2004

()

2004 8
2008 8

750

2007 6 296 (PNAP296)

<http://www.info.gov.hk/bd>

1987

1.1

1.2

.... 1

1.3

1.4

2
1.4.1
. 2
1.4.2
. 2
1.4.3
. 2
1.4.4
. 3

1.5

3
5

2.1

5
2.1.1
... 5
2.1.2
.. 5
2.1.3
.. 5
2.1.4
.. 5
2.1.5
.. 5
2.1.6
.. 5
2.1.7
.. 6

2.2

6
2.2.1
.. 6
2.2.2
.. 6
2.2.3
.. 8

2.3

9
2.3.1
.. 9
2.3.2
11
2.3.3
13

ii

2.4

.. 13
2.4.1
... 13
2.4.2
.... 13
2.4.3
m . 14

2.5

.. 15
2.5.1
15
2.5.2
15

2.6

.. 15
2.6.1
15
2.6.2
15
2.6.3
15
17

3.1

.. 17
3.1.1
17
3.1.2
17
3.1.3
17
3.1.4
18
3.1.5
18
3.1.6
19
3.1.7
19
3.1.8
22
3.1.9
22
3.1.10
23

3.2

.. 23
3.2.1
23
3.2.2
24
3.2.3
24
3.2.4
24
3.2.5
24
3.2.6
24
3.2.7
25
3.2.8
.... 25

3.3

.. 26
3.3.1
26
3.3.2
26
26
3.3.3
3.3.4
26
3.3.5
26

iii

3.4

.. 27
3.4.1
27

3.5

.. 27
3.5.1
..... 27
3.5.2
. 27
28

4.1.

.. 28
4.1.1
28
4.1.2
28

4.2

.. 29
4.2.1
29
4.2.2
29
4.2.3
30
4.2.4
31
4.2.5
33
4.2.6
35
4.2.7
36

4.3

.. 38
39

5.1

.. 39
5.1.1
39
5.1.2
39
5.1.3
39
5.1.4
40

5.2

.. 41
5.2.1
41
5.2.2
44
5.2.3
44
5.2.4
44
5.2.5
45
5.2.6
46
5.2.7
46
5.2.8
46
5.2.9
46

iv

5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

.. 47
.. 47
.. 48
.. 48
49

6.1

.. 49
6.1.1
49
6.1.2
49
6.1.3
59
6.1.4
69
6.1.5
72

6.2

.. 89
6.2.1
89
6.2.2
98

6.3

.... 105
6.3.1
.. 105
6.3.2
.. 105
6.3.3
.. 105
6.3.4
.. 106
6.3.5
.. 107
6.3.6
.. 107
6.3.7
.. 108
6.3.8
.. 108
6.3.9
T L I .... 108

6.4

108
6.4.1
.. 108
6.4.2
.. 111

6.5

111
6.5.1
.. 111
6.5.2
.. 111
6.5.3
.. 112

6.6

113
6.6.1
.. 113
6.6.2
.. 114

6.7

114
6.7.1
.. 114
6.7.2
.. 115
6.7.3
.. 115

6.8

117
6.8.1
... 117
120

7.1

120
7.1.1
.. 120
7.1.2
.. 120
7.1.3
...120
7.1.4
.. 121
7.1.5
.. 121

7.2

.... 121
7.2.1
.. 121
7.2.2
.. 122
7.2.3
.. 122
7.2.4
.. 124

7.3

125
7.3.1
.. 125
7.3.2
.. 126
7.3.3
.. 126
7.3.4
... 127
7.3.5
.. 129
7.3.6
.. 132
136

8.1

136
8.1.1
.. 136
8.1.2
.. 136
8.1.3
.. 136

8.2

136

8.3

137

vi

8.4

138
8.4.1
.. 138
8.4.2
.. 138
8.4.3
.. 138
8.4.4
.. 138
8.4.5
.. 139
8.4.6
.. 140
8.4.7
.. 140
8.4.8
.. 140

8.5

.... 141

8.6

.... 141

8.7

.... 142
8.7.1
.. 142
8.7.2
.. 143
8.7.3
.. 144
8.7.4
.. 145

8.8

.... 146

8.9

.... 148
8.9.1
.. 148
8.9.2
.. 148
8.9.3
.. 149

8.10

.... 149
8.10.1
.. 149
8.10.2
.. 155
8.10.3
.. 156
8.10.4
.. 157
8.10.5
.. 157
158

9.1

.... 158

9.2

.... 158
9.2.1
.. 158
9.2.2
.. 162
9.2.3
.. 163

vii

9.3

163
9.3.1
.. 163
9.3.2
.. 165

9.4

.... 166
9.4.1
.. 166
9.4.2
.. 166
9.4.3
.. 166

9.5

.... 166
9.5.1
.. 166
9.5.2
.. 167

9.6

.... 168
9.6.1
.. 168
9.6.2
.. 168
9.6.3
.. 168
9.6.4
.. 168
9.6.5
.. 168

9.7

.... 169
9.7.1
.. 169
9.7.2
.. 169
9.7.3
.. 169

9.8

.... 170
9.8.1
.. 170
9.8.2
.. 170
9.8.3
.. 171
9.8.4
.. 171

9.9

.... 171
9.9.1
.. 171
9.9.2
.. 173
176

10.1

.... 176

10.2

.... 176

viii

10.3

179
10.3.1
.. 179
10.3.2
.. 179
10.3.3
.. 179
10.3.4
.. 179
10.3.5
.. 182
10.3.6
.. 183
10.3.7
.. 185
10.3.8
.. 185
10.3.9
.. 186
10.3.10
.. 188
10.3.11
.. 188

10.4

.... 189
10.4.1
.. 189
10.4.2
.. 189
10.4.3
.. 189
10.4.4
.. 190
10.4.5
.. 190
10.4.6
.. 190

10.5

.... 191
10.5.1
.. 191
10.5.2
.. 191
10.5.3
.. 192
10.5.4
.. 193
10.5.5
.. 193
10.5.6
.. 196
10.5.7
.. 197
201

11.1

.... 201

11.2

201

11.3

201
11.3.1
.. 201
11.3.2
.. 201
11.3.3
.. 201
11.3.4
.. 201

11.4

.... 202

11.5

202

ix

11.6

.... 202

11.7

202
11.7.1
.. 202
11.7.2
.. 202
11.7.3
.. 203
11.7.4
.. 203
11.7.5
.. 204
11.7.6
.. 205
11.7.7
.. 205
206

12.1

206
12.1.1
.. 206
12.1.2
.. 206
12.1.3
.. 206
12.1.4
.. 206
12.1.5
.. 206
12.1.6
.. 207
12.1.7
.. 207
12.1.8
.. 207

12.2

207
12.2.1
.. 207
12.2.2
.. 207
12.2.3
.. 208

12.3

.... 208
12.3.1
... 208
12.3.2
... 208
12.3.3
... 209
12.3.4
... 209
12.3.5
... 211
12.3.6
... 212
12.3.7
... 212
12.3.8
... 214
12.3.9
... 217

12.4

.... 218
12.4.1
.. 218
12.4.2
.. 218

12.5

.... 218

12.6

.... 218
x

12.7

.... 218
12.7.1
.. 218
12.7.2
.. 218

12.8

.... 218
12.8.1
.. 218
12.8.2
.. 219
12.8.3
.. 220
12.8.4
.. 220
12.8.5
.. 220
12.8.6
.. 220

12.9

.... 221
12.9.1
.. 221
12.9.2
.. 221
12.9.3
.. 221
12.9.4
.. 222
12.9.5
.. 222

12.10 223
12.11 223
12.11.1
.. 223
12.11.2
.. 223
12.11.3
.. 224
12.12 .... 224
12.12.1
.. 224
12.12.2
.. 224
12.12.3
.. 224
12.12.4
.. 225
12.12.5
.. 225
12.12.6
.. 226
12.12.7
.. 226

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

227

... 227
... 227
... 228
... 228
... 228

xi


2.1

f ... 12

2.2

m ......... 14

3.1
3.2
3.3

.. 17
.. 19
.. 24

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

.. 31

.. 33
20mm .. 34
20mm .. 35
.. 37

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13

.. 50
.. 54
vc ................................................................................. 56
.. 61
.. 62
.. 65
.. 67
.. 68
.. 70
.. 78
.. 90
.. 90
a ..... 93

6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18

... 97
.... 101
.. 105
vt min vtu .... 107
.... 107

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

.... 122
R ...... 125
.... 127
.... 128
.... 128
K ....... 131
o .... 135

xii

 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

........ 136
.... 137
.. 139
lb ..... 139
lo) .... 145
.... 153
.... 154

9.1

.... 159

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

.... 180
150mm ... 180
100mm ... 181
.... 184

11.1

.... 203

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4

2 .... 210
3 .... 211
3 .... 211

.... 214
Vco / bvh .... 216
.... 219
.... 223

12.5
12.6
12.7

xiii


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

KL...21
Km. 21
Kc.. 21
Ke.. 21
Kj... 21
KL.. 22
Ke.. 22
23
25
26

5.1
5.2
5.3

lpi ...42
42
l...43

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20

51
56
58
60
61
64
68
74
77
be ..80
82
6.1.5.6bc83
87
88
88
94
96
98
..116
..119

7.1
7.2

..134
..135

xiv

 8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12

..140
..141
..141
..143
..144
..146
..147
..149
4 ..149
..150
..151
..156

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6

..161
..163
..163
..165
..167
..170

xv


1.1

Structures Design Manual for

Highways and Railways

1.2

1.3

Hong Kong Construction Standard CS1: Testing Concrete

Hong Kong Construction Standard CS2: Carbon Steel Bars for the Reinforcement
of Concrete

1.4

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3

2.2.2.1

2.2.3.1

( 6.1.5 )

()

( 6.1.5.7 )

0.75d

1.5d

12
2

1.4.4

1.5

( 6.2.2 )

9.6.1 9.6.4

9.6.1 9.6.4

le/h 15
10

Ac
Acc
Aps
As
As prov
As req
Ast
As'
As'prov
As'req
Asb
Asc

Asc
)
3

Asv
b
bc
be
beff
bw
Cx, Cy
d
d'
En
F
fcu
fpb
fpe
fpu
fs
fy
fyv
GK
h
hagg
hf
l
lb
le
M
N
nb
QK
sb
sv
V
Vb
WK
x
z

(b beff)
( 6.10)
T L

( 1.4GK + 1.6QK)

2.1

2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.1.5

50

2.1.6

10
2.1.7

11

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2 2.2.3

2.2.2

2.2.2.1

1.4.1

2.2.2.2

2.3 2.4

2.2.2.3

(a)

2.3.1.4

6.4.1
i.

ii.

iii.

