6.

0 RESULTS :
6.1 Density Measurements

Graduated cylinder
Graduated cylinder filled with oil
sample

Mass, M(g)
26.3647
33.3918

The mass of oil sample, Moil = mass of graduated cylinder filled

with oil sample
-Mass of graduated cylinder.
= 33.3918g 26.3647g
= 7.021 g
= 7.021 10-3
The volume of oil sample, Voil = 8ml
= 8cm3
= 8 10-3
The density of oil sample, p

= Moil/ Voil
= 7.0271 10-3 kg 8 10-6 m3
= 878.3875 kg/m3

7.0 CALCULATION
7.1 CALCULATION IN THE LAB SHEET
Shear stress F = 0.395 torque(%)
Shear rate S = 1.138 speed (rpm)
Kinematic viscosity, (cSt) = dynamic viscosity (cP) density
(kg/m3) 1000
For instance, when temp, T = 60 C , speed 60 rpm
1st torque, 1 =89.6%
1st dynamic viscosity = 44.8 cP
2nd torque, 2 = 89.6%

2nd dynamic viscosity = 44.8 cP

Then average torque, = (89.6+89.6) 2
= 89.6%
Average dynamic viscosity = (44.8+44.8) 2
= 44.8 cP
Shear stress, F = 0.395 89.6%
= 35.392
Shear rate, S = 1.318 60 rpm
= 79.08
Kinematic viscosity = (cP 878.3875) 1000
= 51.00
7.3 CALCULATION ON TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
EQUATION
Arhenius-type-relationship, n = n eEa/RT
Linearized form,
ln (n)= ln (n ) + Ea/RT
Where,

n = dynamic viscosity at infinite-temperature, Pa.s

Ea = activation energy, N.m.mol-1
R = universal gas constant N.m.K-1.mol-1
n = dynamic viscosity, Pa.s
T = temperature, K

For instance, when shear rate = 131.8 s-1 , temperature,T =

50C
Dynamic viscosity, n= 26.10 cP
= 2.61 Pa.s
ln(dynamic viscosity , n) = 0.96
1/temperature, T = 0.020

When shear rate, = 131.8 s-1

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

0.025

50

26.10

2.61

0.020

0.96

60

26.90

2.69

0.017

0.99

70

21.65

2.17

0.014

0.77

80

26.90

2.69

0.013

0.99

90

10.42

1.04

0.11

0.64

100

24.25

2.43

0.010

0.89

when shear rate, = 79.1 s-1,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

16.7

1.67

0.025

1.21

50

25.05

2.51

0.020

0.82

60

44.80

4.48

0.017

0.66

70

29.05

2.91

0.014

0.26

80

43.40

4.34

0.013

0.30

90

12.15

1.22

0.11

-0.19

100

24.25

2.43

0.010

0.19

when shear rate, = 65.9 s-1,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

13.05

1.31

0.025

0.27

50

28.25

2.82

0.020

1.04

60

83.80

8.38

0.017

2.12

70

42.10

4.21

0.014

1.44

80

51.85

5.19

0.013

1.65

90

6.39

0.64

0.11

-0.45

100

10.65

1.06

0.010

0.06

when shear rate, = 39.55 s-1,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

65.05

6.51

0.025

1.87

50

31.65

3.17

0.020

1.15

60

74.55

7.45

0.017

2.00

70

58.90

5.89

0.014

1.77

80

73.45

7.34

0.013

1.99

90

13.60

1.36

0.11

0.31

100

13.60

1.36

0.010

0.31

when shear rate, = 13.25 s-1 ,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

86.20

8.62

0.025

2.15

50

101.25

10.13

0.020

2.32

60

198.75

19.87

0.017

2.99

70

166.05

16.61

0.014

2.81

80

149.55

14.95

0.013

2.71

90

10.65

1.06

0.11

0.06

100

3.85

0.38

0.010

-0.97

when shear rate, = 7.95 s-1 ,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

279.50

27.95

0.025

3.33

50

204.00

20.40

0.020

3.02

60

289.50

28.95

0.017

2.37

70

287.75

28.77

0.014

3.36

80

254.25

25.42

0.013

3.24

90

9.50

0.95

0.11

- 0.05

100

1.55

0.15

0.010

- 1.90

when shear rate, =6.65 s-1 ,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

414.00

41.9

0.025

3.72

50

242.40

24.24

0.020

3.64

60

381.60

38.16

0.017

3.64

70

357.75

35.78

0.014

3.58

80

252.80

25.28

0.013

3.23

90

11.70

1.17

0.11

0.16

100

1.95

0.19

0.010

- 1.66

when shear rate, = 4.05 s-1 ,

Temperature,

Average Dynamic

Dynamic Viscosity,

1/

In ( Dynamic

T(C )

Viscosity, (cP)

(Pa.s)

Temperature, T

Viscosity ,)

