What is this?

Whatbe thisthat
Thisthatbe a bookpen
what
be <><> w (?)

1.

What is this? This is a chair.

2.
3.

Whats this? Its a book.

What is that? That is a desk.

What are these?

What arethesethose
TheseThose areses
<><>is <>are <>
1.

What are these? These are books.

2.

What are those? Those are cups.

3.

What are they? They are glasses.

What are you?

Whatbe
be a student
what
be <><>I amwe areyou arehe is
1.

What are you? I am a student.

2.

What is she? She is a teacher.

Are you a ...?

Be amareis
Yesamareis
Noamareisnot
<><> amisare <>

1.
2.
3.

Is he a student? Yes, he is. (No, he isnt.)

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, Im not.)
Is that a clock? Yes, it is. (No, it isnt.)

What is your name?

Whatisname?
nameis
myyourhisher<><><><><>
<> aanthisthatthese those
1.

What is your name? My name is Sue.

2.

What is his name? His name is John.

3.

What is her name? Her name is Jean.

Who is that ...?

25


Whobe that
That is
Who <><><>

1.

Who is that short boy? That is Bill.

2.

Who is that tall girl? That is Mary.

3.

Who is that fat man? He is my uncle.

Where is ...?
Wherebe amareis
be in the
Where ...?<>InOn the<>
1.

Where is Sue? She is in her room.

2.

Where are your books? On the desk.

3.

Where is your mother? She is in the kitchen.

Are you V-ing ...?

AmAreIs
<><>be <>

1.

Is Mary sleeping?

2.

Are you reading a book?

3.

Is the dog playing?

What are you doing?

Whatamareis
amareis
<><><><
><> sit downstand up<>
1.

What am I doing? You are reading a book.

2.

What are the girls doing? They are singing.

3.

What is Bill writing? He is writing a letter.

How old are you?

How oldbe
be year(s) old
<> how what be <>
amisare<>()year(s) old
1.

How old are you? I am twelve (years old).

2.

How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old.

3.

How old is John? He is one year old.

What time is it?

26


What time is it
It isoclock
what <><> timetime

1.
2.
3.

What time is it? It is ten oclock.

What time is it? It is six oclock.
What time is it? It is nine oclock.

Do you + V ...?
DoDoes
Yesdodoes
Nodontdoesnt
<>speakworkteach<> do does<
><> s es<>

1.
2.

Do you speak English? Yes, I do. (No, I dont.)

Does she have a cat? Yes, she does. (No, she doesnt.)

3.

Do they work in office? Yes, they do. (No, they dont.)

What time do you + V ...?

What timedodoes

<> do does <><>

does do
1.

What time do you get up? I usually get up at six.

2.

What time does he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten.

3.

What time does your class begin? It begins at eight-ten.

What day is today?

What day is today
ItsSundayMonday
it this that
<><>

1.
2.
3.

What day is today? Its Sunday.

What day is today? Its Wednesday.
What day is today? Its Saturday.

How many N are there ...

27


How manyare there inon
There isareinon
many <> <
> are there there are

1.

How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in a year.

2.

How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in a week.

3.

How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve lessons in this book.

How many ... do you have?

How manydodoeshave
havehas
dontdoesnt have
How many<><> manya lot ofa
fewsomefewany
no

1.

How many books do you have? I have a lot of books. (I dont have any books.)

2.

How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters. (I dont have any sweaters.)

3.

How many friends does she have? She has a lot of friends. (She doesnt have many friends.)

How much ... do you have?

How muchdodoeshave
havehas
dontdoesnt have
How much<><> much a
littlesomelittleany
no

1.

How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea. (He doesnt have any tea.)

2.

How much homework do they have? They have a lot of homework. (They dont have much
homework.)

3.

How much fruit do they have? They have a lot of fruit. (They dont have a lot of fruit.)

How much do(es) ... cost?

How much doescost
how much How much be <>
"

1.

How much does this computer cost? (=How much is this computer?)

2.

How much do the vegetables cost?

28


3.

How much do the movie tickets cost?

Did ... V ...

Did
Did<> Did <
>
1.

Did he clean the room yesterday?

2.

Did she wash the skirt yesterday?

3.

Did your brother play in the park this morning?

4.

Did he eat lunch yesterday?

5.

Did you see any elephants in the zoo last week?

6.

Did Sue have her breakfast at eight?

Do you ever + V ...?

DoDoesever
Nonever s es
ever <>never never <>
<> 4
1.

Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer.

2.

Does Tom ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late.

3.

Does Sally ever play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano.

4.

Never be late for school, Bill.

What year was he born in?

What dateyearwaswerebornonin
born <> bear <> <
> was werewaswere born
1.

What year were you born in?

2.

What date was your mother born on?

3.

What month was your sister born in?

What will you do on ...?

What willdiddoon

on

1.

What will you do on Teachers Day?

2.

What will they do on Christmas Eve?

3.

What will Helen do on her birthday?

4.

What did John do on New Years Day?

5.

What did Mary do on Youth Day?

6.

What did the suspect do on July ninth?

29


How do you + V ...?
Howdo

How <> <>

<><><><><
>

1.

How did you do your work? I did my work happily.

2.

How did Mrs. Lin look at Mr. Lin? She looked at Mr. Lin coldly.

3.

How does Mr. Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully.

You are ..., arent you?

<><>
<><><>it this that<>(<>)<
>(<>)they thesethose people <>will not
>wontwould not> wouldntshould not>shouldntcan not>cantcould not>couldnt might
not
>mightntought not>oughtnt<> do does
<> did

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Theyre ready, arent they?

Mike has a car, doesnt he?
The secretary typed the letter, didnt she?
They will go to Europe, wont they?
You are the teacher, arent you?
I suppose you have been in our woods, havent you?

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

I know he had a good time last night, didnt he?

The wall plug is broken, isnt it?
Clean parks are beautiful, arent they?
You can do it, cant you?

We should rise early, shouldnt we?

He isnt ..., is he?

<><>
<>

1.

He isnt a manager, is he? - Yes, he is. (No, he isnt.)

2.
3.
4.

Mike doesnt have a car, does he?

The secretary didnt type the letter, did she?
They wont go to Europe, will they?
30


5.
6.

You arent the teacher, are you?

I dont think he can answer the question, can he?

What in the world ...?

in the worldon earthever
<>in the worldon earth ever
<>
1.

How in the world will he do it?

2.

What in the world do you mean?

3.

How on earth did you know it?

4.

Who on earth told you that?

5.

Where ever did you lose it?

6.

What in the world are they hoping for?

Are you ... or ...?

or
"<><>

1.

Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us?

2.

Are you from the America or from the England?

3.

Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday?

4.

Would you like coffee or tea?

What ..., + A or B?
()Aor B
<><>

--
1.

What would you like coffee or tea?

2.

Which would you rather to buy silk or cotton?

3.

Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing?

4.

When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day?

... what/which ...

whathowwhichwhy
<><>
<><
><> willshouldwould mustmaycan <
> dodoesdid<>

1.

Id like to know how old the manager is.

2.

He inquired how it was done.

3.

Please advise me which item I should buy.

4.

Tell me why it is so important?

5.

They do not know what the words mean.

6.

Tell me what happened yesterday.

31


7.

What they talked about is what we want to know.

8.

She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week.

9.

You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me.

... whether/if ...

whetherif
if or not whether
whether <> if
1.

He asked me the question whether the price was too high.

2.

They asked him whether the quality is fine or not.

3.

Tell me whether you like this color.

4.

Tell me if it doesnt rain.

5.

Ask him if it is true.

6.

I wonder if he is in the school.

Do you know if/where ...

whatwherewhen
<>
1.

Can you tell me where the teacher has gone?

2.

Have you any idea where he comes from?

3.

Do you know if they like this new item?

4.

Do you know who wants to go with me?

5.

Do you know when the train will leave?

6.

Can you tell me how much you earn a month?

He is ..., is he?

<>

1.

We are old friends, not strangers, right?

2.