2.3.1.4bc

6.4

6.4.2

(b)

(c)

2.3.1d

2.2.2.4

2.3 2.4

2.2.3

2.2.3.1

1.4.1

()

2.2.3.2

7.3.5
7.3.4

2.2.3.3

7.3.2

2.2.3.4

8.2 9 7.2.2
7.2

2.2.3.5

()
0.1mm
0.2mm

7.3.3

2.2.3.6

2.2.3.7

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.1.1

2.3.1.2

Gk() 16
Qk () 17

Wk

En

2.3.1.3

fGk fQk fWk fEn

f

2.3.1.4

1.5%
2.3.2.1 2 3

34kN/m2

34kN/m2

10

() 17

2.3.1.5

2.3.1.6

100%

2.3.1.7

2.3.2

2.3.2.1

2.1

11

 2.1 f

(
)

1.4

1.0

1.6

1.4

(
)

1.4

1.0

1.4

1.4

()

1.2

1.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.

2.

1.0
f
f
f

( 2.3.2.3 )
f
f

2.1 1 2
f
f 2 3

2.3.1.4a
2.3.2.2

( 2.3.1.5 )f
1.05f 1.05

2.3.2.3

f
2.1

2.3.2.4

f 1.0

2.3.2.5

f 1.0
12

2.3.2.6

f 1.25

2.3.3

2.3.3.1

789

2.3.3.2

f 1.0

2.3.3.3

f 1.0

25%
75%

2.3.3.4

f
1.0

2.3.3.5

f
1.0

2.4

2.4.1

2.4.2

13

2.4.3

2.4.3.1

m m 2.4.2.2 2.4.2.3

2.4.3.2

m
a

2.2
m
2.2 m
m

1.15

1.50

1.25

1.40

1.50

m 1.3 m
1.0

2.4.3.3

m
a

m
1.0

m
1.3 12.3.4

14

2.5

2.5.1

2.3
f 2.4 m

5 6 7

2.5.2

2.6

2.6.1

2.6.2

2.1

2.6.3

2.6.3.1

2.1.1

2.6.3.2

15

16

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

5% 28

3.1.3

3.1.2
3.1

C20
3.1

(N/mm2)

C20

20

C25

25

C30

30

C35

35

C40

40

C45

45

C50

50

C55

55

C60

60

C65

65

C70

70

C75

75

C80

80

C85

85

C90

90

C95

95

C100

100

17

3.1.4

3.1.5 3.1.9

3.1.5

3.2

12

3.2
20 100 N/mm2
Ec = 3.46fcu + 3.21

c
fcu

( 3.1 )

N/mm

18

 3.2
, fcu

,c

(N/mm2)

(kN/mm2)

20

18.7

25

20.5

30

22.2

35

23.7

40

25.1

45

26.4

50

27.7

55

28.9

60

30.0

65

31.1

70

32.2

75

33.2

80

34.2

85

35.1

90

36.0

95

36.9

100

37.8

1.

3.1.6

0.2

3.1.7

cc

cc =

stress
c
E28

3.2

:
E28
28 3.2

3.3
3.3

c = KLKmKcKcKj
:
KL
3.1
19

Km
Kc
Ke
Kj

3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

Ks

Ks =

3.4

1 + e

As
Ac
Es
Ec

Es / Ec
As/ Ac

heu/2

20

 Km

KL

, %

3.1

, m

KL

3.2

Km

Ke

/ Kc

kg/m3

3.3

Kc

/ Kj

, he , mm
, he , mm

3.4 Ke

3.5

Kj

21

3.1.8

cs = csKLKCKeKj

Ke

3.0
3.6
3.3
3.7
3.5

KL x 10-6

:
cs
KL
Kc
Ke
Kj

3.5

e
, he , mm

, %

3.6

KL

3.7

Ke

Ks
3.4
3.1.9

10x10-6 /oC

22

3.1.10

m 3.8

1.
2.
3.

0.67

fcu N/mm2
fcu 60MPa cu=0.0035

fcu 60MPa cu= 0.0035 0.00006

3.8

( f cu 60)

3.1.7 3.1.8

3.2

3.2.1

CS2

23

3.2.2

5%

3.2.3

3.3
3.3

(N/mm2)
250
460

3.2.4

200 kN/mm2

3.2.5

y
7850 kg/m3
y 12x10-6 /oC

3.2.6

m 3.9

24

fy N/mm2

3.9
3.2.7

3.2.8

3.2.8.1

3.2.8.2

0.6fy
0.1 mm
250 287.5 N/mm2 460
483 N/mm2

25

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

5%

3.3.3

3.3.4

y
7850 kg/m3
y 12x10-6 /oC

3.3.5

m 3. 10

()

fpu N/mm2

3.10

26

3.4

3.4.1

3.4.1.1

3.4.1.2

3.5

3.5.1

3.5.2

27

4.1.

4.1.1

50

4.2.2 4.2.4

4.2.54.2.6 4.2.7

10 11

4.1.2

4.3
28

4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2 4.2.4
4.2.3
4.2.5 4.2.7
4.2.5 4.2.7
4.2.6
10.3.5 10.3.6

4.2.2

4.2.2.1

10.3.6

600 mm 400 kg/m3

29

4.2.2.2

4.2.3
4.2.4

4.3 8.7

4.2.3

4.2.3.1

4.2.4

4.2.6.2

4.2.3.2

4.2 4.1

30

 4.1

pH 4.5
1 m

4.2.3.3

4.2.4

4.2.4.1

5mm

31

4.2.4.1bd
4.2.4.3
4.3
8.7

4.2.4.4

75 mm

40 mm

4.2.4.2

4.2.4.3

4.2
4.2.4.4
4.2.2

4.2.4.4

4.2

32

 4.2

( 4.2.3 )

(mm)
C20/25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

35

30

30

30

25

25

25

40

35

35

30

30

30

50

45

45

45

55

50

( 3)

0.65
290

0.65
290

0.60
290

0.55
300

0.45
340

0.40
380

0.35
380

( 1)

(kg/m3)

1. 25mm (
C35) 30mm ( C30)
2. 20 mm
4.2.5.4
3.

4. 4.3 8.7

5. C30 300 kg/m3.

4.2.4.5

10.4.3

4.2.5

4.2.5.1

4.2

20mm

4.2.5.2

4.2
4.2.5.1
33


4.2
5 4.2.5.5
4.2.5.3

4.2

4.2 10%

4.2.5.4

4.2 20mm
4.3 4.2
240 kg/m3
4.3

4.2.5.5

20mm

(mm)

(kg/m3)

10

+40

14

+20

20

40

-30

4.2

28

35%

25%

34

4.2.6

4.2.6.1

4.2 4.3

4.2 4.4

fcu 60 N/mm2
550 kg/m3
fcu 60
N/mm2
450 kg/m3

290/m3
C20

4.2.6.2

4.4

4.4

20mm

4.2.3.2

(kg/m3)

1
2
3
4
5

0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.50

290
290
325
350
350

C20
C30
C35
C45
C50

1.
4.2.6.3
2.
4.2.5.2
3. 4.2.6.1

35

4.2.6.3

4.4 20mm
4.3

4.2.6.1
4.2 4.4

10.3.6

4.2.7

4.2.7.1

4.5

4.5

4.2.7.2

4.5

36

 4.5

0.1

0.2

0.35

1.

4.2.7.3

Na2O
K2O

3.0kg

HOKLAS

4.2.7.4

10.3.5

10.3.9

37

10.3.6
4.3

60 MPa

38

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

15

5.1.3

5.1.3.1

39

5.1.3.2

fGk fQk

fGk fQkfGk

fGk fQk
fGk

2.3.2 2.3.3
f
5.1.3.3

5.1.3.2

5.1.4

40

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.1.1

2
2.5

1500mm 4

1/10 50mm

10

50mm 40mm
e
5.2.1.2

41

lpi
5.1

5.1

lpi

l3
2/3 1.5

T L beff
beff =

eff,i

+ bw

5.1

i=1 2
beff,i = 0.2bi + 0.1lpi 0.2lpi

5.2

beff,i bi

5.3

5.2

42

l
l = l n + a1 + a 2

5.4

ln
a1 a2 5.3 ai sw

ai = h sw
()

ai = h sw
()

ai = h sw
()

ai = h sw
()

5.3

43


0.2

0.65

MEd MEd

M Ed = FEd,sup S w / 8

5.2.2

5.5

FEd,sup

Sw

5.3b

3 /
3.10

5.2.3

200 kN/mm2
3.1

5.2.4

5.2.5 5.2.6

44

5.2.5

5.2.5.1

5.2.9

5.2.5.2

5.2.5.3

1.4Gk 1.6Qk
1.4Gk 1.6Qk
1.0Gk
1.4Gk 1.6Qk
1.0Gk

5.2.5.1

5.2.5.2

5.2.5.4

5.2.5.2

5.2.5.5

5.2.5.4

45

5.2.6

5.2.6.1

( 6.2 ) 1
2 3 2.1

5.2.6.2

5.2.5.2

1.2Gk 1.2Qk

1.2Wk

2 2.1 1.0 Gk 1.4Wk

5.2.7

6.1.3

5.2.8

6.5

5.2.9

5.2.9.1

C70 5.2.5 5.2.6

46

x
6.46.56.6 6.1.2.4b

70% 5.2.9.2

5.2.9.2

5.2.9.1 10%
90%

5.3

10%

5.4

47

5.5

5.6

48

6.1

6.1.1

6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5

6.1.2

6.1.2

6.1.2.1

5.2.1.1(a)

5.2.1.2b

5.2.1.2a

6.1.2.2

60bc 250bc2/d

25bc 100 bc2/d

5 6.1.2.3

49

6.1.2.3

6.1

Qk Gk

15%
6.1

0.09Fl

-0.11Fl

0.07Fl

-0.08Fl

0.45F

0.6F

0.55F

1.

