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LAW DICTIONARY,
ADAPTED TO THE

CONSTITUTION AND LAWS

OP TEl

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

AND OP THE

Stieral ,Statts of tie meritan

WITH

anion;

REFERENCES TO THE CIVIL AND OTHER SYSTEMS OF FOREIGN LAW.

BY JOHN

10 -0111-7.114 R.'

Ignorstis termini, ignoratar et ars.Co. Lin. 2 a. Je sais qua cheque seienee et cheque art a see termss propres, Woman an ("emus= des hommes.PLIVIIRT.

SIXTH EDITION, REVISED ) IMPROVED ; AND GREATLY ENLARGED.

VOL, II.

PHILADELPHIA:

CHILDS & PETERSON, 124 ARCH STREET. 1856.

t.

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eiett hundred and tbirty-nine,
BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

L3017F
AUG 194

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, BY JOHN BOUVIER, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Bleared According to Act of Congress, in the year one ibousand eight hundred and forty-eight, . . : . . : ' ." : : ' RV II:PHN R OUVIE, ': . ; .'; R . . , - In the Clerk's Office of the IlstrikcCourt for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year one thousand eight hundred and fitly-two, BY ELIZA BOUVIER Amp ROBERT E. PETERSON, Teusress, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Eastern District of Yeknsylvania.

DEACON & PETERSON, PRINTERS. 05 sown THIRD

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MAX

MAX
Actor qui contra regudarra quid ruldnxii, non eu audiendus. He ought not to be heard who ad-

MAXIM. An established principle or proposition. A principle of law universally admitted, as being just and consonant with reason. 2. Maxims in law are somewhat like axioms in geometry. 1 Bl. Com . 68. They are principles and authorities, and part of the general customs or common law of the land ; and are of the same strength as acts of parliament, when the judges have determined what is a maxim; which belongs to the judges and not the jury. Terms do Ley ; Doet. & Stud. Dial. I, c. 8. Maxims of the law are holden for law, and all other oases that may be applied to them shall be taken for granted. 1 Inst. 11. 67; 4 Rep. See 1 Com. e. 68; Plowd. 27, b. 3. The application of the maxim to the case before the court, is generally the only difficulty. The true method of making the application is to ascertain how the maxim arose, and to consider whether the ease to which it is applied is of the same character, or whether it is an exception to an apparently genera! rule. 4. The alterations of any of the maxims of the common law are dangerous. 2 Inst. 210. The following are some of the more important maxims.
A comment observantia non eat retake:leen. There should be no departure from common observance or usage. Co. Litt. 188. l'impossiblo nut west tins. No one is bound to do what is impossible. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 601. A verbie legis non est recedendam. From the words of the law there mist be no departure. Broom's Max. 288; 5 Rep. 119; Wing. Max. 25. Absentia tilts qui reipeblice cause abut, risque ei, segue alii dame= ease Jebel. The absence of him who is employed in the service of the state, ought not to be burdensome to him nor to others. Dig. 50, 17, 140. Absolute seat/alio expositore non indiget. An absolute unqualified sentence or proposition, needs no expositor. 2 Co. Inst. 533. Abundans cautela non nocei. Abundant caution does no harm. 11 Co. G. Accessorise esprit saturant sue principle/is. An accessary follows the nature of his principal. 3 Co. Inst. 349. Accessorise; son dual sad aequitur trim principals. The accessary does not lead, but follow its principal. Co. Litt. 152. Accuaare nano debut se, nisi carom Deo. No one ought to accuse himself, unless before God. Hard. 139. Atli() exteriora indicant mterfora *ureic'. External actions show internal secrets. 8 Co. R. 146. ..detio non dater non darnniflarta. An action is not given to him who has received no damages. Adio personalis moriter cum persona A personal action dies with the person. This must be understood of an action for a tort only.

vances a proposition contrary to the rules of law. Actor mediur forum rei. The plaintiff must follow the forum of the thing in dispute. Actor. nos probante reus absolvitur. When the plaintiff does not prove his case, the defendant is absolved. Adzes Dei sernini facit injuriam. The act of God does no injury ; that is, no one is responsible for inevitable accidents. 2 Blacks. Corn. 122. See
Ad of God. rictus incepts, cejsis perfedio pendet, ex volutitais partiurn, revocari potent; si alarm pendet ex volestate terlia persona, eel ex contingenti, reenraxi ens palest. An act already begun, the completion of

which depends upon the will of the parties, may be recalled; but if it depend on the consent of a third person, or of a contingency, it cannot be recalled. Bacon'. Max. Reg. 20. Jaws me invito facts*, non est mews wins. An act done by me against my will, is not my act. .dchis non rerun facie, uisi mens tit rea. An act does not make a person guilty, unless the intention be also guilty. This maxim applies only to criminal cases; in civil matters it is otherwise. 2 Bowe. 'net. n. 2211. Adria legitimi !IOU recipient modem. Acts required by law to be done, admit of no qualification. Hob. 153. Aches legis nemini facit injuriam. The act of the law does no one an injury. 5 Co. 116. Ad proximurn antecedens fiat relatio, nisi impediatur enteritia. The antecedent bears relation to what follows next, unless it destroys the meaning of the sentence. Ad questiones fadi non responded judices ; ad Fuczationes legis non respondent juratores. The judges do not answer to questions of fact; the jury do not answer to questions of law. Co. Litt.
e95.

lEstimatio prateriti delicti ex postremo facto nenquarn midi. The estimation of a crime committed never increases from a subsequent fact. Bac. Max. Reg. 8. Ambiguilas verbornm latent verifications suppletar; tiara quod ex facto culler embiguesn verificer, None facti tollitur. A bidden ambiguity of the

words is supplied by the verification, for whatever ambiguity arises concerning the deed itself is removed by the verification of the deed. Bacon's Max. Reg. 23. Aqua cedil solo. The water yields or accompanies the soil. The grant of the moiler land carries the water. Aqua cured it debit enrrerr. Water runs and ought to run. 3 Rawle, PA, 88. sEquilas agit in perm:mean. Equity arty upon the person. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3733. &quite.' sequitur legem. Equity follows the law. 1 Story, Eq. Jur. 84; 3 Wooddes. Lect. 479, 482. 2Eireitim at lximon, eat lex /mm. What is good and equal, is the law of laws. Hob. 224. ..11ifirmati, non seganti incunehil probatio. The proof lies upon him who affirms, not on him who denies. Allud eat rehire, Oita tacere. To conceal is one thing, to be silent another. Intermedics petitio non eel aadierida. An alternate petition is not to be heard- 5 Co. 40.

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Adams ad se omne jus dud:. It is to the intention that all law applies. -Main= hominis est anima seriph. The intention of the party is the soul of the instrument. 3 Buistr. 67. -Spices faith non runt jure. Points of law are net laws. Co. Litt. 304; 8 Scott, N. P. R. 713. .arbibiern rat judicium. An award is a judgment. Jenk Cent. 137. -argent: slum d majori ad minas negative non valet; raid a cowers. An argument from the greater to the less is of no force negatively ; conversely it is. Jenk. Cent. 281. afrgpsynenium d division's est fortis:imam in jure. An argument arising from a division is most powerful in law. 6 Co. 60. arguments's:1 ab incomenienti eat validam in legs; its non, perrnittit aliquod incoeverdens. An argument drawn from what is inconvenient is good in law, because the law will not permit any inconvenience. Co. Litt. 258. lemma/um ab plarimum valet is lege. An argument deduced from authority greatly 'veils in law. Co. Litt. 92. -frgurrientrem ab authoritaie eat fortissimutn in lege. An argument drawn from authority in the strongest in law. Co. Litt. 254. .argementurn d rimili valet in lege. An ergomeet drown from a similar case, or analogy, avails in law. Co. Litt. 191. 4acapia verborem santjudiceisdigna. A twisting of language is unworthy of a judge. Rob. 343. Bona fides non pediher, let his idem e.vigatar. Natural equity or good faith do not allow us to demand twice the payment of the same thing. Dig. 50, 17, 57. Boni judith eat ampliare juriedictionem. It is the part of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction; that is, big remedial authority. Chan. Prec. 329; 1 Wile. 284 ; 9 M. & Wela. 818. Boni judicis est causes litiism derimere. It is the duty of a good judge to remove the cause of litigation. 2 Co. Inst. 304. Bone= defradentis es Werth causd, malum ex road defedu. The good of a defendant arises from a perfect case, his harm from some defect. 11 Co. 68. Bone= fader secnindurn agleam at &mum juditat, d equitalem strider juri prafert. A good judge decides according to justice and right, and prefers equity to strict law. Co. Litt. 24. Balsam necessarium extra terminunecessitatis non est helium. Necessary good is not good beyond the bounds of necessity. Hob. 144.
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Caveat eruptor. Let the purchaser beware. Carradam eat ci fra.gmentie. Beware of fragments. Bacon, Aph. 26.

Ceesante cars, cemat effeets4. The cause ceasing, the effect must cease. C'eet le crime *fait la haute, d non pas Pecha. faud. It is the crime which causes the shame, and not the scaffold Chorea de non ente non valet. A charter or deed of a thing not in being, is not valid. Co. Litt. 36. Chirographum aped debitorem repertum presumeter mlutum. A deed or bond found with the debtor is presumed to be paid. Circuirss eat evitandeis. Circuity is to be avoided. S Co. 31. Claims 'monistic semper indicant sitspicionem. Unusual clauses always induce a suspicion. 8 co.
81.

Classula gist abrogationem excludit ab natio non

valet. A clause in a law which precludes its abrogation, is invalid from the beginning. Bacon's Max. Re 19, p. 89. sis C?ama vet diepositio *Mins per prcestnnplionern remotam eel cowmen, ex post facto son falcitar. A useless clause or disposition is not supported by a remote presumption, or by a cause arising afterwards. Bacon's Max. Reg. 21. Cogitationis peenans acme patitur. No one is punished for merely thinking of a crime. Conerweistin es ituriet and non habere debet. No man ought to derive any benefit of his own wrong. Jenk. Cent. 161. A common error Comment, error facit jus. ' makes law. Whet was at first illegal, being repeated many times, is presumed to have acquired the force of usage, and then it would be wrong to depart from it. The converse of this maxim is cornmuftis error non fad, jus. A common error does not make law. Confesrio fada in judicio ousel probatione est. A confession made in court is of greater= than any proof. Jenk. Cent. 102; 11 Co. 30. ConfIrrnare nemo potest priusgsam jug ei acciderit. No one can confirm before the right accrues to him. 10 Co. 48. Confirmatio est nails, ubi donum precedent est invalidism. A confirmation is null where the preceding gift is invalid Co. Litt. 295. Conjundio mariti at famine est de jure =tura The union of a man and a woman is of the law of nature. Consensus non corictibilos facie euptierm. Consent, not lying together, constitutes marriage. Consensus facit lege'''. Consent makes the law. A contract is a law between the parties, which can acquire force only by consent. Commas tonic errorern. Consent removes or obviates a mistake. Co. Litt. 126. Consentientu at ageless rani ',and pledenter. Those consenting dud those perpetrating are embiliced in the same punishment. 5 Co. 80. Coneerientice non eat consequentia. A comequence ought not to be drawn from another consequence. Bacon, De Aug. Bei. Aph. 16. Consilii, non fraudu/enti, nsella est obligati. Advice, unless fraudulent, does not create an obligation. Constrsetio contra rationern introduda, potful* usurpatio ream consuetudo appdlari debet. A custom introduced against reason ought rather to be called en usurpation than a custom. Co. Litt. 113.

Cares fortuity., non est sperandus, et nano tenth's . deresure. A fortuitous event is not to be foreseen, and no person is held bound to divine it. 4 Co. 66. Camas oorisess et Widow dates dirpositioni com. mei* furis re/inquifur. A case omitted and given to oblivion is left to The disposal of the common law. 5 Co. 37. Catalla just I possena amitti non poseurs!. Chattele jnstly possessed cannot be lost. Jenk. Cent. 28. Catalla repo/an/or inter minima in legs. Chattels are considered in law among the minor things. Jenk. Cent. 52. Cass' proxima, non remota vedette?. The immediate, and not the remote cause, is to be considered. Bac. Max Reg. 1.

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MAX
who owns the soil, owns up to the sky. Co. Litt. 4 a; Broom's Max. 172; Shep. To. 90; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 15, 70. Cajal eat divisio alterius est eleetio. Which ever of two parties has the division, the other has the choice. Co. Litt. 166. Cniersque rei potisrima pars principium eat. The principal part of everything is the beginning. Dig. 1, 2, 1; 10 Co. 49. Ccslpa tenet egos auctores. A fault finds its own authors. Culpa eat immiserre se rei ad se non pertinenti. It is a fault to meddle with what does not belong to or does not concern you. Dig. 50, 17, 36. Csapa prams par eato. Let the punishment be proportioned to the crime. LIpa iota sequiparatur Bolo. A concealed fault is equal to a deceit. He Oui paler eat populua non habet idle patrem. to whom the people is father, has not a father. Co. Litt. 123. One Cum amfitente apostle milieu est agendum. making a voluntary confession, is to be dealt with more mercifully. 4 Co. Inst. 66. Cum duo inter se plegnanha reperiantur in testamento ultimum return eat. When two things repugnant to each other are found in a will, the last is to be confirmed. Co. Litt. 112. Cum legitimee nuptiee fade aunt, patrern liberi sequentur. Children born under ar legitimate marriage follow the condition of the father. Cum adausit testimorziarerum quid opus est verbis. When the proofs of facts are present, what need is there of words. 2 Buls. 53. Curiosa at captiosainterprttatio in lege reprobalsr. A curious and captious interpretation in the law is to be reproved. I Buis. 6. Currit tempos contra de ides it end juris matte:TTtorn. Time runs against the slothful and those who neglect their rights. Cursua curia eat lex curie. The practice of the coon is the law of the court. 3 Buts. 53.' De fide at officio judicia non recipitur qnseatie ; aid de acientia, sire error sit juris sive facti. Of the credit and duty of a judge, no question can arise; but it is otherwise respecting his knowledge, whether he be mistaken as to the law or fact. Bacon's Max. Reg. 17. De jure judices, de facto juratores, respondent. The judges answer to the law, the jury to the facts. De minim-is non rural lex. The law does not notice or care for trifling matters. Broom's Max. 333; Hob. 88; 5 Hill, N. Y. Rep. 170. De morte h&rminis nulls eat ennctatio longer. When the death of a human being may be the consequence, no delay is long. Co. Litt. 134. When the question is on the life or death of a man, no delay is too long to admit of inquiring into facts. Dc non apparentibus et non existentibua eadem eat ratio. The reason is the same respecting things which do not appear, and those which do not exist. De sirnilibua ad similia eadem ration proctdesdarn eat. From similar! to similar', we are to proceed by the same rule. Concerning De similibus idem est juditium. similar. the judgment is the same. 7 Co. 18. Debet ease flair idiom. There ought to be an end of law snits. Jenk. Cent. 61. Every Debet quit juri subjaerre obi delinquit.

