HISTORY S.

No Topics Class Sixth: Chapter 2 1 Sangam 2 Tamil Kingdoms 3 4 5 5 6 7 Sagnam Literature Twin tamil epics Numismatics Ceylonese Books Sangam Age Chera Kingdom Description Means an Association. Chera, Chola, Pandya Kingdoms. Popularly called as Muvenders. Local Cheiftains like Kadaiyelu vallalgal. Tholkappiyam, PathuPattu, Ettuthogai. Manimegalai and silappathikaram. Study of Coins. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa help to fix the date of the sangam. (Pali Language). Third Century B.C to Third Century A.D [Madurai]. Titles Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar. Two Lines: 1. Odiyan Cheralathan. 2. Irumporai. Capital: Vanji. Chief Port: Thondi. Flag symbol: Bow and Arrow. Territory: Kerala. Famous King: Cheran Senguttuvan. (Pathitrupattu and Ahananuru). Led an expedition to Himalayas. Brought stone from there to construct temple in memory of Kannagi. His brother is IIlango Adigal (Silapathigaram). Popular kings among Chera: Cheralathan, Kanaikal Irumporai and Peruncheral Irumporai. Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan. Names: Cholanadu, Kaverinadu, Punalnadu, Neernadu, Kaverisoozhnadu, Rich water resources. Kaveri River. Capital: Uraiyur. 2ndcapital (port): Kaveripoompattnam or Puhar (Karikalan). Symbol: Tiger. Territory: Thanjavur and Thiruchirapalli districts. Literature: Porunaruatruppadi and Pattinapalai. Famous King: Karikalan. Encourage agriculture and commerce. Built Kallanai across Kaveri river. Popular Kings: Nalamkilli, Killivalavan, Kopperumcholan. Kochenganan is the last in the line of sangam cholas. Territory: Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram. Titles: Maran, Valuthi, Chezhiyan. Capital: Madurai. Port: Korkai. Famous Kings: Mudhukudumi Peruvazhuthi Palyagasalai. (Sacrifices to celebrate his victories). Bootha Pandian/ Perungoppendu (wife- Poetess). Ariyapadaikadantha Nedunchezhiyan Awarded death sentence

Chola Kingdom

Pandya Kingdom

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Kadaiyelu Vallalgal Tamil Poets Kings Officials Army Revenue Administrative Divisions

to Kovalan. Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhiyan Defeated Chera, Chola and other local chieftains at a place called Thalaialanganam. The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country for another three centuries. Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli. Kabilar, Avvaiyar (Athiyaman Diplomat), Nallathanar and Perunchithiranar. The king was called as Vendan, Ko and Irai. The local chieftains were known as Velirs. Iymperumkuzhu (Committee of the great five) and Enperayam (Council of the great eight). Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants. Land revenue and Custom Duties. One sixth of the total produce was collected as land tax. Tolls were also collected. Mandalam, Nadu, Valanadu and Kuttram. The council of elders looked after the administration of the villages during the Sangam period. These councils were called as Manram, Podiyil, Avai, and Ambalam. Five different natural Landscapes Tinais. 1. Kurinji Hilli region (People Vettuvar and Kuravar). Hunting/Cultivating fruits and vegetables/honey gathering. /Workshipped Muruga/Sheyon. 2. Mullai Forest (People Kovalar or Ayar). Shepherds/Produced ghee, milk, dairy products/ Workshipped Thirmal/Mayon. 3. Marudham Fertile and Cultivable lands.(People Vellalars). Agriculture/Paddy/Sugarcane/Workshipped Indra/Raingod. 4. Neydal Coastal (People Parathavar and Meenavar). Fishing/Sold salt/Sailors/Workshipped varunan/seagod. 5. Palai Desert (People - Maravar or Kalvar). Robbers/Workshipped Kotravai/Kali. Rice / Beatle Leaves. Paddy Main Crop / Millets, Grams and Sugarcane. Weaving, Spinning, Hunting, Fishing, Potter, Carpenter, Blacksmith and Goldsmith. Barter System. Local Markets Angadis / Day Market Nallangadis and Evening Market Allangadi. Muthamizh Iyal, Isai and Natakam. Referred as Yavanas. Arikkamedu near Pondicherry (Centre of trade for Greeks and Romans). Exports: pepper, cardamom, cloves ,ginger sandal paste, flowers, scents, aromatic wood like Ahil, ivory, pearls, corals,

Class Sixth: Chapter 3 17 Social Life

18 19 20 21

Food Agriculture Occupation Trade and commerce

22 Fine Arts Class Sixth: Chapter 4 23 Greeks and Romans 24 Exports and Imports

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Sea Ports

26 Light Houses Class Sixth: Chapter 5 27 Kalabhras

medicinal plants, banana and rice. Imports: sweet wine, gold coins and ornaments, glass, copper and other articles. East Coast: Mamallapuram, Poduke, Puhar, Poraiyaru, Korkai and Kumari. West Coast: Musiri and Tondi. Kalangarai IIangu Sudar. (In tamil). Captured the Tamil country from the Chera, Chola and Pandyan rulers. Third century A.D. to the end of the Sixth century A.D. Buddhism and Jainism begins to spread. Silappathikaram and Manimekalai. Tamil Navalar Charithai, Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam. Sivaka Chintamani and Kundalakesi were composed under Pathinenkilkanakku. Ascendancy of Pandyas and Pallavas. Kandungon Pandya / Simhavishnu Pallava . Ghatikas. [Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma] Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi. Saivism and Vaishnavism start emerging.

28 29 30

Religion Post Twin Epics Literary Sources

31 32

End to Kalabhras

Bhuddists educational institutions 33 Jain Scholars 34 End of Kalabhra rule Class Sixth: Chapter 6 35 Pallava rule 36 Territory 37 Siyuki 38 Tamil Literature 39 Alwars 40 Nayanamars 41 Sanskrit Literature

42 43 44

45 46 47 48

Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam. River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South. Hieun Tsangs(China) travel accounts. Sung by Alwars and Nayanmars. Nalaira Divya Prabandham. Panniru Thirumarais. Periyapuranam by Sekkilar. Avani Sundari Katha by Dandin. Loga vibhagam by Sarva Nandi Importance of simhavishnu. Mahendra Varman I Mathavilasa Prakasanam. Copper Plates Kuram copper plates Parameshwaravarman. Velurpalayam Copper Plates Nandivarman III. Maha and Deepavamsa Relationship between Narasimhavarman I and Manavarman (srilankan king). Pallavas North Indians. Served under Mauryas/ served under satvahanas in Andhra region / Captured thondaimandalam overthrowing Kalabhras. Early Pallavas Pappa Deva and Sivaskandavarman. Coins in prakrit language. Medivial Pallavas Vishnu gopa. Samudra gupta defeated Vishnugopa. Coins in Sanskrit language. Later Pallavas Simhavishnu overthrown Kalabhras. Capital : Kanchi Simhavishnu Defeated and Eliminated the Kalabhras.

49

Mahendravarman I S/o.Simhavishnu 600630A.D

50

Narasimhavarman I S/o Mahendravarman I 630-668 A.D

60

Succession

Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced Saivism(Thirunavukarasar-Appar). Pulakesin II(Chalukya King) defeated Mahendravarman I. (Vice versa at Pullalur). Military Titles: Sathru Mallan, Kalagapriyan. Generosity Titles: Gundbhara. Literature Titles: Chitirakarappuli, Vichitrachitta, Mathavilasa, sangiranajathi. Carved out temples in huge rocks. Rock cut temples or cave temples. Mandagapattu, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam, Pallavaram, Thirukkazhukunram and Tiruchi. Pallava paintings at chittanavasal. Kudumianmalai His interest in music. Vathapikondan Defeated chalukyan king pulikesin II at manimangalam. Commander in chief : Paranjothi. Sent expedition to Ceylon to help manavarman to get back his kingdom. Hieun Tsang visited Pallavas. Buddhist Kadigai. Titles: Mamallan, Sribharan, Srimehan, Srinithi and VadhyaVidyatharan. Monolithic temples, rock-cut mandapas and portrait sculptures at Mamallapuram Mahendravarman II. Parameshwaravarman I Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) and others. Beemavarman line of pallavas ruled kanchi. Nandivarman. Dandivarman. Nirupatangun. Aparajithan. Chola Prince Aditya Killed him. Cholas annexed the thondai mandalam region. Adopted Mauryan system of administration/Modified. North: Nellore district South: River Pennar West: Western Ghats East: Bay of Bengal Old: Mandalam, Kottam, Nadu and Ur Modern: province, district, taluk and village. Autonomous unit/ Prince as the governer of the mandalam. Direct Control. Mandalam was divided in to kottams. 24 kottams. Officials. Council called Nattars take care.

Class Sixth: Chapter 7 61 Pallava administration 62 Territory

63 64 65 66

Administrative units Mandalam Kottam Nadu

67 68 69 70 71

Oor Monarchy Council of Ministers Officials Judiciary

72 73

Army Revenue

74 75

Royal Palace Oor sabha

Sabhas have control. Head King. Succession Eldest Son.Rep of God. Maharaja, Maharajathi Raja and Dharma Rajathiraja. Amatyas. Titles: Uttamaseelan, Brahmarajan and Peraraiyan. Look after different department. Court Dharmasena Head King. Court in town Adikarnas Court in Village Karnas. Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants and Navy. Land tax. 18 Kind. Tax names: Kaanam, Irai, Pattam, and Puchi. Ex: Kusakanam Tax for potters. TariIrai Tax for Weavers. Kumarapandaram managed the royal palace. Members perumakkal. Sabha divided Variyams. Pallavas had laid the foundation for the future expansion of village administration during the Later Cholas. Brahmins, Kshatryas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Besides the four-fold division, there were also other sub castes in the society based on their occupation. Highly respected / Veda recite / Stayed in Agraharams. / Land grants Brahmadeyas. Ruling Class/ Warriors. Agriculture and Trade / Establishing mutts and Choultries./ Public welfare and Progress. Low grade servants/ Pulayar and Chandalas. Property rights were given./ pious and religious/ Chasity /Spinning and weaving. Rice Staple food. Milk / ghee /curd Importance to Sanskrit education. Buddhist kadigai in Kanchipuram was the famous educational centre. Buddhist scholar was also alumanus of Buddhist Kadigai. Paddy and cotton extensively cultivated. Rice exp. to china. Temples denoted to villages. Mahendravarman I Constructed it for irrigation.

Class Sixth: Chapter 8 76 Social Structure

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaishyas Sudras Status of Women Food Education Educational Centre Dharmapala Agriculture Devadana Mamandur tank Chitra Mega Thadakam. Internal Trade Merchants Foreign trade

89 90 91

Barter System Prevalent. Later Pallavas introduced gold and silver coins. Own organization Manigramam. Spices, cotton textiles, precious stones and medicinal plants

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Land Measurement

93 94 95 96 97 98

Paddy and Rice Smallest Unit Milk/Ghee/Oil Gold Measurement Religion Bhakthi movement

99

Saivism

100

Vaishnavisam

were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. The foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas. Lands were measured with the units called Uzhavu, Nivarthanam or Pattiga. The term Hala also refers to a unit of land. Plough was used for measuring the land. Chudunazhi. The other units such as Videl, Vidugu and Uzhakku were also used for measurement. Pidi. Aazhakku, Uzhakku, Uri and Nazhi. Kazhanju and Manjadi. Saivism and Vaishnavism. Bhakthi movement started. Devotion to God. Low caste saints: Nandhanaar, Kaalathi Nayanar, Thiruppaanazhalvar. Devotees of Lord Shiva / Saivaites. 63 Nayanmars. Thevaram : Written by Thirunavukarasar, Thirugnanasambandar and Sundarar. Thiruvasagam : Manickavasagar. Women Saint: Karaikkal Ammaiyar. Sects: Kalamukhas and Pasupathas. Devotees of Lord Vishnu. / Vaishnavaites. 12 Alwars. Alwars Poigai, pei, Boothathalwar and Thirumazhisai alwar. Nanmugan Thiruvanthathi Poigai,Pei and Boothathalwar. Andal Thiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumozhi. Hyms of Alwars Nalaira Divya Prabandham. Patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil. Great Place for learning Sanskrit. Mathavilasa Prakasanam and Bhagavatha Ajikkiyam. Dandin and Bharavi. Perundevanar Bharathavenba Kalladanar Kalladam Nandikalambakam Rule of Nandivarman III. Stone Architecture. Mahendravarman Style./ Vichitra Chitta. Sanctum Sanctorum Walls Beautiful Pictures / Pillars Head of lions. Pallavaram, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam and Thalavanur. Mamalla (Narasimhavarman I) Style of arch. Mamallapuram City of art and architecture. Pancha Pandava Rathas. Open art gallery. Rajasimha Construction of struc.temp. Rajasimha and Nandivarma Style.

