Calculus II Final Exam Cheat Sheet

LHospitals Rule: When taking a limit, if you get an indeterminate form i.e.
0 , ,etc you take 0

the derivative of the top and bottom and evaluate the limit again Trig Substitution Integration by Parts If the integral contains the following root udv = uv vdu use the given substitution and formula to b b convert into an integral involving trig and = uv |a vdu a functions. choose u and dv from integral and compute du by a differentiating u and computing v by integrating dv a 2 bx 2 x = sin b Trig Stuff a sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x bx 2 a 2 x = sec sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 b 1 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x) a 2 a 2 + bx 2 x = tan 2 2 1 + cot x = csc x b 1 sin 2 x = (1 cos 2 x) 2 Product and Quotients of Trig Functions For tan n x secm xdx we have the For sin x cos xdx we have the following:
n m

1. n odd. Strip 1 sine out and convert rest to cosines using sin 2 x = 1 cos 2 x , then use the substitution u = cos x . 2. m odd. Strip 1 cosine out and convert rest to sines using cos 2 x = 1 sin 2 x , then use the substitution u = sin x . 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1 or 2 4. n and m both even. Use double angle and/or half angle formulas to reduce the integral into a form that can be integrated.

1.

2.

3. 4.

following: n odd. Strip 1 tangent and 1 secant out and convert the rest to secants using tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 , then use the substitution u = sec x m even. Strip 2 secants out and covert rest to tangents using sec2 x = 1 + tan 2 x , then use the substitution u = tan x . n odd and m even. Use either 1 or 2. n even and m odd. Each integral will be dealt with differently.

Centroid b _ 1 1 1 x = x[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx y = {[ f ( x)]2 [ g ( x)]2 } dx Aa Aa2

_ b

Parabola focus : (0, p ) x 2 = 4 py Directrix y = p

y 2 = 4 px focus : ( p, 0) directrix : x = p

x2 y2 + =1 a2 b2 Vertices and foci are always on major axis c 2 = a 2 b2 Make a box with sides determined by the square root of the denominators. Ellipse

x2 y2 = 1 or a2 b2 y 2 x2 =1 a 2 b2 Foci and vertices are always on axis determined by positive squared term. Draw box and make diagonal asymptotes. c2 = a2 + b2 Hyperbola

Taylor Series Ratio Test lim

n =0

f '(a )( x a) n n!

an +1 converges if < 1 an Absolute Convergence: If the absolute value of the series converges the series is said to be absolutely convergent. Arc Length Cartesian
n
b 2
b

Differential Equations P (t ) = P0 e k t Exponential growth dy = g ( x) f ( y ) cross multiply Separable: dx dy Linear: + P ( x) y = Q( x) use I.F.F dx

L=
a

dx dy 1 + dx if y = f ( x), a x b or L = 1 + dy if x = f ( y ), a x b dx dy a Parametric Polar

b

dx dy dr L = + dt L = r2 + d dt dt d a a Surface Area Cartesian & Parametric Area of Polar (not surface area) b b 1 S = 2 r L A = r 2 d 2 a a
Midpoint Rule Cartesian to Polar: x = r cos
y = r sin Polar to Cartesian: r 2 = x2 + y2
tan =

f ( x)dx x[ f ( x ) + f ( x ) + ... + f ( x )]
1 2
n a

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Trapezoid Rule b x f ( x)dx 2 [ f ( x0 ) + 2 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + ... + 2 f ( xn1 ) + f ( xn )] a Simpsons Rule b x f ( x)dx 3 [ f ( x0 ) + 4 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + 4 f ( x3 ) + ... + 2 f ( xn2 ) + 4 f ( xn1 ) + f ( xn )] a Common Integrals kdx = kx + c
1 n +1 x dx = n + 1 x
n

y x

dx = ln | x | + c

1 1 ax + b dx = a ln | ax + b | +c

ln udu = u ln(u ) u + c e du = e + c
n u

cos udu = sin u + c sin udu = cos u + c sec udu = tan u + c sec u tan udu = sec u + c csc u cot udu = csc u + c csc udu = cot u + c
2 2

tan udu = ln | sec u | +c sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | +c a

2

1 1 u du = tan 1 + c 2 +u a a 1 u du = sin 1 + c a a2 u2