Hes a capable businessman, is he?

3.

So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you?

4.

So youve been to Shanghai, have you?

... what ...?

1.

Two times what number makes ten?

2.

You will go where?

3.

You are twenty-what this year?

4.

Hes your who?

32

What/How about + N/V-ing?

WhatHow about

1.

What about the name Smith?

2.

What about going to a movie?

3.

What about lending me some money?

4.

What about washing the car on Sunday?

5.

How about the others?

6.

How about a drink?

7.

How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop?

What if ...?
What if

1.

What if it is true?

2.

What if he doesnt agree?

3.

What if he comes back now?

4.

What if the boys parents should die?

5.

What if I fail!

What ... for?

Whatfor
For what
1.

What are you running for?

2.

What do you want it for?

3.

What did they go there for?

How else ...?

How else

1.

How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and concern for his own son?

2.

How else can the doctor save him?

3.

How else can I apologize for her?

33

If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...

IfS
if

will I we shall will I we shall

will if necessaryif possibleif so

if
1.

If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad.

2.

If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.

3.

If it rains, we will stay at home.

4.
5.

If the weather clears, well go for a walk.

6.

Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up.

If the weather doesnt clear, we wont go for a walk.

7.

If possible, She wants to go with us.

8.

Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise.

If + Present Tense ..., S + Modal Verb ...

If +
<If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ...>

1.

If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out.

2.

If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out.

3.

If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out.

4.

If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out.

5.

If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out.

6.

If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out.

7.

If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out.

If I should ..., Imperative Sentence.

If Ishould ...
<If + should + V><if + >
should if

1.

If you should see him, please give him my regards.

2.

Should you see him, please give him my regards.

3.

If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.

4.

Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards.

34

5.

If you should write to her, send her my love.

6.

Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.

7.

Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.

If I should ..., I will ...

Ifshouldwouldwillshouldshall
<>if <> shouldshould
<> if <><>

should if
1.

If he should come, I would tell him the truth.

2.

If he should come, I will tell him the truth.

3.

Should the boy come again, I would throw him out.

4.

If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled.

5.

Should that be true, the contract would be canceled.

6.

Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings?

If I were to ..., I ...

Ifwere towouldshould
<>if ... should, ...if ... were to

1.

If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.

2.

If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird.

3.

If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like?

4.

Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do?

If I + V-ed, I would ...

Ifwouldshould
if <><be><><> were
were if<> should would
couldmight ought to<><>
1.

If I knew his address, I could write to him.

2.

If I were free now, I might call on him.

3.

If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do?

4.

Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car.

5.

How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller!

6.

If I had a car, I could take her for a drive.

7.

If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.

35

It is time that ...

It ishightimethat
<>should<>that <
> to <>
1.

It is time he went to bed.

2.

It is time that you left for the duty.

3.

It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes.

4.

It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.

5.

It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.

If I had V-ed, I would have ...

Ifhadwouldshould have
<>if <><><><>
wouldshouldought tomightcouldhave<>if <> had <>
If
1.

If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth.

2.

I could have finished the task if I had had more time.

3.

If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport.

4.

I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.

5.

I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses.

6.

Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him.

7.

Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned.

8.

Had I proposed to you, would you have married me??

9.

Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction.

If I had V-ed, I would ...

Ifhadwouldshould nowtoday
<><>if <><
><><><>
<> nowtoday

1.

If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.

2.

If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.
36

3.

Had he told the truth, he wouldnt be punished now.

4.

Had he followed the doctors advice, he might be alive now.

I wish ... + V-ed ...

I wishthathad
I wish that <><><><><><>
<>I wishthat-<>

<>I would ratherthat-<> I hope that <><><

><>
1.

I wish there were meadows and lambs.

2.

I wish I were as tall as you.

3.

I wish he could tell us.

4.

I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow.

5.

I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday.

6.

I wish you had not told the truth.

7.

I wish I had known you ten years ago.

If only + V-ed
If only
<>

1.

If only I had a rich father.

2.

If only he had been here.

3.

If only I had another chance.

... as if/as though ...

as ifas though
as ifas though <><><><>
<><
>

1.

He speaks like that as if he doesnt want to attend the meeting.

2.

He walks as if he is drunk.

3.

He felt as if he almost wished to kill them.

4.

The baby opened the book as if he were able to read.

5.

The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.

6.

He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.

7.

She looks as if nothing had happened to her.

It seems/looks as if ...
It seemslooks as if
37


as if <><>
1.

It looks as if it is going to rain.

2.

It seems as if he knows everything.

3.

It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be.

4.

It looks as if she had just come back from outer space.

5.

It seemed as if he had finished the work.

6.

It seemed as if he would never finish the work.

If it were not for ...

if it were not forwouldshould
<>but for
<>without<>were if 3

1.

If it were not for his presence, I would punish you.

2.

But for your advice, I should have failed.

3.

But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull.

4.

If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth.

5.

Without air, all living things would die.

6.

Without newspaper, we would get behind the times.

7.

I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers.

8.

Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.

9.

Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live.

If it had not been for ...

if it had not been forwouldshould
<>
1.

If it had not been for his help, I should have failed.

2.

Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy.

3.

If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been
impossible.

4.

Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.

5.

If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.

I demand/insist that ...

1demandinsist that 2should
<>suggestrecommendproposeadviseurge desire
askdemand
requirerequestmaintaininsist ordercommand ruleregulatestipulate
38

that-<><><>should<> should
1.

The committee moved that the meeting (should) be adjourned.

2.

His parents demanded that he (should) be back by ten.

3.

The employees demand that their salaries be raised.

4.

They ruled that the law (should) not be imposed.

5.

His father ordered that he (should) keep a diary in English.

6.

My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education.

7.

He insisted that I (should) apologize to her.

8.

Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to drive.

9.

His father insisted that they (should) move to the country.

It is proper ... that ...

It isimportant thatshould
<> importantnecessaryimperativeessentialurgentdesirable advisable
recommendableproper that-<><> should must should

1.

It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.

2.

It is essential that he get up early.

3.

It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers.

4.

It is desirable that we (should) provide for the poor at Christmas.

5.

It is important that he be quiet.

6.

It is important that he not do it.

7.

It is requested that all members be present at the party.

8.

It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely.

Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause

<><> if
<> if

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Provide the materials and well do the job.

Stop shouting or youll wake up the neighbors.
Put that down or else Ill smack you.
Be there on time, otherwise youll create a bad impression.
Fail to pay and theyll cut off the electricity.
Stop eating sweets, or you wont get any dinner.

Unless ...
Unless
unless if ... not ...
39


unless if ... not ...

1.

Unless you change your mind (=If you dont change you mind), I wont be able to help you.

2.

Unless the management improves their offer, therell be a strike.

3.

I couldnt have got to the meeting on time unless I had caught an earlier train.

Provided/Providing (that) ....

ProvidedprovidedthatSV ...
Provided/Providing (that) if
Provided/Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.

As/So long as ...

As/So long as SV ...
As/So long as if

1.

So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave.

2.

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

3.

You may eat anything, so long as you dont eat too much.

4.

As long as live, I will help you.

5.

As long as you dont betray me, Ill do whatever you ask me to (do).

6.

Well ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.

7.

You will never be good students so long as you goof around.

Suppose/Supposing (that) ...

Suppose/Supposing thatSV ...
Suppose/Supposing (that) if
Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do?

What if/Say ...

What if/SaySV ...
What if Say Let us suppose

1.

What if/Say he goes home before us and cant get in? What will he do then?

2.

What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?

With luck ...

With luck
With luck if with luck

1.

With luck, well be there by tomorrow.=If we are lucky

40


2.

With luck, she will get the job. =If she is lucky

Given time ...

Given time
if Given time
Given time, they will probably agree.
=If they are given time/If we give them time

To hear him talk, ...

To hear him talk
To hear him talk
if To hear him talk If you could hear him talk

1.
2.

To hear him talk, youd think he was Prime Minister.

To hear you talk, Id think you were Prime Minister.