Condructio lees non facit injtriam. The construction of law works not an injury. Co. Litt. 183; Broom's Max. 219. Coametudo debet ease circa. A custom ought to be certain. Day. 33. Co-atuetudo eat optima, interpret legum. Custom is the best expounder of the law. 2 Co. Inst. 18; Dig. 1, 3, 37; Jenk. Cent. 273. Cossrueludo eat altera lex. Custom is another law. 4 Co. 21. Conauetudo loci ()barman& eat. The custom of the place is to be observed. 6 Co. 67. Comrade& prcescripta at legitima vincit iegem. A prescriptive and legitimate custom overcomes the law. Co. Litt. 113. Conauetudo armed reprobate' non poled amptil's 'vied. Custom once .disallowed cannot again be produced. Day. 33. Cvasurettedo voluntis ducit, lex 'saltlike trahit. Custom leads the willing, law compels or draws the unwilling. Jenk. Cent. 274. Cord estatio litiseget terminal contradictarlos. An issue requires terms of contradiction ; that is, there can be no issue without an affirmative on one side and a negative on the other. Contemporanea expositio eat optima et fortisaima in lege A contemporaneous exposition is the best and most powerful in the law. 2 Co. Inst. 11. Control, n.egantern principia non est disputandum. There is no disputing against or denying principles. Co. Litt. 43. Contrd non volentem agere nulla currit prwacriptio No prescription runs against a person unable to act. Broom's Mar. 398. Cordrd veritatem kx net am aliquid permittit. The law never suffers anything contrary to truth. 2 Co. Inst. 252. But sometimes it allows a conclusive presumption in opposition to truth. See 3 Bony. Inst. n. 3061. Contractua legem er convimtione accipiant. The agreement of the parties makes the Iaw of the contract. Dig. 18, 3, 1, 6. Contractus ex turpi mud, rel contre bows' mores miles eat. A contract founded on a base and unlawful consideration, or against good morals, is null. Hob. 167; Dig. 2, 14, 27, 4. Conventio vincit legem. The agreement of the parties overcomes or prevails against the law. Story, Ag. 368. See Dig. 16, 3, 1, 6. Copulatin rerborum indicat acceptionem in eadem sense. Coupling words together shows that they ought to be understood in the same sense. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3. Corporais injursa non recipit estimationem de futuro. A personal injury does not receive satisfaction from a future course of proceeding. Bacon's Max. Reg. 8. Cuilibet in arte sua herilo credendum est. Every one should be believed skilful in his own ark Co, Litt. 125. Vide Experts; Opinion. Cults est tommodum ejes debet etas intommodum. He who receives the benefit should also bear the disadvantage. Nur eat dare ejus eat diaponere. He who has a right to give, has the right to dispose of the gift. Cajua per errorem ciati repetitio eat, ejus consultd dati dono,tio eat. Whoever pays by mistake what he does not owe, may recover it back; but he who pays, knowing he owes nothing; is presumed to give. Dig. 50, 17, 53. Oujus eat soium, ejns eat nape ad cesium. He

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one ought to be subject to the law of the place where he offends. 3 Co. Inst. 34. Debile fundomentsun, fallit opus. Where there is a -weak foundation, the work falls. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2068. Debita sequtentur persostam debilorin Debts follow the person of the debtor. Story, Conti. of Laws's, f 362. Debilor no prearnsattur donate. A. debtor is not presumed to make a gift. See 1 Karnes' Eq. 212; Dig. N, 16, 108. Debittora el contradva non runt aniline loci. Debt and contract are of no particular place. Delegaia patella.' non point delegari. A delegated authority cannot be again delegated. 2 Co. Inst. .597; 5 Bing. N C. 310; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1300. Delegalss non poled dekgare. A delegate or deputy cannot appoint another. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1936; Story, Ag. 13. Derdiva polestaa non point we major primitives. The power which is derived cannot be greater than that from which it is derived. Derogatur legi, cum pars detrahilur ; abrogatur To derogate from a legi, cim prorsiis tollitur. law is to enact 'something contrary to it; to abrogate a law, is to abolish it entirely. Dig. 50, 16, 102. See 1 Bony. Inst. n. 91. Desigatalio unius est =dud alterito, at expreaeum fad! cessare taciturn. The appointment or designation of one is the exclusion of another; and that expressed makes that which is implied cease. Co. Litt. 210. Dies &minks." non est juridical. Sunday is not a day in law. Co. Litt. 135 a; 2 Saund. 291. See Sanday. Dies incepts, pro complelo habetur. The day of undertaking or commencement of the business is held as complete. Dies incertue pro antdilione hatretnr. A day uncertain is held as a condition. Dilation's in lege rant dicier Delays in law are odious. Disparda non debent _fungi. Unequal things ought not to be joined. Jerk. Cent. 24. Ditpensalio est vulvae, quod vulnerat jut consA dispensation is a wound which wounds Mahe. a common right. Day. 69. Dissimilum dissimilia est ratio. Of dissimilar@ the rule is dissimilar. Co. Litt. 191. Dirinatib non inlerpretatio est, rue ormsino recedit a liters. it is a guess not interpretation which altogether departs from the letter. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 3, p. 47. A deceiver deals Dolonsa vereatur generalibur. in generals. 2 Co. 34. Dols' atictoria non sweet sscceuori. The fraud of a possessor does not prejudice the successor. Dols,: circuits non purgator. Fraud is not purged by circuity. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 1. Domus asa cagy" est lulls:1'7mm refugium. Every man's house is his castle. 5 Rep. 92. Dormer tutissinsurn rsiquerefugiurn algae tempters/um. The habitation of each one is in inviolable asylum for him. Dig. 2, 4, 18. A gift Donedio .perfkitur possessions accipienik. is rendered complete by the possession of the receiver. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 712; 2 John. 52; 2 Leigh, 337. Denali non presumitur. A gift is not presumed. Donatur nunrecon duinit possidere antegurms do-

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satariat incipiat possidere. He that gives never ceases to possess until he that receives begins to possess. Dyer , 281. Dormiunt aliquando legs, nuns/.: n ?wrists/tut. The laws sometimes sleep, but never die. 2 Co. Inst. 161. Doe de dote peti non debet. Dower ought not to be sought from dower. 4 Co. 122. Dams urores eoderre temper( laabere non point. It is not lawful to have two wives at one time. Inst. 1, 10, 6. Duo non pound in eolido Imam rem possidere. Two cannot possess one thing each in entirety. Co. Litt. 368. Duplicationem pot:Oujda& lex non patilura It is not allowed to double a possibility. 1 Roll. R. 321. Ea est accipienda alio, gui vitie curet. That interpretation is torreetreceieed, which will e not intend a wrong. Bacon's Max. Reg. 3, p. 47. E i intend/it probatio gni dieil, non gni negad. The burden of the proof lies upon him who affirms, not he who denies. Dig. 22, 3, 2; Tait on Ev. 1; 1 Phil. Ev. 194; 1 Greenl. Ev. 74; 3 Louis. R. 83; 2 Dan. Pr. 408; 4 Bony. Inst. u. 4411. Ei nihil turpe, cui tail antis. To whom nothing is base, nothing is sufficient. 4 Co. Inst. 53. Ejsa est non non", qui potent 'relic. He who may consent tacitly, may consent expressly. Dig. 50, 17, 8. Ejus ul perieulurn cu .* est &minium art cornmodum. He who his the risk has the dominion or advantage. E lecid toad via, non dater recureus ad cdterans. When there is concurrence of means, he who has chosen one cannot have recourse to another. 10 Toull. n. 170. Electio Bernd facia, at placitsm iesiaturn, non patilsr regresessm. Election once made, and plea witnessed, suffers not a recall. Co. Litt. 146. Electiones /lent rite at libere sine interesplione aliqua. Elections should be made in due form and freely, without any interruption. 2 Co. Inst. 169. Enumeratio issfirmat repel= in cavil' non enter/sera:it. Enumeration affirms the rule in cases not enumerated. Bac. Aph. 17. Equality is equity. Francis' Max., Max. 3; 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3725. Equity suffers not a right without a remedy. 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3726. Equity looks upon that as done, which ought to be done. 4 Bony. Inst. 11. 3729; 1 Funbl. Eq. h. 1, ch. 6, s. 9, note; 3 Wheat. 563. E rror fucatw mndd veritate in multi, eat proba&War ; et seepessumero rationibut vincit veriiatens error. Error artfully colored is in many things more probable than naked truth; and frequently error conquers truth and reasoning. 2 Co 73. Error furls nocd. -Error of law is injurious. See 4 Bony. Inst. n. 3828. Error qui non resistitur, approbatur. . An error not resisted is annoyed. Doct. & Stud. c. 70. Error sc-ribentie 'were non debel. An error made by a clerk ought not to injure; a clerical error may be corrected. Errores ad sea principia referre, est refellere. To refer errors to their origin is to refute them. 3 Co. Inst. 15.

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Violence may

MAX
Ezpressa want, non expressa nos wrest. Things expressed may be prejudicial; things not expressed are not. See Dig. 50, 17, 195.

Est rnstem vin kola simukras.

also put on the mask of law.

Est Boni jwdicia ampliare jurisdirtionem. It is the part of a good judge to extend the jurisdiction. Erpre.uio sorters qua ladle insunt tidal operates. Es astecedentibus at consequentibess f it optima in- The expression of those things' . which are tacitly terpretatio. The best interpretation is made from implied operates nothing. antecedents and consequents. .2 Co. Inst. 317. Expressio sinus est exclusio alterissa. The exEr "ctsuturnitate ternporis, amnia prasennuntur pression of one thing is the exclusion of another. molernsiter gin ada. From length of time,- all Expressos% facil =sore taciturn. What is exthings are presumed to have been done in due pressed renders what is implied silent. form. Co. Litt. 6; 1 Green]. Ev. 20. Extra legem posits, eat civiliter rnortuee. One Ex dolo male non Titer actin. Out of fraud no out of the pale of the law, (an outlaw,) is civilly action arises. Cowper, 343; Broom's Max. 349. dead. Ex facto jus miter. Law arises out of fact; Extra terracarisim lea dicenli nos parclur inipsvne. that is, its application must be to facts. One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory Ex malifirso non (triter cmetractes. A contract is not obeyed with impunity. cannot arise out of enact radically wrong wad illegal. Broom's Max. 851. Facia aunt poteetiora verbis. Facts are more Ex multitudins signorism , colligitsw identil as vera. powerful than words. From the great number of signs true identity may Fads= d judice good ad ejw offitium non special. be ascertained. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 25. nos ratwn est. Ao act of a judge which does not Ex nude pacto non orilur adio. No action arises relate to his office, is of no force. 10 Co. 76. on a naked contract without a consideration. See Faction segantis mate probatio. Negative facts Nudism Perinea. are not proof. .Ex tote malaria etnergat rewind. The conIt Fadem not diciter quad now persevere'. struction or resolution should arise out of the cannot be called a deed which does not hold out whole subject matter. Wingate's Max. 238. or persevere. 5 Co. 96. The deed Ex turpi cassia non orilnr edit,. No action Farkas tusks aiteri metre non debut. arises out of an immoral consideration. of one should not hurt the other. Co. Litt. 152. Ex turpi contract* non miter actio. No action Facelifts probationem non est aaguataeda. The arises on an immoral contract. faculty or right of offering proof is not to be narEx lino disco omnes. From one thing you can rowed. 4 Co. Inst. 279. discern all. False demonstraiio non nocet. A false or misExceed awl extessuat delirium in capitalilms, taken description does not vitiate. 6 T. R. 676; quod non operatur idem in cleilibus. A wrong in see 2 Story's Rep. 291; 1 Green!. Ev. 301. capital cases is excused or palliated which would False orthographia, sive false grarnmaiira, now not be so treated in civil matters. Bacon's Max. vitial cosscessionsm. False spelling or false gramReg 7. mar do not vitiate a grant. 9 Co. 48; Sheph. To. Ezrepteo ejus ruff msjus pallier clissautio gonna 55. est. There can be no plea of that thing of which Palau in woo, /aims in omnibus. False in one the dissolution is sought. Sank. Cent. 37. thing, false in everything. 1 Sumo. 356. E.cceptio fatal cranium Wilma. A false plea is Fiat jsulitia mat cakes. Let justice be done, the basest of all things. though the heavens should fall. Exceptio jirmat regulam in onstrarism. The Felonia implicater is quaint proditiose. Felony exception affirms the rule in contrary cases. Bac. is included or implied in every treason. 3 Co. Aph. 17. Inst. 15. Exceptio firma regulam is casibsta non exceptis. Futimatio iustitice at toverca infortwiii. The The exception affirms the rule in cases not ex- hurrying of justice is the stepmother of misforcettphl Bac. Aph. 17. o tune. Hob. 97. Exceptin walla eat versus adionem qua &veepFiat proof, fieri cawrseril, %a tonere ssorandsm. timers perimit. There can be no plea against an Let it be done as formerly, let nothing be done action which entirely destroys the plea. Jenk. rashly. Jenk. Cent. 116. Cent. 106. Pica est contra veritatem, sad pro veritate haExceptio probat regnlam de rebus son exceptio. &fur. Fiction is against the truth, but it is to An exception proves the rule concerning things have truth. not excepted. 11 Co. 41. Finis rei attendendses eat. The end of a thing is Exceptio quaint regulam declare'. The excep- to be attended to. 3 Co. Inst. 51 'imponit. The end puts an tion also declares the rule. Bac. Aph. 17. Fiala finem Exceptio sewer skims prnsenda est. An excep- end to litigation. 3 Inst. 78. Fiala "miss dial eat prinelpitm alterissa. The tion is always to be put last. 9 Co. 53. Exerutio est _finis ei frudus legis. An execution end of one day is the beginning of another. 2 is the end and the fruit of the law. Co. Litt. 269. Buls. 905. rimier at patentior est operatic legis gwim disExeculio juris non habet tnjwriam. The execution of the law causes no injury. 2 Co. Inst. 482; positio hominis. The disposition of law is firmer Broom's Max. 57. and more powerful than the will of man. Co. Exempla illustrant non rartringnet legem. Ex- Litt. 102. Fismiea at ports: pubfica swat, ideoque jut amples illustrate and do not restrict the law. Co. piscassdi omnibus commune est. Rivers and ports Litt. 24. Ezpedit reipublica 1st sit finis Mum. It is for are public, therefore the right of fishing there is the public good that there be an end of litigation. common to all. Co. Litt. 203. Farmiwa ab omnibus offidia eivelibsa eel petaticis