Class Sixth: Chapter 9 101 Pallavas 102 Kanchi 103 Mahendravarman I 104 Sanskrit Scholars 105 Tamil

106 107

Architecture Rock cut temples

108

Monolithic Rathas

109

Structural Temples

110

Fine Arts

111

Painting

Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana Hilly Comb)/ Crown of Pallava Architecture./ Rajasimheshwaram. Shore temple at Mamallapuram. Nandivarman II : VaikuntaPerumal temple at Kanchipuram. The Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam music inscriptions show their interest in music. Yaazhi, Mridangam and Murasu were some of the musical instruments of the Pallava period. Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I. Chittanavasal. Mahendravarman I called as Chitirakarapuli. Thatcina Chitram.

Class Sixth: Chapter 10 Pallava and Pandya Rule was contemporary between 6th Century A.D 9th Century A.D 112 Pandiyan Empire Kadungon defeated Kalabhras. Restored pandya rule in tamil region at the end of 6th century. 113 Pandiyan Kings Kadungon 575-600 A.D. Maravarman Avani Sulaimani 600 625 A.D Friend of truth. Chezhiyan Sendan 625 640 A.D - Vanavan. Cave temple at Malaiyidaikkurichi. Maravarman Arikesari 640 670 A.D Parangusan. Koon Pandiyan. Ninraseer Nedumaran.- Nelveli Nedumaran. Thirugnanasambandar Converted him to Saivism. Kochadayan Ranadhira 670 710 A.D Up to 10th century Veerapandiya 946 -966 A.D Killed by Aditya Chola. 114 Temples and Mutts Place of education. Mutts established at Tirunelveli, Seranmadevi, Alagarkoil and Vanamamalai had contributed to the growth of education. 115 Madurai Centre of tamil literature. Tamil Kudal. 116 Pandyas Patronized Saivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism. 117 Saivaite saints Thirugnanasambandar and Manickavasagar. 118 Alwar saints Nammazhwar, Periyazhwar and Andal. 119 Rock cut temples Malaiyadikkurichi, Anaimalai, Thirupparankundram and Tiruchi. 120 Stone temples Each temple consists of a Garbagraha, Ardhamandapa and Mahamandapa. The stone temples of the Pandyas were found at Kovilpatti, Thiruppathur and Madurai. 121 Painting Traces were found at Chittanavasal. Wall paintings Fresco. Class Seventh: Chapter 1 1 Later Chola Kings 850 A.D 1279 A.D (430 Years) 2 A.D / B.C Anno Domini / Before Christ 3 Early Cholas Mahavamsam (BookSource) /Megasthanese (ForeignVisitor)/ Marcopolo(European Travellor) / Al Beruni.(Muslim Historian). 4 Big Temple Brahdeeshwarar temple Thanjavur Inscriptions of Chola Period. 5 Inscriptions Thiruvandhipuram Rajendra III.

Monuments

7 8 9 10 11 12

Coins Sekkilar Ottakoothar Jayamkondan King Vijayalaya Parantaka I (Dev.LordShiva)

13

14

Rajaraja The Great 985 1014 A.D S/o.Parantaka II & Vanavan Mahadevi Mummudi Chozhan Arunmozhi Rajakesari Temples built by Rajaraja.

Rajendra I 1012 1044 A.D GangaiKondan KadaramKondan Mudikondan Panditha Cholan Uthama Cholan 16 Kulothunga Cholan I 1070 1170 A.D Sungam Thavirtha Cholan. Class Seventh: Chapter 2 17 Cholamandalam 18 Administrative Division 19 Heir Apparent

15

Uttaramerur Kudavolai System,Village Administration,Taxation and Land Revenue. Anbil Plates Kanyakumari, Karanthai Plates ,Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates Information of Rajendra Chola. Brahadeeshwarar temple Thanjavur. Gangaikondacholapuram temple. Airavateeshwaravar temple Dharasuram. Kambagareshwarar temple Thirupuvanam. Gold Rarely used, Silver and Copper Coins Plenty. Tiger / Name of the chola king was engraved in coins. Contemporary of Kulothunga II Three ulas, Kulothungan Pillai tamil. Kalingathuparani. Founder of later Chola dynasty. Maduraikondan. Maduraium Ezhlamum Kondan. Pon Veitha Chozhan.(Golden roof to the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.) Kandalur salai Kalamarutharuliya. Defeated Chera at Thiruvananthapuram, and Baskara Ravi the Raja of Kollam. Defeated Pandya King Amarabhujangan. Defeated Mahinda V King of Ceylon Annexed Anuradhapuram and northern part of Ceylon. Conquered Mysore, Kalinga and Maldives Island. Brahadeeshwarar temple. Siva temple in quilon and polanuruva. Buddha shrine at Nagapattinam and anaimangalam village to Buddhist monastery. Appointed his son Rajathiraja to assist him. Rajendra defeated Mahipala I and brought water from Ganges to tanjore. Shifted capital from Tanjore to GangaikondaCholapuram. Jeyasimha II Chlukya King.

Western Chalukya King Vikramadithya. Known to China and Sumatra. Abolished many taxes.

Thanjavur, Part of Trichy, Pudukottai and South Arcot Dist. Central Government Provincial Government Local Government Called Yuvaraja.

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21

Central Government Peruntaram Sirutaram Provincial Government

22 23 24 25

Revenue Nadu Village Variyams Vairaperumakkal

Head King. Council of Ministers and Officials running adm. Of central gov. 9 Provinces.(Mandalams) Viceroy. Mandalams Divided Kottams and Valanadus. Kottam Divided Nadu. Nadu Divided Oor. Land revenue. Nattars. Grama Sabha. Brahmin Settlement was called as Chaturvedi Mangalam. Male Members. Nyayavariyam Justice Thotta variyam Gardens. Dharmavariyam Temples. Erivariyams Tanks. Ponvariyam Finance Gramakaravariyam Commitees. Varnasrama, society was divided into four major divisions namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Valangai Upper caste Idangai Lower Caste During the reign of Rajendra I, two colleges were there at Rajarajachaturvedi Mangalam and Tribhuvanam Queen Sembian Mahadevi and Kundavai were patrons of temples. Textile Industry. Contemporary of chola kings. Nambi andar Nambi Saiva Hymns. Nathamunigal Vaishnava Hymns. Kalladanar, Kambar, Pugalandhi, Ottakoothar, Sekkilar, Avvaiyar, Thirutakkadevar lived during the period of Chola period Kalladam about Lord Shiva Seevagasinthamani to spread Jainism. Kalingathuparani.- Kulothunga I Court Poest Vikrama Chola, Kulotunga-II and Rajaraja-II. Saraswathy Andhadhi. Sadagopar andhadhi, Mummani kovai

Class Seventh: Chapter 3 26 Social Condition 27 Valangai and Idangai(98/98) King Karikala Colleges Queens Kanchipuram Saint Ramanujar Hymns

28 29 30 31 32

Class Seventh: Chapter 4 33 Poets

34 35 36 37 38

Kalladanar Thirutakkadevar Jayamkondan OOtakuthar Kambar Kavichakaravarthi Kukothungan III Pugazhendhi Avvaiyar

39 40

Nalavenba Athichudi and Kondrai vendan.

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Epics Vijayalaya Aditya I Parantaka-I Kulothunga- I Rajaraja-II Temple walls

48 Kalahasti temple 49 Music 50 Dance 51 Koothu Class Seventh: Chapter 5 52 Later Pandya Kings [Madurai/Fish] 53 Sources 54

Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to this period. Built temple at Narttamalai. Subramaniya temple at Kannanur. Thirukattalai temple. Koranganatha temple Srinivasanallur (Trichy District). Sun God temple at Kumbakonam. Airavatheeswarar temple at Dharasuram. Scenes from Ramayanam Mahabharatam, Puranas and lives of the 63 Nayanmars are sculptured in narrative panels on the walls of temples. portraits of Cholamadevi and Kulothunga-III The seven music alphabets sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, da, ni were used Bharathanatyam and Kathakali. Ariyakuthu, Chakki koothu and Santhi koothu. 1190 AD to 1310 AD.

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56 57

58

Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates. Thalavaipuramplates and chinnamanur plates Inscriptions Pudukottai - judicial and revenue administration. Pudukottai - Kulasekara Pandyas policies towards land survey and taxation. Thiruvandipuram - warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya. Srirangam - victories of Pandya kings. Thirunelveli - names and the titles of the Pandya kings. Monuments cave temples found in Tirumalaipuram Tiruparankundram Anaimalai Kundrakudi Kalugumalai. Meenakshi Temple in Madurai. Century Period of 100 Years. Jatavarman Kulasekara He created the Rajagambira Chaturvedi mangalam, consisting I (1190 -1210A.D) of 1030 Brahmadeyas. S/o.Vikaraman Appointed Maravarman SundaraPandya as his crown prince. Rajagambheera Maravarman Sundara A good part of the Vishnu temple at Tiruttangal was built. Pandiyan I 1216 1231 A.D B/o.Jatavarman SundaraPandiyan I Maravarman Sundara Pandya II 1238 1258 A.D

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He made many grants to temples. He defeated the chola king Rajendra-III.

Jatavarman Sundara Thirubhuvana Chakaravarthy Pandiyan I Emmandalamum Kondarulliya pandiya. 1251 - 1258 A.D Ponveida Perumal. 61 Maravarman Kollam Kanda Pandyan Kulasekaran I Morcopolo visited India. 1268 1308 A.D He built the outer wall of Nellaiyapper temple in Tirunelveli. Malik Kafur invaded and carried away as much loote as possible. Class Seventh: Chapter 6 62 Tamil Literature Pandyas organised three Tamil sangams at Madurai namely Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. 63 Nakeerar Chief Tamil Poet. 64 Madurai TamilKoodal. 65 Manickavasagar Thiruvasagam, Thirchilambalakovai. 66 Andal Thiuppavai. 67 Nammalvar Thirupallandu. 68 Sri Kaviraya Thirukkalathinatharula, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula, Rathinagiriula 69 Mayilainathar Commentary on Nanool 70 Parimelazhagar Commentries on Thirukkural. Class Seventh: Chapter 7 71 Harihara and Bukka established Vijaya Nagar empire on the Southern banks of the river Tungabadhra in 1336. Vijaya Nagar was the capital of this empire. Popular ruler: Kumarakampana. 72 Krishna Deva Rayar Krishna Devaraya created Nayakship in Madurai and Tanjore. 1509 -1529 A.D Vijaya Nagar rulers continued till they were defeated by the Nayak System sultans in the battle of Tali Kotta in 1565. Book Amuktamalayada.(1 of 5 Telugu Kaviyas). 73 Sourashtras Came and Settled in Tamilnadu. 74 Food Rice and Millet. 75 Vadagalai and Vaishnavites Gropus. Thengalai 78 Vedhantha Desikar Vadagalai Group. / Sanskrit Vedas 79 Manavala Mahamuni Thengalai Group. / Tamil Prabandhams. 80 Ashtadiggajas Eight Scholars. 81 Ganga Devi Madura Vijayam. 82 Telugu Scholars Allasanipeddanna, Nanditimmanna Tenaliramakrishna. 83 Meykandar SivaGnana Bodham. 84 Velliambala Gnanapuranavilakkam. Thambiran 85 Alagidesikars Sethupuranam. 86 Kachiappassivachariar Kandapuranam. 87 Villiputhurar Translated Vyasas Bharatam in Tamil. 88 Thirumalainathar Chidambarapuranam and Chokkanatharula. 89 Pavananthi Nanool.

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Nallurveerakavirayar Architecture Temples

HarichandraPuranam. Dravidian and Indo-Saracenic architecture Two gopuras of Rameswaram temple and Seshagiri mandapam at Srirangam are the best examples of Vijaya Nagar art. The Nayak rule in Tamilnadu was established by the Vijayanagar emperors. First Nayak of Madurai. Poliga System.( semi military and feudal 5Arrangement)

Class Seventh: Chapter 8 93 Nayak Rule 1529 1739 A.D 94 Vishwanatha Nayak (Nayak or Viceroy) 1529 1564 A.D Dalavoy Ariyanathar

Minister and military general during the period of ViswanathaNayak. 96 Krishnappa Nayak 1594 1572 A.D 97 Veerappa Nayak 1572 1595 A.D 98 Thirumalai Nayak He transferred the capital from Trichy to Madurai. 1623 1659 A.D He freed himself from the control of Vijayanagar souverignity and became an independent ruler. Theppakulam, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, Pudhu mandapam, Raja gopuram were some of his contributions. 99 Rani Mangammal 1689 1706 A.D 100 Vijayaranga Chokkanathar 1706AD. 1732 AD 101 Meenakshi 1732AD. 1739 AD The rule of Nayaks of Madurai was brought to an end by the Nawabs. 102 Kumarakurubarar Kandarkalivenba 103 Ellappanavalar Arunachalapuranam 104 Arunagirinathar Thiruppukazh 105 Gnanaprakasadesikar Kachikkalambakam. 106 Namachivayapulavar Chidambara Venba 107 Rhagunatha Nayak Bharata Sutha and Sangeetha Sudha. 108 Veerapa Nayak Aruppukottai Fort. 109 Nayakara System KrishnaDeva Raya. Class Seventh: Chapter 9 Shahji Bonsle had two popular sons namely Shivaji and Venkaji. Shivaji established a separate Maratha kingdom in the Maharastra region. Venkaji established a Maratha kingdom in Tanjore region of Tamil country. 110 Shivaji Father Shahji Bonsle / Mother Jijabai. Dadaji Kondadev Taught administration. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan. Jagirdar to Chatrapati. Southern Representative Santhaji. 111 Shahji Bonsle Genaral Under Sultan of Bijapur. 112 Venkaji First ruler of Maratha empire in india. 113 Shahji-I 1684AD 1712AD

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Sarfoji I 1712AD1728AD Sarfoji II

Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji

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Sarawati Mahal Sarfoji II Alluri Kuppana Maratha Sculpture

117 118

He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East India Company. / Sivaganga Shivaji was the last ruler of Tanjore Maratha empire. Saraswathi mahal became centre of learning and research Institute. In 1805 Safroji II established a printing press at Tanjore Shahjis Court Poet. Kalidasa of Andhra Desa. Bronze image of Ammani Amma, the wife of Pratapsingh. It is a Portrait figure. It is now in the temple of Tiruvidaimarudur. Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17th Century were called Sethupathis Official Headquarter Ramnad.