6.1.2.4

3.9 m
= 1.5 6.1

3.9 m = 1.15

0.95

0.1fcu

50

6.1
b

10% x

fcu 45 N/mm2 x 0.5d

45< fcu 70 N/mm2 x 0.4d
70< fcu 100 N/mm2 x 0.33d

6.1
6.2
6.3

10% x

fcu 45 N/mm2x (b 0.4)d

2

45< fcu 70 N/mm x (b 0.5)d

6.4
6.5

b =
c

( 6.6 )

6.1

K = M/bd2fcu

6.7

51

 10%
fcu 45 /mm2x 0.5d K0.156
2

6.8

45 /mm fcu 70 /mm x 0.4d K0.120

70 /mm2 fcu 100 /mm2K0.094
10%
fcu 45 N/mm2 K0.402( 0.4)0.18( 0.4)2

6.9

45 /mm2 fcu 70 /mm2K0.357( 0.5)0.143( 0.5)2

K K

K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25

0.9

6.10

0.95d
fcu 45 N/mm2 x = (d z ) / 0.45

6.11

As = M /0.87 fy z

6.12

45 /mm fcu 70 /mm x = (d z ) / 0.40

70 /mm2 fcu 100 /mm2 x = (d z ) / 0.36

K > K

K '
z = d 0.5 + 0.25

0.9

6.13

fcu 45 N/mm2 x = (d z ) / 0.45

2

6.14

45 /mm fcu 70 /mm x = (d z ) / 0.40

70 /mm2 fcu 100 /mm2 x = (d z ) / 0.36

As ' =
Ast =

( K K ' ) f cu bc d 2
0.87 f y (d d ' )

6.15

K ' f cu bc d
+ As '
0.87 f y z

6.16
2

d'/x 0.43 fy 460 N/mm

0.87 fy 3.9
d

f fcubd2 10%

52

As =

M + k1 f cu bw d (k 2 d hf )
0.87 f y (d 0.5hf )

6.17

fcu 45 N/mm2 k1 = 0.1k2 = 0.45

45 /mm2< fcu 70 /mm2 k1 = 0.072k2 = 0.32

70 /mm2< fcu 100 /mm2 k1 = 0.054k2 = 0.2432

6.17
fcu 45 N/mm2 hf < 0.45d

45 /mm2< fcu 70 /mm2 hf < 0.36d

70 /mm2< fcu 100 /mm2 hf < 0.30d

f fcubd2 10%
6.1.2.4af
(6.18)
f

f = 0.45
6.1.2.5

b
hf bw
h
1
1 f + K ' w
0.9 x
b 2d
b

6.18

v
v=

V
bv d

6.19

bv

v
0.8fcu 7.0N/mm2 m

1.25

53

b
6.2
6.2

v
(N/mm2)
v < 0.5vc

--

Asv vr bvsv/0.87fyv

0.5vc< v < (vc + vr)

2
(vc + vr) < v <0.8fcu,
7.0 N/mm2

50%

2
Asv
bvsv (v - vc)/0.87fyv

6.1.2.5
e

1.
vc

2. vr fcu 40 N/mm2 vr
0.4N/mm2 fcu>40 N/mm2 vr0.4 (fcu /40) 2/3 fcu
80N /mm2

3. 6.1.2.5d

c
vcN/mm2 6.3 As
d

8 9

vc 8.4

vc
3

54

d 6.2
0.75d
150
mm d
e

6.2

Vb = Asb (0.87 f yv )(cos + sin cot )

d d'
sb

6.20

45 st 1.5d
50%

55

 6.3

vc

(mm)

100 As
bv d

125

150

175

200

225

250

300

400

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

0.15

0.45

0.43

0.41

0.40

0.39

0.38

0.36

0.34

0.25

0.53

0.51

0.49

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.43

0.40

0.50

0.67

0.64

0.62

0.60

0.58

0.56

0.54

0.50

0.75

0.77

0.73

0.71

0.68

0.66

0.65

0.62

0.57

1.00

0.84

0.81

0.78

0.75

0.73

0.71

0.68

0.63

1.50

0.97

0.92

0.89

0.86

0.83

0.81

0.78

0.72

2.00

1.06

1.02

0.98

0.95

0.92

0.89

0.86

0.80

3.00

1.22

1.16

1.12

1.08

1.05

1.02

0.98

0.91

1.

m 1.25

2.

100 As
0.79
bv d

3 400 4 1

d
m

100 As
3
bv d
1

400 4
0.67

d
1

400 4

6 2 1
d

3.

25 N/mm2 fcu/251/3 fcu

80 N/mm2

6.2

56

f
8.4.2
8.3
g

30
6.3 xx

vc 2dvc/av av
0.8fcu
7.0N/mm2 1.25 m
d
6.5
6.7

Asv

2d
v
v c

av
0.4bv a v

= a v bv
0.87 f yv
0.87 f yv

6.21

av 3/4 av d

i
6.1.2.5g h
2d
d 6.1.2.5c
vc 6.3

57

: x-x

6.3

vc6.22
2.1
vc ' = vc + 0.6

NVh
Ac M

6.22

v '
c

vC

6.3 6.1.2.5
g

1.
N/Ac
2.
Vh/M 1

6.23
vc ' = vc 1 +

N
Ac vc

6.23

58

 v vC 6.2 vC vC'

v 0.8fcu 7.0 N/mm2

6.226.23
N
l

6.3
6.1.3

6.1.3.1

6.1.2
6.1.3.2 6.2.3.6

6.1.3.2

Johansen
Hillerborg

2.4x1-x/l
x l

4x/l1-x/l x l
1

59

6.4

6.4
c

30m2

6.5
1.25
5kN/m2

20%
5.2.9.1

60

6.5
d

6.1.3.2c
6.4 20%
6.4 9.3.1
6.4

6.1.3.3

0.086Fl

-0.04Fl

0.075Fl

-0.086Fl

0.063Fl

-0.063Fl

0.4F

--

0.46F

--

0.6F

--

0.5F

6.1.3.3cf

61

msx = sx nl x 2

msy = sy nlx

6.24

msx

6.25

lx

msy

ly

lx

ly

sx sy

6.5
6.5

ly/lx

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

sx

0.062

0.074

0.084

0.093

0.099 0.104 0.113 0.118

sy

0.062

0.061

0.059

0.055

0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029

1.4

1.5

1.75

2.0

6.5

(
l y / l x )4
sx =
8[1 + (l y / l x )4 ]
(l y / l x )2
sx =
8[1 + (l y / l x )4 ]
c

