Introduction to FEM

Superelements and Global-Local Analysis

10

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 1

Introduction to FEM

Superelements

Two extremes

Macroelements Substructures

"bottom up" "top down"

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 2

Introduction to FEM

Substructuring was Invented in the Aerospace Industry (early 1960s)

S2

S4

S6

S5

S1 S3

First level substructuring

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 3

Introduction to FEM

Substructures (cont'd)
level two substructure (wing section)

level one substructure (wing) individual element

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 4

Introduction to FEM

An Early Use of Global-Local Analysis and Substructuring: Boeing 747

Global Analysis: 1966 Local Analysis (shaded regions): 1967-68 First flight: 1970

WING BODY INTERSECTION ANALYSIS 4 substructures,12549 elements 4266 nodes, 25596 freedoms

CARGO DOOR CABIN ANALYSIS 747 Regions Analyzed with FEM-DSM at Boeing

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 5

Introduction to FEM

Another Example (McDonnell-Douglas DC-10, ca 1968)

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 6

Introduction to FEM

Multilevel FEM Substructuring was Invented in the Norwegian Offshore Industry in the mid/late 60s

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 7

Among Other Things, to Take Advantage of Repetition

Introduction to FEM

From DNV (Det Norske Veritas) web-posted brochure. Permission requested for inclusion in book proper.

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 8

Introduction to FEM

Multistage Rockets Naturally Decompose into Substructures

Short stack Apollo/Saturn lunar rocket
COMMAND MODULE

SERVICE MODULE

ADAPTER LUNAR MODULE

INSTRUMENT UNIT

THIRD STAGE SIV-B

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 9

Introduction to FEM

Static Condensation
A universal way to eliminate internal DOFs

i i b b b b b

Substructure

Macroelement

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 10

Introduction to FEM

Static Condensation by Matrix Algebra

Partition

Kbb Kib

Kbi Kii

ub ui

fb fi

Solve for interior displacements from 2nd matrix equation

1 ui = Kii (fi Kib ub )

replace into first matrix equation

Kbb ub = fb
where

Condensed stiffness equations

1 Kbb = Kbb Kbi Kii Kib 1 fb = fb Kbi Kii fi

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 11

Static Condensation by Symmetric Gauss Elimination

6 2 1 3u 3 1 5 2 1 u2 6 2 = 1 2 7 4 4 u3 3 1 4 8 0 u4 Task: eliminate u4
6
( 3)( 3) 8 ( 3)( 1) 8 ( 3)( 4) 8

Introduction to FEM

8 is called the pivot

2
1

2 5 2

( 1)( 3) 8 ( 1)( 1) 8 ( 1)( 4) 8

1 2 7

( 4)( 3) 8 ( 4)( 1) 8 ( 4)( 4) 8

3 u1 u2 = 6 u3 4

0( 3) 8 0( 1) 8 0( 4) 8

39 8 19 8 5 2

19 8 39 8 5 2

5 u1 3 2 5 u2 = 6 2 5 u3 4

Condensed equations

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 12

Introduction to FEM

Static Condensation by Symmetric Gauss Elimination (cont'd)

39 8 19 8 5 2

19 8 39 8 5 2

5 u1 3 2 5 u2 = 6 2 5 u3 4

Now eliminate u3
39 8 19 8

( 5/2 ) ( 5/2 ) 5 ( 5/2 ) ( 5/2 ) 5

19 8 39 8

( 5/2 ) ( 5/2 ) 5 ( 5/2 )( 5/2 ) 5

u1 u2

3 6

4( 5/2 ) 5 4( 5/2 ) 5

29 8 29 8

29 8 29 8

u1 u2

5 8

Condensed equations

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 13

Introduction to FEM

Static Condensation Module

(posted on web site)
CondenseLastFreedom[K_,f_]:=Module[{pivot,c,Kc,fc, n=Length[K]}, If [n<=1,Return[{K,f}]]; Kc=Table[0,{n-1},{n-1}]; fc=Table[0,{n-1}]; pivot=K[[n,n]]; If [pivot==0, Print["CondenseLastFreedom:", " Singular Matrix"]; Return[{K,f}]]; For [i=1,i<=n-1,i++, c=K[[i,n]]/pivot; fc[[i]]=f[[i]]-c*f[[n]]; For [j=1,j<=i,j++, Kc[[j,i]]=Kc[[i,j]]=K[[i,j]]-c*K[[n,j]] ]; ]; Return[Simplify[{Kc,fc}]] ]; ClearAll[K,f]; K={{6,-2,-1,-3},{ -2,5,-2,-1},{ -1,-2,7,-4},{-3,-1,-4,8}}; f={3,6,4,0}; Print["Before condensation:"," K=",K//MatrixForm," f=",f//MatrixForm]; {K,f}=CondenseLastFreedom[K,f];Print["Upon condensing DOF 4:", " K=",K//MatrixForm," f=",f//MatrixForm]; {K,f}=CondenseLastFreedom[K,f];Print["Upon condensing DOF 3:", " K=",K//MatrixForm," f=",f//MatrixForm];

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 14

Introduction to FEM

Static Condensation Module Results on Notes Example

6 2 1 3 2 5 2 1
39 8 19 8 5 2 29 8 29 8

Before condensation: K

1 2 7 4
19 8 39 8 5 2 29 8 29 8

3 1 4 8
5 2 5 2

3 6 4 0 3 6 4

Upon condensing DOF 4: K

5 5 8

Upon condensing DOF 3: K

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 15

Introduction to FEM

Global-Local Analysis (an instance of Multiscale Analysis)

Example structure: panel with small holes

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 16

Introduction to FEM

Standard (one-stage) FEM Analysis

coarse mesh

finer meshes

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 17

Introduction to FEM

Global-Local (two-stage) FEM Analysis

Global analysis with a coarse mesh, ignoring holes, followed by local analysis of the vicinity of the holes with finer meshes (next slide)

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 18

Introduction to FEM

Local Analysis
BCs of displacement or (better) of force type using results extracted from the global analysis

IFEM Ch 10 Slide 19