Without ..., S + V ...

Without
Without ...
without Without
without
without

1.

Without your help, I couldnt have done it.

=If you hadnt helped me

2.
3.

She cant solve the problem without his help.

4.

Fish cannot live without water.

We cant live without air or water.

41

as/so ... as ...

assoas
as <> as
<><><> as asas <>as
<>aan<>as<>as manyfew <>as
<>as muchlittle<>asasas

1.

He is as handsome as his brother (is).

2.

Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does.

3.

Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does.

4.

The girls are as busy with their work as bees.

5.

He is as nice a boy as Peter (is).

6.

She has as many friends as Mary (does).

7.

He has as much money as John (does).

8.

He is as clever as (he is) handsome.

9.

My teacher is as kind as (she is) intelligent.

as many/much ...
as manymuch
<>

1.

He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many (=in ten) pages.

2.

Mike read five books in as many (=in five) months.

3.

I didnt expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days.

as many/much as ...
as manymuch as
as manymuch<><>
as long as<>as wide as<> as high as
<
>as early as<>as late as<>
1.

She has as many as seven sisters.

2.

As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.

42


3.

I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen.

4.

Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million.

5.

I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years.

6.

He came home as late as two in the morning.

7.

I saw your brother as late as last week.

8.

The river is as wide as 100 meters.

9.

I mailed the letter as early as Friday.

A is as much + N + as B is
beasmuchasbe
as much<>asbe<> be

1.

Comets are just as much members of the suns family as (are) the other planets.

2.

To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.

3.

He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom.

not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N

not assoas
asas <> soas <>
1.

It is not as (so) popular as other foods.

2.

He does not study as (so) hard as John.

3.

I am not as (so) careful as Tom.

as far as ...
as far as
as far as<><>

1.

Swallows from England go as far as South Africa.

2.

We walked as far as the railroad station.

3.

We drove as far south as Kaohsiung.

4.

He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England.

5.

I swam as far as I could.

... just as ... as ...

just asas
as as <
> be <> as <><>

1.

Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver.

2.

Writing is just as important as reading.

3.

He wrote just as carefully as Tom.

... as ... as one can

asas one can
as ... as one canas ... as possibleone <>
43


can <>

1.

To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can.

2.

Take as much exercise as you can.

3.

Be as careful as you can.

4.

Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.

5.

She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could.

6.

You should be as careful as you can in making friends.

7.

We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.

8.

I looked down the road as far as I could.

9.

I will try to save as much as I can.

10.

You should remain as quiet as you can.

... as ... as ... can be

be asascan be
<><><>
<>as plain as plain can beas wise as wise can be
as white as white can beas wrong as wrong can be
1.

His failure is as plain as plain can be.

2.

He is as handsome as (handsome) can be.

3.

She is as kind as can be.

4.

Mary is as hardworking as can be.

5.

He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.

as ... as ever
asas ever

1.

He seems to be as busy as ever.

2.

He works as hard as ever.

3.

She was as beautiful as ever after so many years.

... times as ... as ...

asas
twice times

1.

An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.

2.

This line is four times as long as that one.

3.

I am twice as old as he.

4.

She studies three times as hard as I.

5.

He earns twice as much as he used to.

6.

She spent half as much money as you.

44


... times the/my N ...
the
<><> the <><>
as<>timesmore than<>the<>
<>
1.

It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun.

2.

Line A is four times the length of line B. A B

3.

I have five times the number of Toms books.

4.

He has three times my money.

5.

He has more than three times my money.

6.

The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River.

7.

Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four times the size of
Holland.

more than ... as ... as

more thanasas
twice times
1.

He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.)

2.

He studies more than three times as hard as I.

3.

I am more than twice as old as he.

4.

He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I (have).

... times ...er than ...

than
twice times

1.

We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.

2.

This street is four times shorter than that one.

3.

The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant.

4.

It is ten times louder than another.

5.

This street is three times wider than that one.

6.

I am twice older than he.

not so adj. as adj.

not soas
<><>rather than<><
>

1.

She is not so beautiful as charming. (=She is charming rather than beautiful.)

2.

He is not so clever as diligent.

3.

She is not so kind as simple.

not so much + N as + N
45


not so muchas
<>rather than<>
1.

He is not so much a writer as a scholar.

2.

He is not so much a genius as a hard worker.

3.

The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical accomplishment.

not so much ... as ...

not so muchas
<><>rather than <
>/<>
1.

Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health.

2.

Ones greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character.

3.

Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.

4.

I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.

5.

It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a living.

6.

Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation.

7.

The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of
learning.

8.

The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. (=The oceans do not divide the world so much
as unite it.)

not so much as ...

not so much as ...
not even ...<><> cannot
so much as<>do not so much as<>have not
so much
as<>

1.

He cannot so much as write his own name. (=He cannot even write his own name.)

2.

He did not so much as thank me.

3.
4.

He is so stupid that he cant so much as eat.

When Mary walked in, she didnt so much as take a glance at me, which angered me.

the more ..., the more ...

thethe
<><><>heityouthey<
>JohnMary<> be <> be <>
1.

The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.

46


2.

The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place.

3.

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.

4.

The more I learn, the less I feel I know.

5.

The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.

6.

The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home.

7.

The better the boy (is), the more I like him.

8.

The colder the weather (is), the more comfortable my life (will be).

9.

The bigger the house (is), the more money it will cost.

10.

The more haste, the less speed.

11.

The more noble the more humble.

12.

More profit and less honor.

13.

The sooner the better.

14.

The more you have, the more you want.

15.

The more you beat iron the harder it grows.

more and more ...

and

1.

The noise of traffic grows louder and louder.

2.

It is getting hotter and hotter.

3.

You should study harder and harder.

4.

The girl became more and more beautiful.

5.

With the rapid economical development, Chinas position on the international stage is getting more
and more important .

... more ... than ...

be morethan
<><><
>
1.

You may also find that reading has become more fun than work!

2.

It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.

3.

I was more disappointed than discouraged.

4.

He seems more like a military officer than a business executive.

5.

He is more a sprinter than a swimmer.

6.

I am more frightened than hurt.

7.

Sue is more beautiful than Jane.

8.

The computer is more expensive than the typewriter.

9.

People in the country are happier than people in the city.

47


N1 more ... than N2
1than 2

1.

People have to live on something more nourishing than hope.

2.

I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary.

3.

I want some persons more experienced than Tom.

more N than + ADJ/V-ed

thanbe
be <>
1.

Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation.

2.

I did more work than required.

3.

We were given more money than necessary for the project.

It is better to V1 than V2
It isto 1thanto 2
than to
1.

It is better to laugh than (to) weep.

2.

It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than (to) sit in the office.

3.

It is harder to teach than (to) study.

make ... more ... of ...

makemoreof
<>
1.

Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight.

2.

Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us.

3.

Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.

all the more for ...

all thefor
for <><><>
all thebecause-because <><><><>
<>
1.

You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in them.

2.
3.

I love her all the better for her poverty (=because she is poor).
I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations.

4.

He studied all the harder because he had failed (=for his failure).

5.

She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing (=because her clothing is shabby).
48

6.

I respect him all the more because he has faults.

7.

I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets.

none the ...er for ...

none thefor
none thebecause-for <>
<><>because <><><><><>
1.

His health is none the better for his exercise (=because he takes exercise).

2.

She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.

3.

He is none the happier for his great wealth.

4.

He is none the wiser because he has read many books.

none the less ... for ...

none the lessfor
none the lessbecause-none the less
<><><><><><>
<><><><>
1.

I love him none the less because he is poor.

2.

She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing.

3.

He studied none the less hard because he had failed.

... no more ... than ...

Ano moreBthanCD
A B C Dno more ... thannot ... any more than than

1.

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

2.

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.

3.

He is no more able to speak English than I am (able to speak English).

4.

He is no more considerate of others than his brother is.

5.

He can no more sing than I can dance.

6.

We can no more live without sleep than (we can) without water.

7.

I am no more out of my mind than you are (out of your mind).