Class Seventh: Chapter 9 119 Sethupathis 120

Sadaiakka Thevar Kuttan Sethupathy 121 Sadaikka Thevar II: 1636AD. 1645AD 122 Raghunatha Sethupathi Thirumalai Sethupathi 1645AD. 1670AD Sethupathis loyalty towards the Nayaks was over with thirumalai Nayak. 123 Thayumanavar Lived with the patronage of Raghunatha Sethupathy. 124 Raghunatha Sethupathi II alias Kilavan Sethupathi : 1671AD. 1710AD 125 Baskara Sethupathi was an exceptionally enlightened zamindar. He was an English educated ruler. He honoured Swami Vivekananda who attended the parliament of Religion at Chicago. 126 Zulfikar Khan Genaral of Aurangazeb captured Vellore, Gingee, and Arcot. He became the nawab. 127 Arcot Arcot was the headquarters of nawab. 128 Nawabs Dost Ali, Anwar ud din of Wallaja.(Killed in Ambur battle.) Chanda Sahib, Mohammed Ali. 129 Battle of Adyar Between Nawabs army and French Army. French Won. 130 Amir Mahal Example for Nawab style of architecture. Palace of Arcot Nawab Class Eight: Chapter 1 131 Portuguese First among the Europeans to arrive in india. 132 Vasco-da-gama Portuguese sailor reached Calicut. 1498 133 Blue Water Policy Francisco de almeida (First Governer) wanted Portuguese to be te Masters of Indian Ocean. This policy is known as Blue water Policy. 134 Goa Portuguese Headquarters. Alfonso de Albuquerque(2 Gov) 135 Santhome in Chennai Portuguese Settlement.

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146

Dutch Devanampattnam Nagapattinam East India Company Francis Dey 1639 1640 1654 Fort St.David Danish East India Company Francis Martin Treaty of Ryswick

Dutch traders came from Holland. Dutch setup Factory. Seat of Dutch Government. The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from queen Elizabeth on 31st December 1600 to trade with India. In 1639 Francis Dey obtained the site of Madras from the Governor of Chandragiri. / For rent. Fort St.George was built. Headqarters of English in the east. Madras became the headquarters of all British Possessions in the east. Built in Cuddalore. 1616 / Denmark. / Founded settlement in Nagapattinam. Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur French lost Pondicherry to Dutch. But it was restored by the treaty of Ryswick. Headquarters of French possessions in India. Palayakkars Vijayanagar Rule Vishwanatha Nayak. Pulithevan Nerkattumseval near Thirunelveli. Vir Pandya Kattabomman Panchalangkuruchi. British Collector during the period of Kattabomman. Kattabomman was hanged near Kayathar Fort, close to the town of Tirunelveli, in front of the fellow Palayakkars. Mookiah Palaniappan and Ponnathal. Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu famously called as Marudu Pandiyars. The Marudu brothers were executed in the Fort of Tirupathur in Ramanathapuram District The soldiers in the Vellore fort decided to oppose the dress regulations introduced by the British. / Shave their head and mushtaches/ No religious markings on the forehead / Tuban. Direct Connection of farmers with the Government. The Grand Anicut (Kallanai) is regarded as one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient India Constructed by the British. Sepoy Mutiny against the British. The plantation industries of Indigo, Tea and Coffee were the first to be introduced in India. Clothes made of synthetic fibre were brought to Tamilnadu. / Replace Khadi.

147 Pondicherry Class Eight: Chapter 2 148 Revolt of Palayakkars 1799 149 150 151 Colin Jackson Kayathar Marudu Brothers

152 157

Fort of Thiruppathur

Vellore Mutiny 1806 Colonel Gillespie Class Eight: Chapter 3 158 Ryotwari Settlement Thomas Munro 159 Kallanai The Grand Anaicut 160 Mettur Dam 1934 161 1857 162 India 163 Clothes

Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid. Royapuram near Chennai was the first Railway station constructed by the British 166 Pamban Railway bridge was built between Rameswaram and Mandabam. 167 All India Radio Station All India Radio Station was started by British. AIR - 1936 168 Handicraft British rule in India, the handicraft industries, once the pride and glory of India declined gradually 169 Agriculture Backbone of our economy. 170 Mahalwari System Lord William Bentick 171 Lord Dalhousie Upper and Lower Anaicut / PWD Department. / Tank Restoration Scheme. 172 Lord Cornwallis Permanent Land Revenue System. 173 Tea Plantations Ceylon 174 Rubber Plantations Malaya 175 Mines South Africa Class Eight: Chapter 4 176 Women Poets Avvaiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Mudathamakanniyar lived during the sangam period. 177 Kailasanatha Temple Store House of the Public Documents. 178 Dharmapala Chancellor of Nalanda University belongs to Kanchi. 179 Sekkilar Kundrathur near Chennai. 180 Sasraswati Mahal Lib Estabilished in 1824. 181 Portuguese Started Society of Jesus. / Father Fernandus Punnakayal. 182 Madurai Father Robert de Nobili John de Britto 183 Veeramamunivar Father Constantine Joseph Beschi / Thembavani(author). 184 Loyola College Ignatious Loyola Mission 185 Colleges Madras Christian College at Tambaram, Scott Christian College at Nagarcoil, American College at Madurai St.Joseph College at Tiruchi St.Xavier College at Palayamkottai Womens Chritisan college at Chennai were founded to give education to people. 186 Charles Wood Charles wood dispatch was called as Magna Carta of Education. 187 Madras University The Act of 1857 created the Madras University. 188 Hunter Commission Working of Education. 189 Annamalai University Established in 1929 by Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar. 190 Law college, Chennai Established in 1891. 191 Education Under the Government of India Act of 1935, education was made as a state subject. 192 Library Connemara In 1890 the Governor of Madras Lord Connemara established the Connemara Library.

164 165

1856 Royapuram 1856 Pamban

Class Eight: Chapter 5 193 Newspapers 194 Madras Mahajana Sabha 1884 1885

195

196 197

198 199

INC first Conference V.O.Chidambaram Pillai Kappalotiya Thamizhan Surat Congress 1907 BalaGangadharTilak

The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a significant role in awakening the people Established in 1884. G.Subramaniya Iyer, P.Anandacharlu, Rangaiya Naidu played a significant part in the association to redress the miseries of the people. The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O.Hume in 1885. C.Vijayaraghavachariyar close associate of A.O.Hume, 1 of the member of the committee which Constituted the INC. Bombay W.C.Banerjee Started the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin. In 1908 the mill workers of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin struck work. / Ash Collector. Congress got split into extremists and moderates. Extremists BalaGangadhar Tilak

Swaraj is my Birth Right

Supported by V.O.Chidambarm Pillai and Subramaniyam Siva. Lieutenants of Tilak Vande Mataram. 200 201 202 Vanchi Iyer Dr.AnnieBesant Moderates Ashe was murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by Vanchi Iyer. Home Rule Movement. 1916 / Common Wheel and New India NewsPapers. C.Vijayaraghavachariyar Thiru V.Kalyana Sundaranar Varadharajulu Naidu E.V.Ramasamy Naickear S.Srinivasa Iyangar, Sathyamurthy and K.Kamaraj The period from 1920-47 is called the era of Gandhiji in the history of Indian National Movement People of Tamilnadu were angry with the British Government because of the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh tragedy which occurred in 1919. Rajaji Liertanent of Gandhiji. / Sathyamurthy /EVR Boycotted by Sathyamurthy.(No Indian Member in it). Salt Satyagraha 1930. Dandi Rajaji Vedaranyam. 1932 / Result of the lathi charge, Tirupur Kumaran, a freedom fighter sacrificed his life.

203 204

205 206

207

Gandhian Era 1920-1947 Non Cooperation Movement Nagpur Session 1920 Simon Commission Civil Disobidience movement 1930 Tirupur Kumaran Kodikatha Kumaran

Freedom Fighters from Adikeasava Naicker Tamilnadu Salem Adi Narayana chettiar Guruswamy naidu K.Kamaraj Omandoor Ramasamy Reddiar Baktavatsalam, C.Subramaniyam R.Venkatraman participated in the freedom movement. 209 Quit India Movement K.Kamaraj participated in the movement. Bombay 1942 Leaders like Muthuranga Mudaliar, Baktavatsalam and R.Venkataraman were arrested. 210 Indian Independence 15th August 1947. / Cripps Mission / Mountbatten Plan. Class Eight: Chapter 6 211 Social Evils Sati Poligamy Child marriage Untouchability Female infanticide 212 213 Western Education Varnashrama System Democracy, Equality, and Liberty influenced the people. Caste System. Higher castes ill treated and humilated the backward and depressed class people. Reformers wanted to free them from the miseries British rule in Tamilnadu drained the economy to a great extent. Exported Cotton and Iron to England. 1789 1917

208

214 215 216 217

Economic Condition French Revolution Russian Revolution Ramalinga Adigal 1823-1874

Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam - 1867

Born: Chinnamarudur near Chidambaram. Lived: Mint(Vallalar Nagar) in Madras. God: Supreme grace of light(ArutperumJyothi) Religious Ceremony, Social Divisions No Meaning. Love : Master Key to Spirituality. Realisation: Truth in all religions. Meditations: Form of Prayer. Aim: Religious Unity and Communal Harmony. Vallalar Conduct Prayer. Vadalur Food to everyone. Vallalar showed his love and mercy not only on human beings but also on plants, insects, birds and animals. Opened a non Brahmin hostel in Triplican 1912.

218 219 220 221

Sathyagana Sabha Sathya Dharma Sala Jeeva Karunya Dr.Natesa Mudaliar Chennai Dravida Sangam Justice Party 1917

222

South Indian Liberal Federation.

223 224 225 226 227

1929 1929 1921 Self Respect Movement 1925 E.V.Ramasamy 17th September 1879

228 229

Vaikkam Hero Periyar Devadasi

Came to power in 1920. Subburayalu Reddiar become the Chief Minister for Madras Presidency. 1937 Final blow. Public Service Commission was established. Andhra and Annamalai University was started. Hindu Religious Endowment Act. Non-brahmins were to be appointed as Archagas in the temple. E.V.Ramasamy championed the cause of the Self-Respect Movement Born: Erode. Parents: Venkatta Naicker and Chinna Thayammal. Wife: Nagammai. He left the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the Kancheepuram session on the issue of communal representation. Tamil Weekly: Kudiyarasu English Journal: Revolt 1924 - Vaikkam : - Kerala Tranvacore. EVR worked for the inter-dining by abolishing the Gurukula system at Seranmadevi near Tirunelveli. In the Womens conference held at Madras in the year 1938, EVR was given the title Periyar. Young women were dedicated to temples and were called Temple girls. EVR and Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Opposed this System.Act of 1930 abolished. Devadasi System EVR, Dr. MuthulakshmiReddy,Ramalinga Adigal, G.Subramaniya Iyer, Bharathi, Bharathidasan. Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.(Amended in 1984). Staff Selection Board. 1) University Grants Commission. 2) Secondary Education Commission. 3) Kothari Commission. 4) New Education Policy. 5) National Policy on education. Chairmanship: S.Radhakrishnan. Dr.Radhakrishnans birthday is celebrated as Teachers day on 5th September every year. The Article 45 of the Constitution of India guaranted free and compulsory education for children below the age of 14. Dr.A.Lakshmana Swamy Mudhaliar.

