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Assignment 1
Due: 11:59pm on Friday, November 25, 2011
Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Switch to Standard Assignment View]
Block on an Incline
A block lies on a plane raised an angle , the force of gravity; from the horizontal. Three forces act upon the block: , the force of friction. The coefficient of friction
Part A Consider coordinate system a, with the x axis along the plane. Which forces lie along the axes? ANSWER:
Correct
Part B Which forces lie along the axes of the coordinate system b, in which the y axis is vertical?
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ANSWER:
Correct
Now you are going to ignore the general rule (actually, a strong suggestion) that you should pick the coordinate system with the most vectors, especially unknown ones, along the coordinate axes. You will find the normal force, , using vertical coordinate system b. In these coordinates you will find the magnitude trigonometric function. Part C Because the block is not moving, the sum of the y components of the forces acting on the block must be zero. Find an expression for the sum of the y components of the forces acting on the block, using coordinate system b. Hint C.1 Find the y component of appearing in both the x and y equations, each multiplied by a
, and .
Correct
Part D Because the block is not moving, the sum of the x components of the forces acting on the block must be zero. Find an expression for the sum of the x components of the forces acting on the block, using coordinate system b.
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, and .
Correct
Part E To find the magnitude of the normal force, you must express in terms of since is an
unknown. Using the equations you found in the two previous parts, find an expression for involving and but not .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Congratulations on working this through. Now realize that in coordinate system a, which is aligned with the plane, the y-coordinate equation is , which leads immediately to the result obtained here for .
CONCLUSION: A thoughtful examination of which coordinate system to choose can save a lot of algebra.
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In this problem, you will calculate the location of the center of mass for the Earth-Moon system, and then you will calculate the center of mass of the Earth-Moon-Sun system. The mass of the Moon is 7.351022 , the mass of the Earth is 6.001024 , and the mass of the sun is 2.001030 . The distance between the Moon and the Earth is 3.80105 1.50108 . . The distance between the Earth and the Sun is
Part A Calculate the location direction. Hint A.1 Calculating the center of mass
Hint not displayed
of the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system. Use a coordinate and the Moon is located in the positive x
Choose the correct description of the location of the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.
ANSWER: The center of mass is exactly in the center between the Earth and the Moon. The center of mass is nearer to the Moon than the Earth, but outside the radius of the Moon. The center of mass is nearer to the Earth than the Moon, but outside the radius of the Earth. The center of mass is inside the Earth. The center of mass is inside the Moon.
Correct
As you can see, the center of mass for the Earth-Moon system actually lies within the radius of the Earth. For this reason, saying that the Moon orbits the Earth is often a good approximation, though in fact, both the Earth and the Moon orbit that point with a period of
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28 days. The Moon makes large orbits around the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system, whereas the center of the Earth makes small orbits.
Part C Calculate the location of the center of mass of the Earth-Moon-Sun system during a full Moon. A full Moon occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are lined up as shown in the figure. Use a coordinate system in which the center of the sun is at and the Earth and Moon both lie along the positive x direction.
the Sun-Earth-Moon system is well within the Sun. However, if you were to find the center of mass of the Jupiter-Sun system, you would find that it is slightly above the surface of the Sun at 780,000 from the center of the Sun. A distant alien civilization would not be able to see Jupiter directly, because it is far too faint, but they would be able to see the Sun move back and forth as it orbited the center of mass with Jupiter. Because the sun is "wobbling," alien scientists would be able to infer that there was a planet around the Sun.
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This is one of the methods that human scientists are using to identify planets around other stars.
. Both pieces land at exactly the same time. The smaller piece lands perilously close to the mortar (at a distance of zero from the mortar). The larger piece lands a distance mortar. If there had been no explosion, the shell would have landed a distance from the from the mortar.
Assume that air resistance and the mass of the shell's explosive charge are negligible.
Part A Find the distance from the mortar at which the larger piece of the shell lands.
Express
ANSWER:
in terms of
Correct
Rocket Car
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A rocket car is developed to break the land speed record along a salt flat in Utah. However, the safety of the driver must be considered, so the acceleration of the car must not exceed (or five times the acceleration of gravity) during the test. Using the latest materials and technology, the total mass of the car (including the fuel) is 6000 kilograms, and the mass of the fuel is one-third of the total mass of the car (i.e., 2000 killograms). The car is moved to the starting line (and left at rest), at which time the rocket is ignited. The rocket fuel is expelled at a constant speed of 900 meters per second relative to the car, and is burned at a constant rate until used up, which takes only 15 seconds. Ignore all effects of friction in this problem. Part A Find the acceleration of the car just after the rocket is ignited.
normally feels due to gravity, at the start of the trip. This is not much different from the acceleration typically experienced by thrill seekers on a roller coaster, so the driver is in no danger on this score.
Part B Find the final acceleration of the car as the rocket is just about to use up its fuel supply.
normally feels due to gravity, by the end of the trip. This is the maximum acceleration achieved during the trip, and it is still very safe for the driver, who can easily withstand
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over
with training.
Part C Find the final velocity of the car just as the rocket is about to use up its fuel supply.
At the end of the trip, the driver is going a bit over Mach 1, or one times the speed of sound. This problem was based loosely on the breaking of the sound barrier by the ThrustSSC team in October 1997.
of ejected material is constant, and ignore any effect of gravity. (The effect of
gravity is small during the firing period if the rate of fuel consumption is large.) Part A Suppose the entire fuel supply carried by the two-stage rocket is utilized in a single-stage rocket with the same total mass of 1.29104 . In terms of , what is the speed of the rocket, starting from rest, when its fuel is exhausted? ANSWER:
1.77 Correct
Part B For the two-stage rocket, what is the speed when the fuel of the first stage is exhausted if the first stage carries the second stage with it to this point? This speed then becomes the initial speed of the second stage. At this point, the second stage separates from the first stage. ANSWER:
1.49 Correct
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ANSWER:
3.00 Correct
Part D What value of is required to give the second stage of the rocket a speed of 8.00 ?
ANSWER:
= 2.67 Correct
Pushing a Lawnmower
which can slide across a horizontal surface with a coefficient of friction with the
. In this problem the lawnmower is pushed using a massless handle, which makes an angle horizontal. Assume that , the force exerted by the handle, is parallel to the handle.
Take the positive x direction to be to the right and the postive y direction to be upward.
Part A Find the magnitude, , of the force required to slide the lawnmower over the ground at
constant speed by pushing the handle. Hint A.1 How to approach this problem
Hint not displayed
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Correct
Part B
The solution for angle has a singularity (that is, becomes infinitely large) at a certain angle , the expression for will be negative. However, a negative applied force . For any would
reverse the direction of friction acting on the lawnmower, and thus this is not a physically acceptable solution. In fact, the increased normal force at these large angles makes the force of friction too large to move the lawnmower at all. Find an expression for .
ANSWER: =
Correct
Note that this expression becomes infinite when the denominator equals zero: ,
or
.
It's not too hard to understand what this means. Suppose you were pushing straight down on the lawnmower ( degrees). It obviously wouldn't move. But, according to the equation for ,
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degrees, you get a negative force (which doesn't make sense). , it gets
The more vertical you push, the harder it gets to move the lawnmower. At
impossible to move it. The force required to move it goes to infinity; you have to push infinitely hard.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 109.2%. You received 15.49 out of a possible total of 16 points, plus 1.98 points of extra credit.
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