext. = int. opp. ] []
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Reason : [tangent radius] / [ ] Conversely, if OT PQ, then PQ is a tangent to the circle at T. OT PQ PQ T Reason : [converse of tangent radius] [ ]
22.2 Perpendicular to a tangent at its point of contact passes through the centre of the circle.
Q TP TQ
(a) TP = TQ; (b) TOP = TOQ; (c) PTO = QTO. Reason : [tangents from ext. pt.] / [tangent properties] [] / []
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Reason : [ in alt. segment] / [] 23.2 If x = y, then PQ is the tangent to the circle at A. x = y PQ A Reason : [Converse of in alt. segment] []
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