40

896.50

89.65

0.025

4.50

50

416.50

91.65

0.020

3.73

60

681.00

68.10

0.017

9.22

70

453.50

45.35

0.014

3.81

80

433.50

43.35

0.013

3.77

90

9.00

0.9

0.11

- 0.11

100

0.09

0.09

0.010

- 2.41

7.4 CALCULATION ON SHEAR RATE DEPENDENCE

EQUATION
Power law model, n = Kyn-1
Linearized form, ln(n) = ln (K) + (n-1) ln (y)
Where, n = flow behaviour index, dimensionless.
K = consistency index, Pa.s
y = shear rate, s-1
n = dynamic viscosity, Pa.s
for instance, when temperature, T = 40C , shear rate, y =
79.1s-1

dynamic viscosity, n= 16.7

= 1.67 Pa.s
ln(dynamic viscosity)= 0.51
ln(shear rate) = 4.4
when temp, T = 40C
Shear rate (s1
)

average
dynamic
viscosity (cP)

Dynamic
viscosity
(Pa.s)

ln(shear rate)

131.8
79.1
65.9
39.5
13.2
7.9
6.6
4.0

16.7
13.05
65.05
86.20
279.50
414.0
890.50

1.67
1.31
6.51
8.62
27.95
41.40
89.01

4.9
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.4

0.51
0.27
1.87
2.15
3.33
3.72
4.49

Dynamic
viscosity
(Pa.s)

ln(shear
rate)

Ln(dynamic
viscosity)

2.61
2.51
2.82
3.17
10.13
20.40
24.24
41.65

4.9
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.4

0.96
0.92
1.04
1.12
2.32
3.02
3.19
3.73

Ln(dynamic
viscosity)

When temp, T = 50C

Shear rate
(s-1)
131.8
79.1
65.9
39.5
13.2
7.9
6.6
4.0

average
dynamic
viscosity
(cP)
26.10
25.05
28.25
31.25
101.25
204.0
242.4
416.5

When Temperature , T= 60C

Shear Rate, Average
(s-1)
Dynamic
Viscosity,
(cP)
131.8
26.90
79.1
44.80
65.9
83.80
39.5
74.55
13.2
198.75
7.9
289.50
6.6
381.60
4.0
681.0

Dynamic
Viscosity,
(Pa.s)

ln (Shear
Rate, )

ln (Dynamic
viscosity, )

2.69
4.48
8.38
7.45
19.87
28.95
38.16
68.10

4.9
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.4

0.99
1.50
2.12
2.01
2.99
3.36
3.64
4.22

Dynamic
Viscosity,
(Pa.s)

ln (Shear
Rate, )

ln (Dynamic
viscosity, )

2.16
2.91
4.21
5.89
16.61
28.76
35.76
45.35

4.9
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.4

0.77
1.07
1.44
1.77
2.81
3.36
3.58
3.81

ln (Shear
Rate, )

ln (Dynamic
viscosity, )

When Temperature , T=70C

Shear Rate, Average
(s-1)
Dynamic
Viscosity,
(cP)
131.8
21.65
79.1
29.05
65.9
42.10
39.5
58.90
13.2
166.05
7.9
287.75
6.6
357.75
4.0
453.50

When Temperature ,T=80C

Shear Rate, Average
Dynamic
-1
(s )
Dynamic
Viscosity,

131.8
79.1
65.9
39.5
13.2
7.9
6.6
4.0

Viscosity,
(cP)
26.40
43.40
51.85
73.45
149.55
254.25
252.80
433.50

(Pa.s)
2.64
4.34
5.18
7.34
14.95
25.42
25.28
43.35

4.9
4.4
4.2
3.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.4

0.97
1.47
1.64
1.99
2.70
3.24
3.23
3.77

PROCEDURE B FOR OILS OF VISCOSITY INDEX OF 100

AND GREATER
VI = ((anti log (logH logU) )-1 0.00175) +100
logY
Where , H can be obtained from Appendix D
U = kinematic viscosity at 40 C , cSt
Y = kinematic viscosity at 100C , cSt
For instance, when shear rate = 79.08 s-1
Kinematic viscosity at 40C = 33.4 cSt
Kinematic viscosity at 100C = 13.23 cSt
From appendix D,
H = 124.20
Viscosity index, VI = ((anti log (log124.2 log33.90) )-1
0.00175) +100
Log13.23
= 411.21

Then,

Shear rate (s1

)

Kinematic
viscosity at
40C (cSt)

Kinematic
viscosity at
100C (cSt)

Viscosity
index, VI

131.8
79.08
65.9
39.54
13.18
7.908
6.59
3.954

33.4
21.75
65.05
54.70
55.90
68.70
89.65

11.34
13.23
6.96
14.80
11.59
10.34
12.74
9.80

98.97
124.2
48.57
146.8
102.8
86.5
117.4
80.46

411.21
323.03
240.52
213.19
175.21
187.26
85.54

8.0 PLOTS :
8.1 GRAPH OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, n (cP) VALUES
VERSUS TEMPERATURE, T (C) VALUES AT DIFFERENT
SHEAR RATE, y (s-1)