49


8.

Tom was no more surprised than (he was) disappointed at this news.

9.

He is no better (no more good) at English than I am.

... no less ... than ...

Ano lessBthanCD
A B C D no less ... thanas ... asno less <>
<>
1.

A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.

2.

He is no less clever than his elder brother.

3.

She is no less good at swimming than Mary.

4.

His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is (happy over his engagement).

5.

He studies no less hard than John.

6.

Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good books.

7.

A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.

8.

Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.

not more ... than ...

not morethan
at best as ... as
1.

She is not more beautiful than Mary.

2.

I was not more surprised than he (was).

3.

He is not more handsome than I.

not less ... than

not less ... than
at least as ... as
1.

She is not less beautiful than Mary.

2.

He is not less interested in composing music than Jane.

3.

He is not less handsome than I.

no more than ...

no more than
only<>
1.

It will take no more than five days to read the book.

2.

It is no more than ten minutes walk from the station.

3.

I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment.

no less than ...

50


no less than
as manymuch as ...
1.

I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work.

2.

The audience was no less than five thousand.

3.

That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night. 20

4.

No less than ten students flunked the exam.

not more than ...

not more than
at most<><>

1.
2.
3.

It is not more than ten minutes walk from the station.

Ill stay here not more than three days.
For safetys sake, dont drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.

not less than ...

not less than
at least<><>
1.

The audience was not less than five thousand.

2.
3.

Ill stay here not less than three days.

Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less
than six days.

at best + N
at best
nothing but ...

1.

Dont expect much of him; he is at best a student.

2.

She is at best a second-rate singer.

3.

Dont scold him too much; he is at best a child.

much more /much less ...

much moremuch less
much more ...let alone ...still more ...
much less ...still less ...<>
1.

She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.

2.

She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it.

3.

You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.

4.

I enjoy singing, much more listening to music.

5.

She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.

6.

He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.

7.

That father cant discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow.
51

... more than any other N

thanany other
<><><><
>thanall the other<>
1.

John is more diligent than any other student in his class.

2.

John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.

3.

Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.

4.

Autumn is better for reading than any other season.

5.

Mt. Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan.

... more than anyone else

thananyone elseanything else
<><><>anyone else
anything else
1.

John is more diligent than anyone else in his class.

2.

Time is more precious than anything else in the world.

3.

Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company.

4.

We pay less attention to time than to anything else.

nothing is ...er than ...

nothing nothan
<><><>

1.

Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.

2.
3.

No place is better than ones home.

Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.

4.

Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.

5.

There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.

... nothing more than N

nothing more than
nothing more thannothing but

1.

Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.

2.

It is nothing more than a made-up story.

3.

She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.

...er than ever

than ever
than ever than ever before
52


1.

There it was, ticking away, louder than ever.

2.

You should be more careful than ever.

3.

Does she spend more money than ever?

better ... than ...

betterthan
better <><><><>
1.

Please try to attend the meeting. Better late than absent.

2.

Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.

3.

Better reduce the price than allow a discount.

with no N is it ...er than

... and with no 1is itthanwith 2
no is it
1.

It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no
language is it more unreasonable than with English.

2.

It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.

3.

It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends.

Who is the most ...

Who is the
who which
4
1.

Who is the oldest of them?

2.

Who is the most beautiful in their family?

3.

Who is the youngest here?

4.

Which is the most interesting subject for you?

the ...est ... not ...

not
<> not
1.

The most foolish man knows his own name.

2.

The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty.

3.

The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.

4.

The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.

5.

There is not the smallest chance of his escape.

6.

Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.

7.

The strongest man (that) you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.

the ...est ... that V-ed

thethat
that <><><> ever

1.

Thats the best book that I have ever read.

53


2.

Thats the nicest thing that has ever happened to me.

3.

He is the most diligent student that I have ever known.

4.

Thats the worst performance (that) I have ever seen.

of all the N, the ...est

ofthe threethe fourall the
of the two<><><>
7<><>
1.

Of the three students, he is the best.

2.

Jane is the best of all the students in her class.

3.

Jane is the best of the three (students).

4.

Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the highest.

5.

Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest.

6.

Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful.

7.

Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful.

A is the ...est among ...

be ()among
<><>
1.

The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them.

2.

Which river is the shortest among them?

3.

Paris is the most beautiful among the cities.

A is the ...est N in ...

Abe thein
A the
1.

Jane is the best student in her class.

2.

Mr. Jones is the busiest man in the office.

3.

The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year.

A is the ...est of N
be theof
<><>be <>the<><
>

1.

Robert Frost was the most American of American poets.

2.

He is the strictest of teachers in our school.

3.

It is the most popular of movies.

4.

English is the most international of languages.

54


5.

It is the most difficult of examinations.

6.

You must make the most of your opportunities.

A is the ...est of all.

be theof all
<>of all<><>
1.

These frozen foods are the most convenient of all.

2.

It is the most important of all.

3.

They are the most dependable of all.

A is most ...
be the
<> theveryvery <>
themost the<><> the<
><><> the
1.

I think he is a most learned man.

2.

A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday.

3.

Such a most talented person as he shouldnt be satisfied with what he is.

4.

A comet is at perihelion when it is closest (=very close) to the sun.

5.

A person is most disappointed when he is in despair.

6.

He is calmest (=very calm) when he is all by himself.

7.

The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust.

8.

Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.

9.

Most learned men are modest.

10.

I like apples best of all fruits.

11.

Bill runs quickly, Jack runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most quickly of all.

12. Janes worst fault is her quick temper.

13.

She is my youngest sister.

A is the last to ...

be the lastto-
the last <>
1.

I would be the last to attempt to answer the question.

2.

He is the last person (that) I want to see.

3.

This is the last attempt (that) he would make.

4.

The author should be the last man to talk about his work.

superior/inferior to ...
superiorinferior to
<><> to thanprefer
tosenior to ...junior to ...
55


1.

I prefer tea to coffee.

2.

I prefer chemistry to physics.

3.

He is superior to his brother in mathematics.

4.

A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive one.

5.

This plastic is inferior in quality to glass.

6.

He is senior to me by seven years.

7.

The president was so young that he was junior to some of his employees.

I am glad to ...
be gladsorry
<><> gladsorryhappysadsurprisedtroubled <
><>
1.

I am glad to see him.

2.

Sue was troubled to see trash everywhere.

3.

Sara was excited to see the rock band.

... too ... to ...

tooforsb.to-
too <><><>too
<><>too<>a<>to-<>too much
<>totoo many<>to
for<> 8
1.

He walked too slowly to catch up with me.

2.

It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.

3.

This problem is too difficult for them to settle.

4.

The price is too low for customers to believe.

5.

He is too young a boy to do it.

6.

He has too much work on hand to go picnicking with us.

7.

He has too many things at his disposal to go home early.

8.

The boy is too young to do it, isnt he?

I am too glad not to ...

toonotto-
<><>

1.

Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult problem.

2.

This customer is too honest not to deceive us.

3.

I am too glad not to help the boy.

4.

It is never too late to learn.

I am only too ... to ...

56


only tooto-
only too only too veryvery much
1.

I am only too glad to accept your kind invitation.

2.

He is only too willing to serve friends.

3.

I am only too pleased to do business with you.

ADJ/ADV + enough to ...

enoughfor sb.to-
enough <><><><><>
<><>
1.

We need several men strong enough to do the work.

2.

They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.

3.

He is competent enough to fill that position.

4.

He ran fast enough to catch the thief.

5.

Our teacher is old enough to retire.

6.

The assignment is few enough to be finished within half an hour.

... enough + N + to do ...
enoughto-
enoughto-
enough <><><>
1.

He has enough money (=money enough) to buy a car.

2.
3.

He hasnt enough sense to realize his mistakes.

It is a pity that he doesnt have enough money to sponsor the project.

4.

Will 2,000 dozens be enough for selling?

... be good enough to ...

Would you be good enoughto-
<>Would you be so kind as to ...? <>

1.

Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit?

2.