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nussoise emit. Women are excluded from 111 civil Generalia runt prapoviesida singularibus. Geneand public charges or offices. Dig. 50, 17, 2. ral things are to be put before particular things. Forma legates forma eseentialis. Legal form is Generalia verba aunt geseraliter intelligenda. essential form. 10 Co. 100. General words are understood in a general sense. Forma non obseraata, inferiur adnullatio aches. 3 Co. Inst. 76. Genera/is clause la SOD porrigitur ad ea qua conga When form is not observed a nullity of the act is A general clause speciaiiter swat maprehensa. inferred. 12 Co. 7. Forstellarius est pauper= depressor, it tali** does not extend to those things which are precanntunitatis e! patrie publicus inimicite. A fore- viously provided for specially. 8 Co. 164. staller is en oppressor of the poor, and a public Ilareden Dena facia, nos homo. God and not enemy to the whole community and the country. 3 Co. Inst. 198. man, makes the heir. Herretiem est tomes colledivism. Heir is a colFortier est custodia legia quasi; horainia. The custody of the Iaw is stronger than that of man. lective name. Bark eat name; jowls, ftlita eat 11071U11 natural. 2 Roil. R. 325. Fortier it poteatior est dispositio legis parrs Heir is a term of law, son one of nature. &minis. The disposition of the law is stronger Hares est ant jure ;Yroprietatis aid jure represenand more powerful than that of man. Co. Litt. tatiorris. An heir is either by right of property or 234. right of representation. 3 Co. 40. Fran at alarm. franden. It is a fraud to conHares eat alter ipse, e t filius eat pars pafria. An ceal a fraud. 1 Vern. 270. heir is another self, and a son is a part of the Frets at odiosa it non priesumenda. Fraud in father. Hares. eat eadem persona cunt antecessore. The odious and not to be presumed. Cro. Car. 550. Front it (Nue senissi palrocianari debent. Fraud heir is the same person with the ancestor. Co. Litt. 22. and deceit should excuse no man. 3 Co 73. The heir of Hares haredis mei eat mesa hares. Frosts it fur esinquam cohabitant. Fraud and my heir is my heir. justice never agree together. Wing. 680. Hares legitimaa atunplug demonatrant. Frans late! in geteralibus. Fraud lies hid in He is the lawful heir whom the marriage demongeneral expressions. Frans ?nerds? frauden. Fraud deserves fraud. strates. He who has committed iniquity, ',hall not bare Plow. 100. This is very doubtful morality. Fradus pendants: pan fundi ranter. Hanging equity. Francis' Max., Max. 2. He who will have equity done to him, must do fruits make part of the land. Dig. 6, 1, 44; 2 equity to the same person. 4 Bony. Inst. n. 3723. Bouv. Inst. n. 1578. See Larceny. Law is Hontinum causeI jut constilutum eat. Faith's percept= villa son cue condos!. Gathered fruits do not make a part of the house. Dig. 19, established for the benefit of man. 1, 17, 1; 2 Boar. lest. n. 1678. Id rod nostrum eat, sine facto swain) ad alium Frustrci est potadia qua steacqutens venit is transferi nom potent. What belongs to us cannot sdinn. The power which never comes to be ex- be transferred to another without our consent. Dig. 50, 17, 11. But this must be understood ercised is vain. 2 Co. 51. Fruserri free slur legis Aid subditis et obediadibus. with this qualification, that the government may Law, are made to no purpose unless for those take property for public use, paying the owner its value. The title to property may also be acquired, who are subject and obedient. 7 Co. 13. Frustrti legis awr.riliarn quarit qui in tegem cont- without the consent of the owner, by a judgment ain*. Vainly does he who offends against the of a competent tribunal. law, seek the help of the law. Id cerium est geed cerium reddi point. That is Frustrsi retie quad siatim alteri redden coseris. Vainly you ask that which you will immediately certain which may be rendered certain. 1 Bony. be compelled to restore to another, Jenk. Cent. Inst. n. 929; 2 BI. Com. 143; 4 Kent, Coin. 462; 4 Pick. 179. 2.56. Idem agena el patiena ease non potent. One cannot Frunerd proteinr quad probatusts non reheat. It is vain to prove that which if proved would not be agent and patient, in the same matter. Jenk. Cent. 40. aid the matter in question. Idea est facers, it nolle prohibere cum pouts. It Furious: absentia loco eat. The inane is comis the same thing to do a thing as not to prohibit it pared to the absent. Dig. 50, 17,24, 1.. Farionsa solo furore pemnitur. A madman is when in your power. 3 Co. Inst. 168. polished by his madness alone.. Co. Lift. 247. Men eat son probari et son ease; non deficit Ins, What does not appear and what is Furtum non est obi initison habet detrationis per and probatio. ekenisiam rei. It is not theft where the commence- not is the same; it is not the defect of the law, ment of the detention arises through the owner of but the want of proof. Rem at nihil dicere et inauffidenter dictre. It is the thing. 3 Co. Inst. 107. the same thing to say nothing and not to say it -Generale lantern valet in generalibus, quashim sufficiently. 2 Co. Inst. 178. Ides; eat sari ant stir, debet out Wiliam. To be iiisgslore singulia. What is general prevails or is worth as much among things general, as what is able to know is the same as to know. This maxim is applied to the duty of every one to know the particular among things particular. 11 Co. 59. Generale dictum gentraliter est isalrettesuistni. law. Idea non an et non apparel. It is the same A general expression is to be construed generally. thing not to exist and not to appear. Jenk. Cent. Co. 116. Generale "Ail certsna implicit. A general ex- 207. Ideas camper aulecedesti proximo refertsr. pression implies nothing certain. 2 Co. 34. VOL. IL -I
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MAX

. MAX
In criminalibus, probationa debeni ease lace do riores. In criminal cases, the proofs ought to be clearer than the light. 3 Co. Inst. 210. In criminalibus arcfficit generous militia inns tianis cum facto pare. grade. In criminal cues a general intention is sufficient, when there is an act of equal or corresponding- degree. Bacon's Max. Reg. 15. In disjundieis asificit alteram parkin esse veram. In disjunctives, it is sufficient if either part be true. Wing. 13. In dubia magic dignum eat accipienclum. doubtful cases the more worthy is to be taken. Branch's Prin. h. t. In In dulais non prommitur pro testament. doubtful cases there is no presumption in favor of the will. Cro. Car. 51. In dubio hoc Zegu constroctia quam verbs stendont. In a doubtful case, that is the construction of the law which the words indicate. Br. Pr. h. t. In disk part metior eat sequenda. In doubt, the gentler course is to be followed. In doubt, In dubio, aequendom quad Ashur est. the safer course is to be adopted. Is eo good plus sit, aemper irate et mimes. The less is included in the greater. 50, 17, 110. In facto pod se haft ad bonus; at malum magas de ban vicars de mato lex intendit. In a deed which may be considered good or bad, the law looks more to the good than to the bad. Co. Litt. 78. In favorabilibus magic attenditur quad prodeal glum quad 'wet. In things favored what does good is more regarded than what does harm. Bac. Max. in Reg. 12In fictions juris, simper subeistit tequilaa. In a fiction of law, equity always subsists. 11 Co. 51 In judiciis minori atati ennui:ter. In judicial proceedings, infancy is aided or favored. In judicio non treditur ni i fanatic. In law none is credited unless he is sworn. All the facts must when established, by witnesses, be under oath or affirmation. Cro. Car. 64. In jure non remota catua, red proxima spectator. In law the proximate, and not the remote cause, is to be looked to. Bacon's Max. Reg. 1. In majors surnmst con/luau. minor. In the greater sum is contained the less. 5 Co. 115 In rnanficio ratitsabitio mandato comparator. He who ratifies a bad action is considered as having ordered it. Dig. 50, 17, 152, 2. In mercibas illicilia 9112/1 ail commercitsm. No commerce should be in illicit goods. 3 Lent, Corn. 202, n. In maximd potestid minima Iicentia. In the greater power is included the smaller license Hob. 159. In obscuris, pod minimum eat, sequitur. In obscure cases, the milder course ought to be pursued. Dig. 50, 17, 9. In odium spoliatorie mania preenomentur. All things are presumed in odium of a despoiler. 1 Vern. 19. In mini re noseitor res qua ipsuon rem exterminat. In everything, the thing is born which destroys the thing itself. 2 Co. Inst. 15. In omnibus contractibss, live numinous site innominatis, permutatio continetur. In every contract, whether nominate or innominate, there is implied a consideration. In orresibus quidern, maxims tamers injure, cequitas apectanda sit. In all affairs, and principally in those

same is always referred to its next antecedent. Co. Litt. 385. Idenlitas vera tolligilor ar moltiludine signorum. True identity is collected from a number of signs. Id perfecto's; est quad ex omnibus aria partibtu coastal. That is perfect which is complete in all its parts. 9 Co. 9. Id Tautness good de jure possums.. We may do what is allowed by law. Lane, 116. Ignorantia arearatur, non juria red fact;. Ignorance of fact may excuse, but not ignorance of law. See Ignorance. Ignorantia legis neminem excused. Ignorance of law never excuses. See Ignorance; 4 BOW?. Inst. n. 3828. Igurrantia fact; Lensed, tgraorantio Luria non excusat. Ignorance of facts excuses, ignorance of law does not excuse. 1 Co. 177; 4 Bouv. Inst. n. 3828. See Ignorance. /german/id judicis est calamitas innocerais. The . ignorance of the judge is the misfortune of the innocent. 2 Co. Inst. 591. Ignoramtia terrains igeoralur et arc. An ignorance of terms is to be ignorant of the art. Co. Litt. 2. Mud pod alias licition non eat necessitaa fat-it liciturn, et reecessilas inducit privilegium quod jure priealur. That which is not otherwise permitted, necessity allows, and necessity makes a privilege which supersedes the law. 10 Co. 61. Imperilia &pa antsumeratur, Ignorance, or want of skill, is considered a negligence, for which one who professes skill is responsible. Dig. 50, 17, 132 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 1004. Inspersonalitaa non concludit sec light. ' Impersonality neither concludes nor binds. Co. Litt. 3.52. Impotentia excuaat kgem. Impossibility excuses the law. Co. Litt. 29. hnpunitaa continuum affects's: tribuil clelisquenti. Impunity offers a continual bait to a delinquent. 4 Co. 45. In aliernativia electio est debiton+e. In alternatives there is an election of the debtor. tedificita lapis male Naito* non est removendos. A stone badly placed in a building is not to be removed. 11 Co. 69. In te_quali jure inelior eel candilio possidentia. When the parties have equal rights, the condition of the possessor is the better. Mitt. tq. PI. 215; Jer. Eq. Jur. 28.5; 1 Madd. Ch. Pr. 170; Dig. 50, 17, 128. Plowd. 296. In comenodo hoc pactio, ne dohs: presteiur, rata non est. If in a contract for a loan there is inserted a clause that the borrower stall not he answerable for fraud, such clause is void. Dig. 13, 6, 17. In conjunction oportet utramrse partem ease veram. In conjunctives each part ought to be true. Wing. 13. In consimili earn conerimsle debet use remedium. In similar cases the remedy should be similar. Hard. 65. In enntractibus, benign; in tea/amen/is, benignior; in restilutionibus, benignusima intererdatio facies& est. In contracts, the interpretation or construction should be liberal; in wills, more liberal; in restitutions, most liberal. Co. Litt. 112. In comer:au contrahtrukun valuta/ern potass verbs. spedari plactsit. In the agreements of the clontracting parties, the rule is to regard the intention rather than the words. Dig. 50, 16, 219.

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which concern the administration of justice, the rules of equity ought to be followed. Dig. 50, 17, 90. In comnibs, obligation:bus, in quibus dies non presenti die debeter. In all obligations when no time is fixed for the payment, the thing is due immediately. Dig. 50, 17, 14. Is presentia majoris potestatis, minor potestas cessal. In the presence of the superior power, the minor power ceases. Jenk. Cent. 214. Is pan casts possessor potior haberi debet. When two parties have equal rights, the advantage is always in favor of the possessor. Dig. 50, 17, 128. pari caws possessor potior est. In an equal cue, better is the condition of the possessor. Dig. 50, 17, 128; Poth. Vente, n. 320; 1 Bony. Inst. n. 952. la pari delido major est conditio possidentis. When the parties are equally in the wrong, the condition of the possessor is better. 11 Wheat. 258; 3 Cranch, 244; Cowp. 341; Broom's Max. 325; 4 Bony. Inst. n. 3724. la proprid cusa nemo *lex. No one can be judge in his own cause. hs quo psis delisquit, in so de jars est puitiessdus. In whatever thing one offends, in that he is rightfully to be punished. Co. Litt. 233. In re propria iniquam admodnm eat ahasi licestiam tribute serstentiee. It is extremely unjust that any one should be judge in his own cause. Is re dabid magis inficiato quam affirrnalio intelligruda. In a doubtful matter, the negative is to be understood rather than the affirmative. Godb. 37. Is republicd maxima conserves:1a sent jure UM. Is the state the laws of war are to be greatly preserved. 2 Co. Inst. 58. Is restitutionern, non in panam hares ruccedit. The heir succeeds to the restitution not the penalty. 2 Co. Inst. 198. in restitution:7ms bersignissima interpreiatio faciesda est. The most favorable construction is made in restitutions. Co. Litt 112. is sso qsisque negntio hebelior est quern in alien. Every one is more dull in his own business than in that of another. Co. Litt. 377. In Coto d pars conline.tur. A part is included in the whole. Dig. 50, 17, 113. In traditiombss scriptorum non pod dictum est, sei gaud geslam est, inspicitsr. In the delivery of writing, not what is said, but what is done is to be considered. 9 Co. 137. Neer-fa pro nsUii habentsr. Things uncertain are held for nothing. Day. 33 Iscerta quantitas :AY iat arisen. An uncertain quantity vitiates the act. 1 Roll. R. 465. Is eicile est nisi loft: an:testis inspects, de aligns parte judicare. It is improper to pass an opinion on any part of a sentence, without examining the whole. Rob. 171. Inclessio uniss est exclssio alteriss. The inclusion of one is the exclusion of another. 11 Co. 58. &comma:tam non solrit argamentsm. An inconvenience does not solve an argument. Isiefinilsm otquipolet entirersali. The undefined is equivalent to the whole. 1 Ventr. 368. indejlstilum suppled lotion anasersalis. The undefined supplies the place of the whole Br. Pr. h. t. mind.

MAX

181

Index animi sermo. Speech is the index of the Inane potest donationi, modes, conditio sire cases; ut mods. est; si conditio; quit caws. In a gift
there may be manner, condition and cause; u, (at), introduces a manner; if, (si), a condition; because, (quia), a cause. Dy. 138. infistiinrn in jure rep obater. That which is infinite or endless is reprehensible in law. 9 Co. 45. /*sum est alio, permittere, altos inhibere merashtray]. It is inequitable to permit some to trade, and to prohibit others. 8 Co. Inst. 181. Iniqusm at aliquem rei sui ease judicem. It is against equity for any one to be judge in his own cause. 12 Co. 13. hsigaum eat ingenuis hominibus non ease Macon rerum *martini alienationern. It is against equity to deprive freemen of the free disposal of their own property. Co. Litt. 223. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 4.5$, 460. injaria non pr:moniker. A wrong is not presumed. Co. Litt. 232. hsjuria propria now cadet in benefit-ism facientis. One's own wrong shall not benefit the person doing it. Injuria fit ei csi conericium dictum est, eel de eo faction carmen famossm. It is a slander of him of whom a reproachful thing is said, or concerning whom an infamous song is made. 9 Co. 60. Intentio coca, malts. A hidden intention is bad. 2 Buls. 179.

Intenlio inserroire Met legibus, non tem OdesIntentions ought to be subservient to the laws, not the laws to intentions. Co. Litt. 314. Inientio mea imponit norms operi men. My intent gives a name to my act. Hob. 123. Interest reipablicee as malejlcia remaneant inspsnita. It concerns the commonwealth that crimes do not remain unpunished. Jenk. Cent. 30, 31.
ii011i.

Interest reipublica re: judicatas non rescisli. It

concerns the commonwealth that things adjudged be not rescinded. Vide R21 judiesta. Interest reipublica plod homilies conservenkr. It concerns the commonwealth that we be preserved. 12 Co. 62. Interest reipublicce at gut:libel re and best sadist. It concerns the commonwealth that every one use his property properly. 6 Co. 37. Interest reipsbUces at carceres mint in tsto. It concerns the commonwealth that prisons be secure. 2 Co. Inst. 589. Interest reipublica espresso horninsun testaments rata haberi. it concerns the commonwealth that men's last wills be sustained. Co. Litt. 236. Interest :vim:blies st sit finis 1111am. It concerns the commonwealth that there be an end of law suits. Co. Lin. 303.

Interpretare at concordats leges legiblis est optima inttrpretandi modes. To interpret and recon-

cile laws so that they harmonize is the beet mode of construction. 8 Co. 189. Inierprelatio fiends at ut its magi.: Palest giant perces!: That construction is to be made so that the subject may have an effect rather than none. Jenk. Cent 198. Interpretatio tali. is ambirsis 'temper fiends, st evitelar ineoneetsiens at absurdum. In ambiguous !adept:ode:der se hats! assecuratio a viaggio The voyage insured is an independent or distinct things, such a construction is to be made, that thing from the voyage of the shin. 3 Kent, Coin. what is inconvenient and absurd is to be avoided. 4 Co. Inst. 328 318, n.

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Judicium non debet tare ins:orison, num dictum Aabere debet. A judgment ought not to be illusory,

listerruptio multiplex son knit prancriptionern semel obtentam. Repeated interruption, do not

defeat a prescription once obtained. 2 Co. Inst. 654. effect of law. Co. Lit. 127.

Imdilis labor, at sine fructu, non at effedss legis. Useless labor and without fruit, is not the

Intik bensficium non dates. No one is obliged to accept a benefit against his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 69. But if he does not dissent he will be considered as assenting. Vide Assent. Ipso legit copilot( at jure regantur. The laws themselves require that they should be governed by right. Co. Litt. 174.