6.26
6.27

msx = sx nl x 2

msy = sy nlx

sx sy

6.28

6.29

6.6

6.1.3.3d

62

6.286.29 6.6

y = 24 + 2 N d + 1.5 N d 2 / 1000

l
2
3 18 x
9
ly

6.30

y + 1 + y + 2

= x + 3 + x + 4

6.31
6.32

lx
nlx2

ly
nlx2

1 2

nlx2

3 4

nlx2

Nd

0 4

1 2 4/3y1 2
3 4 4/3x
3 4

6.28
6.29
6.286.29

6.6
3/4 1/8

ii

63

iii

9.3.12

iv 9.3.1.1a
v vii

1/5 4
3/4

vi

vii

a) lx

6.6

b) ly

64

 6.6

sx

ly/lx

ly/lx
1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

sy

1.4

1.5

1.75

2.0

0.031 0.037 0.042

0.046 0.050 0.053

0.059 0.063

0.032

0.024 0.028 0.032

0.035 0.037 0.040

0.044 0.048

0.024

0.039 0.044 0.048

0.052 0.055 0.058

0.063 0.067

0.037

0.029 0.033 0.036

0.039 0.041 0.043

0.047 0.050

0.028

0.039 0.049 0.056

0.062 0.068 0.073

0.082 0.089

0.037

0.030 0.036 0.042

0.047 0.051 0.055

0.062 0.067

0.028

0.047 0.056 0.063

0.069 0.074 0.078

0.087 0.093

0.045

0.036 0.042 0.047

0.051 0.055 0.059

0.065 0.070

0.034

0.046 0.050 0.054

0.057 0.060 0.062

0.067 0.070

0.034 0.038 0.040

0.043 0.045 0.047

0.050 0.053

0.034

0.045

0.034 0.046 0.056

0.065 0.072 0.078

0.091 0.100

0.034

0.057 0.065 0.071

0.076 0.081 0.084

0.092 0.098

0.043 0.048 0.053

0.057 0.060 0.063

0.069 0.074

0.044

0.058

0.042 0.054 0.063

0.071 0.078 0.084

0.096 0.105

0.044

0.055 0.065 0.074

0.081 0.087 0.092

0.103 0.111

0.056

65

6.6

ii

6.6

iii

iv

iii
i

6.6
9.3.12

iv

vi

iii
v

vii
12
viii vii

v sy = vy nl x

6.33

v sx = vx nl x

6.34

vsx

lx
3/4

66

 ly
3/4

vsy

vx vy
6.7

6.7

ly/lx vx
1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5 1.75

2.0

vy

0.33

0.36

0.39

0.41

0.43

0.45

0.48

0.50

0.33

0.36

0.39

0.42

0.44

0.45

0.47

0.50

0.52

0.36

0.24

0.36

0.40

0.44

0.47

0.49

0.51

0.55

0.59

0.36

0.24

0.27

0.29

0.31

0.32

0.34

0.36

0.38

0.40

0.44

0.47

0.50

0.52

0.54

0.57

0.60

0.40

0.26

0.29

0.31

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.38

0.40

0.26

0.40

0.43

0.45

0.47

0.48

0.49

0.52

0.54

0.26

0.40

0.26

0.30

0.33

0.36

0.38

0.40

0.44

0.47

0.45

0.48

0.51

0.53

0.55

0.57

0.60

0.63

0.30

0.32

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.39

0.41

0.29

0.45

0.29

0.33

0.36

0.38

0.40

0.42

0.45

0.48

0.30

0.33

0.36

0.39

0.41

0.43

0.45

0.48

0.50

0.33

6.6
6.7 6.7

67

l = lyvs = vsx
l = lxvs = vsy

6.7

6.1.3.4

6.1.2.4
6.8
v (N/mm2)

v < vc

vc< v < vc + vr

v > vc

Asv vrbvsv/0.87fyv

vc + vr < v < 0.8fcu :

2
A bs (v - v )/0.87 f
7.0N/mm
sv
v
c
yv
d
:
Asb bsb(v - vc)/{0.87fyv(cos +
sin cot )}
( 6.1.2.5e)
1.

fcu 40 N/mm2 vr0.4 N/mm2 fcu> 40 N/mm2 vr0.4 (fcu/40)2/3 fcu

80N /mm2

2.

200mm

6.1.2.5gi

3.

6.1.3.5

v
v=

V
bd

6.35

v 0.8fcu 7.0
N/mm2

68

6.8

6.1.3.6

6.1.5.7

6.1.4

6.1.4.1

6.19

ii

iii

14N/mm2

69

1.5m
4

6.9

6.9 b 6.1.4.1b
20mm
1/10
1/5
6.9

6.1.4.1ai 6.1.4.1b
a) 500mm 11N/mm2
1:3
b) 500mm
c)

6.1.4.1aii) iii

6.1.4.2

(mm)

25
30
40 1/10

50 1/10

6.1.3.2

6.13.3 6.1.5

25%
15%

70

6.1.4.3

6.1.2.4
6.1.4.1b
25% 5%
30%

6.1.4.4

6.1.5.6

v 6.36
V
v=
bv d

6.36

bv

d
c

6.36bv

6.1.4.1b6.3.6 bv

6.3.6 bv

v 0.8fcu 7.0 N/mm2

m1.25

71

v vc vc 6.3 v
vc 6.8

6.1.4.5

9.3.12

0.12%

6.1.4.1c

1.0 m 1.5 m
4
4

6.1.5

6.1.5.1

2
6.1.3.2a

6.1.4

72

6.1.5
lh lho lh max
lh max mm
lh max = lc + 2(d h 40 )

6.37

dh

lc
lh

lh
lho 40mm
6.8
c

hc

6.1.5.1b
hc

6.1.5

7.3
125mm 6.1.4.1

6.1.5.2

6.1.3.2c

73


5.2.5.2
b

6.1.5.2cj

6.8

74

5.2.5.3

hc/2

2h
nl2
l1 c
8
3

6.38

hc

6.5

l1

l2

75

6.4

6.1.3.2c

6.4 0.15Fhc F

5.1.5.2f 6.4
6.1.3.2c 20%

6.9

6.4 6.10

76

ly ()

lx ()

a)
ly -

lx/3

lx/3

b)

lx
ly

6.9

77

 6.10

75

25

55

45

1.

6.1.5.3

6.1.5.2

9.3.1.2

6.1.5.4

6.10
bebe

Mt max
M t max = 0.15be d 2 f cu

6.39

78

Mt max

70%

Mt max
Mt max

6.3
Mt max
6.10

9.3.1
0.15l

1.5

6.1.5.2

79

 ( 6.9 )

1. y
2. Cx , Cy

6.10

be

80

6.1.5.5

6.1.6.5bd

0.4l
6.1.5.2

1/10
6.1.5.2

6.1.5.6

6.1.5.2

6.1.5.7 6.1.5.6b
6.1.5.6c
6.11 6.12

81

l1

(a)

(b)

6.11

82

( 6.1.5.6 (b))

6.42
Veff = 1.4 Vt ( 6.1.5.6 (c) )

( 6.1.5.6 (b) )
6.41
Veff = 1.15 Vt ( 6.1.5.6 (b) )

6.12
b

6.1.5.6(b)(c)

6.1.5.2
Veff
1.5M t
Veff = Vt 1 +

Vt xsp

6.40

xsp

Mt

Vt

Veff

Veff1.15Vt Vt

1 6.40

83

2 Mt
30%

Veff 1.25 Vt
Veff (6.41)

1.5M t
Veff = Vt 1.25 +

Vt xsp

6.41

Veff1.4Vt
Mt
30%
d

6.406.41
0.8fcu 7.0N/mm2
m1.25

6.1.5.7

6.1.5.7
bh

vmax 0.8fcu 7.0 N/mm2

vmax
vmax =

V
uo d

6.42

uo

6.1.5.7e

84

v
v=

V
ud

6.43

u
d

v 6.4 vc
1.5d 6.1.2.5g
vc 1.5 d
vc 1.5d/av av

vc < v < 2vc6.446.45 200

mm
v 1.6vc

Asv sin

(v vc )ud
0.87 f yv

6.44

fyv
N/mm2

Asv

mm2

1.6 vc < v 2 vc

Asv sin

5(0.7v vc )ud
0.87 f yv

6.45

6.446.45 v 2vc
v > 2 vc

85

 6.44 6.45 Asvsin

vrud/0.87fyvvr 6.2
f

1.5d
vc
6.13

0.5d 40%
0.75d
1.5d
0.75d

6.13

86

6.13
g

6
6.14

87

6.15

6.14

b
a

6.15

6.1.5.8

6.2.1

88

6.2

6.2.1

6.2.1.1

lex /h ley /b 15 10

lex

ley

6.2.2.3

i
le
6.46

le = lo

lo

89

 6.11 6.12

6.11 6.12 1 4
6.2.1(e)ii

6.11

1
2
3

0.75
0.80
0.90

0.80
0.85
0.95

0.90
0.95
1.00

6.12

1
2
3
4

1.2
1.3
1.6
2.2

1.3
1.5
1.8
-

1.6
1.8
-

ii

90

lo
60

lo
lo =

100b 2
60b
h

6.47

6.47h b
7.3

6.2.1.2

5.2.5.3
6.2.1.2b

6.2.1.3
le/h 20
6.2.1.3i

6.2.1.2d

91

emin
0.05 20mm

6.2.1.3

6.2.1.4

6.48

au = a Kh

a 6.13 6.51
6.13 K
K
K=

N uz N
1
N uz Nbal

6.49

N
Nbal
Nuz

0.25fcubd
6.50

Nuz = 0.45fcuAnc+ 0.87fyAsc

m

6.50

Anc

Asc

1 K K
1

92

6.13
le/b

12

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.07

0.11

0.20

0.31

0.45

0.61

0.80

1.01

1.25

1.51

1.80

6.13
1 le
a =

2000 b

6.51

b
6.2.1.3f

6.52

M add = Nau

au

6.49

Madd

6.16

M i = 0 .4 M 1 + 0 .6 M 2 0 .4 M 2

6.53

M1

M2

Mi

M1 M2
6.16

M2
Mi +Madd
M1+Madd /2
eminN
93

()

6.16
c

3 le/h
20 6.486.53
Mi

94

le/h 20

6.49
6.53 6.14 b
h

6.17 6.2.1.3a

auav auav
auav =

6.54

n
auav auav au
6.55 n
i

le/h 20

95

()

M2

Madd

M2 + Madd

, k2

, k1

M1
M add

6.17

6.2.1.4

= M add

k1
k2

M1 + Madd2

6.1.2.4(a)

96

N = 0.4 f cu Ac + 0.75 Asc f y

6.55

m
c

N = 0.35 f cu Ac + 0.67 Asc f y

6.56

15%

m
d

6.1.2.4a

h'
Mx My

M x ' = M x + M y
'
b'
b'
h

6.57

b'
Mx My
'
M
=
M
+

Mx
<

y
y
b'
h'
h'

6.58

Mx
x

Mx
My
My

x
y
y

hb 6.18

6.14
6.14
N/bhfcu

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

1.00

0.88

0.77

0.65

0.53

0.42

0.30

97

6.18
e

6.1.2.5l
M/N 0.6h v
6.1.2.5k

6.2.2

6.2.2.1

6.2.2.1c

98

2.5%

6.2.2.2

(i)

le

6.2.1

ii

6.2.2.3

h/20 20mm h

99

8.2 9.6

nw 0.35 f cu Ac + 0.67 Asc f y

6.59

nw
15%
m
ii

6.1.2.4 a

iii

iv

6.2.2.2
d

6.2.2.2(c)
6.2.2.2(g)(iii)