Would you be good enough to keep silent?

3.

Would you be good enough to move a bit to the right?

... how (+ N) + to do ...

howwhatwhenwherewhichwhoseto-
whatwhomwhich <>
<><><><><>howwherewhenwhy <
><><><><><><
57


>
1.

How do I know what to do and what not to do?

2.

He showed me how to use the tape recorder.

3.

What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another.

4.

The trouble is when to start the business.

5.
6.

We havent decided where to go for lunch.

7.

I learned what expressions to use in public.

8.

How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.

9.

You should know what to cook to eat.

10.

The problem is when to get the money we need.

I dont know which advise to follow.

11. There are so many fancy cars on display here that I dont know which to buy.

... only to do ...
onlymerelysimplyjustto-

1.

He studied hard only to fail in the exam.

2.

He rushed all the way to the station only to miss the train.

3.

He tried a second time only to fail again.

4.

He tried to increase his income by gambling only to plunge more deeply into the mire.

5.

I went out, merely to get caught in a shower.

... have only to do ...

have onlyto-
All one has to do ...What one has to do ...
1.

You have only to sit there and watch what I am doing.

2.

Dont worry; you have only to sing a song to please her.

3.

You have only to go.

4.

You have only to ask and hell tell you.

... never to do ...

neverto-

1.

He went on a journey when he was 18 years old, never to come back.

2.

He went off to the war never to return alive.

3.

She left her husband, never to come back.

make/have sb. do sth.

makehavebidlet
<>makehavebidlet <>
58


<><><><><><
><> have <><>
1.

I made him do it.

2.

I let him do it.

3.

They had/made the girl clean the floor.

4.

The mother bade the child behave himself.

5.

He was bidden to finish the work on schedule.

6.

My father will probably have Tom paint the house green.

7.

He had me help him with his homework.

... want/like to do ...

toV
<><><>likewanttry love
hate
forgetbeginstartneed
1.

Some students hate to study English.

2.

You need to study in a quiet place.

3.

He likes to go to the movie.

4.

She wants to help Mary.

... want/ask sb. to do ...

wantasktell to-
<><><><><>
<><><> not<>
wantgetcompelexpectaskwould
likeadviseurgewishtellallowpermittroublehelp
teach
1.

I told him not to goof around.

2.

The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam.

3.

They forced me to do things against my will.

4.

Do you want me to go there instead of you?

5.

I got him to do it.

6.

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.

7.

A sense of humor enabled him to get along well with others.

8.

The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.

9.

The father allowed (=permitted) his son to travel abroad alone.

10.

We troubled him to turn on the light.

11.

We needed someone to fix the tape recorder.

I heard him sing.

hearseefeel
<><>
<><><>
<> seewatchnoticelook athearlisten tofeel <><
59


><> 4<><
>
1.

Did you notice anyone come in?

2.

As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile.

3.

She once heard him whisper to another girl.

4.

He was heard to sing.

5.

I felt my heart beat violently.

6.

She liked to listen to children talk.

7.

We heard him playing with his puppy.

8.

Rick often watched the boats returning to port in the late afternoon.

be going to ...
be goingto-
be goingto-<><>
<>
1.

He is going to marry Jane in May.

2.

I am going to stay up late to finish my paper.

3.

Im afraid he is going to lose the match.

4.

The train was just going to start when we arrived.

5.

My father was a sailor and Im going to be one, too.

be about to ...
be aboutto-
<>
I am about to go next week.
1.

He was surely about to change his mind.

2.

She was about to walk out of the door when the telephone rang.

3.

Something unusual was about to happen.

... be to ...
beto-
beto<>

A was to be placed onto A, and B onto B.

... seem/appear to ...
seemappearto-
to-<>seem
probablyappear
1.

Taiwan seems to contain no petroleum.

2.

The thread seems to match the cloth.

3.

He appears to be very tired.

4.

These stars appear to move around the North Star.

60


5.

They appear to be able to handle the problem.

6.

John seems to love music very much.

To ..., Main Clause

<><> to tell the truthto

do
someone justiceto be briefto begin withto sum up
to
make matters worseso to speakneedless to sayto say
nothing of sth

1.

To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.

2.

To tell the truth, I dont agree to your plan.

3.

To do her justice, she is not as bad as you described.

4.

To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on the lawless, can social stability be
maintained.

5.

Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student.

6.

I cant speak English, to say nothing of Chinese.

7.

Needless to say, learning without thinking is useless.

... pretend to ...

pretendto-that-
pretend to- that
1.

He was pretending to climb a mountain.

2.

She pretended not to go.

3.

He pretended to be a good man.

4.

Lets pretend (that) we are pirates.

... stop to ...

stopto-
stopVing

1.

They just dont stop to think.

2.

They stopped to look into the window.

3.

I have stopped smoking for half a year.

... be meant to ...

be meantto-
61


be meant to Vbe meant for N
1.

Some TV programs are meant to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow.

2.

He believes he is meant to be a great man.

3.

This dictionary is meant for you.

be + ADJ + to ...
beto-
<> to-<><>
1.

It was even more pleasing to look at in the morning light.

2.

The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.

3.

I think she is easy to please.

... be likely to ...

be likelyto-
likely <>It is likely that ...

1.

Ones first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a rush.

2.

He is likely to arrive at any time.

3.

His health is likely to get worse.

make an/no attempt to ...

make anno attemptto-

1.

His smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer.

2.

I made no attempt to make friends with her.

3.

Will they make any attempt?

happen/chance to ...
happenchanceto-

1.

A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man who was obviously
depressed.

2.

We happened to meet at the station.

3.

He happened to be sleeping.

4.

I chanced to be thinking of the same thing.

... is said to ...

is saidto-
is said to have been ...

1.

His music is said to be goodor great.

2.

He is said to have been the richest man in Taiwan.

3.

They are said to build a hospital here.

... be bound to ...

be boundto-
62


be bound to Vbe sure to Vbe bound for

1.

Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the problem.

2.

He is bound to come tonight.

3.

If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his.

... do all one can to ...

do all one can to-
do can <>

1.
2.
3.

Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires.

You should do all you can to persuade him.
We have done all we could to catch up with them.

have sth. to do with ...

... have somethingnothing to do with ...
something
littlemucha great deal have nothing to do with have anything to do with <
>
1.

Her diligence must have something to do with his success.

2.

The traffic accident had nothing to do with him.

3.

His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy.

have no other N except to

have no otherexceptthanto-
except than

1.

The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh.

2.

We have no other choice than to agree with them.

3.

I have no other wish except to pass the examination.

... in order/so as to ...

in orderso asto-

1.

He must work very hard in order to support his large family.

2.

Listen carefully so as to follow the teacher.

3.

You must watch your step so as not to fall down.

... be used to ...

() + be used to-
be used as<>

1.

The book is used to teach us how to write.

2.

The knife can be used to cut meat.

3.

It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis.

63


4.

The book is used as a reference book.

I am + V-ing ...
amareis
<><>
nowstillat this time <><><>
every dayusuallyalways <>(<>)
1.

Bill is singing.

2.

Linda is cooking.

3.

My father is sleeping.

4.

Mother cooks dinner every evening.

5.

She is cooking in the kitchen now.

6.

Father walks to his office every morning.

7.

He is walking to his office now.

8.

Mary sings in her room every afternoon.

9.

She is singing in her room now.

an interesting movie
aanvery
<> interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble <>
<>
1.

That is an interesting movie.

2.

That is an exciting game.

3.

That is a satisfying book.

Have you + V-ed ...?

HaveHas
<> havehas<>
1.

Have you had your lunch?

2.

Has she ever written a letter to Mark?

3.

Have you found the pen you lost yesterday?

a troubled student
64


aanvery
<> interestexcitesatisfyboreconfusetrouble <>
<>
1.

He is a troubled student.

2.

He is an interested person.

3.

He is a bored student.

I have written a letter.

havehas
<>
havehas<> have has <>
<>hesheit has have
1.

I have written a letter.

2.