A judge ought always to have equity before his eyes. Jenk. Cent. 58. Dudes eequitatern scraper specters debet. A judge ought always to regard equity. Jenk. Cent. 45.
Jules bonus nihil es arbitrio sew faded, nec proposition( domesticer votuntugs, sed junta legis et jura pinnuticiet. A good judge should do nothing from

Tudez ante occnios regoitatem temper habere debet.

his own judgment. or from the dictates of his private wishes; but he should pronounce according to law and justice. 7 Co. 27.

Index debd judicare secundum allegala at pro. bates. The judge ought to decide according to the

allegation and the proof.

Tulles eat lex loran&

Tsuiez non potent sue testis in proprid count. A judge cannot be a witness in his own cause. 4 Co. Inuit. 279. Aid= non potent injnriam sibi datum puler(. A judge cannot punish a wrong done to himself. 12 Co. 113. Judex dannatur cum nocens absolvitur. The judge is condemned when the guilty are acquitted. Jades nos reddest plus quam pod petena ipso reguirat. Thejudge does demand more than the plaintiff demands. 2 Inst. 286. Judid o fsm auum excedenti non paretur. To a judge who exceeds his office or jurisdiction no obedience is due. Jenk. Cent. 139. Judici dais pre= eat qtLod Deum habd olicrrem. It is punishment enough for a judge that he is responsible to God. i Leon. 295. Judicia in defiberationibua crebro matoreacunt, in accderato processes nu. Judgments frequently become matured by deliberation, never by harried process. 3 Co. Inst. 210. Judicia puteriora runt in lege fortiora. The latter decisions are stronger in law. S Co. 97. Judicia aunt tasurtsam furls dicta, at pro veritate accipfuntur. Judgments are, as it were, the dicta or sayings of the law, and are received as truth. 2 Co. Inst. 573. Judiciis posteriori/nu/Ides eat adhibenda. Faith or credit is to be given to the last decisions. 13 Co. 14. Judicia eat in prows/Wanda segui regulam, excepdiddle non probate!. The judge in his decision ought to follow the rule, when the exception is not made apparent. Judicis est judicare
GUIC11411071

ing law. 7 Co. 4.

The judge is the speak-

A judge ought to decide according to the allegations and proofs. Dyer, 12. Juditium d non suo jedice datum 'milks eat enomeal. A judgment given by an improper judge is of no moment. 11 Co. 76.

allegata probate.

it ought to have its consequence. 2 Inst. 341. Tudiciom redditsir in invitum, in pr sorption Leiria. In presumption of law, a judgment is given against inclination. Co. Litt. 248. Tudicium temper pro veritate accipitur. A judgment is always taken for truth. 2 Co. Iran. 380. Jura songslinis sulk lore civili dirimi posaunt. The right of blood and kindred cannot be destroyed by any civil law. Dig. 50, 17, 9; Bacon'. Max. Reg. 11. Jura nohow aunt immotabina. The laws of nature are unchangeable. Jura eodem nu-nio deatrusintsr quo constitusintur. Laws are abrogated or repealed by the same means by which they are made. forameatum est indivisibae, it ova est aeratesdots in parte verum it is parte falsods. An oath is indivisible, it cannot be in part true and in part false. Aral creditor in judicie. He who makes oath is to be believed in judgment. Jurare eat Deum in testum ware } et eat wins day ini callus. To wear is to call God to witness, ' and is an act of religion. 3 Co. Inst. 165. Vide 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 31130, note ; 1 Benth. Rat. of .Fud. Ev. 376, 371, note. Jus-atoru nod joilicee fedi. Juries are the judges of the facts. Jenk. Cent. 58. Aria effects, in execution( consiatit. The effect of a law consists in the execution. Ca. Litt. 289. Asa accrescendi inter mcreatores /mum son !Label, pro benefscio commercii. The right of survivorship dose not exist among merchants for the benefit of commerce. Co. Litt. 182; 1 Bouv. Inst. u. 682. Ins accrucendi pre fertur oneribns. The right of survivorship is preferred to incumbrancel. Co. Litt. 185. Jut accruceedi prefertur indecent volustati. The right of survivorship is preferred to a last will. Co. Litt. 1856. Jus descendit it non terra. A right descends, not the land. Co. Litt. 345. jus at are boni it cegoi. Law is the science of what is good and evil. Dig. 1, 1, 1, 1. Jus et fraudem fruniqsam. cohabitant. Right and fraud never go together. Jut ex injaria non oritur. A right cannot arise from a wrong. 4 Bing. 639. J114 public-um privatorion pactis malari non pates:. A public right cannot be changed by private agreement. Tut respicif oguitatem. Law regards equity. Co Litt. 24. Tut supervessiene audori accredit successors. A right growing to a possessor accrues to a successor. Testicle at virtu., excellent it Altisaingo complacent. Justice is an excellent virtue and pleasing to the Most High. 4 Inst. 58. /*Waist femme negatsda est. Justice is not to be denied. Jenk. Cent. 178. Justilia non est seganda, non differentia. Justice is not to be denied nor delayed. Jenk. Cent. 93. Jolting eon novit patron net matrem, whim seri. Warn apectat juditia. Justice knows neither father nor mother, justice looks to truth alone. 1 Bale. 199.
La conscience est la plus changeable des rsgies.

Conscience is the most changeable of rules.

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Lata ealpa dolo airic4iaratur. Gross negligence Lex est sarwIk sancta, jabots bonnie, prokibens is equal to fraud. contraria. Law le a sacred sanction, commending Le =trot foil la Lai. The contract makes the what is right and prohibiting the contrary. 2 Cc. law. Inst. 587. Legatos violate eoritra jars gentium eat. It is Lex facet doll- The law favors dower. contrary to the law of nations to violate the rights Lex jtngit obi esebsatit tequilas. Law feigns of ambassadors. where equity subsists. 11 Co 90. Legatnm morte testatoris tatittern confirmatur, Lex intendit vicinage& vicirei facia wire. The sicst de ratio inter elver traditions sold. A legacy law presumes that one neighbor knows the actions is confirmed by the death of the testator, in the of another. Co. Litt. 78. same wanner as a gilt from a living person is by Lex "laical de rebus necessario faciendis quarere delivery alone. Dyer, 143. ipso factia. The law judges of things which must Leges pesteriorei priores contraries abrogant. necessarily be done, as if actually done. Subsequent laws repeal those before enacted to Lex neceuilatis est lex terreporia, i. e. inatontis. the contrary. 2 Rol. R. 410; 11 Co. 626, 630. The law of necessity is the law of time, that is, Leges humane naseinstur, vivant et morfuntur. time present. Hob. 159. Human laws are born, live and die. 7 Co. 25. Lex *eminent cogit ad tram sen inetaiaper Leges non verbis sed rebus sunt irnpasitee. Laws, The law forces no one to do vain or useless t. not words, are imposed on things. 10 Co. 101. Lex nemisi facet injuriarn. The law does wrong Legibts stemptis disinentibus, lege nature We/1- to no one. km en. When laws imposed by the state fail, Lex merlin operator isiquawn, *mini fern we moat act by the law of nature. 2 Roll. R. 298. . The law never works an injury, or does Legia constructio non facet injuriam. The con- him a wrong. Jenk. Cent. 22. struction of law does no wrong. Co. Litt. 183. Lex nil tacit frustra, jubet frustra. The law I-egis fignieli at refigendi connoted periculosissidoes nothing and commands nothing in vain. 3 ma est. The custom of fixing and refixing (making Bak. 279; Jenk. Cent. 17. and annulling) laws is most dangerous 4 Co. Ad. Lex non met impassibliia. The law requires Legit. nothing impossible. Co. Litt. 231, b; 1 Bony. Legie interprelatio legis vim obtinet. The con- Inst. n. 951. Lex non carat de misisrds. The law does not struction of law obtains the force of law. Lieges lotorum eat viva vox, rebus at non verbis, regard small matters. Rob. 88. ' Lex non cogit ad impoasibilia. The law forces legan isirponrre. The yoke of legislators is a liv. ing voice, to impose laws on things and not on not to impossibilities. Hob. 98. words. 10 Co. 101. Lex non pracipit inutilia, quia inutZia labor Legis minister non tenetur, in erecutione offish sus stultus. The law commands n-It useless things, feigere ant retrocedere. The minister of the law is because useless labor is foolish. Co. Litt. 197. not bound, in the execution of his office, neither to Lex *on deficit in justitia ezibenda. The law does not fail in showing justice. fiy nor retreat. 6 Co- 68. Legitivie imperanti parere stain est. One who Lex non interedit impossibile. The law commands lawfully must be obeyed. Jenk. Cent. intends not anything impossible. 12 Co. 89. Lex non requirit verijkare quad apparet curia. 120. Les fictions noissent de la poi, at non hi poi des The law does not require that to be proved, which Atkins. Fictions arise from the law, and not law is apparent to the court. 9 Co 54. Lex plus laudatur quando rations probalur. The from actions. Lex aliquando sequitur aquitatem. The law law is the more praised when it is consonant to reason. sometimes follows equity. 3 Wile. 119. Lex prospicil, non respicit. The law look, forLei aquitate gaudet; aypetii perfectum ; eat norm.. real. The law delights in equity; it covet. ward, not backward. Lex permit rneedacium. The law punishes falseperfection; it is a rule of right. Jenk. Cent. 38. Lex beruficialie rei contimili remediurn prastat. hood. Lex rejicit superficca, pugnantia, incorigruer. The A beneficial law affords a remedy in a similar law rejects supertluotui, contradictory and inconruse- 2 Co. Inst. 689. Lex rilau taw.= van prinatom darrinuot quern gruous things. Lea reprobat moram. The law dislikes delay. publicien maism. The law would rather tolerate Lex atrnper debit remedium. The law always a private wrong than a public evil. Co. Litt. 152. The law pro- gives a remedy. 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 2411. Ler de flitter, "Index de prettrito. Lex spectra nature ordinern. The law regards vides for the future, the judge for the pest. Lex deficere non pleat in institiel exhibenda. The the order of nature. Co. Litt. 197. Lex succurit ignoranti. The laws succor the law ought not to fail in dispensing justice. Co. ignorant. Litt- 197. The Lex scraper intendit quad ccmaresiit rations. Lea dilations semper ezhorret. The law always abhors delay. 2 Co. Inst. 240. law always intends what is agreeable to reason. Lex eat ab astern. The law is from everlasting. Co. Litt. 78. Ttr lino ore crones al/avatar. The law speaks Lex est dictamen rationia. Law is the dictate of to all with one mouth. 2 Inst. 184. reason. Jenk. Cent. 117. Liberia. incubi/nab:lie res eet. Liberty is an Lex est :tonna recti. Law is a rule of right. Lex est ratio summa, qua jubet qua aunt Wino inestimable good. Dig. 50, 17, 108. Liberian corpus catimationem non recipil. The sectssaria, et coniraria prohibet. Liar is the perfection of reason, which commands what le body of a freeman does not admit of valuation. Licrt dirpositio de intereue future all mouth* useful and necessary and forbids the contrary. Co. tones patesl fieri declaratio pracedens qua fortiatur Litt. 319.

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Evil deeds ought not to remain unpunished, for impunity affords continual excitement to the de , linquent. 4 Co. 45. Malifuia propositus disfingstustur. Evil deeds are distinguished from evil purposes. Jenk. Cent. 290. Ma/ilia eat acida, eat man animi affects's. Malice is sour, it is the quality of a bad mind. 2 Buis. 49. Malitia aupplet 'dams. Malice supplies age. Dyer, 104. See Malice. Malum hominum eat obviandum. The malice of men is to be avoided. 4 Co. 15. Malum non prcemmitur. Evil is not presumed. 4 Co. 72. Malum quo communius no pejus. The more common the evil, the worse. Malmo uses eat abolendus. An evil custom is to be abolished. Co. Litt. 141. Mandato licita recipient striae= interpretedionem and illicila latam el extensor'. Lawful commands receive a strict interpretation, but unlawful, a wide or broad construction. Bacon's Max. Reg. 18. Mandataries terrain. sibi pashas tranagredi non poled. A mandatary cannot exceed the bounds of his authority. Jenk. Cent. 53. Mandaturn nisi gratnitum tedium est. Unless a mandate in gratuitous it is not a mandate. Dig.' 17, 1, 4 Inst. 3, 27; 1 Bouvs Inst. n. 1070. Manifesto probation non indigent. Manifest things require no proof. 7 Co. 40. Maris et famine conjundio at de jure sallow. The union of husband and wife is founded on the law of nature. 7 Co. 13. Marriages ought Matrimonia debeni ease libera. to be free. Matrimoniern aubsequens tollil peccatum preedam. A subsequent marriage cures preceding criminality. Nazism In dicta quia maxima ejus dignitas at certiesima auctoritas, atquemaximi omnibus dd probate. A maxim is so callsi because its dignity is chiefest, and its authority the most certain, and because universally approved by all. Co. Litt. 11. Maximi paci sent cmitraria, via et injuria. The greatest enemies to peace are force and wrong. Co. Litt. 161. Mellor at justitia are praverriens quoin severe pumas. That justice which justly prevents a crime, is better than that which severely punishes it. Minor est conditio possidentis el rei quern adores. Better is the condition of the possessor and that of the defendant than that of the plaintiff. 4 Co. Inet. 180. Melior est cauaa possidesta. The cause of the possessor is preferable. Dig. 50, 17, 126, 2. Melior est anwlitio possidentis, ubi neuter ins !whet. Better is the condition of the possessor, where neither of the two has a right. Jenk. Cent. 118. Meliorem conditionern scum facers pates, minor, deteriarem neguaquarh. A minor can improve or make his condition better, but never worse. Co. Litt. 337. Melius est omnia main pall gluon malo concentire. It is better to suffer every wrong or ill, than to consent to it. 3 Co. Inst. 23. Melina at rectirrere germ malo currere. It is better to recede than to proceed in evil. 4 het. 176. Melitis eat in empire occurrere, own; pod causten

Although the effectum interaenieste move actu. grant of a future interest be inoperative, yet a declaration precedent may be made, which may take effect, provided a new act intervene. Bacon's Max. Reg. 14. Licita bent miscentur, formula nisi pais obstet. Things permitted should be well contrived, lest the form of the law oppose. Bacon's Max. Reg. 24. Linea recta temper prafertur transversoli. The right line is always preferred to the collateral. Co. Litt. 10. Locus contracts's regii actum. The place of the contract governs the act. Longa pouessio est pacts jus. Long possession is the law of peace. Co. Litt. 6. Longa posaasio park jus possidesdi, et Wit aelianern vero domino. Long possession produces the right of possession, and takes away from the true owner his action. Co. Litt. 110. Lon,gum tempus, tt lova torus qui acedit memoria horninton, sujficit pro jute. Long time and long use, beyond the memory of man, suffices for right. Co. Litt. 115. Toquendum ut vulgus, sailiendum e, docti. We speak as the common people, we must think as the learned. 7 Co. 11. Magister rerum taus; vingistra reruns experientia. Use is the master of things; experience is the mistress of things. Co. Litt. 69, 229. Magna negligentia culpa est, magna culpa doles eat. Gross negligence is a fault, gross fault is a fraud. Dig. 50, 16, 226. Magna culpa dolus eat. Great neglect is equivalent to fraud. Dig. 56, 16, 228; 2 Spears, R. 256; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 646. Maihemiurn eat infer crimina majora minimum, at inter minors maximum. Mayhem is the least of great crimes, and the greatest of small. Co. Litt. 127. Kahemium eat homicidium inchonium. Mayhem is incipient homicide. 3 Inst. 118. Major knnditaa omit unicnique nostrum el jure et legabus quam a parentibus. A greater inheritance comes to every one of us from right and the laws than from parent'. 2 Co. Inst. 56. Major numerus in as antis:et minorem. The greater number contains in itself the less. Major's pcumi affectus ream legibus statute eat, non eat Wands. One affected with a greater punishment than is provided by law, is not infamous. 4 Co. Inst. 66. Majors continet in se minus. The greater includes the less. 19 Yin. Abr. 379. Ma.* dignurn trahit in se minus dignum. The more worthy or the greater draws to it the less worthy or the lesser. 5 Yin. Abr. 584, 588. Ma jus est deliclum seipsnm occidare quam alium. It is a greater crime to kill one's self than another. Mato grammutica son vitiat charism: ad in exposition instrumentation main gramma/ice quoad fieri posssit eritanda eat. Bad grammar does not vitiate a deed; but in the construction of instruments, bad grammar, as far as it can be done, is to be avoided. 8 Co. 39. Maledicta at expositio qua corrumpit textum. It is a bad construction whicht corrupts the text. 4 Co. 35. Malefl cia son &bent remartere impunitn, at inspunitar contitruum affeclurn tnbuit definquenti.