100

6.1.2.4a

6.2.2.2d

6.2.2.2c
6.2.2.2giii

6.2.1.4

ii
le/h 6.15

6.15

le/h

9.6 < 1%

40

9.6 1%

45

9.6

30

iii
6.2.2.2c

6.2.1.3 a

101

6.2.2.3

le1.5 lo lo

le2 lo

lo
c

le

le
2.5

le/h 30

h/20 20mm
6.2.2.3
pq

102

0.6fcu C25
0.5 fcu C25

nw

nw 0.3(h 2ex ) f cu

6.60

103


h/20
ex
p

nw6.60

nw 0.3(h 1.2ex 2ea ) f cu

6.61

6.2.2.3o
ex
ea
le 2/2 500h le

(i)

nw 0.3 h 2ex ,1 f cu

6.62

(ii)

nw 0.3[h 2(ex , 2 + ea )] f cu

6.63

6.2.2.3p
ea
ex,1

ex,2

0.45 N/mm2

C25 0.45 N/mm2

0.3 N/mm2
s

1/10

104


8.2 9.6
6.3

6.3.1

6.3.2
6.3.9

6.3.2

(G C )
G 0.42 C
(St. Venant)

C=

1 3
hmin hmax
2

C
hmax

hmin

6.64

h/b

6.16

6.16

hmax/hmin

1.5

>5

0.14

0.20

0.23

0.26

0.29

0.33

6.3.3

vt

105

vt =

2T
2
hmin
hmax

6.65

h
min
3

vt

T L I
T L I
6.66 h3min hmax
vt

3
(hmin
hmax )

3
hmin
hmax

6.66

6.3.4

v + vt
6.17 vtu y1< 550 mm
vt vtu y1/550y1 6.3.6

106

 6.17

25
30
40
50
60
80

vt min vtu
vt min

vtu

(N/mm2)
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.47
0.52
0.60

(N/mm2)
4.00
4.38
5.00
5.65
6.20
7.0

1.

2.

, v
, v
v N/mm2
v
t min
t min
t min
tu
:

v
= 0.067 f 0.6 N/mm
t min
cu
2

v = 0.8 f 7.0 N/mm

tu
cu

6.3.5

vt 6.18 vt min
6.18
6.18

vt vt min

vt > vt min

v vc + vr

v > vc + vr

vr 6.2
6.3.6

:
Asv
T
>
sv
0.8 x1 y1 (0.87 f yv )

As >

6.67

Asv f yv ( x1 + y1 )
sv f y

6.68

107

:
As

Asv
sv
x1
y1

fy fyv 460 N/mm2

6.3.7

sv x1 y1/2 200mm
9.2.3
6.3.8

300mm

6.3.9

T L I

vt min

6.4

6.4.1

6.4.1.1

108

6.4.1.2

m1.0
6.4.1.4 6.4.1.7

6.4.1.3

8.7

12

6.4.1.4

l.5 lrlr m

0.5m

kN/m

(Gk + Qk ) lr
Ft
7.5
5

Gk + Qk
Ft

lr

1.0 Ft

6.69

kN/m2
204no 60no

6.4.1.4a

109


lr

6.4.2.2b

6.4.1.5

1.0FtkN 1.2m

6.4.1.6

2.0Ft ls/2.5 Ft ls m

3%

6.4.1.4a 6.4.1.4.b
b

6.4.1.6a

6.4.1.7

2.3.2.2
2.2.2.3

110

6.4.2

6.4.2.1

6.4.2.2

1.0m
1.5FtkN m

100 kg/m2
0.5FtkN m

Ft 20 + 4n0 60 n0
6.5

6.5.1

av

av 6.1.2.5g

6.5.2

6.5.2.1

111

6.5.2.4

6.5.2.3

6.5.2.2

6.5.2.3

6.5.2.4

6.5.3

6.5.3.1

300mm

6.5.3.5

112

6.5.3.2

9.8

6.5.3.3

180
12mm

6.5.3.4

6.1.3.6 6.4 vc
2d/av av 6.5.3.1

6.5.3.5

6.6

6.6.1

6.1.1.1

110mm 150mm

6.6.1.2

la + 0.5(lb,1 + lb,2 )

la
lb, 1
lb, 2

6.70

1.8m
1.8m

113

6.6.1.3

6.6.1.4

6.6.2

6.1.2 6.1.3
6.6.2.1

6.6.2.1

60% 7.3.4
15%

6.7

6.7.1

6.7.1.1

6.7.1.2

6.7.1.3

114

6.7.2

6.7.2.1

6.7.2.2

lc 3c/4 + 9d/4
l.5d
lc

c
d
lc

6.7.2.3

6.1.3.5 6.1.3.6

6.7.2.4

6.1.3.5ab

6.1.5.6 v < vc

6.7.3

6.7.3.1

3
1.5

115

6.7.3.2

6.19
20

6.7.3.3

6.1.3.5

av 6.7.3.3

3
H
3 2

v < vc

8.4

6.19

116

6.7.3.4

0.8fcu N/mm2 7.0

N/mm2 6.1.5.7(e)
3 6.1.5.7

6.7.3.5

6.3

6.8

6.8.1

6.8.1.1

6.8.1.2

2.1

6.8.1.3

0.25fcu
jh =

V jh

6.71

bj hc

Vjh
hc
bj

6.20

bc bw bj = bc bw + 0.5hc
bc < bw bj = bw bc + 0.5hc

117

6.8.1.4

6.8.1.5

Ajh =

6.8.1.6

0.5 C j N
0.87 f yh
Ag f cu

V jh*

6.72

Ag

mm2

Cj

Vjh
Vjx
Vjy
V*jh

x
y

N*

Vjh

fyh

V jh
V jx + V jy

Ajv =

*
0.4(hb / hc )V jh
CjN *

hb
fyv

6.8.1.7

6.73

0.87 f yv

9.5.2

118

9.5.2
10 200mm

bc

bc

bw

hc

bj = bw bc + 0.5 hc

(b) : bc < bw

bj = bc bw + 0.5 hc

(a) : bc bw

6.20

hc

119

bw

7.1

7.1.1

7.1.2

7.1.3

7.1.3.1

120


7.1.5

7.1.3.2

7.1.3.3

25%
75%

7.1.4

7.1.5

3.2

3.2

7.2

7.2.1

121


7.1

7.1

123
4

1.
2.

(2)

(1)

0.3 mm

0.2 mm

0.3 mm

0.2 mm

0.2 mm

7.2.2

7.2.3

7.2.3

7.1

122

 0.8fy/Es
7.2.1
=

3acr m
a cmin
1 + 2( cr
)
hx

acr

cmin

7.1

m 7.3.6

7.3.6a

m = 1

bt (h x)(a' x)
3Es As (d x)

7.2

1
a
bt

(7.2)h-x

h-x=h x = 0

hx = 2h

> 0.0006
50% m

123

7.2.4

7.2.4.1

10C

7.2

R 0.7

124

 7.2

7.2.4.2

(R)
0.6 to 0.8
0.1 to 0.2
0.1 to 0.2
0.3 to 0.4
0.1 to 0.2
0.2 to 0.4
0.8 to 1.0

r = 0.8(T1 + T2)R

T1
T2

7.3

7.2

7.1r m

7.3

7.3.1

250

250

125


500

7.3.4

7.3.5

7.3.2

H/500

10
10

0.15 m/s2
0.25 m/s2

7.3.3

6 Hz
5 Hz

126

7.3.4

7.3.4.1

7.3.4.2

7.3
7.3.1

7.3

bw/b 0.3

7
20
26
23

5.5
16
21
18.5

7
20
26
23(2)

1.
2. 23
3.

7.3.4.3

10 m
7.3 7.3
10

7.3.4.4

7.3 7.4

127

 7.4

(fy = 250)

100
150
167

0.50
2.00
2.00
2.00

0.75
2.00
2.00
2.00

1.00
2.00
1.98
1.91

1.50
1.86
1.69
1.63

M/bd2
2.00
1.63
1.49
1.44

(fy = 460)

200
250
300
307

2.00
1.90
1.60
1.56

1.95
1.70
1.44
1.41

1.76
1.55
1.33
1.30

1.51
1.34
1.16
1.14

1.35
1.20
1.06
1.04

3.00
1.36
1.25
1.21

4.00
1.19
1.11
1.08

5.00
1.08
1.01
0.99

6.00
1.01
0.94
0.92

1.14
1.04
0.93
0.91

1.02
0.94
0.85
0.84

0.94
0.87
0.80
0.79

0.88
0.82
0.76
0.76

1.
= 0.55 +

(477 f s )

M
120 0.9 + 2
bd

2.0

2.

fs =

3.