230

Dowry System

231 1924 Class Eight: Chapter 7 232 Various Commission on education

233 234 235 236

UGC 1948 Teachers Day Article 45 Secondary Education Commission 1953

237 238 239 240

Kothari Commission 1964 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Primary Education Tamil Scientists

241

Dr.M.S.Swaminathan

242 243 244 245

Agriculture University Agriculture College Dr.G.D.Naidu Atomic Energy Commission 1948

246 247

ISRO Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam

National Education Commission. Dr.D.S.Kothari 10+2+3 and 3 language formula adopted. Improve the quality of education and to avoid dropouts at the primary level College Medium 1970 Ramanujam (Mathematics) Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics) Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) [Nobel Prize Winners] Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong to Tamilnadu. Agricultural Scientist. ICAR Reorganised. HYVP High Yielding Variety Programme. Coimbatore. Madurai Famous Industrialist of Tamilnadu. Development of Atomic energy. Kalpakkam Near Chennai. Dr.Chidambaram Koodankulam Tirunelveli District. 1972 Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, his Excellency, the President of India father of Agni missile authored a book called wings of fire. Mahendragiri Kanyakumari. Kavalur Vellore Telescope. Big in South east asia.

248 249 250 251 252 253 254

Birla Planetarium Mass Communication Prachar Bharati Television Telegraph Telephone Tidel Park

Chennai Newspaper, radio, television, telephone, etc A unit of Government of India is formulating the policies for information and broadcasting and implementing it. J.L.Baird. Invented by M.Lammond france. Invented by Alexandar Graham Bell in 1876. Attract the investers, complexes such as Tidal parks are opened at Chennai and also at Nanguneri in Trinelvelli district. First Chairman: Jawaharlal Nehru. Manchester of South India. Coimbatore, Ambattur and Ambasamudram. Oldest industries. Paper Mills at Sivaganga, Theni, Thirunelveli, Pugaloor are noteworthy. Ranipet, Thiruvallur, and Tuticorin. Detroit of Tamilnadu.

Class Eight: Chapter 8 255 Planning Commission 256 Coimbatore 257 Textile Industries 258 Cotton Tex.Industries 259 Paper Mills 260 261 Chemical Industries Chennai

262 263

Cottage Industries Small Scale Industries

264

Corporations in Tamilnadu

265 266

Kundah (Hydro) Ennore, (Thermal) Mettur (Hydro) Neyveli (Thermal) Papanasam (Hydro) Pykara (Hydro) and Kalpakkam (Atomic) 267 Internal Trade Goods and services are exchanged within the same political boundaries 268 International Trade Goods and services are exchanged beyond the political boundaries of countries or when it is among different nations of the world. 269 MEPZ Madras Export Processing Zone (MEPZ) is one of the seven export processing zones set up by the Indian Government in Chennai 270 Banks Public Sector Banks, Private Banks and Co-operative Banks. 271 1948 Reserve Bank of India Act. 272 Nationalised Banks All are Public sector Banks. They are 14 in number. 273 Co-operative Banks Most popular is the Tamilnadu State and Apex Co-operative Ltd. 274 Transport Corporations 21 transport corporations named after the important leaders in Tamilnadu were removed and were renamed as Tamilnadu State Transport Corporation. 275 River Basin Cauvery Basin 276 Irrigational Projects Bhavani, Parambikulam-Aliyar, Amaravathi, Krishnagiri, Sathanur, Vaigai, Mettur Class Eight: Chapter 9 277 Social Welfare Board 1954 278 Director of Medical In-charge of planning and execution of all programmes of and Rural Health Medical services in the Districts. 279 Director of public in charge of planning and formulation of various programmes to health prevent diseases in rural and urban areas. 280 World Health Day April 7th .

Industrial Development Power Projects

Cottage industries are mostly traditional, producing traditional products by employing traditional methods. Based on Capital Investment Match box industry, Coir industry, Palm industry, Khadi industry etc SIPCOT - State Industries Promotion Corporation Of Tamilnadu. SIDCO - Small Industrial Development Corporation. TIDCO - Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation TIIC - Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Credit Corporation Second Position Tamilnadu (after Maharashtra).

281 282 283 284 285 286

Rural Areas Maternity Services SC/ST THADCO Tribal Communities Destitutes

Primary Health Centre (PHC) subcentres,mobile Medical units and Mini Health centers The maternity services comprise anti-natal, intra-natal and postnatal care to the mother and infants. Education provided free up to degree standard. Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Development Corporation. Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Irular, Pania and Kattunaicken 3% reservation in the educational and government institutions in the educational and employment opportunities Tamil scholar Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer had contributed immensely for the development of Tamil literature. He gathered the old manuscripts of the Sangam age literatures and preserved them for future generation. Important Tamil Scholar. Kanchi Kalambagam. Murugu, Penin Perumai. Agal Vizhakku Vyasar Virundhu and Chakravarthi Thirumagan Tamil Dictionary Agara Mudali. Vedhanayagam Pillai.- Pradabha Mudaliar Charitram.

Class Eight: Chapter 10 287 Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer Grand Father of Tamil 288 Maraimalai Adigal 289 Poondi Ranganatha Mudaliar 290 Thiru V.KalyanaSundaranar 291 Dr.M.Varadarasanar 292 Rajaji 293 Devaneya Pavanar 294 First Tamil Novel 295 Kalki (alias) Krishnamurti 296 Akilan 297 298 Chandilyan Novelists

Poniyin Selvan
Won the Gnanapeeda Award prize for his novel Chthira Pavai. Chandilyans Kadalpura need special mention. Jayakanthan, T.Janagiraman, N.Parthasarathi, Sujatha, V.Kothainayaki Ammal, Siva Sankari, Indumathi, Lakshmi, Rajam Krishnan are some of the important novelists who concentrated on social themes. Chandrakantha detective novel. Bharathi kindled the people of Tamilnadu through patriotic songs. NamakkalKavignar, Bharathidasan Ramalingam Pillai, Kavimani Desiga Vinayagam Pillai, Bharathidasan wrote poems on the promotion of patriotism and womens liberation. Pudumai Pithans Sabavimochanam, Rajajis Deivanai K.P.Rajagopalans Vidiyuma KalkisThirudan Annadurais Rajapart Rangadurai Pammal Samanda Mudaliar Father of Tamil Drama Prof.Sundaram Pillai Manonmaniyam. Suriya Narayana Sastry Roopavathi C.N.Annadurai Oru Iravu

299 300

J.R.Rangarajan Patriatism

301

Short Stories

302

Drama

303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310

Drama Actors BharataNatyam Kalakshetra Kalaimamani Folkdances Carnatic Music M.S.Subbhulakshmi Bharat Ratna Carnatic Singers

Krishnasamy Pavalar Bombay Mail. Shankaradas Swamigal Translated famous Kalidasa Sanskrit drama. T.K.S.Brothers, Rajamanikam and R.S.Manohar patronised Tamil drama. NatyaShastra Sage Bharatha. / Tamilnadu. Kalakshetra, a private organisation was founded by Ruckmani devi Arundel at Chennai to promote the Bharatha natyam The Tamilnadu Iyal, Issai, Nattaka Mandram is honouring the artists by Kalaimamani awards every year. Karakattam, Mayilattam and Kummi. St.Thiyagarajas, Muthuswami Dikshidar, Shyama Sastri patronised the Carnatic music. Sang kirthanas in United Nations Organisation. Chemmbai Vaidhya Natha Iyer Balamuralikrishna, Semmangudi Sreenivasa Iyer, M.L.VasanthaKumari Maharajapuram Santhanam Grandson of Sri Annamali Chettiyar. Kollangudi karuppayi Pushpavanam Kuppuswamy Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan. First Talking Movie was introduced in Madras. Kalidass A.V.M. and Vijaya Vahini studios at Chennai Pakshiraja company at Coimbatore Modern Theatres at Salem.

311 312

Dr.A.C.Muthiah Folk Music

313 314

1931 Cinema Company

Class Nine: Chapter 1 1 India 2 Topgraphic Map

Sub-Continent Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Coastal Ghats [Eastern and Western Ghats]

3 4

Himalayas Ancient Civilisations

Stone Age

Old Stone age paeliolithic

7 8

New Stone Age Neolithic Metal Age

Hyber and Bholan Pass. Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation Gangetic Valley Civilisation and Sangam Civilisation Stone age man used weapons and articles made of stones Old Stone Age or Palaeotithic Age and New Stone Age or Neolithic Age. Nomadic Civilisation. Hunting / Invented Fire / Man used leaves, barks of trees and skins of animals to cover his body. Learnt art of Agriculture. / Animals where domesticated. / Wheel was Invented. The discovery of metals was another achievement made by

9 10

Sir John Marshall Harappa [3250 -2750 B.C]

man. Metals were used for making weapons Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind Mohanjo - daro . Pre Aryan Period. Discovered in 1921 in Harappa. Situated in bank Ravi, One of the tributes of Sindh.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Harappa Metal Indus Valley People Planned Cities Mohenja-daro Mesapatomia Religious Symbol Life after death

It is now in Pakistan. In this age, a new metal called bronze by mixing tin and copper came to be produced. Had Overseas Contact with Sumeria, Babylonia and Egypt. Mohenja-daro and Harappa were Planned cities. Citadel, Lower Town and Small huts. / Granary and Town hall. Mesopotamian seals were found in Indus cities and the Indus seals were found in Mesopotamia Pipal tree. Pasupathi (Siva) and Mother Goddess. They buried their dead in huge earthen pots along with

19 Indus Scripts Class Nine: Chapter 2 20 Aryans [Khyber Pass] 2000B.C -1500B.C 21 Aryan Civilisation 22 Vedas 23 Literary Works

food and ornaments. Pictographs. Aryans came from Cetral Asia.

Rural Civilisation [ ARI- Foreigner Stranger] Rig [Earliest], Yajur, Sama and Atharvana Veda. Brahmanas, Upanishads, Aranyakas, Puranas, Mahabharata and Ramayana are the other literary sources for this period. 24 Sub -Vedas (1) Ayur Veda (Medicine) (2) Dhanur Veda (War tactics) (3) Gandharva Veda (the art or music) and (4) Shilpa Veda (the art of architecture). The Vedic Age: The Vedic age is divided into two. The Early Vedic period from B.C. 2000 to B.C. 1000 and the Later Vedic period from B.C. 1000 to B.C. 600. We see some differences in the life of the people during these two stages. 25 Food and Drink Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed. 26 Workship Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas were the most common rituals. 27 Mahabharata Veda Vyasa 28 Ramayana Valmiki. 29 Caste Varna or Caste system developed during the later Vedic period. Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. 30 Individual 4 Stages Brahmacharya or student life Graihasta or life of a father and husband. Vanaprasta or life as a hermit and finally Sanyasa or total renunciation of the world 31 Gargi and Maitreyi Gargi was one of the learned persons summoned by king Janaka; the Upanishads refer to the conversation between Maitreyi and her husband Yajnavalkaya. 32 Gods Gods like Prajapathi, Pasupathi, Vishnu and Krishna. 33 Theory The theory of Karma and the theory of incarnation were accepted. / Accepted Moksha. Class Nine: Chapter 3 34 Religious Literature Sanskrit 35 Common People Prakrit and Pali. 36 Jainism [6th Century] Vardamana Mahavira Founder of Jainism. / Rishaba Deva. Born: Kundagrama. 37 Mahavira 24th Thirthankara. 38 Places Kosala, Magadha, Mithila and Champa. 39 Jainism Preaching [Soul] 1. Not Believe in the existence of God.

40

Teachings Triratnas

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Believe Followers Kings Thiruthakka Thevar Pavanandhi Munivar Holy Books Jain temple Jain Monument Jain Art Siddhartha[Buddha]

51

Gaya

52 53

First Sermon Teachings

54 55 56

Books [pali Language] Theory Buddhism

57 58

Kings Asoka

59

Kanishka

60 61

2 Branches Educational Centres

Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or Action Ahimsa, Satyam, Asteya, Tyag, and Brahmacharya. Mahavira accepts theory of Karma. Digambaras[Nudes], Swedambaras [White Dress]/ Prakrit Language. Rulers like Bimbisara, Ajatasatru in North India extended support. Seevaka Chinthamani. Nanool. Angas and Purvas. Dilwara Temple at Mount Abu. Rajasthan. Gomateswara statue at Sravana Belgola near Mysore is another Jain monument Udayagiri, Hathigumpha, Ellora and Girnar Parents: Suddhodana and Mayadevi(died when he was 7). Step Mother: Mahaprajapati Gauthami Wife: Yashodara Son:Rahul. 12 Years under Pipal tree. One fine morning he attained Supreme Knowledge. From that moment he was called Buddha (the enlightened one) or Sakya Muni (Sage of the Sakya Clan). Saranath near Varanasi. Ahimsa. Eight fold Path. Ashta Marga. Thought, Belief, Speech, Action, Efforts, Knowledge, Living, Meditation. Tripitakas. (Three baskets). The three volumes are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abidhamma Pitaka. Buddha accepted the theory of Karma. Attaining Nirvana or enlightment is the basic principle of Buddhism. The successors of Buddha were called Bodhisathvas. Kings of Kosala, Kausambi, Asoka and Kanishka helped the spread of Buddhism Asokas time Buddhist monks and missionaries went to Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia. Asoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sangamitra to Ceylon to spread Buddhism. Kanishkhas missionaries went to Burma, Japan, Tibet and Central Asia through China. China came under the influence of Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism (The Greater Vehicle) and Hinayana Buddhism (The Lesser Vehicle). Many educational centres such as Nalanda, Vallabhi, Kanchi and Vikramasila were famous for Buddhist teaching.