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valserafuns remedium parer& It is better to restrain or meet a thing in time, than to seek a remedy after a wrong has been inf licted. 2 Inst. 299. Mess tsstaloris ins lestantestis speclanda at. In wills, the intention of the testator is to be regarded. Jenk. Cent. 277. Mentiri eat contra reattem ire. To lie is to go against the mind. 8 Buie. 260. Herz eat quidquid eat& potted. Merchandise is whatever can be sold. 3 Mete. 365. Vide Merchandise. Mercis appetlatio ad rem mobiles fanium perfinel. The term merchandise belongs to movable things only. Dig. 50, 16, 66. Minima pane corporalis eat major qualibet pers. eiarid. The smallest bodily punishment is greater than any pecuniary one. 2 Inst. 220. Miairlss snatanda runt qua certain habsteresti ferpretationem. Things which have had a certain interpretation are to be altered as little as possible. Co. Litt. 365. Minor ante tempos agere non palest in cant propriebzia, nec Maul convessire. A minor before majority cannot act in a case of property, nor even agree. 2 Inst. 291. Minor minorent ctudodire non debel, alias enim pressiwitter male regere qui seipsum regere neacit. A minor ought not to be guardian of a minor, for he is unfit to govern others who does not know how to govern himself. Co. Lilt. 88. ACtscra eat servitua, ubi jut eat vagum ant incertam. It is a miserable slavery where the law is vague or uncertain. 4 Co. Inst. 246. imperanti meitus paretur. The more mildly one commands the better is he obeyed. 3 Co. Inst. 24. /dailies peraonam aequustur, immobilia sittsm. Movable things follow the person, immovable their locality. Malian circonulantia facti jos mutat. The smallest circumstance may change the law. /fans convenuio re/met legem. Manner and agreement overrule the law. 2 Co. 73. Modus legem dot donationi. The manner gives law to a gift. Co. Litt. 19 a. Moneta eat *tom medium el mentura rerun; commatabdiam, ram per medium moaehr fit om. %amen rennin conveniens, et justa estimatin. Money is the just medium and measure of all commutable things, for, by the medium of money, a convenient and just estimation of all things is made. Day. 18. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 922. Nora reprobaiur in lege. Delay is disapproved of in law. More dicitur satin:son supplicisn. Death is denominated the extreme penalty. 3 !nat. 212. Afars amnia Advil. Death dissolves all things. Morass ezilue non eat exitna. To be dead born is not to be born. Co. Litt. 29. See 2 Paige, 35; Domat, liv. prid. t. 2, s. 1, n. 4, 6; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1721 and 1935. Malta concedunlur per obliquunt qua news conceduadur de direct. Many things are conceded indirectly which are not allowed directly. 6 Co. 47. Malta in jure cosmnusti contra ralionem dupetandi pro communi %Wilde introducta nod. Many things have been introduced into the common law, with a view to the public good, which are inconsistent with sound reason.. Co. Litt. 70; Broom's

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Max. 67; 2 Co. R. 75. See 3 T. R. 146; 7 T. R. 252. /hale multo ezercilatione facilius quarn rigida percipies. You will perceive many things more easily by practice than by rules. 4 Co. inst. 50. Malta non vela( lex, quer tamer facile damtsavit. The law forbids many things, which yet it has silently condemned. Illiata fragment cum universitate qua non per se transeust. Many things pass as a whole which would not pass separately Multi melte, non amnia novit. Many men know many things, no one knows everything. 4 Co. Inst. 348. Multiplex el isidatisclum peril confutiosian; et quediones quo eimpliciores, co luridiorea. Multiplicity and indistinctness produce confusion; the more simple questions are the more lucid. Hob. 33.5. Molliplicatet transgressione crescat pane inflictio. The increase of punishment should be in proportion to the increase of crime. 2 Co. Inst. 479. Multitude es-p.m:titan non peril errori pa/Toth:atm. The multitude of those who err is no excuse for error. 11 Co. 75. Multitudo imperitorum perdit curiam. A multitude of ignorant practitioners destroys a court. 2 Co. Inst. 219. Nature appetil perfecturn, its et lex. Nature aspires to perfection, and so does the law. Hob. 144. Nature non facit saltum, its nec lei. Nature makes no leap, nor dove the law. Co. Litt, 238. Nature non facil yeoman, nec lex sespervatuum. Nature makes no vacuum, the law no supervacuum. Co. Litt. 79. Nature via maxima, stature bin maxima. The force of nature is greatest; nature is doubly great. 2 Co. Inst. 564. Necessarium eat quad non palest caller se habere. That is necessity which cannot be dispensed with. Necesaitris eat lex temporis et loci. Necessity is the law of a particular time and place. 8 Co. 69; H. H. P. C. 54. Neceasitas excusal ant extenuat delirium in capiI alibus, good non operator id em in civilibu.s. Necessity excuses or extenuates delinquency in capital cases, but not in civil. Vide Necessity. Necewitaa tacit licitum quad alias nos eat i ridium. Necessity, makes that lawful which otherwise is unlawful. 10 Co. 61. Necessitaa isaducii privilegium Tumid jure private. Necessity gives a preference with regard to private rights. Bacon's Max. Reg. 5. Necessilaa non babe( legcm. Necessity has no law. Plowd. 18. See Necessity, and 15 Vin. Ab. 534; 22 Yin. Ab. 540. Necessitas publica major Est quam private. Feb. lie necessity is greater than private. Bacon's Max. in Reg. 5. Necessitaa pod cagit, defendit. Necessity defends what it compels. H. H. P. C. 54. Necessitas legem Necessity overcomes the law. Hob. 144. Negatio conclusion:, ett error in lege. The negative of a conclusion is error in law. Wing. 288. Negatio destrisit negatiosem, et amber faciunt af. firma/intim. A negative destroys a negative, and both make an affirmative. Co. Litt. 146.

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Negatio duplex eat affirmatio. A double negative antic debars= durore peas& No man can renounce the country in which he was born, nor abjure the obligation of his allegiance. Co. Litt 129. Sed Negligentia serrrper habet inforttniam con:item. Negligence has misfortune for a companion. Co. vide allegiance; Expatriation; Naturalization. Nerno plusfurls ad aliesum transfers palest, swim Litt. 248. Nerninen oportet ease sapientiorem legibus. No 1Pu habent. One cannot transfer to another a right man ought to be wiser than the law. Co. Litt. WI. which he has not. Dig. 50, 17, 54; 3 0 Pet. 181, Nemo admittendus eat inhabiluare seipsum. No 175. one is allowed to incapacitate himself. Jenk. Nemo prawns nisi intelligat. One is not present Cent. 40. Sed vide To einifth, and 5 Wbart. unless be understands. See Presence. 371. Nemo potent contra records= seri/wore per paNemo agit it. seipsum. No man acts against triarn. No one can verify by the country against himself; Jenk. Cent. 40; therefore no man can be a. record. The issue upon a record cannot be tried a judge in his own cause. by a jury. Nemo allegana suam turpitudiseni, andiendus eat. Nemo poled ease tenses el dotninits. No man cis No one alleging his own turpitude is to be heard be at the same time tenant and landlord of the as a witness. 4 Inst. 279. same tenement. Nemo bit panitur pro coders delido. No one can Nemo potest facere per alium pod per se non be punished twice for the same crime or misde- potent. No one can do that by another which he meanor. See Non bis in idem. cannot do by himself. Nemo cogitur rem suave rendere, elk= junto Nemo pot& sibi debere. No one can owe to pretio. No one is bound to sell his property, even himself. See Confusion of tights. for a just price. Sed vide Eminent Domain. Nemo prmisimifur alienam poiderifatem ise pre-. Nemo contra fartum mum venire potent. No man tulisse. No one is presumed to have preferred can contradict his own deed. 2 Inst. 66. another's posterity to his own. Nemo damnum foci!, /lid qui id feel' quad facere Nemo preessanitur dance.. No one is presumed :ma non habet. No one is considered as committing to give. damages, unless he is doing what he has no right Nemo prenumitur ease *rummer Duce stews to do. Dig. 50, 17, 151. saliais, et maxima in errticulo =crag. No man is Nemo tat qui /ION habet. No one can give who presumed to be forgetful of his eternal welfare, does not possess. Jenk. Cent. 250. and particularly at the point of death. 8 Co. 76. Nemo de dome sea extralii debet. A citizen canReran pressmitur mains. No one is presumed not be taken by force from his house to be con- to be bad. ducted before a judge or to prison. Dig. 50, 17, Nemo prat:emitter Indere is extremis. No one 103. This manor in favor of Roman liberty is is presumed to trifle at the point of death. much the same as that every man's house is his ..4Vemo prohibetur plates negotiationes sine arks rasps. exercere. No one is restrained from exercising Nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicto. No one several kinds of business or arts. 11 Co. 54. ought to be punished twice for the same offence Nemo prohibefur pluribus defensionibus uti. No 4 Co. 43. one is restrained from using several defences. Co. Nemo debet sue jud.ex in proprid mud. No one Litt. 304. should be judge in his own cause. 12 Co. 113. Nemo prudens punit ut preelerita revocentur, sed Nemo debet ex alien4 jacturd iscrari. No one set future praveniantsr. No wise one punishes ought to gain by anther's loss. that things done may be revoked, but that fnture Nemo debet imtniacere se rei alien." ad se nihil wrongs may be prevented. 3 Bale. 173. pertistnti. No one should interfere in what no way Nemo punitur pro alien delicto. No one is to concerns him. be punished for the crime or wrong of another. Nemo debel rem =am sine facto out defectu suo Nemo punitur sine =Jurist, facto, see (Walt. No amittere. No one should lose his property without one is punished unless for some wrong, act or his act or negligence. Co. Litt. 283. default. 2 Co. Inst. 287. Nemo eat hares vivente.e. No one is an heir to Nemo, qui condenotare palest, absokere nos potent. the living. 2 Bl. Corn. 107; 1 Yin. Ab. 104, tit. He who may condemn may acquit. Dig. 50, 17, Abeyance; Merl. Rep. verbo Abeyance; Co. 37. Litt. 342; 2 Bouv, Inst. n. 1694, 1832. Nemo tenetur seipeum demote. No one is Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem Mani conditionals bound to accuse himself. facers potent. No one can improve his condition Nemo tender ad imrpossibile. No one is bound by a crime. Dig. 50, 17, 137. to an impassibility. Nemo ex alterius facto praigravari debet. No Nemo temetur arrnare adversansm contra se. No man ought to be burdened in consequence of one is bound to arm his adversary. anther's act. Nemo leader dioinare. No one is bound to Nemo ex consilio obiigatur. No man is bound foretell. 4 Co. 28. for the advice he gives. Nemo tendur itsforrnare qui 'resell, sed quinuis Nemo in propria causer testis cue debet. No one ache quad informal. No one is bound to inform can be a witness in his own cause. But to this about a thing he knows not, but he who gives inrule there are many exceptions. formation is bound to know what he says. Lane, Nemo inaudilua condemnari debet, si non sit con- 110. tumacy. No man ought to be condemned unheard, Nemo itlIelUT jurors in swim furpiludinern. No unless he be contumacious. one is bound to testify to his own baseness. Nemo nalcitsr artifex. No one is born an artist. Nemo farther aeipsam infortureis et perienlis Co. Litt. 97. ponere. No one is bound to expose himself to Nemo patriam in qua nate eat exnere, sec lige- misfortune and dangers. Co. Litt. 253.

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Nano cantor aeipsum ace care. No man is hound to accuse himself. Nemo ride/ter frasidare eon qui sciunI, it camerasit One cannot complain of having been deceived when he knew the fact and gave his consent. Dig. 50, 17, 145. Nail dot qui non habet. He gives nothing who has nothing. . Nihil de re accredit ei qui nail in re accresceret habet. Nothing accrues to im, who, when the right accrues, has nothing in the subject matter. Co. Litt. 188. Nail facit error 1141711Sid Cam dee conatat. An error in the name is nothing when there is certainty as to the person. 11 Co. 21. NM/ Isabel forum ex scout. The court has nothing to do with what is not before it. Nihil infra regnam oubditos magi: conserved in tranquaitale it concordi4 quam debita legum admini:It-alio. iin tranquillity and Nothing preaerves concord those who are subjected to the same government better than a due administration of the laws. 2 Co. Inst. 158. Nihil in lege intolerabilius eat, tandem rem diverso jure cemeri. Nothing in law if' more intolerable than to apply the law differently to the same cases 4 Co. 93. Nihil magis flail= eat quern quad necessarium est. Nothing is more just than what is necessary. Day. 12. NAB perfection eat dum .liquid rata! agendum. Nothing is perfect while something remains to be done. 9 Co. 9. poseurnue contra eeritatem. We can do nothing against truth. Doct. & Stu. Dial. 2, e. 8. NoNail pod est contra rationern eat iiciturn. thing against reason is lawful. Co. Litt. 97. Nail quad ineonveniena eat tuition est. Nothing inconvenient is lawful. Nihil eirnut ineenturn est et perfection. Nothing is invented and perfected at the same moment. Co. Litt. 230. midi tam naturale eat, qualm no genre quidque eiiasolvere, quo colligatum eat. It is very natural that an obligation should not be dissolved but by the same principles which were observed in contraeting it. Dig. a, 17, 35. See 1 Co. 100; 2 Co. Inst. 359. Nail JUDI conrenieris est tiaturali requitati, qudm roluntatern domini voluntis rem scam in alium transferre, ratan" haberi Nothing is more conformable to natural equity, than to confirm the will of an owner who desires to transfer his property to another. Inst. 2, 1, 40; 1 Co. 100. Nil tamere norandum. Nothing should be rashly changed. Jenk. Cent. 163. facil error nomads, si de corpora. coastal. An error in the name is immaterial, if the body is certain. Nimia subillitas in jure reprobatur. Too much subtlety is reprobated in law.. Niminm allercando eerita.s mail/Ver. By too much altercation truth is lost. Hob. 344. v No man is presumed to do anything against nature. 22 Vin. Ab. 154. No man shall take by deed but parties, unless in remainder. No man can hold the same land immediately of two several landlords. Co. Litt. 152. No man shall set up his infamy as. a defence. 2 W. BI. 364

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Necessity creates equity. No one may be judge in his own cause. Nobiliores et heniginorea presumptionea in duller aunt prerferendee. When doubts arise the most generous and benign presumptions are to be preferred. Nome,' eat quasi rei notamen. A name is, as it were, the note of a thing. 11 Co. 20. Yemen non nitwit si real non ail de jure out de facto. A name does not suffice if there be not a thing by law or by fact. 4 Co. 107. Nomina si nada peril cognitio Tenon. If you know not the names of things, the knowledge of things themselves perishes. Co. Litt. 86. Nomina aunt note rerum. Names are the notes of things. 11 Co. 20. Nomina mid mutabilia, res astern immobile.. Names are mutable, but things immutable. 8 Co. 66. Nomina turd eymbota rerum. Names are the symbols of things. Non accipi debent verbs in demonstrationem falsam, qua competutit in lianitationern woes. Words ought not to be accepted to import a false demonstration which have effect by way of true limitation. Bacon's Max. Reg. 13. Non alio modo puniatur aligesia, qualm secundurra quod se habit condemnatio. A person may not be punished differently than according to what the sentence enjoins. 3 Co. Inst. 217. Non conced,antur citations pritesquam eaprimatur super qua fieri debit citatio. Summonses or citations should not be granted before it is expressed under the circumstances whether the summons ought to be made. 12 Co. 47. Non auditur perire wrens. One who wishes to perish ought not to be heard. Best on Evidence, 385. Non consentit qui carat. He who errs does not consent. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 581. Non debit, cut plus licit, quad minus est, non licere. He who is permitted to do the greater, may with greater reason do the leas. Dig. 50, 17, 21. Non decipli ser qui scil se decipi. He is not deceived who know himself to be deceived. S Co. 80. Non definitur inure quid ail cow& a. What an attempt is, is not defined in law. 8 Co. 42. Non differunt qua concordant re, tamed non in verbis iiadem. Those things which agree in substance though not in the same words, do not differ Jenk. Cent. '70. The Non effecil affectua aid dquatur effeetus. intention amounts to nothing unless some effect follows. 1 Roll. R. 228. Non eat ardiva vinculum inter homilies quam jksjurandum. There is no stronger link among men than an oath. Jenk. Cent. 126. Non eat ditputandum contra principle' negantent. There is no disputing against a man denying principles. Co. Litt. 343. You eat recedendum d cvmmuni oblereautid. There is no departing from a common observance. 2 Co. 74. Non est regula quip failed. There is no rule but what may fail. Off. Ex. 212. Non est certandum de reguliejaris. There is no disputing about rules of taw. Non facial melon, at inde venial boeum. You are not to do evil that good may come of it. 11 Co. 74.