7.3.4.5

2 f y Ast, req
3 Ast, prov

1
b

b 6.1.2.4(b)

fs fy 2/3

7.3 7.4
7.5
7.5
100

A's, prov

bd

0.00
0.15
0.25
0.35
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00

1.00
1.05
1.08
1.10
1.14
1.20
1.25
1.33
1.40
1.45
1.50

1.
=

1+

100 A's, prov 100 A's, prov

1.5
/ 3 +
bd
bd

As,prov

128

7.3.4.6

7.37.4 7.5

0.00075 3

7.3.5

7.3.5.1

7.1.3.3

50%

129

7.3.5.2

1 d 2a
=
rx dx 2

(7.4)

1
rx

a = Kl 2

1
rb

(7.5)

1
rb

7.6 K

130

 7.6 K

7.6 K

K = 0.333

131

5.2.1.2b

7.6 K

70%

7.3.6

ab
a
b
a

()

200 kN/mm2

7.1.5
1/(1 + c) c 3.1.7

1 N/mm2
0.55 N/mm2

132

200
kN/mm2
a
7.1

f
fs
1
= c =
rb xEc (d x )Es

7.6

1
rb

fc
Ec
fs
d
x
Es

(b)
M
1
=
rb Ec I

133

1 N/mm2
0.55 N/mm2

a) ()

1 N/mm2

b)
:
h
x
fc
fs
Es

7.1

12
3
31
2
4

1
= o cs / d
rcs

7.7

rcs

cs

3.1.7 Ks
7.7

7.7

134

7.7

100

100

Ast
bd

A's
bd

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

0.25

0.44

0.31

0.26

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.50

0.56

0.31

0.26

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

0.75

0.64

0.45

0.26

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

1.00

0.70

0.55

0.39

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

1.50

0.80

0.69

0.57

0.45

0.32

0.18

0.17

0.16

0.15

2.00

0.88

0.79

0.69

0.60

0.49

0.39

0.28

0.16

0.15

2.50

0.95

0.87

0.79

0.70

0.62

0.53

0.44

0.35

0.25

3.00

1.00

0.94

0.86

0.79

0.72

0.64

0.57

0.49

0.40

3.50

1.00

1.00

0.93

0.87

0.8

0.74

0.67

0.60

0.52

4.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.93

0.87

0.81

0.75

0.69

0.62

7.2
M

Mp
Mp

Mp Mt

Mp

Mt
Mt
()
Mp
()

Mcr
()

7.2

135

8.1

8.1.1

4.2
8.8
8.1.2

8.1.3

8.1.3

8.1
8.1

8.2

mm

0~1

10

1~2

15

>2

20

40

hagg+5 mm 20 mmhagg

136

8.7
8.3

8.2

4
4

8.2

20 mm

> 20 mm

2 f cu
Fbt

1 + 2
ab

8.1

Fbt

ab
()
ab
8.1 m1.5

137

8.4

8.4.1

8.10

8.4.2

8.4.3
8.4.4

8.4.3

fb

fbFs/lb

8.2

Fs

8.4.4

fbu

fbu = fcu

8.3

fcu
60 N/mm2

fbu

138

 6.3
8.3 m = 1.4
8.3

0.28

0.35

2 :

0.50

0.63

8.4.6

0.65

0.81

6.3

8.4.5

lb

lb fs/4fbu

8.4

fs 0.87fy
8.4
8.4

30
35
40
45
50
60

lb

fy250 N/mm
36
29
33
27
31
25
29
24
28
22
26
20

139

fy460 N/mm
2
37
29
34
27
32
26
30
24
29
23
26
21

29
23
27
21
25
20
23
19
22
18
20
16

8.4.6

8.3
4

p,

9.2.1.7

8.4.6

8.1
8.4.7

8.4.4

4As req/As prov

8.4.8

20 mm 24 +c

8.5

20 mm 25 +c

8.6

8.1

140

8.5

8.2
8.6

6,
60 mm

10,
70 mm

4,
50 mm

8.2

8.6

8.4 8.5 ( 8.3)

8.3
3 mm14 mmFbtd

Fbtd = ltdttd Fwd

8.7

141

Fwd

As fyd 0.5
As fydAs fyd

ltd

ltd1.16(fyd/td)0.5 lt

lt

t
td

tdfctd, 0.05cm/y 3 fcd(fctd, 0.05

)

cm

(-0.18x)

y
x

y0.015 + 0.14 e

x2c /t+ 1

c
fs

8.4.5 Fbtd

8.7
2
3 1.4

12mm

Fbtd = Fwd 16Asfcdt/l

Fwd

t
l

8.8

8.7
t 12mm
l 12mm

t 8.7
1.4

8.7

8.7.1

142


8.7.2

40%
8.4
4 50mm
4 50mm
0.3
2 20 mm

100% 50%

8.4

143

8.7.3

8.7.3.1

15 300 mm
250 mm

8.7.3.2

8.4.5

1.4

8.4 a 75
mm 6 1.4

2.0
8.5 8.5

s = 75mm or 6
=

8.5

144

8.7.3.3

8.4.5 25%

8.5
8.5

30

35

40

45

50

60
1.

fy

fy

460 N/mm

250 N/mm

lo

36

37

29

1.4 x
2.0 x

50
71

52
74

40
57

lo

33

34

27

1.4 x
2.0 x

46
66

48
68

37
53

lo

31

32

25

1.4 x
2.0 x
lo

43
62

45
64

35
49

29

30

23

1.4 x
2.0 x

41
58

42
60

33
46

lo

28

29

22

1.4 x
2.0 x

39
55

40
57

31
44

lo

26

26

20

1.4 x
2.0 x

36
51

37
52

28
40

8.7.4

8.7.4.1

145

 20mm 25%

20mm Ast
As
Ast 1.0As

50% a 10
8.4 U
8.6(a)

8.7.4.2

4 8.6b

a)

b)

8.6
8.8

40 mm 8.4 8.7

7.2.3

1.0m 80%

146

Ash = 0.25Asn1

Asv = 0.25Asn2

As
n1
n2

8.7a n1 = 1n2 = 1 8.7b n1 = 2n2 = 2

8.7
5

147


0.01 Act,ext 0.02 Act,ext

Act,ext 8.7c
8.9

8.9.1

1.7

n = nb 55 mm

8.9

nb

nb 4
nb 3

8.2
n
n

8.9.2

<32mm
32mm
8.8
1.3lblb
8.8
n

148

 8.8
32mm
4 12mm

8.9.3

8.7.3 8.9n

<32mm 2
lo
32mm 2 3
1.3lo 8.9
lo 4

8.9 4
8.10

8.10.1

149

8.10.1.1

8.10

8.10

8.10.1.2

8.11

150

8.11
b

8.6

8.6 8.6

50 mm

8.7 8.12.1.2a

8.10.1.2 a

151

 8.7

8.10.1.2a

48
8.10.1.2a

152

 8.6
(mm)

(m)

19

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

6019

7200

8640

9424

10388

11248

13200

(kN)
296

387

960

1337

1920

2640

3360

4320

5183
(mm)

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

50

55
50

155
70
50

220
100
65
55
50

320
145
90
75
65

445
205
125
95
85

265
165
115
100

350
220
150
120

420
265
185
140

310
220
165

375
270
205

460
330
250

360
275

395
300

330

60
55
55
50

75
70
65
65
60

90
85
80
75
70

110
100
95
90
85

125
115
110
105
100

145
130
125
115
110

165
150
140
135
125

200
170
160
150
145

215
185
175
165
155

240
200
190
180
170

260
215
205
190
180

315
260
225
215
205

55
55
50

70
65
65
60
60

80
80
75
75
70

95
90
85
85
80

105
100
100
95
90

120
115
110
105
105

140
130
125
120
120

150
145
135
130
130

160
155
150
145
140

175
165
160
155
150

195
185
180
170
165

55
55
55
50
50

70
65
65
60
60

80
75
75
70
70

90
85
85
80
80

100
100
95
90
90

115
110
110
105
100

125
120
115
115
110

135
130
125
125
120

145
140
140
135
130

160
155
150
150
145

1. 80%

153

 8.7
(mm)

(m)

19

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

6019

7200

8640

9424

10388

11248

13200

(kN)
296

387

960

1337

1920

2640

3360

4320

5183
(mm)

2
4
6
8
10

110
55
38

140
70
60

350
175
120
90
80

485
245
165
125
100

12
14
16
18
20

700
350
235
175
140

960
480
320
240
195

120

160
140

610
410
305
245

785
525
395
315

940
630
470
375

730
545
440

870
655
525

1 045
785
630

855
685

940
750

815

205
175
160

265
225
195
180

315
270
235
210
200

365
315
275
245
220

435
375
330
290
265

525
450
395
350
315

570
490
430
380
345

625
535
470
420
375

680
585
510
455
410

800
785
600
535
480

240

285
265
260

310
285
280

340
315
300

370
340
320

435
400
370
345
340

240

260

280

300

320

340

22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40

38

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

1.

80%

2.

154

8.10.2

8.10.2.1

8.10.1.1

8.10.2.2 2

8.10.2.2

lt
75%

155

lt =

K t

8.10

f ci

fci

Kt

Kt = 600
0.15 Kt = 400

7 Kt = 240
7 Kt = 360
8.10.3

3.2 3.3

2.3.2.2

6.5

300 N/mm2
2 8.12
arc tan 2/3

8.12

156

8.10.4

8.10.3

50%

8.10.5

0.01

157


9.1

9.2 9.8 9.9

9.9

9.2

9.2.1

9.2.1.1

9.1
9.1

158

 9.1

fy = 250

fy = 460

N/mm

N/mm

(%)

(%)

100As/Ac

0.8

0.45

100As/bwh

0.32

0.18

100As/bwh

0.24

0.13

100As/bwh

0.48

0.26

100As/bwh

0.36

0.20

100As/Ac

0.24

0.13

100Asc/Acc

0.4

0.4

100Asc/Ac

0.2

0.2

100Asc/bhf

0.4

0.4

100Asc/bwh

0.2

0.2

100 Ast/hfl

0.15

0.15

(i)

bw/b < 0.4

bw/b 0.4
(ii)

(iii)

(i)

(ii)

1. 9.9

9.2.1.2

750 mm
(sbb/fy) sb
b 500 mm 500 mm
250 mm 2/3

159

9.2.1.3

4%
40%

9.2.1.4

70 000b / fy 300 mm

(9.1)

47 000/fs 300 mm

(9.2)

fs
fs =

2 f y Ast, req
3 Ast, prov

(9.3)

9.2.1.5

15%
9.2.1.1
As
5.2.1.2a 50%
As 9.1

9.2.1.6

9.2.1.7

160

12

0.87fy

50% As bw

9.1

9.2.1.7

12

12 d/2d
d/2

161

9.2.1.8

30%

9.2.1.9

9.2.1.10

9.5.2.2

9.2.2

9.2

8.5
50%

Asv vrbvsv/0.87fyv

(9.4)

vr 6.2
0.75d
150 mm
sb,max

sb,max= 0.6d(1 + cot)