62 63 64

Paintings Jina 6th Century

65 Mahavira 66 Jainism 67 Buddhism 68 Jataka Tales 69 Chaitras 70 Viharas 71 Hemachandra Class Nine: Chapter 4 72 Magadha Rulers 73 Ajatasatru 74 Mahapadmananda -Nandas 75 Dhana Nandha 76 77 78 Alexandar India Ambi

Paintings at Ellora and Ajanta are the gifts of Buddhism. Conquerer. Zoaratrian in Persia Confusius in China. Great hero. Highest : Supreme Knowledge. Or Kaivalya. Nirvana or Enlightment. Previous Births of Buddha./ Buddhist Literature. Prayer Halls Monastries. Jain Historian./Yoga Sastra Bimbisara and Ajatasatru [Jainism] Ajatasatru imprisoned his father Bimbisara. Nandas Captured Power from Magadhas. Last ruler of Nandha. Alexandar invaded india during his rule. Son of Philip of Marcedonia. Died in Babylon near Baghdad. Land of Milk and Honey. Ruler of Taxila made his submission to Alexander. He recognized Alexander as his overlord without waging a war. King of Jhelum.

79 80 81 82

Territories in the northwestern part of India Defeated Selekos Nikator. Graeco Bactrian sculptors to Gandhara for making images of Buddha and Bodhisatvas. 83 Gandhara School of Art Influence by Greeks. 84 Nandhas Atheists Chanakya, a great Brahmin scholar, was the minister of Dhana Nanda. When he was dining in a Dhana sala, Dhana Nanda insulted him. It was a great disgrace for Chanakya. 85 Chandra Gupta Maurya Chandragupta defeated Dhana Nanda with the help of [Jainism] Chanakya. He founded the Mauryan Empire. Educated at Taxila. 86 Buddhist Council Convened by Ajatasatru in Rajahiri. 87 Alexandars Friend Nearchus. Class Nine: Chapter 5 88 Chanakya Arthasastra[Statecraft] / Compared to Machiavalli of Italy. Served for Chandragupta and Bindusara. 89 Indica Greek Author Megasthanese. 90 Visakadatta Mudrarakshasa 91 Jataka Tales Buddha Literature. 92 Mahavamsam and Ceylonese Chronicles.

Porus Treated as a King. Seleukos Nikator Chandra Gupta Maurya Kanishka

93 94 95

Deepavamsam Mauryan Capital Helen Chandragiri

96 97

Bindusara S/o.ChandraGupta Maurya Asoka [Buddhism] Influence of Upa Gupta Monk Dhamma

Pataliputra. Sel.Nickator gave her daughter to Chandragupta in marriage. He came to Sravana Belgola, near Mysore with a Jain monk called Bhadrabahu. The hill in which he lived until his death is called Chandragiri. Sumana: Viceroy of Taxila. Asoka: Viceroy of Ujjain. Defeated Kalinga king Sasanga. Initially workshipped Lord Shiva.

98

99 3rd Buddhist Council 100 Officials 101 Buddhism

Prakrit Word for Dharma. Tolerence, Non-Violence, Love and Compassion. Pataliputra Dharmayukthas and Dharma mahamatras who supervised and encouraged people to lead a pure and moral life.. Son : Mahendra Daughter: Sangamitra.To preach bud. In Srilanka.

102 Saranath Pillar

Pillar at Saranath is a very famous historical monument

103 Sanchi Stupa 104 Ajivika Caves 105 Brahadrata Class Nine: Chapter 6 106 Pushyamitra Sunga Hinduism 107 Cenatral Asia 108 Kanishka Saka Era Buddhism. 109 Ashvaghosa 110 Fourth Buddhist Council

It was built with bricks. Its height is 23 mts and it has 41 mts high entrances on all four sides. Mauryan Art. Last Mauryan King. Founder of Sunga Dynasty. The great Sanskrit Grammarian Patanjali is said to have belonged to his time. Parthians, Saka, and Kushanas came from Central Asia. Peshawar Buddhist Philosopher. Kundalvana in Kashmir. Vasumitra, Nagarjuna and Parsva attended it. Ashwagosha presided over the council Madhyamika Sutra. Mahayana : Sanskrit : Supported by Kanishka / Harsha. Hinayana: Pali Supported by Asoka. Charaka Samhita Susruta Samhita Surgery. Gandhara School of Art. Kanishkas time. Simukha was the founder of Satvahanas. Himayavaramban. Speaks about the Chivalry of the ancient tamils. Founder of Gupta Dynasty. Pataliputra(Capital). Golden Age in the history of India. Fahien. Lichchavi Princess, Kumara Devi, was the first Indian queen featured on a coin. The Allahabad Pillar inscription gives a vivid description about Samudraguptas conquests. Harisena, the court poet of Samudragupta, composed it. He made Ujjain as his second capital. Kalidasa and Amarasimha were famous scholars in his court. Chinese Pilgrim Fa-Hien visited India (A.D. 399 - A.D 414). Arab merchant Sulaiman and a Venetian traveller, Marco Polo have recorded that Chandragupta II was an ideal ruler. The Nine Gems or the nine learned men adorned Chandragupta IIs court.

111 Nagarjuna 112 Buddhism 113 Kanishka 114 Susruta 115 Art 116 Satvahana 117 Cheran Neduncherlathan 118 Purananoru Class Nine: Chapter 7 119 Sri Gupta

120 Chinese Traveller 121 Chandra Gupta (A.D 320 - A.D. 330) Maharajathiraja 122 Samudra Gupta (A.D 330 - A.D 380) S/o.Chandra Gupta I Indian Napolean 123 Chandra Gupta II (A.D 380 - A.D. 415) Vikramaditya

124 Kumara Gupta S/o.Chandra Gupta II

Chief of Nine Gems: Kalidasa Founder of Nalanda University. 5th Century.

125 SandhaGupta 126 Universities 127 Kalidasa Indian Shakespere

128 Eighteen Puranas 129 Dhanvantri 130 Varahamihira 131 Amarasimha 132 VishnuSharma

After Skandagupta, the empire was split into a number of small kingdoms. Universities like Nalanda, Taxila, Ujjain, Saranath and Vikramasila were famous. Classical Works: Kumarasambavam, Megadhootam and Raghuvamsam. Drama: Shakuntalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikrama Oorvasiyam. Written during the Gupta Period. The Famous Physician. The Great Astronomer. / Jyothisasatra. Brihatsamhita Astronomy, Astrology, and Architecture. Lexicographer ( Person who compiles Dictionary). Panchatantra Stroies.

133 Books

Shudraka wrote a play called Mrchhakatika. Vishakhadatta wrote the play Mudrarakshasa 134 Aryabhatta Famous astronomer and Mathematician./Aryabhatiyam. 135 Brahmagupta Brahmagupta explained the theory of gravitation even before Newton and composed Brahma Siddhanta. 136 Metallurgy The technology of metallurgy was well developed under the Guptas. The iron pillar found near Mehrauli in Delhi is a good example. 137 Ajantha and Ellora The world famous wall paintings of Ajanta and Ellora belong to the Gupta period. 138 Toramana and Mihirakula, the two powerful kings had weakened the Gupta Empire. 139 Court Language Sanskrit. 140 Vishnugopa(PallavaRuler) Defeated by samudragupta. Class Nine: Chapter 8 Prabhakara Vardhana was the founder of the Vardhana dynasty. He had two sons, Rajya Vardhana and Harsha Vardhana and a daughter Rajyasree 141 Harsha Harsha shifted his capital from Thaneswar to Kanauj. 142 Prayag Assembly He gave all his personal wealth and belongings in charity during the Prayag Assembly which was held once in five years. 143 Hieun Tsang (14 Years in During Harshas reign, Hiuen Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim, India) visited India. Siyuki My Experiences. He Visited Harsha, Pallava and Chalukya Kingdom. 144 Buddhis Council Kanuj. 145 Darmapala Darmapala served as Vice-Chancellor of this university during Harshas time. He belonged to Kanchipuram in Tamilnadu. 146 Harsha Dramas: Ratnavali , Nagananda, and Priyadashika. 147 Bana(Chief Poet) Harsha Charita, Kadambari. 148 Chalukyas Vatapi 149 Popular Chalukyas Pulikesin I and Pulikesin II 150 Pulikesin II Defeated Mahendravarman I 151 Narasimhavarman I Defeated Pulikesin II. Destroyed Vatapi. 152 Rastrakutas Chalukya dynasty was overthrown by Rashtrakhutas. 153 Chalukyas The Chalukya kings were patrons of art. They had built many grand temples at Aihole and Vatapi now called as Badami. Virupaksha temple. 154 Rastrakutas The term Rastrakutas means designated officers in charge of territorial division. Dandidurga founder of Rastrakutas. 155 Ellora Siva temple of Ellora built by Krishna I. The rock cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta are unique in their own way

156 Kalki 157 Nandi 158 Cholas Class Nine: Chapter 9 159 PrithiviRaj Chauhan

Sivagamiyin Sabhadam. Thiruvilayadal Puranam. Bronze idols. He defeated Muhammad of Ghor in the First Battle of Tarain Mohammed of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain, and put him to death. Big lake near Mahao. The famous Vishnu Temple was built by Yashovarman at Khajuraho. The last ruler of this dynasty was defeated by Qutb-ud-din Aibak. And thus came the end of the Chandela rule in Bundelkhand. Sanskrit College at Dhara. Founder of the University at Vikramasila. The Rajput forts at Jaisalmer and Chittor in Rajasthan are well known. Some of the best Rajput palaces are located at Udaipur and Jaipur The Jagannath temple at Puri, Lingaraja temple at Bhuvaneswar and Sun temple at Konark were built in other parts of India during the Rajput period. The Rajputs used to build Vijaya stamba or victory towers to celebrate their victory in a war. One such example is Chittorgarh Vijaya stampa. Gita Govindam Bhakthi Kavya Uttar rama Charitram. Islam found its way into India through Sind. Mahmud decided to pursue a policy of aggressive warfare against the Hindu rulers of India. He invaded India 17 times. His aim was to plunder the enormous wealth of India. This was the reason why some of his attacks were made on the temples which were the repositories of rich treasure. Attacked Somnath temple. Muhammad of Ghor who was responsible for founding the Muslim power in India. Conqured Meerut, Ajmer and Delhi. Made Delhi as his Capital. Qutb-uddin Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi. He was the founder of the Slave dynasty in India. Destroyed Nalanda University

160 Kirtivarman 161 Yashovarman 162 Chandelas

163 Bhoja 164 Gopala 165 Rajputs

166 Temples duing Rajputs

167 Rajputs Sthamba

168 169 170 171

Jayadeva Bhartruhari Bhavbuti Muhammad-bin-Quasim Arab General 172 Mohammud of Ghazni (A.D. 997-1030) Poet: Firdausi: Shah Nama (Persian epic/Biography) Alberuni. 173 Muhammed of Ghor Genaral: Qutb-din-Aibak as Viceroy. 174 Qutb-din-aibak

175 Bhaktiyar Khilji

Class Nine: Chapter 10 Slave Dynasty

1206-1290 A.D

176 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (A.D. 1206 to A.D. 1210)

177 IILtumish Son-in-Law of Aibak (A.D. 1211 to A.D. 1236)

178 Razia (A.D. 1236 to A.D. 1240) Daughter/o. IIltumish 179 Nasir-ud-din (A.D. 1246 to A.D. 1266) Youngest Son/o.Illtumish 180 Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (A.D. 1266 to A.D. 1286) Father-in-Law/o.Nasir-uddin KHILJI DYNASTY (A.D. 1290 TO A.D. 1320) 181 Jalal-ud-din khilji (A.D. 1290 to A.D. 1296) 182 Ala-ud-din Khilji (A.D. 1296 to A.D. 1316) Genaral: Malik Kafur.

First Sultanate of Delhi. He began the construction of the famous Qutb Minar at Delhi but did not live long to complete it. Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque at Delhi. saved India from the hands of the Mongol invasion. Chengizkhan. [succeeded to the throne in A.D.1211 after defeating Aibaks son Aram] The completion of the structure of famous Qutbminar at Delhi by the Sultan in A.D. 1232 stands as an imperishable testimony to his greatness. Married Altuniya. She and her husband Altuniya could not defeat the nobles. She was captured and put to death in A.D. 1240. Balban soon became his chief advisor and held the position of deputy to the ruler. He made his position strong by getting his daughter married to Nasiruddin. He patronised the famous Persian poet Amir Khusru, who was called Parrot of Hindustan.