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quiring property in a thing which be is bound to restore. Dig. 50, 17, 51. Non videntur qui errant coesentire. He who errs is not considered as consenting. Dig. 50, 17, 116. Non tidetur consensus?: refsnuisse as quia ex prascript() minantis aliquid immuiorit. He does not appear to have retained his consent, if be have changed anything through the means of a party threatening. 'Bacon's Max. Reg. 22. A novation is not Novatia non prestos-ital. presumed. See Novalion. Narita, non tam utilitate prodest quart; runritate pertstrbat. Novelty benefits not so much by its utility, as it disturbs by its novelty. Jenk. Cent. 167. Norrum judiciurn non dat novum jus, sed declarat antiquum. A new judgment does not make a new law, but declares the old. 10 Co. 42. Nut ne doit alenrichir aux dipens des moires. No one ought to enrich himself at the expense of others. Nut prendra advantage de son tor! demesne. No one shall take advantage of his own wrong. Nails impvaaebilia aut inhoneala aunt presuwscrick. Impossibilities and dishonesty are not to be presumed. Co. Litt. 78. Nulls regis sans fasts. There is no rule without a fault. Nulli enim rea sua servit jure serviiatir. No one can have a servitude over his own property. Dig. 8, 2, 26; 17 Mass. 443; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1600. Nullum exemplum est idem omnibus. No example is the same for all purposes. Nullum iniquum prasumendum in jure. Nothing unjust is presumed in law. 4 Co. 72. Nullum simile est ideal. No simile is the 'erne. Co. Litt. 3. Nullus earnmarium capers potest de injured seed proprid. No one shall take advantage of his own wrong. Co Litt. 148. Nulls: reeedat e curid cancellarist sine ?media. No one ought to depart out of the court of chancery without a remedy. Nunquarn *Ho sine loge. There is no 3ctior without law. Nuptial non cancubitas, sed anearnsur facii. Cohabitation does not make the marriage, it is the consent of the parties. Dig. 50, 11, 30; 1 Boor Inst. ri. 239. Co. Litt. 33. Obedience is the Obedientia est kgis essentia. essence of the law. 11 Co. 100. Obtemperandum est canaseludini rationatati tangluten legi. A reasonable custom is to be obeyed like law. 4 Co. 38. Officers may not examine the judicial acts of the court. Officia magistrates nan debent ease venalia. The offices of magistrates ought not to be sold. Co. Litt. 234. Offscia judicialia son concedantur antequarn vacent. Judicial offices ought not to be granted before they are vacant. 11 Co. 4. licit consists ei effects' sequaller. The attempt becomes of consequence, if the effect follows. An office Offsciurn nemini debet ease &rainwer". ought to be injurious to no one. operaiso. music/ eorthri qua tact& meant The omission of those things which are silently expressed is of no consequence.

Non impidit clausula derogaloritt; quo minus ab ender; potentate rea dissolcontur a quibus corset:1unntur. A derogatory clause does not prevent things or acts from being dissolved by the same power, by which they were 'originally made. Bacon's Max. Reg. 19. Non in legendo sed in intelligendo lege., Ceflaisturst. The laws consist not in being read, but in being understood. 8 Co. 167. Non licet quad dispendio lice/. That which is permitted only at a loss, is not permitted to be done. Co. Litt. 127. Non sold, el nalum more, pari aunt. Not to be born, and to be dead born, is the same. Non obligat lex nisi promulgaia. A law is not obligatory unless it be promulgated. Non observata forma, infertur adnullatio adios. When the form is not observed, it is inferred that the act is annulled. 12 Co. 7. Non.amne quad licet honestum eat. Everything which is permitted is not becoming. Dig. 50, 17, 144. Non omne damnum inch/id injuriam. Not every loss produces an iniury. See 3 Bl. Com . 219; 1 Smith's Lead. Cas. 131; Broom's Max. 93; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2211. Non (minium rue a rruzjoribus nostril constituta A reason cannot always aunt ratio reddi potut. be given for the institutions of our ancestors. 4 Co. 78. Non potent adduct exceptio ejsodens ref eujus petitur dissoiutio. A plea of the same matter, the dissolution of which is sought by the action, cannot be brought forward. Bacon's Max. Reg. 2. When an action is brought to annul a proceeding, the defendant cannot plead such proceeding in bar. Non pre:rata! inspedimentum quad de jure non aortitur effectum. A thing which has no effect in law, is not an impediment. Jenk. Cent. 162. Non quad dictum eat, led quad fathom eat, inspicitur. Not what is said, but what is done, is to be regarded. Co. Litt. 36. Non refert an Tura assensum mum praferi verbO, an rebus ipsis et faelis. It is immaterial whether a man gives his assent by words or by acts and deeds. 10 Co. 52. Non refer! quid ex reqsipolentibus fiat. What may be gathered from words of tantamount meaning, is of no consequence when omitted. S Co. 122. Non refert quid notum sit judice ei upturn non aft in forma judici. It matters not what is known to the judge, if it is not known to him judicially. 3 Buis. 115. Non refert verbis an factiaf t revocatio. It matfacts ters not whether a revocation be by words or by acts. Cro. Car. 49. Non solum quid lice!, Jed quid eat wnveniens con. aiderandum, quits nihil pod inconveniens est licittan. Not only what is permitted, but what is proper, is to be considered, because what is improper is illegal. Co. Litt. 66. Non aunt longs ubi nika est quad demere poasia. There is no prolixity where nothing can be omit. ted. Iraugh. 138. Non tenure credere, eat nertira sapient'. Not to believe rakbly is the nerve of wisdom. 5 Co. 114. Non ridetur quisquam id capers, quad ei necesse at sin restiluere. One is not considered as ac-

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Omit action ab intention agenda est judicandsm. Every act is to be estimated by the intention of the doer. Omne crimes (bridal el incendit et detegit. Drunkenness inflames and produces every crime. Co. Litt. 247. Ovine magi: dignum trahil ad se minus dignum sit antiquists. Every worthier thing draws to it the less worthy, though the latter be more ancient. Co. Litt. 355. Omar magnum exemplum habet aliquid ex ini. gala, quad publics valuate compenoatur. Every great example has some portion of evil, which is compensated by its public utility. Hob. 279. Omne majus counsel in se misuse. The greater contain. in itself the less. Co. Litt. 43. Omni ?sulfas minus in as complecitur. Always the greater is embraced in the minor. Jenk. Cent. 208. Omne testamenium mark coraummatum est. Every will is consummated by death. 3 Co. 29. Omne saeramentum debet esse.de eerta oriented. Every oath ought to be founded on certain knowledge. 4 Co. Inst. 279. Ornsia delicta in aperto leviora runt. All crimes committed openly are considered lighter. 8 Co. 127. All Omsia preerwrituniur contra apoliatorem. things are presumed against a wrong doer. Omnia prasumuntur legitime facto donee probetar is wutrarium. AU things are presumed to be done legitimately, until the contrary is proved. Co. Litt. 232. Omnia prazurnuatur rite ease acta. All things are presumed to be done in due form. All Omnia praremuntur rolemniter ease acta. things are presumed to be done solemnly. Co. Litt. 6. Omnia qua aunt uxoris aunt ipaius idyl. All things which are of the wife, belong to the husband. Co. Litt. 112. Orman echo est loquela. Every action .i3 a complaint. Co. Litt. 292. Omni: concha-is) Boni it veri jscdirii sequitur ex basis el vena pramiasis et didis juralorem. Every conclusion of a good and true judgment arises from good and true premises, and the sayings of jurors. Co. Litt. 228. Omnis consensus tollit errorem. Every consent removes error- 2 Inst. 123. Omnis definitio in jure periculota eat; parum eat Every definition in num ut lion zubverti posset. law is perilous, and but a little may reverse it. Dig. 50, 1'7, 202. Omura exceptio eat ipsa Triage. regales. An exception is, in itself, a rule. mei.; hottoratia plus Imitate perturbed quam ail/Vale prodest. Every innovation disturbs more by its novelty than it benefits by its utility. Omnis enterpretatio si fieri palest ita fienda at in iastrumeitlir, ut omits oontrarietales ramoveantur. The interpretation of instruments is to be made, if they will admit of it, so that all contradictions may be removed. Jenk. Cent. 96. Omnis interprdatio vet declarat, eel extendit, vet resiringii. Every interpretation either declares, extend: or restrains. Omnia repair sees patitter exceptionea. All rules of law arc liable to exceptions. Omnis privatio prasupportit habiturn. Every pri-

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'ration presupposes former enjoyment. Co. Litt. 339. Omni* ratihabitio retro frahilter el mandato aquiparatur. Every consent given to what has already been done, has a retrospective effect and equals a command. Co. Litt- 207. Once a fraud, always a fraud. 13 Vin. Ab. 539. Once a mortgage always a mortgage. Once a recompense always a recompense. 19 Vin. Ab. 277 One should be just before be is generous. One may not do an act to himself. partet pod certa its deducaltir in judiciurn. A thing, to be brought to judgment, must be certain or definite. Jenk. Cent. 84. porta quad rata ail res venditur. A thing, to be sold, must be certain or definite. Optima at lex,qua minimum refinquit arbitrio judires. That is tie best system of law which confides as little as possible to the discretion of the judge. {lac. De Aug. Sci. Aph. 48. Optimism ease :agent qua minimum relinquit arbitrio judicis ; id quad certitude qui ' presiat. That law is the best which leaves the least discretion to the judge; and this is an advantage which results from certainty. Bacon, De Aug. Sc. Aph. 8. Optima. Judea, qui minimum sibi. He is the beet judge who relies an little as possible on his own discretion. I3ac. De Ang. Sci. Aph. 46. Optimus interprelandi mods' eat sic legio interpreThe best mode of tare ut leges legibua accordant. interpreting laws is to make them accord. 8 Co. 169. Optima interpres rerurn toms. Usage is the best interpreter of things. 2 Inst. 252. Oceiirner legum interpres consuetudo. Custom is t the best interpreter of laws. 4 Init. '15. Ordint placitandi servalo, servals? etjus. The order of pleading being preserved, the law is preserved. Co. Litt. 303, Origo rei inspici debet. The origin of a thing ought to be inquired into. 1 Co. 99.
.

Pact aunt maxims contraria, via et in/feria, Force and wrong are greatly contrary to peace. Co. Lift. 161. Pasta private _furl public derogate non passunt. Private contracts cannot derogate from the public law. 7 Co. 23. Pactoaliquod ficitum eat, quid sine pado non admittitur. By a contract something is permitted, which, without it, could not be admitted. Co. Litt. 168. Par in parent imperium non habet. An oqual has no power over an equal. Jenk. Cent. 174. Example: One of two judges of the same court cannot commit the other for contempt. Paria cops/maw paribtor. Things unite with similar things. Paribas sententiis rest aboolvitur. When opinions are equal, a defendant is acquitted. 4 Inst. 64. Parte quarnmque integranta sublata, tollitur !ohm. An integral part being taken away, the whole is taken away. 3 Co. 41. Parts, ex legilimo thorn non certius now* matrent quam genitoran Imam. The offspring of a legiti-

mate bed knows not his mother more certainly than his lather. Fortes. c. 42.

Parts, sequitur ventrem. The offspring follow

the condition of the mother. This is the law in

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quail unum /us habent. Several partners are as one body, by reason of the unity of their rights. Co Litt. 104. Pins exempla quern pearl& mast. Examples hurt more than offences. The instigator Phu ;weal auctor ream actor. of a crime is worse than he who perpetrates it. 5 Co. 99. Phs valet nuns mauls, SC.114, rsarn mirth de cern. One eye witness is better than ten ear ones. 4 Inst. 279. Pima ad pantos , meta/ ad (Imes permit& t. A punishment inflictd on a few, causes a dread to all. 22 Yin. Ab. 550. Pessul ex delido defuncli, hares tenere non debet. The heir is not bound in a penalty inflicted for the crime of the ancestor. 2 Inst. 198. Pend non potent, nape perennis erit. Punishment may have an end, crime is perpetual. 21 Yin. Ab 271. Pena ad ;Knew, melts. ad emus. Punishment to few, dread or fear to all. Pena poling molls:elide Teem exasperetace Inn!. Punishments should rather be softened than aggravated. 3 Co. Inst. 220. One Posilo rstsa oppositorurn negatnr alltrum. of two opposite positions being affirmed, the other is denied. 3 Roll. R. 422. Possession is, Possessio eat quasi pubs positio. as it were, the position of the foot. 3 Co. 42. Possession of the termer, possession of the reversioner. Possession is a good title, where no better title appears. 20 Yin. Ab. 278. Possessor has right against all men but him who has the very right Possibility cannot be on a possibility. Posteriora derogant prioribus. Posterior laws derogate former ones. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 90. Potentia non est nisi ad bonum. Povier is not conferred, but for the public good. Potent& debet sera jusliciarn, non antecedere. Power ought to follow, not to precede justice. 3 Buls. 199. Potraiia inufilu fruatra est. Useless power is vain. Potent quilt reenneiare pro se, et anis, juri good pro as introductum M. A man may relinquish, for himself and his heirs, a right which was introduce-a for his own benefit. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 83. Potestas strichi interpretatur. Power should be strictly interpreted. Pointe,. supremo aelprum diuolvare poke, ligare non palest. Supreme power can dissolve, but cannot bind itself. Potior est eonditio defenderdis. Better is the