(9.5)

162

9.2
9.2.3

9.3
90

( 8.2 )

9.3
6.3.5 6.3.9
9.3

9.3.1

9.3.1.1

163

fy = 250 N/mm2 0.24%

fy = 460 N/mm2 0.13%

20%

3h 400 mm,
3.5h 450 mm

2h 250 mm,

3h 400 mm

fy = 250 N/mm2 h 250 mm

fy = 460 N/mm2 h 200 mm

100As/bd 0.3%

9.2.1.4
1% 9.2.1.4
1
b 15%

b 0

9.6.5

9.3.1.2

9.2.1.6

164

9.3.1.3

8.4 9.2.1.7

6.1.2.5 c
1/3 30mm

9.3.1.1

0.15l 45

9.3.1.4

40%

9.3.1.5

6.1.3.3c) (d)

9.3.1.6

9.4

9.4
9.3.2

6.1.3.5
6.1.4.4 6.1.5.7
200 mm

165

9.4

9.4.1

0.25%
10 mm
9.2 9.3

9.4.2

150 mm

9.4.3

1.4

9.5

hcbc4

9.5.1

0.8 %
9.9.2
12 mm
4 6

6%

8%

10%

40%

166

9.5.2

9.5.2.1

6mm
1
/4
5 mm
12

9.5.2.2

135 9.5a
150 mm
135 9.5b

9.5.2.3

8.7
135
25 mm
8.7
135 9.5c

1:12
< 135

135

9.5

167

9.6

9.6.1

4
9.3

9.6.2

0.4%

4%
3 400 mm

9.6.3

2%

y fy=250N/mm2 0.30%
y fy=460N/mm2 0.25%
400mm
6 mm

9.6.4

2%
6 mm
2
16
200mm 90

9.6.5

y fy=250N/mm2 0.30%
y fy=460N/mm2 0.25%

168

 2 m

9.7

9.7.1

45

9.7.2

6.7

8.4 8.5

9.1

9.7.3

169


10 kN/m
9.8

9.8.1

9.8.3

9.8.2

Ast ()

, Ast

9.6

170

Ah (
)

9.8.3

2/3

9.6

9.8.4

9.9

9.9.1

9.9.1.1

9.1 0.3%
2.5%

9.2.1.4

8
500mm

90

171

0.6fy

f y
Atr

s
48 f yt

(9.6)

Atr

s
n
fyt

s
s n
mm2

8 0.95fy

10%

900mm 2/3
e

9.9.1.2

16

172

135 180 8.5

90

9.9.2

9.9.2.1

0.8%
4%
5.2%

2
/3

3.2h 0.8 f cu

(9.7)

fy

9.7
25%
b

1/4 200 mm

173


90

1/4

0.6fy
9.9.1.1(d)

9.9.2.2

0 < N/( Ag fcu) 0.1 1.0

85%
0.1 < N/( Ag fcu) 0.3 1.5

75%
0.3 < N/( Ag fcu) 0.6 2.0
65%

Ag (mm2)
a

6mm
1/4

1/4 6

135
9.7a

174


1/4 6

135 9.5.2 9.5b

c

9.9.2.3

9.5.2

175


10.1

10.2

7m

24mm
24mm

7m

17mm
18mm

23mm

3m
3m

14mm
20mm

5m

2m
3m
7m

8mm
9mm
4mm
11mm
17mm
16mm

1m
3m
7m

8mm
12mm
16mm
9mm

600mm
600mm
600mm

13mm
20mm
12mm

176

 600mm

6m

16mm
22mm
10mm

25mm
19mm

10mm
25mm

15mm
5mm
2mm

40m

26mm
28mm

50mm

50mm

16mm
12mm
12mm
12mm
12mm
12mm
6mm
12mm

50mm

8m
8m 1.5m
15m 2.5m

177

50mm
16mm
18mm
20mm

14mm

8mm

10mm

8mm

12mm

10mm

15mm
10mm

30m
30m

15mm

34mm
20mm
30mm
16mm
16mm
8mm
15mm
6mm
4mm
5mm
10mm
6mm

30m
12m
25mm

25mm

1
15mm

4mm

178

6mm

10.3

10.3.1

10.3.2

10.3.3

10.3.4

10.3.4.1

CS1:1990

CS1:1990

12.1.8.1
10.3.8.2

10.3.4.2

100 mm 150 mm 28

10.1

179

 10.1

10m
10
3m

100m3 100

25m3 25

CS1:1990

28

150 mm
4
10.2

10.2

150 mm

20D

C1
C2
C1 C2

20D

A
B
4

5 MPa
3 MPa
3 MPa
3 MPa
2 MPa
2 MPa

20D
40
10.2 C2

40
5MPa
40 5MPa

180

 10.2 C2 40
5MPa C1

4
3 4
2 3 4

4 10.2 A

10.2 B
4 A

20D
15%

20D
20%

100mm
4
10.3

10.3

100mm

C20

C1
C2
C1 C2

C20

181

A
B
4

7 MPa
2 MPa
5 MPa
2 MPa
3 MPa
2 MPa

 20D
40
10.3 C2

40
5.5MPa
40 5.5MPa

10.3 C2 40
5.5MPa C1

4
3 4
2 3 4

4 10.3 A

10.3 B
4 A

20D
15%

20D
20%

10.3.5

182

10.3.6

10.3.6.1

183

60C
C60
40C 40C

10.3.6.2

10.4
10.4

3
4
4
6

1.

80%

50%

10.3.6.3

184

10.3.7

30C

30C

10.3.8

10.3.8.1

185

10.3.8.2

10N/mm2
2

12

10

14

14

15C

10.3.9

10.3.9.1

186


10mm

10.3.9.2

10.3.9.3

10.3.9.3

C
B B

10.3.9.4

10.3.9.5

187

10.3.9.6

10.3.10

70 mm

2 4

10.3.11

188

10.4

10.4.1

Hong Kong Construction Standard CS2

10.4.2

250
460

10.4.3

5mm

12mm 5mm
12mm 25mm 10mm
25mm 15mm

189

10.4.6

10.4.4

10.4.5

10.4.6

10.4.6.1

10.4.6.2

190

10.4.6.3

10.4.6.4

10.4.6.5

10.4.6.6

5
5

10.5

10.5.1

10.5.2

191

10.5.3.3

10.5.3

10.5.3.1

10.5.3.2

192

10.5.3.3

200C
10.5.4

5mm

300mm

10.5.5

10.5.5.1

193

10.5.5.2

10.5.5.3

10.5.5.4

2%
2% 2mm

194


5 10
15

10.5.5.5

50
15

195

6%

10.5.6

10.5.6.1

10.5.6.2

10.5.7

10.5.6.3

196

10.5.7

10.5.7.1

10.5.7.2

0.5m

197

10.5.7.3

10.5.7.4

b)

198

10.3.4 100mm
28 27N/mm2

10.5.7.5

b)

150mm
1.18mm

20C 5%

0.1%

199

10.5.7.6

0.44 0.40 0.35

30%

0.5 2 4

10.5.7.7

200


11.1

11.2

11.3

11.3

11.3.1

2.1

11.3.2

11.3.3

11.3.4

201

11.4

11.5

11.6

11.7

11.7.1

(QSPSC)

50 m3

11.7.2

11.1

202

 11.1

11.7.3

11.7.4

10.3

203

11.7.5

11.7.5.1

QSPSC
CEN

11.7.5.2

QSPSC

10.5

204

11.7.5.3

10.3
10.5

11.7.6

10.3.4

3.2.1

11.7.7

205

12.1

12.1.1

12.1.2

12.1.3

12.1.4

1
2
3 0.1m 3
4 4.17) 0.2mm

1 2

12.1.5

4 10

206

12.1.6

12.1.7

12.1.7.1

2.3.2

12.1.7.2

12.1.8

12.1.8.1

3.1
C35
C40 25/mm2

12.1.8.2

3.2 3.3

12.2

12.2.1

2.5 2.7
12.3

12.2.2

5.12

207

12.2.3

12.2.3.1

20% 4
12.2.3.2

b
x6.46.56.6
6.1.2.4c

c 1
2

12.2.3.2

4
12.2.3.1 b
10%

12.3

12.3.1

6.1.2.1

12.3.2

6.1.2.1

208

12.3.3

2.3.2 2.3.3

12.2.3
12.3.4

12.3.4.1

12.3.4.2

12.3.4.2 12.3.4.3 12.3.5

3.9 3.10
3.2
12.1.7.2 12.3.3

0.33f cu
0.4fcu
0.25f cu

12.3.4.3

1
2
209

 0.45fcu
0.8 0.36fcu 12.1
12.1 1.7 N/mm2

3/4
10 N/mm2
12.1

C40
C50
C60
2.9
3.2
3.5
2.3
2.6
2.8

C35
--2.1

12.1 1.7 N/mm2

12.1

3 3
12.1.3

12.2 12.3
12.2
12.3
12.2
12.3

1% a b
4.0 N/mm2 c 3.0
N/mm2 0.25fcu

210

 12.2

a)
b)
c)

12.3

mm

C35

C40

C50

0.1

--

4.1

4.8

0.2

--

5.0

5.8

0.1

3.2

4.1

4.8

0.2

3.8

5.0

5.8

0.1

--

5.3

6.3

0.2

--

6.3

7.3

mm
200
400
600
800
1000

1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7

12.3.5

12.3.5.1

0.5fci 0.4 fci

fci

12.3.5.2

12.1.3 :