Nephew and Son-in-law Ala-ud-Khilji. The ambitious nephew got the Sultan killed and declared himself the Sultan in A.D. 1296. Prohibited Wine Selling and also Wine drinking. Built a city called siri near Delhi. Defeated Ranthombar Raja Bheemsingh / His Wife Padmini Commited Jauhar. Like Sati. Followed by princess of Rajput when her husband is Captured and Killed during war. Malik Kafur to attack Devagiri, Warangal, Mysore and Madurai. Malik Kafur advanced as far as Rameswaram. Amir Khusru the great Persian poet, patronised by Balban, continued to live in Alauddin Khiljis court also.

183 Jauhar 184 Malik kafur 185 Amir Khusru

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (A.D. 1320 TO A.D. 1414) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq: Founder of the Tuglaq Dynasty. 186 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq Doab: Land between two rivers. (A.D. 1325 to A.D. 1351) Changed Capital: Delhi to Devagiri(Daulatabad) Mixture of Opposites Introduced Copper currency.

2 Expeditions Persia,Kumoan Failed. 187 Feroz Tughlaq (A.D. 1351 to A.D. 1388) YoungerBrother/o.Ghias-uddin Tuglaq. THE SAYYID DYNASTY (A.D. 1414 - A.D. 1451) THE LODI DYNASTY (A.D. 1451 - A.D. 1526) 188 Bahlol Lodi 189 Sikandar Lodi S/o.Bahlol Lodi 190 Ibrahim Lodi S/o.Sikandar Lodi 191 Persian Architecture He had built new towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur, Hissar and Firozpur.

Afghan Governer of Punjab. Sikander was the greatest of the Lodi Kings. Babur invaded India in A.D. 1526 and established the Mughal rule over Delhi and Agra which lasted for more than two hundred years. Qutb-Minar, Alai Darwaza, Jahan Panch, Moti-ki-Masjid, the forts of Daulatabad, Ferozshahbad and Golkonda were constructed in this style. Separate department of Slaves. Turkish Chief of Central Asia. Plundered the City of Delhi. Personal Devotion to God. Devotees of Shiva. Devotees of Vishnu. Saints like Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhwa gave their concepts of God and the individual soul. Hindu Saints of bhakthi movement and Muslim saints of sufi movement were very liberal in their outlook. Born in Sriperampudur. Ramananda was the first reformer to preach in Hindi, the main language spoken by the people of the North. Educated in Benaras. Ardent workshippe of Rama. 12 Chief disciples. 1 Barber. 1 Cobbler. 1 Weaver. Kabir (Famous Saint) Padmavati He taught that Allah and Eswar, Ram and Rahim are one and the same. They are present everywhere. The devotees of Kabir were known as Kabir Panthis. Hymns in Marathi Workshipped Vishnu. Some of his verses are added to the Guru Granth Sahib.

192 Feroz Tuglaq 193 Timur Class Nine: Chapter 11 194 Bhakthi 195 Nayanmars 196 Alwars 197 Saints

198 Ramanuja 199 Ramananda Disciple/o.Ramanuja

200 Kabir Disciple/o. Ramananda 201 Namdeva (Waterman Maharashtra)

202 Guru Nanak. (A.D.1469 A.D.1538):

203 Chaitanya (A.D.1485 A.D.1533) 204 Tulsi das Ramacharita Manas 205 Meerabai Rajastani Songs 206 Guru Ramdas 207 Tukaram Maharashtra - Marathi 208 Jnaneshwar Maharashtra 209 Nayanmars and Alwars 210 Basava

211 Sufi

212 Followed 213 Urdu Class Nine: Chapter 12 214 Bahmani Kingdom Al-ud-din Hasan(Founder) Muhammed Shah I Muhammed Shah II Firoz Shah Ahmad Shah Class Nine: Chapter 13 215 Babur (A.D. 1526 - A.D. 1530): Artillery were used for the first time BabursMemoirs or Babur Nama- Autobiography.

Founder of the Sikh Religion. He went to Mecca and Medina. Against Caste System. Adi Granth (Verses of Guru Nanak) Later written in different Script Gurumukhi. Holy book of Sikhs : Granth Sahib. Great Devotee of Lord Krishna. Popularised: Sankirtan. Followers addressed him as Mahaprabhu. Goswamy Tulsidas was devotee of Lord Rama. Hindi Works: Janakimangal, and Parvathi Mangal. She was a Rajaput Princess. Married: Rana of Mewar. Her Bhajans are famous. Chatrapati Shivaji, the great Maratha ruler, was a follower of Ramdas. He composed a large number of verses called Abhangas or devotional songs in praise of Panduranga or Krishna. He workshipped Vishnu. Age 14: He translated Bhagavat gita, in to Marathi Language. The Book is called as Jnaneshwari. In Tamilnadu they spread Bhakthi. Basava lived in Karnataka. He founded the Virasaiva or Lingayat sect. According to Basava, Siva was the supreme God. Basava opposed child marriage and idol worship. Muslim Saints who came originally from Persian and Arabian countries. 2 Groups: Chusti and Suharwarti. Holy Koran. A new language Urdu, a mixture of Persian and Hindi, was developed. Gulburga as Capital. Mahur, Bidar, Narnulla and Golkonda are some of the architectural examples of the Sultans. The Golgumbaz in Bijapur shows the skill of the architecture of Bahmani kingdoms.

First battle of Panipet- 1526 A.D Between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi Babur killed Ibrahim Lodi in the war and captured India.

Book:Turkish Language. 216 Humayun A.D. 1530 - A.D. 1540 S/o.Babur 217 Sher Shah Suri (A.D.1540 A.D.1545): 218 Akbar, the Great (A.D. 1556 - A.D.1605): Age: 14

Humayun tumbled through his life and tumbled out of it.

219 Akbar Rajput Connection

220 Birbal 221 Akbar New Faith

222 Akbar Fazl 223 Salim or Jahangir S/o.Akbar 224 Khurram or Shah Jahan S/o.Jahangir (4 Sons)

Guardian: Bairam Khan. (Dismissed from service). Foster Mother: Maham Anaga looked after the administration.(Petticoat government). Second Battle of Panipet Hemu and Akbar. Akbar killed Hemu and captured Power. He married Jodhbai, the princess of Jaipur (Amber). He appointed some of them in higher positions in administration such as Raja Man Singh and Raja Bhagawan Das. Birbal and Todarmal were the other Hindu officials who held high positions. Akbar evolved a new faith called Din-i-Illahi or Divine Faith. Abolished Jizya and pilgrimage tax. Abul Fazl is the author of Akbar Nama. Ain-i-Akbari is a part of Akbar Nama. Jahangirs eldest son turned against him and put him into jail. Golden Age of the Mughal Period. Taj Mahal built by him. Prince of Builders: Shah Jahan is called as the Prince of Builders. He had built the Red Fort in Delhi. It consisted of the Rang Mahal, Moti Mahal, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-iKhas. It was built of red sand stone. It is considered as one of the largest mosques in India. The Taj Mahal is the most famous building of Shah Jahan. It is located at Agra on the banks of the river Yamuna. Shah Jahan built it in memory of his beloved wife Mum Taj Mahal. Shah Jahan also built Moti Masjid and the Pearl Mosque at Agra and the Tomb of Jahangir The Peacock throne is a golden throne with a Canopy supported by twelve emerald pillars, bearing bore two peacock figures encrusted with Gems. The Government of India is making efforts to get the Kohinoor diamond from England Aurangazeb was the last great Mughal ruler. He ascended the throne after killing his three brothers Dara, Shuja and

225 Jumma Masjid 226 TajMahal

227 Peacock throne and Kohinoor Diamond

228 Aurangazeb (A.D. 1658A.D.1707):

Murad in a fratricidal war. Imosed jizya and pilgrimage tax. 229 Ninth Sikh Guru Teg Bhagadur was murdered by Aurangazeb. 230 Tenth Sikh Guru Guru Govind Singh Khalsa Built Powerful Army. 231 Mansabdari System Akbar Akbar introduced the Mansabdari system, and it was followed by his successors. Mansab means Rank or place 232 Raja todar Mal Revenue Minister under Akbar. Introduced the Zabti System. The Mughal disintegration was complete with the death of Aurangazeb. Thus ended the Mughal rule in India Class Nine: Chapter 14 233 New faith Din I Iillahi by Akbar. 234 Bulandarwaza Buland Darwaza, an imposing gateway at Fatehpur Sikri was built to commemorate Akbars conquest of Gujarat. 235 Humayun Tomb Delhi 236 Akbar Tomb Sikandar 237 Fatehpursikri Akbars office (Diwan-i-Am) 238 Jami Masjid Learning Centre. 239 Akbar Preferred red stones 240 Shahjahn Preferred Marbles. 241 Musician Mian Tansen in Akbars Court. 242 Itimad-ud-daula Buit by Nur jahan. 243 Razamnama Persian Translation of Mahabharata. Class Ten: Chapter 1 1 Morcopolo Venice Merchant 2 Constantinople Modern Istanbul in Turkey. 1453A.D 3 Portuguese Goa, Diu, and Daman 4 Mumbai Can you believe the rent for Mumbai (Bombay) was just 10 (Approximately 500 rupees) per year in those days. ( Pounds, the currency used in England) 5 Fort William Calcutta 6 1857 After the Revolt of 1857, Queen Victoria took over the administration of India. 7 Mahe, Karaikal On the Malabar coast the French got Mahe in 1725 Karaikal, on the coromandal coast, became a French settlement in 1739. Class Ten: Chapter 2 8 Asaf Jah, Nizam-ul-Mulk Founded the State of Hyderabad. 9 First Carnatic War Between England and France. 1746-1748 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, concluded in 1748. As per the treaty, Madras was given back to the English company in exchange of Louisburg in North America to France. 10 The Second Carnatic War In 1755, the Treaty of Pondicherry was signed. (1748 1754) French possessions were given back to the French.

Sunni Muslim

11

The Third Carnatic War (1756 1763)

12

Battle of Plassey 1757

13 14 15

Battle of Buxar 1764 Hyder Ali First Mysore War (1767 1769)

16

Second Mysore War (1780 1784)

17

Third Mysore War (1786 1793)

18 19 20

The Fourth Mysore War 1799 Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 Subsidary Alliance System

21

Supreme Head of British in India

The Third Carnatic War came to an end in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris. According to the terms of the treaty, Pondicherry, Karaikal and other French possessions were returned to the French on condition that they should not fortify them. Siraj-ud-daulah, was Killed. Robert Clive made Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal. The English company got the territory of the 24 Parganas. As a result of his success in Bengal, Robert Clive was appointed as the first Governor of Bengal (1758 1760). When the ruler of Mysore died, he proclaimed himself as the ruler and became the Sultan of Mysore. The war ended by the Treaty of Madras (Chennai) in 1769. Territories conquered during the war were restored to each other. Between English and Hyder Ali The war came to an end with an agreement signed in 1784, called the Treaty of Mangalore. Both the sides agreed to exchange the captured territories and war prisoners. Thus the Second Mysore War came to End. Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) became the Governor General of Bengal in 1786. He was also made Commander-in-Chief of the English army. He fought against Tippu in the Third Mysore war. Tippu signed the Treaty of Srirangapatnam with the English. He had to give half of his kingdom to the English. The English got Malabar, Coorg, Dindugal, and Baramahal (now the Salem and Erode areas). Lord Wellesly and Tippu Sultan. Tipu Sultan died during this war. Lord Wellesley was the Governor-General of Bengal from 1798 1805. 1. The Nizam of Hyderabad was the first to accept the subsidiary alliance system. He handed over the territories of Cuddappah, Bellary, Anantapur and Carnool 2. After the death of Tippu Sultan, his kingdom was handed over to Krishna Raja Wadiar who accepted the scheme 3. The Nawab of Oudh accepted this scheme and surrendered Rohilkhant and Southern districts of Doab region. 4. Peshwa Baji Rao II and many Rajput rulers also entered into this alliance. The Governor of Bengal was also the Governor-General of Bengal and he was the supreme head of the English in

22

Lord William Bentik 1825 1835 A.D

23

Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 Doctrine of Lapse (Creation, Dependents, Independents)

24

Rani Lakshmi Bai

25

Railways (Lord Dalhousie) Lord Dalhousie Public Works Department Posta System Telegraphs

26 27 28 29

India. 1. So he passed a law in 1829. It declared the practice of Sati as a criminal and illegal offence. The law said that anyone who forced a woman to perform Sati would be given capital punishment. (Raja ram Mohan Roy and Devadranath Tagore Supported it.) 2. Abolition of Human Sacrifice and Female Infanticide. 3. Supression of Thugs.(New Department Under Major Sleeman.) 4. Made English as the medium of School Education. Lord Macaulay, the Governor-Generals Law member, was responsible for it. One of the greatest governer- general of India. Sir W.W.Hunter, his biographer sums up his work as Conquest. Consolidate. Development. The Doctrine was considered as a violation of Hindu Law which permitted adoption. In the Great Revolt of 1857 Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi took a dreadful revenge for the loss of her throne. She massacred every European who fell into her hands. Mumbai Thane 1853. Howrah Ranikanj 1854 Madras Arakonam 1856 Father of Indian Railways and Telegraphs. Ganga Canal. Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta and Peshawar. Introduced anna (3 Paise) Postal System.