the case of slaves and animals; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 187, 502; but with regard to freemen, children follow the condition of the father. Partsm di:Fermat qua re concordattl. Things differ but little which agree in substance. 2 Buls. 80. Parum est &tam ease senientiam, nisi mandetur execestioui. It is not enough that sentence should be given unless it is put into execution. Co. Litt. 289. Parton proficit Eire quid fieri debet, ai non cognovas quomodo ail faelverum. It avails little to know what ought to be done, if you do not know how it is to be done. 2 Co. Inst. 503. Patria polestru in pietale debet, non in atrocilate consislere. Paternal power should consist in affection, not in atrocity. Pater is est quern +stylize dernonstront. The father is be whom the marriage points out. 1 81. Corn. 448; 7 Mart. N. S. 548, 553; Dig. 2, 4, 5; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 273, 304, 322. Peccaia contra nalsram surd gravissima. Offences against nature are the heaviest. 3 Co. Inst. 20. Premium peccalo adelit qui tulips quern fueil He adds one patrocitrisrn defensionis adjungit. offence to another, who, when he commits a crime, joins to it the protection of a defence. 5 Co. 49. Per reruns naturam,factum ravings nuila probah est. It is in -the nature of things that tie who denies a fact is not bound to prove it. Per versus acts's, legem experienlia fedi. By various acts experience framed the law. 4 Co. Inst. 50. Perfectum eat esti nihil dent secundurn sea per. fectionir eel nature snosium. That is perfect which wants nothing in addition to the measure of its perfection or nature. Hob. 151. Periculosum eat rest novae et inusilatas inducere. It is dangerous to introduce new and dangerous things. Co. Liti 379. Pericnium red eel:di/sr, nondsm tradite, eat empkris. The purchaser runs the risk of the loss of a thing sold, though not delivered. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 939; 4 B. & C. 941; 4 B. & C. 481. Perpelua pea est, tuatara legem humanum at positiram perpetttans eau; d amen d& rue abrogatimers excludil tunic non raid. It is a perpetual law that no human or positive law can be perpetual; and a clause in a law which precludes the power of abrogation is void ab Bacon's Max. in Reg. 19. Perpetuities aro odious in law and equity. Persona conjuneta equiparatur interfere proprio. A person united equal one'. own interest. Bacon' s Max. Reg. 18. This means that a personal connexion, as nearness of blood or kindred, may in some cases, raise a use. Perrpieua tierce son aunt probanda. Plain truths need not be proved. Co. Litt. 16. Pirate est Weis hurnalsi generis. A pirate is an enemy of the human race. 3 Co. Inst. 113. Pluralist ratinerue est duobus contentiss. The plural number is contained in two. 1 Roll. R. 476. Pluralities are odious in law. Plum cohteredu stint quasi imam corps:, propter insitatem juris pod habent. Several co-heirs are as one body, by reason of the unity of right which they possess. Co. Litt. 103. Plum participes aunt quasi 'MUM corpse, in to

condition of the defendant, than that of the plaintiff. Potior est eonditio possidentit. Better is the
condition of the possessor. Prepropera consilia, raw swat prospera. Hasty counsels are seldom prosperous. 4 Inst. 57. Preatat caste& quern ined,ila. Prevention is better than cure. Co. Litt. 304. Strong Priesumptio violenta, plena probatio. presumption is full proof. Presumptio violets& valet in lege. Strong presumption avails in law. Prartextu Baits non debet admitti illici&m. Under pretext of legality, what is illegal ought not to be admitted. 10 Co. 88.

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Praxis judicom est esierpres legion. The practice of the judges is the interpreter of the laws. Hob. 98. Precedents that pass sub silentio are of little or no authority. 16 Yin. 499. Precedents have as much law as justice.

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precedes; he is last whom no one follows. Prisclentur agit qui precept legis obiemperat. He acts prudently who obeys the commands of the law. 5 Co. 49. Free-semis; corporis Iollit errorem nominis, at veriPueri aunt de sanguine paredurn, sed paler at tea oorninis follit error= dernossfratiossis. The meter non aunt de sanguine putrorum. Children presence of the body cares the error in the name; are of the blood of their parents, but the father the truth of the name cures an error in the de- and mother are not of the blood of their children. scription. Bacon's Max. Reg. 25. 3 Co. 40. Pretium sucedit in /ocsm rei. The price stands Purchaser without notice not obliged to discover in the place of the thing sold. 1 Bony. Inst. n. to his own hurt. See 4 Bouv. inst. n. 4l36. 939. Prima pars equilatis aquatints. The radical Qua ab hostibus capitesissr, strains capiestiom element of justice is equality. Pant. Things taken from public enemies immePrincipia data Besisiontur concomilantia. Given diately become the property of the captors. See principles follow their concomitants. Infra prasidia. Priacipia probant, soon probanter. Principles Qua ed ovum fireem lorrute aunt; non debent ad prove, they are not proved. 3 Co. 40. See Prim- alium detorqueri. Words spoken to one end, might not to be perverted to another. 4 Co. 14. Principiorson non est ratio. There is no reasonQua colicerent persona d persensi separari negoting of principles- 2 Buls. 239. See Principles. iant. Things which belong to the person ought not Principium at polissima pars cujosque rei. The to be separated from the person. Jenk. Cent. 28. principle of a thing is its most powerful part. Qua communi legi derogarst stride interprdantsr. 10 Co. 99. Laws which derogate from the common law ought Prior ternpore, potior jure. He who is before in to be strictly construed. Jenk. Cent. 221. time, is preferred in right. Qua contra rationem jurie inlroducta nod, nos Pnvalorons coriventio Jun poblico non derogat. debent trahi in cossurientiam. Things introduced Private agreements cannot derogate from public contrary to the 'Lesion of the law, ought not to be law. Dig. 50, 17, 45, 1. drawn into precedents. 12 Co. 75. Frivolous commodom public cedit. Private Qua dobilationis cased toliendes inaeruntstr comyields to public good. motion legem son ladonl. Whatever is inserted Privatum incommodum public bona peon:slur. for the purpose of removing doubt, does not hurt Private inconvenience is made up for by public or affect the common law. Co. Litt. 205. benefit. Qua isscontinesti eel certo Pad in ens videstur. Privilegium est beneficium personals at estinguitur Whatever is done directly and certainly, appears cue persona. A privilege is a personal benefit already in existence. Co. Litt. 236. and dies with the person. 3 Buls. 8. Quo in rend ado aunt rite agi pressonuatur. Privilegiom eat quasi privates lea. A privilege Whatever is done in court is presumed to be is, as it were, a private law. 2 Buls. 189. rightly done. 3 Bull. 43. Prollandi neettnias incumbil liii qui agit. The Qua in parte* dividitit solida, a siugoni necessity of proving lies with him who makes the prsestantor. Things which be divided into charge. parts are rendered entire severally. 6 Co. 1. Probations debent ease evidenies, id eat, perspicstre Qua inter alio' ada aunt nernini nocere debent, seri el facile' intelligi. Proofs ought to be made evi- prodesse pouorit. Transactions between strangers dent, that is, clear and easy to be understood. may benefit, but cannot injure, persons who are Co. Litt. 283. parties to them. 6 Co. 1. Prohatis e.rfremia, prtestonifur media. The exQua mala suet inc./goo/a in principio vex bone treme' being proved, the intermediate proceedings peragantur exits. Things bad in the commenceare presumed. 1 Greenl. Ev. 20. ment seldom end well. 4 Co. 2. PT00811104 legis est gratis vezetio, exersdio legia Quo non valiant Angola, junta juvant. Things comsat opus. The process of the law is a grievous which do not avail singly, when united have an vexation; the execution of the law crowns the .effect. 3 Buls. 132. work, Co. Litt. 289. Qua prissier connsetodinen at moron majorom Prokibetur ne quiz facia, is Roo *rod !Wss's possit Pent, mime placent, necque recta videolur. Wiest diem. It is prohibited to do on one's own pro- is done contrary to the custom of our ancestors, perty that which may injure another's. 9 Co. 59. neither pleases nor appears right. 4 Co. 78. Propinquior excludit propissquom ; propinquus Qua reruns natord prohibentur, nutlet lege coorensolum ; et remolus remotiorern. He who is nearer firmata sant. What is prohibited in the nature of excludes him who is near; he who is near, him things, cannot be confirmed by law. Finch's who is remote; he who is remote, him who is Law, 74. more remote. Co. Litt. 10. gouts's/me intro rationem legis inveniuntur, infra Proprielas venter:on est salsa proprielatuni. The legem ipsam ease judicantor. Whatever appears propriety of words is the safety of property. within the reason of the law, ought to be considered within the law itself. 2 Co. Inst. 689. Prviecti trehil sobjedionern, eubjectio projecnastier. Protection draws to it subjection, subjec Quelibei conceal fortissime contra dosalorem Every grant is to be taken ties, protection. Co. Litt. 65. iderpretanda eat. Proviso est providers prase-die d future, non most strongly againt the grantor. Co. Litt. 183. preterits. A proviso is to provide for the present Qoalibet jorisclidio concellos 11.08 Wei. Every and the future, not the put. 2 Co. 72. juriedictioirlau its bounds.

Proximo eat cal stem antecedil ; supremos est quern 11E1130 sequitur. He is next whom no one

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anything, it give, tacitly what is incident to it. 2 Co. Inst. 326; Hob. 234. Quando lex eat specialis, ratio astern generalis, generaliter lex eat intelligenda. When the law is special, but its reason is general, the law is to be understood generally. 2 Co Inst. 83; 10 Co. 101. Quando lied id quod snafus, videtur licere id quod minus. When the greater is allowed, the less seems to be allowed also. Wanda plus fit quern fieri debet, ridetur diem illodfieri quod faciendum est. When more is done than ought to be done, that shall be considered as performed, which should have been performed ; as, if a man having a power to make a lease for ten years, make one for twenty years, it shall be void only for the surplus. Broom's Max. 76; 8 Co. 85. Quando verba et mess eangrunt, non at interpretatiosei locus. When the words and the mind agree, there is no place for interpretation. Quem admodum ad qualitienem facti non respondent indices, its ad quastionern forts non respondent juratores. in the same manner that judges do not answer to questions of fact, sojurors do not answer to questions of law. Co. Litt. 295. QIi accusal integre fania sit et non criminosus. Let him who accuses be of a clear fame, and not criminal. 3 Co. Inst. 26. Qui adimit medium, dirimit finem. He who takes away the means, destroys the end, Co. Litt. 161. Qui ,liquid stature* parte inasidita allera, atrium diserit, hand irquum facerit. He who decides anything, a party being unheard, tbough he should decide right, does wrong. 8 Co. 52. Qui bene interrogat, bent dace!, He who quaflans well, learns well. 3 Buis. 227. Qaei bene distinguit, btu decd. He who distinguishes well, learns well. 2 Co. Inst. 470. Qui ccmcedit aligseid, concedere videtur al id sins quo cmscessio eat irriia, sine qua res ipso ease non polled. He who grants anything, is considered as Franting that, without which his grant would be idle, without which the thing itself could not ist. 11 Co. 52. Qui confirmed USW dal. He who confirms does not give. 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 2069. Qui conternnil praceptin, ooniemnit tern. He who contemns the precept, contemns the party giving it. 12 Co. 96. Qui cam alio contralti!, vet eat, vet debut tax nos iguarus conditio Pius. He who contracts, knows, or ought to know, the quality of the person with whom he contracts, otherwise he is not excusable. Dig. 50, 17, 19; 2 Hagg. Consist. Rep. 81. Qtei destrssit medium, destruit finem. He who destroys the means, destroys the end. 11 Co. 51; Shep. To. 342. Qui dolt inheriter at Isere, dolt inheritor at fits. He who ought to inherit from the father, ought to inherit from the son. Qui ex damned coils na.scuistur, inter liberty sou carnputasstur. He who is born of an illicit union, is not counted among the children. Co. Litt. 8. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 289. Qui evertit casecms, event causatum futurism. He who overthrows the cause, overthrows its future effects. 10 Co. 51. Qui 'aril per alum !aril per se. He.who act. by or through another, acts for bitneeIf. I BI. Coro. 429; Story, Ag. 440; 2 Bouv. Init. n. 1273, 1335, 1336; 7 Man. & Gr. 32, 33.

Qualibet pctna corporalis, querns via major eat snalibet peed pecuniarid. Every corporal punishment, although the very least, is greater than pecuniary punishment. 3 Inst. 220. Quaras de dubiis, legem bens discere si via. Inquire into doubtful points if you wish to understand the law well. Quarere dat lepers qua Mini legli17/4 yea. To inquire into them is the way to know what things are really true. Litt. 4 443. ' Qualitaa qua inesse debet, facile preesumitur. A quality which ought to form a part, is easily presumed. Quom longum debet ease rationabile tempus, non definilur in lege, aed pendet ez diacretione justiciariorum. What is reasonable time, the law does not define; it is left to the discretion of the judges. Co. Litt. 56. See 11 Co. 44. Querns-is ,liquid per se non sit TTICal2M 3 tames ai sit man exempli, non eat faciendum. Although, in itself, a thing may not be bad, yet, if it holds out a bad example, it is not to be done. 2 Co. Inst. 564. Quamvia lex gentraliter loquitur, resin's:gen& lames eat, ul cessonte rollout d ipso; cresol. Although the law speaks generally, it is to be restrained when the reason on which it is founded fails. 4 Co. Inst. 330. Quando abest provido para.', adest provisio legis. A defect in the provision of the party is supplied by a provision of the law. 6 Yin. A h. 49. Quando prohibetur ex direct, prohibetur et per obliquum. When anything is prohibited directly, is is prohibited indirectly. Co. Litt. 223. Quando charts confine' generalem clauaultan, poatealse descendit ad voles *eclat" qua clauudie gentrali surd consentailea interpretand.a eat cheerio secundum verba specialia. When a deed contains a general clause, and afterwards descends to special words, consistent with the general clause, the deed is to be construed according to the special words. 8 Co. 154. Quando de one et tadem re, duo ontrabiles wishful, linos, pro intufficienlia alterius, de integro onerabitux. When two persons are liable on a joint obligation, if one makes default the other must bear the whole. 2 Co. Inst. 277. Quando dtspositio referri palest ad dua, res, lie quod secundum reiationem omen vitiator el Recursdum alleram stills sit, tuns facienda eat relatio ad illam ul valeat disporitio. When a disposition may be made to refer to two things, so that according to one reference, it would be vitiated, and by the. other it would be made effectual, such a reference must be made to the disposition which is to have effect. 6 Co. 76. Quando diversi considerantur actssa ad aliquots statism perficiendom, plus refried lex edam originalem. When two different acts are required to the formation of an estate, the law chiefly regards the original act. 10 Co. 49. Quando duo jero ouscurrient in end persond, spurn eat ac si &tient in diversis. When two rights concur in one person, it is the same as if they were in two separate persons. 4 Co. 118. Quando /ex ,liquid alieui cantata, conceders ridetar id nine quo rea ipso use non poles!. When the law gives anything, it gives the means of obtaining it. S Co. 47. Quando lex aligned alicui cancedit, amnia isitidentia ladle coneeduntur. When the law gives