1 1.0 N/mm2
2 0.45fci
0.36fcifci 12.3.5.1

3 2

211

12.3.6

12.3.6.1

2.2.3.2

12.3.6.2

12.3.6.2

12 12.1
3

2.3 3

12.3.7

12.3.7.1

12.3.7.2

3.8 6.1
m = 1.5

3.11 3.10
12.3.7.3 12.4
12.2

12.3.7

Aps
As

212

b
d
dn
fpb
fpe
Mu
x
12.3.7.3

Aps

Mu

M u = f pb Aps (d d n )

12.1

0.9 dn 0.45x
12.4 f
12.3.7.1
f
0.7 f pu

f pb = f pe +

pb

pb

x 12.212.3 f

f A
700001
1 0.72 pu ps
l
f cu bd
d

f A f
x = 2 pu ps pb d

f cu bd f pu

pb

12.2

12.3

1 =

1 fcu 60 N/mm2 1 0.017 f cu 60 fcu > 60N/mm2

2 =

2.58 fcu 45 N/mm22.78 45 < fcu 70 N/mm2 3.09

70 < fcu 100 N/mm2

12.2 10x l

213

 12.4

f pu Aps
f cubd

12.3.7.4

fpb/0.87fpu

x/d

fpe/fpu

fpe/fpu

0.05

0.6
1.00

0.5
1.00

0.4
1.00

0.6
0.12

0.5
0.12

0.4
0.12

0.10

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.15

0.95

0.92

0.89

0.33

0.32

0.31

0.20

0.87

0.84

0.82

0.41

0.40

0.38

0.25

0.82

0.79

0.76

0.48

0.46

0.45

0.30

0.78

0.75

0.72

0.55

0.53

0.51

0.35

0.75

0.72

0.70

0.62

0.59

0.57

0.40

0.73

0.70

0.66

0.69

0.66

0.62

0.45

0.71

0.68

0.62

0.75

0.72

0.66

0.50

0.70

0.65

0.59

0.82

0.76

0.69

As Asf y/ f pu

12.3.8

12.3.8.1

12.3.8

Asv
bv

TIL

bv
bv 2/3
Aps + As

4.3.8.9

0.6 fpu
fpe
Aps + As fy / fpu

d
dt
fcp
fcpx
fpe

ft

214

fyv
lp
Mo
sv
vc

V, M
Vc
Vco
Vcr
12.3.8.2

460N/mm2

Mo
80%

3.8 As Aps+
AsAps As

12.3.8.4 12.3.8.5
0.8 fcu 7.0 N/mm2 m = 1.25

12.3.8.3

Vc M <
MoM Mo

Vco 12.3.8.4
12.3.8.4 12.3.8.5 Vco Vcr

12.8.8.7 12.3.8.8

12.3.8.4

Vco f t =
0.24 fcu
Vco 0.8 fcpVco
Vco = 0.67bv h f t2 + 0.8 f cp f t

12.4

fcp Vco / bvh 12.5

0.24 fcu
Vco 80 %

215

 12.5

Vco / bvh

fcp

35

40

50

60

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

1.30

1.45

1.60

1.70

1.65

1.80

1.95

2.05

1.90

2.10

2.20

2.35

2.15

2.30

2.50

2.65

10

2.35

2.55

2.70

2.85

12

2.55

2.75

2.95

3.10

14

2.70

2.95

3.15

3.30

2.14
fcpx

2.14
fcpx
f cpx =

x
lp

2 x f cp

lp

12.5

fcp l p
12.10

12.3.8.5

Vcr

fpe
vc bv d + M o V
Vcr = 1 0.55

f
M
pu

12.6

Vcr 0.1bvd fcu

Vcr
d/2

216

12.3.8.6

V Vc

12.3.8.7

V 0.5Vc

2.6.3

V Vc+ VrVr = vr bvdvr 6.2

12.3.8.6

Asv
Vr
=
sv
0.87 f yv d

12.3.8.8

40 N/mm2 )

12.7

V Vc+ Vr
V Vc+ Vr:
Asv
V Vc
=
sv
0.87 f yv d t

12.3.8.9

12.8

8.5

12.3.8.10
0.75dt
4 V 1.8 Vc 0.5dt
dt
12.3.9

6.3

217

12.4

12.4.1

12.3 6.1.2.2 6.1.2.3

12.3.8 V Vc
2.6.3.2

12.4.2

12.5

2.0N/mm2 6.2.1

12.6

0.87fpu

0.87fy

12.7

12.7.1

75%
80%
70% 75%

12.7.2

10.5.5.4

12.8

12.8.1

218

12.8.212.8.312.8.412.8.5 12.8.6

12.8.2

12.8.2.1

12.6 1,000
12.8.2.2

12.6

12.6

12.8.2.2

1
2
1.5
1.2
2.0
1.5

-2.0

1,000
1,000
60%70% 80%
60%
1,000 60%
30%
1,000

12.8.2.3

219

12.8.3

12.8.3.1

3
fcu
3.10

12.8.3.2

12.8.3.3

12.8.4

12.8.5

12.8.5.1

12.8.5.2

3.1.7

12.8.6

220

12.9

12.9.1

12.9.212.9.312.9.4 12.9.5

12.9.2

12.9.3

12.9.3.1

12.9.3.2

x Px

Px = Po e Kx

(12.9)

Po

e
2.718
K

12.9.3.3

12.9.3.3

12.9.3.2 K 33 x 10-4

K 17 x 10-4

221

K 25 x 10-4 K

12.9.4

12.9.4.1

12.9.4.

x Px
Px = Po e

x/rps

(12.10)

Po

rps
e 12.9.3.2

12.9.4.3

12.9.4.3

12.10
=0.55
=0.30
=0.25=0.20
=0.12


0.10 12.9.5

12.9.5

12.9.4.3
10.5.3.1

222

12.10

8.10.2.2

12.11

12.11.1

a
b
c

12.11.2 12.11.3

bc
12.11.2

Fbst, 12.7

ypo / yo

yo
ypo
Po

12.7

ypo / yo

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Fbst / Po

0.23

0.23

0.20

0.17

0.14

0.11

Fbst 0.2 yo 2 yo
200 N/mm2

223

12.11.3

Fbst 12.7

0.87fy

12.12

12.12.1

12.12.2 12.12.7 8.1

12.12.2

12.3.7
0.6 fcu

12.12.3

12.12.3.1
a

4.2.4
12.12.3.1b 12.12.3.1c
12.12.3.1d

4.2.4.3 4.2

4.2
300 kg/m3

4.3

224

12.12.3.1b 1 2.12.3.1c

12.12.3.2
12.12.3.1b

12.12.3.1c 25mm

12.12.3.3

C40

7.2

12.12.3.4
8.10.1.2 (b)
12.12.4

8.10.1

12.12.5

12.3.8.9

12.3.4.1 12.3.7.1

225

12.12.6

12.3.8
12.11

12.10
12.3.8

12.12.7

226


13.1

13.2

13.2 13.5

13.2

W 1.0 1.0

a
b

1.25
1.125

1 5
24

227

13.3

13.4

a
b

13.5

13.2

3 75% 12
85%
1000

228

http://www.info.gov.hk/bd.

ASTM A416:2002
BS 12:1996
BS 410-1:2000
BS 410-2:2000
BS 882:1983
BS 3148:1980
BS 3892: Part 1:1982
BS 3923: Part 1:1986
BS 3923: Part 2:1972
BS 4027:1980
BS 4447:1973

Hong Kong Construction Standard CS1: Testing concrete

Hong Kong Construction Standard CS2: Carbon Steel Bars for the
Reinforcement of Concrete

Standard Specification for steel strand, uncoated seven-wire for prestressed

concrete
Specification for Portland Cement
Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of metal wire
cloth
Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of perforated
metal plate
Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete
Methods of test for water for making concrete (including notes on the
suitability of the water)
Pulverized-fuel ash: Specification for pulverized-fuel ash for use as a
cementitious component in structural concrete (The criterion for water
requirement may not apply)
Methods for ultrasonic examination of welds: Methods for manual
examination of fusion welds in ferritic steels
Methods for ultrasonic examination of welds: Automatic examination of
fusion welded butt joints in ferritic steels
Specification for sulfate-resisting Portland cement

BS 4449:1997

Specification for the performance of prestressing anchorages for posttensioned construction

Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete

BS 4482:1985

Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete

BS 4483:1998

Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete

BS 4486:1980

BS 5075: Part 3:1985

Specification for hot rolled and hot rolled and processed high tensile alloy
steel bars for the prestressing of concrete
Concrete admixtures: Specification for accelerating admixtures, retarding
admixtures and water reducing admixtures
Concrete admixtures: Specification for superplasticizing admixtures

BS 5135:1984

Specification for arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels

BS 5289:1976

Visual inspection of fusion welded joints

BS 5075: Part 1:1982

BS 5896:1980
BS 6072:1981

Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of
concrete
Method for magnetic particle flaw detection

BS 7123:1989

Metal arc welding for steel for concrete reinforcement

BS 7973-1:2001

BS EN 206-1:2000

Spacers and chairs for steel reinforcement and their specification. Product
performance requirements
Spacers and chairs for steel reinforcement and their specification. Fixing
and application of spacers and chairs and tying of reinforcement
Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1. Method of
specifying and guidance for the specifier
Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1. Specification
for constituent materials and concrete
Specification for scheduling, dimensioning, bending and cutting of steel
reinforcement for concrete
Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common
cements
Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity

BS EN 445:1997

Grout for prestressing tendons. Test methods

BS EN 446:1997

Grout for prestressing tendons. Grouting procedures

BS EN 447:1997

Grout for prestressing tendons. Specification for common grout

BS EN 12620 2002

Aggregates for concrete

EN 206

Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity

EN 10080

Steel for the reinforcement of concrete

EN 10138

Prestressing steels

EN ISO 17660

Permitted welding process for reinforcement

BS 7973-2:2001
BS 8500-1:2002
BS 8500-2:2002
BS 8666:2000
BS EN 197-1:2000