Mary has studied English for three years.

3.

He has liked dogs since he was a child.

... is ...ed by ...

be by
<><><>be
be <><><>
by <>
1.

The news is widely spread by them.

2.

Vegetables are needed every day by us.

3.

This letter was typed by Alice this morning.

will be V-ed by ...

will beby
be <>amisare will be
1.

That book will be brought by Mary tomorrow.

2.

That car will be washed this afternoon.

3.

The building will be opened next month.

be going to be V-ed by
be going tobeby
be <>amisare going to be
1.

These clothes are going to be washed by her.

2.

A birthday cake is going to be brought to the table by the cook.

3.

Music is going to be taught by Miss Lin.

can(not) be V-ed by ...

65


cannotbe by
<>canmust be<><>

1.

That lesson can not be understood by many students.

2.

The question can not be answered by many people.

3.

His poor handwriting can not be read by himself.

... V + V-ing ...

<><><
>
<><> be<><> being being
1.

We sat listening to the sound of the waves.

2.

The dog lay dozing in front of the door.

3.

She stood there (being) motionless.

4.

He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something wrong with him.

5.

I stand looking over the lake.

6.

Some leaves went flying into my room.

... V-ingV-ed + N ...

<><><><><>

<><><>
1.

The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him.

2.

The girl standing in the front row is my niece.

3.

There were no printed books in those days.

4.

This is a play written by an American author.

5.

The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night.

6.

I looked painfully at the vase broken into pieces.

7.

It is difficult to shoot a flying bird, especially a small bird flying high up in the sky.

8.

Soon we came to a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of vehicles.

feel/make ... V-ing/V-ed
keepmakehear
<> keepfind <> makeletget <> hearseewatchfeel <
><>
being
<><><>

1.

At last I succeeded in getting my car moving slowly.

66


2.

We saw him watering the lawn around the house.

3.

Have you heard the opera sung in French?

4.

I felt something crawling up my arm.

5.

I saw him being punished by the teacher.

6.

I saw the boy carried away to the hospital.

7.

I found the work being done in a rush.

... get(s) V-ed/ADJ

gets
get<><>get old get
hungry
get angryget sickget fat get tiredget lost
get confused
get hurt get excitedget ready
1.

John got lost.

2.

Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses.

3.

The question is so hard, and were getting confused.

... have/get sth. done

havegetmake
make <> have get <
> <><>

1.

Be sure to get the work finished before six oclock.

2.

Are you going to get the house painted green?

3.

I want to get/have these shoes mended.

4.

He has been unable to raise enough money to have the big clock repaired.

5.

Ill have it sent right away.

6.

Have it charged to my credit card.

7.

I cannot make myself understood in English.

8.

I had my tooth extracted. (=I had the dentist extract my tooth.)

Sth. is being + V-ed ...

is being
<><>
1.

Money is being used in place of something more direct.

2.

The machine is being experimentally used.

3.

The problems are being discussed.

... go + V-ing ...

go
go <><>fishingboating
skatingskiinghuntingmountain climbing shopping

67


1.

Sometimes Mr. Black went swimming with the children.

2.

We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish.

3.

I find it interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing.

4.

The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week.

5.

You may go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend.

the + V-ing/V-ed/ADJ
the
<><><><> the<>
<>the woundedthe handicapped
the rich
the deadthe dyingthe unknown

1.

The rich are not necessarily happy.

2.

The oppressed were free after the coup.

3.

The dying were rushed to the hospital.

4.

During the depression, millions of the unemployed wandered around in the streets.

V-ing/V-ed ..., Main Clause

<><><><><><><
><> be have been<> being having been
<><><> not never <>
1.

Holding the watch up, she listened.

2.

Standing in the dark, I can not see anything.

3.

Sitting under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head.

4.

(Being) a lover of nature, he often goes mountain climbing.

5.

Angry with his wife, Tom kicked the dog.

6.

Rich and generous, he contributed two million dollars to the Red Cross.

7.

(Having been) Knocked down by a car, he spent a week in the hospital.

8.

Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use.

9.

Caught in a rain, he was wet all over.

10.

Bitten by a dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again.

11. Written in English, the book is difficult for me to understand.

12.

Not (being) fond of learning, he ran away from home.

13.

Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip there.

68



When + V-ing ...
whenwhileonceifunlessthough
whenwhileonceifunlessthough <><><><><
><><><>
1.

He says "Please" when making a request.

2.

When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn.

3.

He stopped to talk to me when seeing me.

4.
5.

If falling ill, Ill stay home taking a good rest.

6.

Unless (being) rich, I am not going to buy a house.

7.

Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.

Once arriving there, Ill keep contact with you.

N + V-ing/V-ed

<><><><><><> <
> be have been<> being having been <><
> weyouone <><>
frankly speakingjudging fromtalking aboutof

generally speakingroughly speaking

1.

They were trembling, their mouths watering at the thought of the beer.

2.

He was sitting next to Mrs. Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter.

3.

The earthquake took place, the windows broken into pieces.

4.

"There it is," he whispered, his eyes (being) bright with sudden tears.

5.

He said in a low voice, both his hands (being) on his back.

6.

He argued, his voice trembling with anger.

7.

Generally speaking, women live longer than men.

8.

Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.

with + N + V-ing/V-ed
with
<><><><
69


><>
1.

She sang to the music with her hand waving gently.

2.

He came running here with one hand holding a knife.

3.

He came running here with a knife held in one hand.

4.

With our work done, we felt much at ease.

5.

She looked at him with the color gone from her face.

6.

He was dozing with a book open in his hands.

7.

My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a stick in his hand.

8.

What a lonely world it would be with you away!

V-ing ... + be + N ...

be
<><> be <><>
1.

Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and
independence.

2.

3.

Growing along the river are tall palm trees.

Lying north of the church is a girls senior high school.

Thinking correctly is ...

<><><><>
<><><><>
<>
1.

Thinking correctly is important.

2.

Living in the big city is convenient.

3.

Reading good books makes us happy.

... without + N/V-ing ...

without
<>without <
><><><>and ... notifwhennot<>

1.
2.
3.

I cant start a fire without matches.

4.

He went to school without breakfast. (=He went to school and did not eat breakfast.)

We wont go without you joining it.

You cant see the movie without the ticket.

I like + V-ing ...

<><><>likelove hate
70


beginstarttryenjoymindpractise
1.

I like doing my homework.

2.

He loves listening to music.

3.

The boys hate doing homework on Sundays.

cannot help + V-ing ...

cannot help
help <
><>cannot butcannot help but<>
1.

He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty.

2.

Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying.

3.

After learning of his sufferings, I couldnt help sympathizing with him.

4.

I cannot help laughing.

5.

I cannot help being poor.

6.

I cannot help wondering about that girl.

7.

I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week.

There is no + V-ing ...

There is no
It is impossible to<>No one can<
>
1.

There is no accounting for tastes.

2.

There was no telling what the next assignment would be.

3.

There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as Peter.

4.

There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.

5.

There is no describing the beauty of the scene.

6.

There is no typing up this letter within five minutes.

feel like + V-ing ...

feel like
like <><><><>
would like to<><>

1.

I dont feel like studying tonight.

2.

I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.

3.

Do you feel like going to a movie?

4.

I feel like a newborn baby.

... come near + V-ing ...

come near
near <>
71


1.

It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever seen.

2.

I came near hitting him.

3.

They came near being drowned.

4.

My son came near being run over by a truck.

... worth + V-ing ...

worth
worth <><><><><
> <>worth <><><><><>
<><><><><> it <>
1.

London is a city worth visiting.

2.

He who does his duty is worth praising.

3.

A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time again.

4.

The work is worth doing.

5.

He is worth doing the work for.

be worthy of + V-ing
be worthy of
be worthyto be<>worthy <><
> worth worthy <> it <>
1.

This book is worthy of reading.

2.

He who does his duty is worthy of praising.

3.

The event is worthy of being remembered.

On/Upon + V-ing ...