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Qui primum peccal ills _tacit rixam. He who first offends, causes the strife. loosen, has jurisdiction to bind. 12 Co. 59. Qui prior est tempers, polio? est jure. He who Qui karat in liters, hard in cortice. He who is first or before in time, is stronger in right. Co. adheres to the letter, adheres to the bark. Co. Litt. 14 a; 1 Story, Eq. Jur. 64 d; Story, La. 289. Bailm. 312; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 952; 4 Bony. Qui ignorat qua/dim inhere debeat, non palest Inst. n. 3728. Qui proridet sibi, preside! haredibus. He who improbas viderif. He who does not know what he ought to pay, does not want probity in not paying. provides for himself, provides for his heirs. Dig. 50, 17, 99. Qui rationan in omnibus quareent, rationem subQui in Wale ea, pro jam nato ;whetter queries de vertunt. He who seeks a reason for everything, ejas marinade quaritur. He who is in the womb, subverts reason. 2 Co. 75. is considered as born, whenever it is for his Qui sense! actiosem renunciaverit, amplias repetere benefit. non poled. Fie who renounces his action once, Qui jure rue utitur, nemini facit injuriam. He cannot any more repeat it. $ Co. 59. See Rewho uses his legal rights, harms no one. &exit. Qui fungi judiris atiquod fueril non ridetur Bolo Qui semel mho, sernper prasernitur ease maim mato feeisse, quia parere necesse est. He who does in eodzrn genere. He who is once bad, is presumed anything by command of a judge, will not be sup- to be always so in the same degree. Cro. Car. 317. posed ro have acted from an improper motive, Mxi Qui Kidd commodum, senlire debet et onus. He because it was necessary to obey. 10 Co. 76. who derives a benefit from a thing, ought to feel Ile who acts badly, the disadvanta g es attending it. 2 Bony. Inst. n. Qui male agit, edit lucent. hates the light. 7 Co- 68. 1433. Qui menus probal, meliue habet. He who proves Qui facet consenlire vide:ter. He who is silent most, recovers most. 9 Vin. Ab. 235. appears to consent Jenk. Cent. 32. He who pays Qui rnolitur insidias in patriam, id facit quad Qui tardius solvit, minus solvil. issaints manta perforans /tavern in qua vehitur. He tardily, pays less than he ought. Jenk. Cent. 38. who betrays his country, is like the insane sailor They who fear, Qui timent, eaves! et silent. who bores a bole in the ship which carries him. take care and avoid. Off. Ex. 162. 3 Co. Inst. 36. Qui vull decipi, decipiatur. Let Mm who wishes Qut nascitur sine legitimo matrimoreio, matron to be deceived, be deceived. sequitur. He who is born out of lawful matriQuicquid acquirilur servo, acquiritur domino. mony, follows the condition of the mother. Whatever is acquired by the servant, is acquired Qui non cadent in con.riantem virem, vani timorea for the master. 15 Yin. Ab. 327. sent astimandi. Those are vain tears which do not Quicquid plantatur solo, solo eedit. Whatever is affect a man of a firm mind. 7 Co. 27. affixed to the soil belongs to it. Went. Off. Ex. Qsi non habet in are heat in eorpore, ne quis 145. peccatur impuni. He who cannot pay with his Quicquid plan/at-sr solo, solo edit. Whatever purse, must suffer in his person, lest he who is affixed to the soil or the realty, thereby becomes offends should go unpunished. 2 Co. Inst. 173; a parcel. See Amb. 113; 3 East, 51; and article 4 BI Corn. 20. Fixtures. Qui non improbat, approbat. He who does not Qnirquid est contra norrnam recti est injeria. disapprove, approves. 3 Co. Inst. 27. Whatever is against the rule of right, is a wrong. Qui non libere veritatem pronunciat, prodder est 3 Buls. 313. treritatis. He who does not willingly speak the Quicquid in excesses athirst est, legs prohibits:. truth, is a betrayer of the truth. Whatever is done in excess is prohibited by law. Qui non abated rod Mare potent facere videtur. 2 Co. Inst. 107. Quicquid judicis auelorilati subji.citur, nositafi He who does not prevent what he can, seems to commit the thing. 2 Co. Inst. 146. non suldiritur. Whatever is subject to the authoQni son prohibit quad prohibere palest assentire rity of a judge, is not subject to novelty. 4 Co. videleir. He who does not forbid what he can for- Inst 66. Quicquid solvitur, solvilur seetendum modem solbid, seems to assent. 2 Inst. 305. Qui son propultat injuriam quando point, infert. ventis. Whatever is paid, is paid according to the He who does not repel a wrong when he can, manner of the payor. 2 Vern. 606. See Approinduces it. leak. Cent. 271. priation. Qui obstruil aditum, destruit commodum. He Quilibet petal renundare fart pro a indudo. who obstructs an entrance, destroys a conve- Any one may renounce a law introduced for his own benefit. To this rule there are some excepniency. Co. Litt. 161. Qui omne died, ?Weil excladil. He who says all, tions. See 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 83. excludes nothing. 4 Inst. 81. Qusquis est qui relit juries consultus haberi, eon. Qsi parcit nocentibus, insoceslibus posit. He Hanel stadium, relit Et quocunvie doceri. Whoever who spares the guilty, punishes the innocent. wishes to be a lawyer, let him continually study, He who offends and desire to be taught everything. Qui puree ebrius, heat sobrius. Quod ab initio non valet, in trade temporis nos drunk, must be punished when sober. Car. R. 133. eenvalescere. What is not good in the beginning Qui per alarm fruit per scipeum facere videtur. He who does anything through another, is con- cannot be rendered good by time. Merl. Rip. sidered as doing it himself. Co. Litt. 258. verbo Regle de Droit. This, though true in geneHe who ral, is not universally so. Qsi per fratedern agit, frustra agit: Quod ad jus naturals attiset, omnes Itemises Eats fraudulently acts in vain. 2 Roll. R. 17. Qui poket et debet retare, jubet. He who can equates aunt. All men are equal before the natural and ought to forbid, and does not, commands. law. Dig. 50, 17, 32.

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Quad alias barium it justum at, si per rim vet Quod nos kgitur, now creditor. What is not fraudem petatur, malum it initiation ficitur. read, is not believed. 4 Co. 304. cMod non valet in principalia, is acceaeoria set nt is otherwise good and just, if 'might byforce or fraud, becomes bad and unjust. 3 Co.' etaisiquetitia nos valebit; it quad non valet is magi: What is propiaquo, non valebit in rna.gia rand. 78. Quod constat dare , non debit verifuxei. What is not good in its principal, will not be good as to accessories or consequences; and what is not of clearly apparent need not be proved. Quad cowed curie opere testiom non indiget. force as regards things near, will not be of force What appears to the court needs not the help of as to things remote. 8 Co. 78. Quad matins est id mane naturali occetpanti witnesses. 2 Inst. 662. QsOtt contra legem fit, infect habetur. What conceditnr. What belongs to no one, naturally is done contrary to the law, is considered as not belongs to the first occupant. Inst. 2, 1, 12; 1 aw, done. 4 Co. 31. No one can derive any advantage Bouv. Inst. n. 491. from such an act. Quad souses use potest, id ut alicujus firret sulks Quad contra juris rationem reception est, non at obligati valet efficere. Those things which cannot producendum ad conaequentias. What has been be acquired as property, cannot be the object of admitted against the spirit of the law, ought not an agreement. Dig. 50, 17, 182. to be beard. Dig. 50, 17, 141. Quad pendet, non eat pro ect, quasi sit. What is Quad dernoostrandi eausd additur rei tali, de- in suspense is considered as not existing. Dig. 50, monstrate, frusta fit. What is added to a thing 17, 169, 1. Quad per me eau possum, nee per alum. What sufficiently palpable, for the purpose of demonstration, is vain. 10 Co. 113. I cannot do in person, I cannot do by proxy. 4 Quad dubilas, ne feceris. When you doubt, do Co. 24. not act. Quad per recorder,' probatum, teas debit use Quad al ex necessitate nonillion; introducitur, negatum. What is proved by the record, ought quando samarium. What is introduced of not to be denied. Quad perdue postremum jursif, id jut Tatum esto. necessity, is never introduced except when necessary .2 Roll. R. 512. What the people have last enacted, let that be the Quad eat inconrenicru, out contra rationen non established law. permirston eat in lege. What is inconvenient or Quad prim eat verist eat; et quad prine est terncontrary to reason, is not allowed in law. Co. pore patina est fare. What is first is truest; and Litt. rm. what comes first in time, is best in law. Co. Quad est neassarium at Helium. What is neces- Litt. 347. sary is lawful. Quad pro minore &Vim at, it pro majore !kitten Quad factum at, cum in obsairo sit, ex affectione eat. What is lawful in the less, is lawful in the cujusque capit interpretatirinem. Doubtful and am- greater. 8 Co. 43. biguous clauses ought to be construed according Quad quis ex culpa eta darnnum sentit, nos into the intentions of the parties.' Dig. .50, 17, telligitur damnom sedire. Ile who suffers a da185, 1. mage by his own fault, has no right to complain. Quad fieri non debit, factum valet. What ought Dig. 50, 17, 203. not to be done, when done, is valid. 5 Co. 33. Quad quisquis norat in hoc se exerted. Let Quad inconsulto fecimus, consultitis revocernus. every one employ himself in what he knows. 11 What is done without consideration or reflection, Co. 10. rpm better consideration we should revoke or Quad remedio datituilur ipsa re valet si culpa undo. absi I. What is without a remedy is valid by the Quad in mourri valet, valebit ix majori; et quad thing itself. Bacon's Max. Reg. 9. in majors non valet, we valebil in minori. What Quod tenni nteunt est amplius meum eat ions avails in the less, will avail in the greater; and poled Co. Litt. 49; Shep. To. 212. what will not avail in the greater, will not avail Quad sub certa forma concestum vet reservaltsm in the less. Co. Litt. 260. eat, son trahitor ad valorem vet compensallaunr. Quod in uno similium valet, valebit in calm. That which is granted or reserved under a certain What avails in one of two similar things, will form, is not to be drawn into a valuation. Bacon's avail in the other. Co. Litt. 191. Max. Reg. 4. Quad initio viliosum est, non poled tracts :emQuad solo ittaidificatur solo eedil. Whatever is poria conraleacere. Time cannot render valid en built on the soil is an accessory of the soil. Inst. act void in its origin. Dig. 50, 17, H. 2, t, 29; 16 Mass. 449; 2 Bouv. Inst. n. 1571. Quad melon eat sine me avferri non poled. What deuce non videtur. What Quad taciii Wel is mine cannot be taken away without my con- is tacitly understood does not appear to be wantsent. Jenk. Cent. 251. Sad vide Eminent Do- ing. 4 Co. 22. main. Quad vanum it inutile eat, lea non requirit. The Quad netessarie intelli,gitur id non deed. What law does not require what is vain and useless. is necessarily understood is not wanting. 1 Buis. Co. Litt. 319. 71. Quotient dubia interpretatia libertatia eat, seamWhenever Quad riecessitas cvgit, defendit. What necessity dam libertatem responderulum erit. forces, it justifies. Hal. Pl. Cr. 54. there is a doubt between liberty and slavery, the Quod non apparel non eat, it son apparel judidecision must be in favor of liberty. Dig. 50, 17, cialiter ante judiciurn. What appears not does not 20. exist, and nothing appears judicially before judgQuoties en verbis calla eat ambiguitas ibi nit/t4 ment. 2 Co. Inst. 479. expositio mnlra verbaficada eat. When there is no Quad non habit priocipsson non habit fItiont. ambiguity in the words, then no exposition eon What has no beginning has no end. Co. Litt. 343. trary to the words is to be made. Co. Litt. 147.

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Ratikabitio mandato aquiparatur. Ratification is equal to a trammel:id. Dig. 48, 3, 12, 4. Ratio at formalia cause coarsetudinis. Reason the formal cause of custom.

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Ratio eat legis anima, mulata leg-is rations matotar el lex. Reason is the soul of the law; the

reason of the law being changed, the law is also changed. Ratio eel radius dirini lurainis. Reason is a ray of divine light. Co. Litt. 232. Ratio et audoritas duo clarissiraa mendi hunirsa. Reason and authority are the two brightest lights in the world. 4 Co. Inst. 320. Ratio in jure villas integra. Reason in Is.w is perfect equity. Ratio kgis est anima lees. The reason of the law is the soul of the law. Tender. Ratio ems c/auditsr loco. Reason is not confined Reputatio at vat aril pia obi non eat veritas. to any place. Reputation is a vulgar opinion where there is no Ratio potent allegari deficiente legs, sed vera et le- truth. 4 Co. 107. But see Character. gala ci son apparena. Reason may be alleged when Rerum ordo confunclitue, si unicuique jurisdictio the law is defective, but it must be true and legal non scroetur. The order of things is confounded reason, and not merely apparent. 6 Co. Litt. 191. if every one preserves not his jurisdiction. 4 Co. Re, ;mrbis, script, cowman, traditions, jest:tura Inst. Proem. states, 11111Tiere pada solent Compacts are accusRenoir progresses Mended malta, qua in heal tomed to be clothed by the thing itself, by words, proecaveri sea prearideri non puma. The progress by writing, by consent, by delivery. Plow. 161. of time shows many things, which at the beginning Receditur a placitis juris, poliaa glean injsria et could not be guarded against, or foreseen. a Co. &lido mascara impeada. Positive rules of law 40. will be receded from, rather than crimes and Reruns seaman qui/ibet est moderator et arbiter. wrongs should remain unpunished. Bacon's Max. Every one is the manager and disposer of his Reg. 12. This applies only to such maxims as own. Co. Litt. 223. are called plecita juris; these will be dispensed Res denominatur a principaliori party. A thing with rather than crimes should go unpunished, is named from its principal part. 5 Co. 47. quid salsa popali supreme lea, because the public Res al ?Matra sari jet eat vagarn it incertscri. It safety is the supreme law. is a -miserable state of things where the law is Recorda ssrxt vesiigia vetustatis ei veritatis. Re- vague and uncertain. 2 Salk. 512. Res, generals's: habit significationem, quia tam cords are vestiges of antiquity and truth. 2 Roll. IL 296. corporea, quern incorporea, csjescunque aunt genera, Ricurrendum at ad extraordissarium quanclo non natures titre specie, comprehendit. The word things valet ordinarium. We must have recourse to what has a general signification, which comprehends is extraordinary, when what is ordinary fails. corporeal and incorporeal objects, of whatever Regale prn Lege, si deficit lex. In default of the nature, sort or specie. 3 Co. Inst. 482 ; 1 Bouv. law, the maxim rules. Inst n. 415. Things Regalariter non valet pactum dare mea non alieRCa inter alioa acta ailed nocere non debit. sancta. Regularly a contract not to alienate my done between strangers ought not to injure those who are not parties to them. Co. Litt. 152. property is not binding. Cq. Litt. 223. Ref tarpis xsllum mandatum eat. A mandate Res judicata pro verit ate arcipitar. A thing adjudged must be taken for truth. Co. Litt. 103; of an ill ggasl thing is void. Pig. 17, 1, 6, 3. e Reipablica voluntatei defunctorum ejectDig. 50, 17, 207. See Res judicata. sortiri It concerns the state that the wills of Res judicatafacil ex alb nigrum, ex nigro album, et cum rectum, ex recto curvern. A thing adjudged the dead should have their effect. Rattail) at fully juris et intenta ad swum. Refer- makes what was white, black; what was black, ence is a fiction of law, and intent to one thing. white; what was crooked, straight; what was straight, crooked. 1 Bony. Inst. n. 840. 3 Co. 28. Res per pecuniam astimatur, et non petunia per Relatio *caper flat sa =kat dispositio. Reference *book' always be had in such a manner that a dis- res. The value of a thing is estimated by its worth in money, and the value of money is not estimated position in a will should avail. 6 Co. 78. Relation never defeats collateral acts. 18 Vin. by reference to the thing. 9 Co. 78; 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 922. Ab. 222. Res peril domino no. The destruction of the Relation shall never make good a void grant or thing re the loss of its owner 2 Bouv. Inst. n. devise of the party. 18 Yin. Ab. 292. Relationim cogisito uno, cognoscitar d alteram. 1458. 1466. Restrvatio non debit ease de prollenis ipris gala ea Of things relating to each other, one being known, conceduntsir, red de redditu nova extra profuse. A the other is known. Cro. Jac. 539. Remainder can depend upon no estate but what reservation ought not to be of the profits themselves, because they are granted, but from the beginneth at the same time the remainder doth. Remainder must vest at the same instant that new rent out of the profits. Co. Litt. 142. Reaignatio eat juris proprii "Wawa reSitatio the particular estate determines. Remainder to a person not of a capacity to take Resignation is the spontaneous relinquishment of one's own right. Godb. 284. at the time of appointing it, is void. Plowd. 27.

Remedies ought to be reciprocal. Remedies for rights are ever favorably extended. 18 Vin. Ab. 521. Remieaw imperasii metres partter. A man emumending not too strictly is best obeyed. 3 Co. Inst. 233. Rand impedimenta emergit adio. The impediment being removed the action arises. 5 Co. 78. Rent must be reserved to him from whom the state of the land moveth. Co. Litt. 143. Repellitur a aacrcanento infamies. An infamous person is repelled or prevented from taking an oath. Co. Litt. 158. Reprobata petunia liberal solvent em. Money refused liberates the debtor. 9 Co. 79. But this must be understood with a qualification. See

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