The telegraph system was also introduced. From 1853 to 1856, nearly 4000 miles (6400 k.m.) of telegraphic lines connecting , (Calcutta) Kolkata with Peshawar, (Bombay) Mumbai and (Madras) Chennai was installed. The military value of this was realized during the revolt of 1857. 30 Education The Department of Public Instruction (DPI) was opened in Sir Charles woods Despatch each province. He took steps to establish universities at of 1854 Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. Dalhousie introduced the grants-in-aid scheme to help the private institutions. These reform measures of Dalhousie led to the modernization of India.

Class Ten: Chapter 3 31 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru 32 Early revolts against the British Rule (1765 1856) Sepoy Mutiny: Vellore 1806 Barrackpore Mutiny: 1824
33

The First War of Indian Independence or The Great Revolt of 1857 Political Causes

34

Wrote Discovery of India. Palayakkars (Poligar) resisted the extension of the British authority in their area. Maruthu Brothers Veera Pandya Katta Bomman Pulithevan and Veluthambi. The Indian soldiers in the East India Companys army rebelled against the British in 1857. Lord Canning was the Governor-General of India at that time. Annexation policy of British was one of the major causes. The annexation of Oudh and deposition of its ruler Wazid Ali Shah, made Oudh the most prominent centre of the revolt. Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son. The Indians could not travel in first class train compartments. The conservative section of the Indians were alarmed by the rapid spread of Western culture and English education in India. Christian converts offended the Indian orthodox sentiments. R.D. Mangles, a member of the British Parliament, declared openly that Every British must try his utmost to convert every Indian to Christianity and the banner of Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to the other. They were prohibited from their traditional religious practices like wearing a saffron mark on their forehead, growing beard and wearing turbans. Lord Cannings Government passed in 1856, The General Services Enlistment Act. It compelled the Indian Sepoys to serve abroad, if there was need. They had to cross the seas. It made them angry against the British. They thought that this would offend their religious tradition because the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is detestable to the Muslims. A young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment, refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He was arrested, tried and executed. When this news spread many sepoys started the revolt. Lack of Unity. Lack of Modern Weapons and techniques.

35

Racial Arrogance

36

R.D.Mangles

37

Military Causes

38

Mangal Pandey, Barrackpore 29 March 1857

39

Failure of Revolt

40

Act of 1858 and Queen Victorias Proclamation Magna Carta 41 Governer Genaral Class Ten: Chapter 4 42 Foreign Scholars 43 Brahmasamaj 1828

Leadership. In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act. It put an end to the rule of the East India Company. The British Crown took over the administration. Viceroy. Representative of British Crown. Max Mueller and William Jones. Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy Akbar II Sent him to England. The Brahmo Samaj was an assembly of all those who believed in a universal religion based on the principle of one Supreme God. The Brahmo Samaj condemned caste, untouchability, the practice of Sati and image worship. The Brahmo Samaj also opposed child marriage and polygamy. It supported widow remarriage. Efforts of one of the leaders of Brahmo Samaj, an Act was passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and childmarriage

44

Keshab Chandra Sen

45

Devendranath Tagore

After Raja Ram Mohan Roy the work of the samaj was carried out by Keshab and Tagore.

46

Arya Samaj 1875

Suddhi Movement Reconversion.

47

Theosophical Society 1875 Knowledge of God Brahma Gyan.

Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj. Born : Gujarat. Disciple/o: Swami Vrajananda. Work:Propagation of Vedas. Motto:Go Back to the Vedas. Opposed: Idol Workship, Animal Sacrifice, the idea of Heaven and Hell and the concept of fatalism. Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) Schools and Colleges provide modern education in humanities and sciences. Followers: Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru Dutt. Bala Gangadhara Tilak and Gopala Krishna Gokale. Theos and Sopos: Theos God and Sopos Wisdom. Greek Words. Madame Blavatsky and H.S.Olcott in USA. Shifted Headquarters to Adyar in Chennai. Mrs. Annie Besant is the famous Member.

48

Mrs. Annie Besant

49

Ramakrishna Mission 1897

Central College at Benaras. Merged with University of Benaras later. New India Spread Theosophical Ideas. Rama Krishna Paramahamsa. He was a priest in a temple of Kali at Dakshineswar near Kolkata. He had deep faith in the basic truth of all religions. He preached the unity of all religions. His parables are very simple and famous. Disciple: Swami Vivekananda. Narendra Nath.

50

Service to Man means Service to God. Swami Vivekananda

He participated in the World Religious Congregation held at Chicago in the United States of America in 1893.

Brothers and Sisters of this universe.

Missions Motto: Service to Humanity.

51

Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement

In 1864 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started a school at Ghazipur. It was later called as the Scientific Society. Mohammeden Anglo Oriental College (MAO) at Aligarh in 1875. It later developed to Aligarh Muslim University. Magazine: Tahzil-ud-Akhlaq (Reform of Morals).

52 53 54

Dadabai Naoroji and Naoroji Furduni Khalsa College Sikh

For the progress of women and the spread of modern education they, together, started a journal Rast Goftar. Amristar. Both Shiromany Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee and the Akali Dal party aimed at handing over the control of the Gurudwaras to the representative of the Sikh community.

Class Ten: Chapter 5 After the Great Revolt of 1857 the administration of India passed from the hands of the Company to the British Crown in 1858. The Crown, acting through the Secretary of State for India, directly assumed the Indian administration. A 15 member India Council was set up at London to assist the Secretary of State, who controlled the administration of India. 55 Governor Genaral or Viceroy Answerable to Secretary of State. 56 India Council Act 1861 The British Parliament passed the Indian Councils Act in 1861. It increased the number of members of the GovernorGenerals Council to 12. The Governor-General could nominate these members. Among the members some were Indians.

57 58

1870 Lord Lytton (1876 1880)

59 60 61

1878 1878 Lord Ripon (1880 1884) Father of Local Self Government

62

Local Self Government

63

IIlbert Bill 1883

64

Lord Curzon (1899 1905)

Telegraph line laid between India and England. Indians became dissatisfied of his measures. To prevent Russian expansion, Lord Lytton decided to have a complete control over Afghanistan. Vernacular Press Act Indian Arms Act Factory Act 1881 Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act 1881 Census of India 1881 Education Commission 1882 Punjab University. His Government passed a series of Acts in 1883 1884 for the establishment of Local Self Government in India. According to them District and Taluk Boards were set up throughout the country. According to it Indian magistrates were to be given the right to try the British accused. It made the Indian judges equal in power to the European judges. Famine Commission and allocated a large sum of money for relief work. Agricultural Research Institute was started at Pusa in Bengal. Imperial Cadet Corps was founded to train young men for military service. Department of Archaeology and Epigraphy was established in 1904. Lord Curzons decision to partition Bengal in 1905 was the greatest blow to the national aspirations of Indians. Dayananda Saraswathi was the first Indian who used the word Swaraj. The Social Reformer, the Times of India, the Madras Mail, the Statesman, the Hindu, the Amrit Bazaar Patrika, the Kesari, the Maratha, the Tribune, the Bombay Samachar and Rast Goftar were quite popular. Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, was mainly instrumental in the formation of the Congress. The first session of the Congress was held at Mumbai. W.C. Bannerjee. Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabai Naoroji Pheroze Shah Metha Gopalakrishna Gokhale and M.G. Ranade Bala Gangadhara Tilak (Bal) Newspaper - Kesari Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal)

65 66 67

Partition of Bengal 1905 Divide and Rule Swaraj NewsPapers

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The Indian National Congress 1885

69

Moderates Political Mendicancy

70

Extremists

71

Swadeshi Movement Slogan - VandeMataram Vande Mataram V.O.C

72 73

74 75 76

Formation of the Muslim League 1906 Surat Split 1907 Minto Morley Reforms 1909 Minto Viceroy Morley Secretary of State Lucknow Session in 1916 Nehru met Gandhiji.

Bibin Chandra Pal (Pal) - NewIndia Arabindo Ghosh. Bandemataram. Instead of dividing the people, the partition of Bengal united them. It paved the way for the birth of the Swadeshi Movement, an economic boycott. A great regard to the Mother country V.O. Chidambaram Pillai of Tuticorin, popularly known as V.O.C., established the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company for carrying trade between India and Ceylon. The Muslim League was set up under the leadership of Salimullah Khan, the Nawab of Dacca, in 1906. The Congress became divided and the Extremists left the Congress. This is known as the Surat Split. Minto, the Viceroy and Morley, the Secretary of State for India jointly proposed reforms to the Indian Councils. The policy of Divide and Rule made the Moderates indifferent towards the Government and paved the way for their re-union with the Extremists at the Lucknow Session in 1916. the Congress and the Muslim League signed a pact agreeing to Co-operate with each other in order to achieve selfgovernment The British Government wanted India to participate in the war on behalf of Britain. Bala Gangadhar Tilak formed the Home Rule Movement. Mrs. Annie Besant started it in Chennai. Self Government for Indians. Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das Supported this movement. Annie Besants NewIndia banned. August Declaration 1917. By this Act separate electorates were given to three other communities Christians, Anglo Indians and the Sikhs. It introduced Dyarchy in the Province.

77

78 79

The First World War 1914 1918 Home Rule Movement 1916

80

Montague Chelmsford Reforms Act, 1919 Montague Secretary of State. Chelmsford Viceroy Class Ten: Chapter 6 81 Gandhiji 82 Rowlatt Act 1919
83

Jallianwalabagh Massacre, 13 April 1919 Khilafat Movement Protest - Injustice done to

84

He used the weapons of Satyagraha and Non-violence. The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. It empowered the British Government to arrest anyone without a warrant General Dyer - About 500 persons were killed and 1200 people wounded. This incident is called as the Jallianwalabagh massacre or Punjab Tragedy The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in India. The Congress supported

this movement. Gandhi thought that it was an opportunity for uniting the Hindus and the Muslims. The Khilafat movement brought the Muslim League and the Indian Muhammad Ali National Congress closer. 85 The Non-Co-operation 1. Retuning Titles and Honours. Movement 1920 2. Hartals and Demonstrations. 3. Non Payment of Taxes. 86 The Chauri Chaura Incident In Uttar Pradesh the peasants set fire to the police station in 1922 response to wanton police firing. About 22 police men were killed in that incident. This is known as the Chauri Chaura incident. Therefore he suspended the Non-Co-operation Movement immediately. The British Government arrested Gandhiji. He was imprisoned for six years. 87 The Swaraj Party 1923 Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das, formed the Swaraj Party in 1925 Alipore Prison. 88 The Simon Commission People boycotted this Commission when it came to 1927 India with the slogan Simon Go back. 89 Lala Lajapat Roy Lala Lajapat Roy, the Lion of Punjab, who led a Lion of Punjab demonstration against the Simon Commission at Lahore, died out of police lathi charge. His death was avenged by Bhagat Singh. 90 The Lahore Congress 1929 It passed a resolution demanding Complete Independence President:Jawaharlal Nehru or Purna Swaraj from the British. Another resolution was also passed. According to it Civil Dis-obedience Movement was launched against the British. th 91 The Congress tri-colour flag was hoisted on 26 January 26 January 1930 1930. The people took pledge to fight for achieving 26th January 1950 complete independence. It became a red letter day for the Congress. To make this day memorable in our history, the Indian Constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1950. This day is now celebrated as the Republic Day. 92 The Salt Satyagraha of 1930 Against Salt Tax. or The Civil Disobedience He undertook the historic march to Dandi in Gujarat on Movement (VandeMataram) 1930. 93 South India Rajagopalachariar, Trichy Vedaranyam. Kelappan, Calicut Paiyanur. 94 North western frontier Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan.[Frontier Gandhi] 95 The First Round Table London. No Congress leaders Participation. Conference 1930 96 The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931 According to it Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement. He also agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference. 97 The Second Round Table No concrete outcome from the Conference. Conference 1931 98 The Third Round Table Failure. No Congress leaders Participation. Conference 1932

Turkey by British

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The Communal Award and Poona Pact of 1932

Ramsay Mac Donald announced a scheme called Communal Award. Separate electorates for Depressed and Minority Classes. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar accepted it. Gandhi rejected this. Poona Pact: Between Gandhi and Ambedkar. Instead, it was accepted for the increase of the number of reserved seats for the depressed and weaker classes in the legislature. (1) Introduced provincial autonomy, (2) Abolished dyarchy in the provinces (3) Established federal Government at the Centre (4) Provided for the establishment of a federal court to decide the conflicts between the provinces and the centre and (5) Provided for the establishment of a Federal Reserve Bank. Congress accepted Indias Participation subject to the condition that India would be given freedom at the end of the war. Muhammed Ali Jinnah put forth the Two Nation Theory in 1940. He demanded a separate nation Pakistan for the Muslims. The British Viceroy Linlithgow was responsible for involving Indians in the Second World War. Dominion Status after the war was Promised. Congress rejected this offer. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Forward Bloc Party. Presidentship of the Indian independence League was handed over to Subash by Rash Behari Bose. A womens regiment named after the Rani of Jhansi was organized under the captaincy of Lakshmi from Tamilnadu. The Indians should render their help to the British in their war efforts forgetting their hatred towards them. Mahatma Gandhi rejected the assurance as a post-dated cheque on a failing bank. The Cripps Mission ended in failure. He openly declared that there could be no friendly understanding and cooperation between India and Britain. Gandhijis memorable speech. I am not going to be satisfied with anything short of complete freedom. We shall do or die. We shall either free India or die in the attempt. It was indeed a clarion call for unarmed revolt

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The Government of India Act 1935 (Based on Simon Commission and 3 round table conferences)

101

Second World War

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Jinnahs Two Nation Theory 1940 The August offer 1940

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The Indian National Army 1942 Jai Hind Delhi Chalo

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The Cripps Mission 1942

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The Quit India Movement, 1942 Bombay Resolution was passed.