OnUpon
once <>on <>
<>

1.

Upon reaching an appropriate age, children are encouraged, but not forced, to leave the nest.

2.

On entering the classroom, I found a book lying on the floor.

3.

Upon receiving your letter, I was as happy as could be.

before + V-ing ...

before + ...
before <>
1.

Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your shoes.

2.

Before reading the book, you had better ask yourself if you have the time.
72



3.

Before visiting him, I called him up in advance.

of ones own + V-ing

of ones own
<><><><>
1.

This is a picture of his own painting.

2.

This is a coat of her own making.

3.

I least expected that this should be a house of his own constructing.

keep ... from + V-ing
keeppreventstopdiscouragefrom
from

1.

It will take everybodys efforts to keep city noises from increasing.

2.

The rain kept us from getting there on time.

3.

They should try to keep prices from rising.

4.

Sometimes we can prevent a cloud from producing rain.

5.

Nobody can prevent him from running the risk.

6.

The bad weather prevented us from getting there on time.

7.

They didnt even try to stop him getting it.

8.

You should have stopped him from going swimming.

9.

A strong will will stop one from committing a crime.

10.

Even his closest friends discouraged him from seeking higher office.

11.

He was discouraged from making another attempt.

I remember + V-ing ...

remember
remember<>remember
to-<>forgetregret remember
1.

I remember feeling that God, or someone, had brought us together.

2.

Do you remember taking a trip to Japan with him?

3.
4.

I cant remember quarreling with him in junior high school.

Ill remember to mail these letters.

... ones + V-ing ...

<><><><>(<>)<>
<><>
<>
1.

She is not sure of his answering her letter.

2.

I prefer Johns playing tennis to his playing cards.

73


3.
4.

I dislike my mothers interfering in the affair.

5.

Would you mind my opening the window?

6.

I remember our meeting ten years ago.

7.

My father doesnt like my/me going out alone.

8.

I dislike my house being too small.

Our teacher didnt mind my coming in late.

... be busy V-ing ...

be busy
be busy with<>
1.

Mother is busy making cookies for the picnic.

2.

He was busy preparing for the exam.

3.

I was busy looking up all the new words of the lesson in my dictionary.

... be used to + V-ing/N

be used tobe accustomed to
<>used to-<>be used to-<
>
1.

The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died.

2.

He is used to sitting up late.

3.

Are you used to the weather in Taipei?

4.

He is accustomed to hearing noise, because he lives right in the center of the city.

be on the point of + V-ing
be onupon the pointverge of
be just about to ...
1.

It started raining when I was on the point of leaving home.

2.

On being sent to hospital, he was on the point of breathing his last.

3.

He was on the point of death.

4.

She was on the verge of telling all the secret.

make a point of + V-ing

make a point of
<><>make it a pointruleto-<
>
1.

I make a point of giving a hand to others.

2.

Whenever I go to Taipei, I make a point of visiting the National Palace Museum.

3.

They make a point of going on a picnic every two weeks.

to the point of V-ing ...

to the point of

74


1.

To regret ones errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance.

2.

She hates him to the point of not talking to him.

3.

They argued to the point of fighting with each other.

do a little + V-ing
doa lot ofa littleanythe
a lot ofa littlesome anythe
1.

I can do a little dancing.

2.

She helped her mother do the washing.

3.

He has done a lot of traveling.

with the + V-ing of + N

withtheof
<><><><>
1.

With the coming of Easter, winter ends and spring comes.

2.

With the inventing of the computer, society seems to have changed greatly.

3.

With the setting of the sun, night comes silently.

spend ... (in) V-ing

spendin
<>It takesto-<>
1.

He spent his last years (in) teaching and editing earlier writings.

2.

How much time do you spend practicing English everyday?

3.

He is going to spend his last years writing a book on the history of Chinese literature.

4.

She spends too much time (in) dressing herself.

5.

He spent much of his spare time roaming about the streets.

prefer V-ing/N to V-ing/N

preferto
<><>

1.

In the U.S., people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they dont know.

2.

Some people prefer sitting up to going to bed early.

3.

He said he preferred country life to city life.

when it comes to + V-ing

when it comes to
to <><><>

1.

Their memory wasnt very good when it came to recalling other things, but they remembered the
75


comet.
2.

When it comes to making friends, you cannot be too careful.

3.

When it came to the summer vacation, we all became excited.

the + V-ing + of + N ...

theof
<><>

1.

The actual cause of the quake itself is the rupturing or breaking of rocks at or below the earths
surface.

2.

3.

The building of the bridge is very important for the transportation between the two towns.

The breaking of his right leg made him walk on crutches only.

be all for + V-ing ...

be all for
try ones best to do sth
1.

I was all for calling on each of these ladies.

2.

He is praised for his being all for helping the poor.

3.

I am all for jogging early in the morning.

Can you speak English?

Can
Yescan
Yescan
Nocant
Nocant
can <> <
><>can scan <> tocan
can notcannotcantcan <><>cant<>
1.

Can he speak English? Yes, he can (speak English).

2.

Can Tom play Frisbee? Yes, he can (play Frisbee).

3.

Can Mary ride a bicycle? Yes, she can (ride a bicycle).

4.

Can you speak Chinese? No, I cant (speak Chinese).

5.
6.

Can your father cook? No, he cant (cook).

Can she sing English songs? No, she cant (sing English songs).

You can never do it again.

<><><> be <> be <><

76


><><><><><>
<><>
1.

Do you always eat lunch at school?

2.

Does John often watch television in the evening?

3.

You can never do it again.

4.

He is usually busy.

5.

She never comes to school late.

6.

I sometimes speak English at home.

... will + V ...

will
<>will<><><>tomorrow
tomorrow morningafternooneveningthe day after tomorrownext weeknext yearnext
tonight
this eveningafternoonsome dayone of these daysHow soon

inin a few daysin ten minutes<>

be going to<>
1.

We will eat lunch together tomorrow.

2.

I will walk home after school this afternoon.

3.

Mr. Lin will wash his motorcycle tomorrow morning.

4.

Will she cook dinner this evening?

5.

Will they go on a picnic next week?

6.

We will not play basketball tomorrow.

7.

David wont go to the movies with Helen next week.

8.

Your brother is not going to study this evening.

9.

They will have a lot of fun next month.

10.

School will begin next Tuesday.

... should/would + V ...

shouldwouldmay
should shall <> I weshould
<> would will
<> would would
like would <> may
perhaps maybemay <
>may <>mustnt
maynt
1.

You should study hard.

2.

He must be sick today.

3.

I would like to help you pack.

... should not + V ...

shouldwouldmaynot
77


should shall <> I weshould
<> would will
<> would would
like would <> may
perhaps maybemay <
>may <>mustnt
maynt
1.

He would not lend you his dictionary.

2.

He may not come tomorrow.

3.

We should not tell lies.

Should/Would you + V ...?

ShouldWouldMay
should shall <> I weshould
<> would will
<> would would
like would <> may
perhaps maybemay <
>may <>mustnt
maynt
1.

May he do that?

2.

Would you like to go with us?

3.

Should they read the newspaper more often?

... used to + V ...

used to
<>would often<>
would<>used to ...
would ...
1.

Difficult problems used to take hours of work with pencil and paper.

2.

There used to be a post office there.

3.

I used to (=would often) go fishing.

4.

We used to hear the train whistle at night.

5.

He would sit for hours doing nothing.

... would like to V ...

would likesb.to
would like <><> to <>
should like to ... 23
Would you like to have a look at the picture? - Yes, I should very much like to.

I would like to take a trip around the world toward the end of this year.

I would like you to meet Mr. Jones.
78


I would like him to do it.
would rather V1 than V2
would rather 1than 2
would rather than <> than <>
would rather <> than <>

1.

Id rather take care of the stomachs of the living than (take care of) the glory of the dead in the form
of stone memorials.

2.

They would rather go fishing than stay at home.

3.

I would rather be laughed at than quarrel with him.

4.

He would rather give away a point than claim an advantage.

5.