Dynamic viscosity (cP)

shear rate (s-1)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

131.8
79.1
65.9
39.5
13.2
7.9
6.6
4
20

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

Temperature,T (C)
8.2 GRAPH OF DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, n (cP) VALUES
VERSUS SHEAR RATE, y (s-1) VALUES AT DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURE, T (C)
Dnamic viscosity
temperature
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

40
50
60
70
80
90
100
131.8 79.1

65.9

39.5

13.2

7.9

6.6

8.3 GRAPH OF ln (DYNAMIC VISCOSITY) VERSUS

1/TEMPERATURE, T AT DIFFERENT SHEAR RATE.

When shear rates = 131.8 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

131.8

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

When shear rates = 79.1 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
5
4
3
2
1
0

79.1

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

When shear rates, 65.9 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
10
8
6
4
2
0

65.9

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

1/temperature, T

When shear rates, = 39.55 s-1

0.11

0.01

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
8
6
39.55

4
2
0
0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

When shear rates, = 13.25 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
25
20
15
10
5
0

13.25

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

When shear rates, = 7.95 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
40
30
7.95

20
10
0
0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

1/temperature, T

0.11

0.01

When shear rates, = 6.65 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
50
40
30
20
10
0

6.65

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

When shear rates, = 4.05 s-1

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vs1/temperature,T
100
80
60
40
20
0

4.05

0.025

0.02

0.017

0.014

0.013

0.11

0.01

1/temperature, T

8.4 GRAPH OF ln (DYNAMIC VISCOSITY) VERSUS ln

(SHEAR RATES) AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE,T.
When temperature, T=40C
ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

5
4
3
2
1
0

40

4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

ln (sheer rate)

When temperature, T= 50C

1.9

1.4

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

4
3
50

2
1
0
4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

1.9

1.4

ln (sheer rate)

When temperature, T= 60C

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

5
4
3
2
1
0

60

4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

1.9

1.4

ln (sheer rate)

When temperature,T = 70C

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

5
4
3
2
1
0

70

4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

ln (sheer rate)

When temperature, T = 80C

1.9

1.4

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

4
3
80

2
1
0
4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

1.9

1.4

ln (sheer rate)

When temperature, T =90C

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

2.1

1.9

1.4

90

-0.4
-0.6
ln (sheer rate)

When temperature, T = 100C

ln (dynamicviscosity)

ln(dynamicviscosity) vsln(shearrate) at temperature,T

2
1
0
-1

4.9

4.4

4.2

3.7

2.6

-2
-3
ln (sheer rate)

9.0 DISCUSSION

2.1

1.9

1.4

100

9.1 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY

1) Liquids: As the temperature of the liquid fluid increases its viscosity
decreases. In the liquids the cohesive forces between the molecules
predominates the molecular momentum transfer between the molecules, mainly
because the molecules are closely packed (it is this reason that liquids have
lesser volume than gases. The cohesive forces are maximum in solids so the
molecules are even more closely packed in them). When the liquid is heated the
cohesive forces between the molecules reduce thus the forces of attraction
between them reduce, which eventually reduces the viscosity of the liquids.
The liquids used as the lubrication fluid and for number of other applications
should be selected properly considering the operating temperatures. At high
temperatures the liquids loose viscosity; hence in the engine the fluid used for
lubrication should be such that it should be able maintain its viscosity even at
the high temperatures. At low temperatures the viscosity of the fluid increases,
hence in the refrigerating compressor the fluid selected for the lubrication should
be such that it is able to maintain value of viscosity at the lowest and highest
temperatures inside the compressor.
For liquids: = o/ (1 + t + t2)
Where: - Viscosity of the liquid at t degree Celsius n poise
o Viscosity of the fluid at 0o Celsius in poise
, are the constants
2) Gases: In gases there is opposite phenomenon. The viscosity of the gases
increases as the temperature of the gas increases. The reason behind this is
again the movement of the molecules and the forces between them. In the gases
the cohesive forces between the molecules is lesser, while molecular momentum
transfer is high. As the temperature of the gas is increased the molecular
momentum transfer rate increases further which increases the viscosity of the
gas.
For gases: = o + t + t2

9.2 THE EFFECT OF SHEAR RATE ON VISCOSITY.

The effect of shear rate on viscosity of the oil sample can be observed
from the graph of Dynamic Viscosity, (cP) values versus Shear rates (s-1 )
values at different temperature at section 8.2.
From the graph, we can notice that the viscosity value of the oil sample
decreases as the shear rates increases. The oil sample has small value of
viscosity for big value of shear rate.

Thus, we can assume that the oil sample works better under big value of
shear rate due to small viscosity.