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Gandhiji Second World War end 1945 The Cabinet Mission, 1946 The Mount Batten Plan 1947

on a mass scale. Magazine Harijan. Labour Party Came to Power in England. Attlee was the leader.
Pethick Lawrence, the British Indian Minister, A.V. Alexander, the President of Commercial Committee and Sir Straford Cripps visited India

In 1947 Lord Mount Batten became the GovernorGeneral of India. He was the last British GovernorGeneral. According to his plan India had to be divided into two independent countries namely the Indian Union and the Pakistan Union. India became free on 15 August 1947. Tricolour Indian flag was hoisted in the place of British Union Jack on the Historic Red Fort at Delhi. Lord Mount Batten became the first GovernorGeneral of free India and Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister. Later C. Rajagopalachariar became the first and last Indian Governor-General of India. When India became a Republic on 26 January 1950 Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of our country. 111 Integration of Princely States There were 565 states in india. About 562 princely States were merged with the Indian union. some states like Kashmir (Harisingh) , Hyderabad and Junagath were reluctant to join. 112 French Possessions 1954 With the consent of the French Government, Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yenam and Chandranagore became the parts of the Indian Union in 1954. 113 Portuguese Possessions 1962 Goa, Diu and Daman were the Portuguese settlements in India. Class Ten: Chapter 7 114 Bhoodan Movement 1951 Acharya Vinoba Bhave. It wanted the re-distribution of excess lands from the landlords among the landless poor. 115 Sarvodaya Movement Acharya Vinoba Bhave. Promotion of Cottage Industries and Khadi movement. 116 Marriage Act 1954 This Act made inter-caste and interreligious marriages legal. It fixed the marriage age of boys 21 years and girls 18 years. Child marriage is punishable. 117 Hindu Marriage Act 1956 This Act made monogamy legal. It outlaws polygamy among all Hindus. It confers equal rights of divorce on both men and women. 118 Hindu Succession Act 1956 This Act gave equal right to a daughter and her children to succeed equally with the son and his children to all the property of either parent. 119 Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 This Act protects women against dowry exploitations. (Amended in 1984) Dowry demand is severely punished. 120 Maternity Benefits Act 1961

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Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 National Commission for National Commission for Woment was set up on 1922. women 1990(Act) 124 International Womens year U.N.O declared 1978 as International Womens Day. 125 Indian Factories Act 1948 Prohibits employment of a boy or girl below 14 years in factories. 126 Plantation Labour Act 1951 Bans the employment of children below 12 years in coffee and rubber plantations. 127 Mines Act 1952 Restricts the employment of persons below 15 years in mines. 128 Childrens Act 1960 Children Welfare Boards have set up in all states. 129 Female Infanticide Act 1961 Prevent the killing of female children. 130 Untouchability offences Act Awards punishment to those who practise untouchability. 1955 131 Scheduled Caste and Provides severe punishment against atrocities to the S.C. Scheduled Tribe (Prevention and S.Ts. of Atrocities) Act, 1989 132 National Commission for Provided for the set up of National and State Minorities Minorities Act, 1992 Commissions. These measures have instilled a sense of security among the minority people in the country. 133 Disabilities Act 1955 To take care of rehabilitating the disabled people. 134 Artificial Limb Kanpur in 1976. Manufacturing Corporation of India 135 National Handicapped 1977 Finance and Development Corporation 136 Unversity Education Dr.S.RadhaKrishnan. Commission 1948 New Education Policy 1953 Dr. Lakshmana Swamy Mudaliar. 137 Kothari Commisssion or Its report of 1966 wanted to make the educational structure National Education uniform in India. It gave importance to vocational, Commission. 1964 technical, engineering, agricultural and science education. 138 Woment Reservation of Jobs 30% in Tamilnadu Class Ten: Chapter 8 139 Planning commission, March Jawaharlal Nehru becomes the first chairman of the 1950 Planning commission. 1.Draw Five Years Plans 2. Assess the material capital and human resources 3. Determine the areas of resource allocation 4. Appraise the economic progress of the country 5. Advise the Government on economic policies and Programmes.

140

National Development Council. 1952 Objectives of Planning.

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Nehru Government

143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

Eleventh Planning Commission First Five Year Plan (Rs. 2400 Cr.) Damodar Project Hirakud Dam Bhakra Nangal Dam Tungabhadra Dam Chambal Mayurakshi Nagarjuna Sagar Second Five Year Plan

To strengthen the planned economic development of the country. There is the involvement of the States in this body. 1.Increasing the National Income and the Per Capita income of the people 2. Raising the standard of living of the people 3.Reducing poverty and unemployment 4. Providing equal opportunities to all. Mixed Economy. It means the co-existence of both the government owned (Public Sector) and private owned (Private Sector) industries. 2007-2012 1951 1956 Importance: Agriculture. West Bengal and Bihar. Worlds longest dam across Mahanadhi river in Orissa. Across river Sutlej. [Indias Multi purpose Project]. Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh. 1956 1961 Heavy Industries. Four Steel Plants Bhilai, Bokaro, Durgapur and Rourkela came into existence. Add. Plants Salem, Badravati and Vishakapatinam. Kyon and Korba. Khetri, Agnikundla, Rakha and Malanjhand. Udaipur and Dhanbad. 1961 1966 Agriculture and Industry. Green Revolution (Agriculture Progress). India attained Food self sufficiency due to green revolution. 1966 1969 1974 1979 Agriculture 5% growth per annum. Industries 9% Industrial growh. Garibi Hatao (Remove Poverty). Growh for Social Justice. Ideal. 1973, 1978 and 1980. 1970. Enabled India to become Worlds number one milk producer in 1997.

153 154 155 156

Aluminium Plants Copper Mining Zinc Smelters Third Five Year Plan

157 158

Annual Plans Fourth Five Year Plan

159 160

Industry Policy Resolutions Operation Flood Programme

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Sixth Five Year Plan Seventh Five Year Plan Eigth Five Year Plan Ninth Five Year Plan (Rs. 8, 59,000 Cr.) 163 Tenth Five Year Plan 2002 2007 164 Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007 2012 They aimed at the development of agriculture, industry, human resources, physical and social infrastructure, employment generation, increase of national income, and removal of poverty. 165 Thatchar Era 1976 1989 Privatisation The policy of privatizing the state-owned industries emerged in the 1980s. 166 Liberalisation This process began in India after 1991. Private sector is allowed to start steel, air transport, shipping, heavy machinery and even defence industries. Similarly there has also been the relaxation of all rules and regulations with regard to license, permissions to import and export, price control and marketing. This process is called as liberalization. 167 Disinvestment Disinvestment has become the next step in liberalization 168 New Industrial Policy The New Industrial Policy, announced in 1991, has made Strategic and High-Tech Industries and Infrastructure as the Government investment areas. 169 Globalisation World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 1 January 1995. Head Quarters: Geneva. The member countries of WTO have to enter into liberal bilateral trade agreements. They must allow free flow of goods, capital, technology and labour. They have to relax trade restrictions in their countries. They have to remove the limits on import and export quotas. At the same time they have to accept WTO conditions. The WTO sets the global norms of trade which the member countries have to accept and follow. This is called as the Globalisation process. India is a member of the WTO. 170 Scientific and Technological Prior to independence India produced scientists like Developments after J.C.Bose, C.V.Raman and S.Ramanujan. Independence 171 Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru was a great believer in science and technology. He considered them as effective tools to bring rapid socio-economic changes in India. Therefore his Government promoted research in science and technology. 172 Science Policy Resolution 1958

Poultary Development gained the fifth status in the world in egg production. Balanced regional development. 1980-1985 1985 1990 1992 1997 1997 2002

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Organisations

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Atomic Energy Commission

175 176

Bhabha Research Centre Tarapur

177 178 179

Nuclear Explosions Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1942 ISRO

180 181 182

183 184 185 186 187 188

Aryabhatta Bhakara I and III Satellite Launch Vehicles and Augumented Satellite Lauch Vehicles. [SLV and ASLV]. Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLVs) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicles (PSLVs). Indian National Satellites (INSAT) launched from 1982 onwards have revolutionized our television, telecommunication, resource survey and management, environmental monitoring meteorological and information technology systems. Research Centre in Antartica Dakshin Gangothri Dr.M.S. Swaminathan Contributed to the success of the Green Revolution of India. Scientific Manpower 1947 - Assess the technical personnel needed for the Committee country. Indian Institute Technology Chennai, Delhi, Kanpur, Karagpur and Mumbai. (IIT) Roorkee and Assam. Class Ten: Chapter 9 Indias Foreign Policy 1. Promotion of World Peace 2. Anti-Colonialism 3. Anti-Imperialism

1.Department of Atomic Energy. H.J.Bhabha. 2.Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. S.S.Bhatnagar. 3.Defence Science Organisation. Headed by D.S.Kothari. 1948. 1954 Became full fledged under Homi Jehangir Bhabha. Founder of the Atomic Energy Programme in India. 1957. Mumbai. The first nuclear power station at Tarapur started generating power in October 1969.Two such centres came at Kota in Rajasthan and Kalpakkam near Chennai in Tamil Nadu. The fourth one was set up at Narora in Uttar Pradesh. India carried out peaceful nuclear explosions at Phokran in Rajasthan on18 May 1974 and 11 May 1998. Nehru became its president. It was placed under S.S. Bhatnagar, a great scientist. Vikram. A. Sarabhai expanded the work of the ISRO in Bangalore. Space centres in India are located at Bangalore in Karnataka(the ISRO) Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala (the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre) Sri Harikota (Satish Dhawan Space Centre) in Andhra Pradesh Mahen-dragiri in Tamil Nadu (the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre) and Ahmedabad. Launched in 1975.

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4. Anti-Racialism 5. Panch Sheel 6. Non-Alignment 7. Good Neighbourhood 8. Regional Co-operation 9. Role in the Common Wealth and 10. Anti-Terrorism Member of India 1945 Member. Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit India is a member of the U.N.O. from 1945. Nehrus sister Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit was the first woman President of the U.N. General Assembly (1953 54). Anti Imperialism Conquest, annexation and administration of a weak country by a powerful nation is called imperialism. First World War 1914 1918 Second World War 1939 1945 Anti Racialism Western Countries Practised Racialism. They treated the Asian and African people as inferior. South African White Government followed the Apartheid policy against the blacks. It was due to the continuous struggle of Nelson Mandela and constant moral support of India that the Apartheid policy has been dismantled recently. Panch Sheel 1954 India China. 1. Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty 2. Mutual non-aggression 3. Mutual noninterference in each others internal matters 4 Equality and mutual benefits 6. Peaceful Coexistence. These principles were accepted by as many as 29 AfroAsian countries which took part in the Bandung Conference held in Indonesia in 1955. Non Alignment US NATO and SEATO Coined by Krishna Menon Russia Backed WARSAW Pact Countries in the west and Communist China in the East. Indias Nehru, Yugoslavias Tito, Indonesias Sukarno and Egypts Nasser became the chief exponents of this policy. They conducted the first conference of NAM at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in 1961. The second conference was held at Cairo in Egypt in 1964. (NAM 112 Countries). SAARC 1985 First Meeting Dacca Bangaladesh. Head Quarters: (1) India, (2) Bangladesh, (3) Pakistan, (4) Nepal, (5) Kathmandu.(Nepal). Bhutan, (6) Sri Lanka, and (7) Maldives are the 7 members now. SAPTA They signed a trade agreement called the South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement (SAPTA) in 1993. China War 1962

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Pakistan War Tashkant Agreement Simla Agreement Indian Peace Keeping Force

There were wars in 1948, 1965, 1971 and the Kargil war in 1999. 1966 1972 1990