I would rather fail than cheat in the examination.

6.

I would rather die than live in disgrace.

7.

I would rather remain poor than get money by dishonest means.

... had better + V ...

had better
had better <>had better have
<>had best ... had better

1.

You had better consult a doctor soon.

2.

The policeman said to him, "Youd better come with me and tell me all about the accident."

3.

You had better have stayed at home.

4.

Hadnt you better make a market report?

5.

You had better go to the factory and have a look.

6.

You had best not accept the offer.

May you + V ...

May
may
<>may <>

1.

May you recover soon!

2.

May you succeed in business.

79


3.

May our two parties achieve even greater successes in our business.

may well + V ...

may well +
may <>well <><> well
<><>
1.

You may well find that the end of the book is better than the beginning.

2.

You may well get angry with him.

3.

She is proud of her son, and well she may.

4.

An unlimited arms race may well increase the danger of war.

5.

Since he can play many musical instruments, he may well be called a man of accomplishments.

may as well + V ...

may as well
had better<>
1.

We may as well leave the table after dinner is over.

2.

You may as well keep it a secret.

3.

You are not (physically) strong, so you may as well take care of your health.

...may as well ... as ...

maymight as well Aas B
B Ahad better A than Bmay as well ... as
might as well ... as
1.

Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here as leave.

2.
3.

You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.

4.

I may as well die as marry him.

You might as well not know a thing at all as know it only a little.

5.

I might as well die as marry him.

6.

7.

8.

You might as well talk to a stone as try to argue with a stubborn woman.

You might as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument.

You might as well ask the tree for help as request him to reduce the price.

... must have V-ed ...

80


must have
<>must<>

1.

Anyway, he must have eaten a lot because now he is fat.

2.

You must have mistaken her for her sister.

3.

They must have left.

4.

The rubbing must have worked.

5.

They must have read the article.

6.

You must have seen him before.

7.

He must have forgotten my name.

8.

He must have told you about it.

9.

Tom must have taken your dictionary by mistake.

10.

The poet must have been very young when he wrote this poem.

.. may have V-ed ...

maymight have
maymight<>
might have may have
1.

He may have overslept this morning.

2.

The tea is hot; he may have been here before.

3.

He may have known the truth; otherwise he wouldnt be so angry now.

4.

The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure.

... cannot have V-ed ...
cannot have
cannot have cannot
must not have must notcannot<>
1.
2.

She cannot have written the letter herself.

He is honest, so he cannot have stolen my money.

3.

He cannot have caught a cold, because I saw him dancing with Mary the same day.

... would have V-ed ...

would have
<>
1.

2.

He would have attended meeting, but upon learning that he had no time, he dropped the idea.

I would have told you the truth, but you didnt give me a chance.

3.

I would have done it, but I had no time.

4.

She would have married him, but when she learned that he was a rascal, she parted with him.
81

... could have V-ed ...

could have

1.

He could have bought the car, but soon his company went bankrupt.

2.

He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind.

3.

I could have done it if I had wanted to.

... should have V-ed ...

shouldought to have
<>

1.

You should have spoken up in the meeting.

2.

He should at least have come to say good-by.

3.

He ought to have kept his promise.

4.

You should have been more careful in money matters.

5.

He ought to have arrived there by now.

6.

The drama drew a capacity audience; you should have gone to see it.

I should have known better

should have known betterthan to
know better

1.

I should have known better.

2.

You should have known better than to talk like that.

3.

You should have known better than to go mountain climbing alone.

4.

I know better than to go swimming after dinner.

... need not have V-ed ...

need not have
<>
didnt need to<>need not
have <>
1.

You need not have bought extra oil for this short trip.

2.

You need not have got up so early.

3.

Need he have gone to the station to meet her?

4.

He need not have come. (But he came.)

5.

He didnt need to come. (And he didnt come.)

82


6.

It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella with me.

It is warm in ...
It isin
it the weather<> in
1.

It is warm in spring.

2.

It is cold in winter.

3.

It is hot in summer.

It rains a lot in ...

It rainssnowsa lotin
<> it
<>rain <>a lot <><> very much
1.

It rains a lot in Taipei.

2.

It snows a lot in New York.

3.

It showers a lot in Guangzhou.

This is my ...
This ismyyour
Thisismineyours<> <>s
yoursourstheirshers mine his s<><
><><> aanthethisthatthese those
83


1.

This is my pen.

2.

This pen is mine.

3.

This is your box.

4.

This box is yours.

5.

This is his bicycle.

6.

This bicycle is his.

My pen is ...
MyYourbe
MineYoursbe
<><><><><>
<><><>
1.

My pen is new.

2.

Our bedroom is small.

3.

Their cars are blue.

4.

Mine is new.

5.

Ours is small.

6.

Theirs are blue.

Are these your pens?

Be
YesNobenot
<><><><>s

1.
2.
3.

Are these Marys pens? No, they are not hers.

Are those Bobs books? Yes, theyre his.
Is this your parents apartment? No, its my brothers.

One/Each of the ...

OneEach of the
oneeach <>one (each) of
of <><> the <>
the
<>
1.

One of the boys is nice.

2.

One of them needs a new jacket.

3.

Each of the theaters has different movies.

Both of the girls are ...

BothThreeSomeManyAll of the
boththreesomemanyall <
> of <><> the<>
84

1.

Both of the girls are nice.

2.

Many of the supermarkets are having sales.

3.

Three of the students came here yesterday.

... who ...

Who
who <><><>
who that
1.

The man who called was tired.

2.

The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer.

3.

People who use their free time well are usually healthy and happy.

... which ...
which
which <><>
<>
1.

Here is a book, which is very interesting.

2.

I like to watch TV programs which are about sports.

3.

They want to sell the house, which has only one door.

... by oneself ...

by oneself
<><>
1.

They went to Suao by themselves.

2.

John fixed the tape recorder by himself.

3.

You cant go mountain climbing by yourself.

... that/those of ...

thatthose of
<><><><
> that<> those<><><>
that those
1.

The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London.

2.

The climate here is like that of Taipei.

3.

His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty.

4.

The students work harder than those of our school.

5.

His car is bigger than mine.

the former ... the latter

the former ... the latter ...
85


<>that thisthe
onethe other<><>
those ...
these ...the former ... the latter ...
1.

Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other
to misery.

2.

3.

Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter arent.

Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse.

4.

Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons.

... one ..., the other ...

twoonethe other
two<>
1.

2.

I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.

I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown.

3.

4.

The two brothers often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other (is) selfish.

I dont like this one; show me the other.

... one ..., another ...

threeoneanotherand the other
three<>

1.

2.

There are three rooms; one is mine, another is my sisters and the other is my parents.

He has three brothers; one is a teacher, another (is) a soldier, and the other an artist.

3.

They three get along well with one another; one is married, another is still a bachelor, and the other
has a girl friend.

... one ... another ...

... one ... another ...
<>

1.

2.

3.

I dont like this one; show me another.

At one time, she is fine, but at another, she is abnormal.

I really dont know what kind of man he really is; on one occasion, he is normal, and on another, he
86


acts like a lunatic.
... one thing, ... another
... is one thing, and ... is another

1.

To know is one thing; to teach is quite another.

2.

It is one thing to make money, and it is another to spend it.

3.

Saying is one thing, and doing is another.

... one ... or another ...

oneor another
<>some<>or other
1.

Most of us have to read a certain amount of material for one reason or another.

2.

He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.

3.

I am sure he will succeed one day or another.

4.

For one reason or another, she committed suicide.

... some ... others ...

... some ... others ...
some ... some ...
1.

Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others value pleasure and excitement.

2.

Some of us can speak English. Others/Some can speak French.

3.

Some people believe in God and others dont.

4.

To some life means pleasure, to others suffering.

... one ... the others ...

... onesome ... the others ...

1.

We have 30 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the others (=the rest) all failed.

2.

Of the 40 students, some do well in study, and the others are playing around.

3.

Some of the boys were late, but all the others were in time for the meeting.
87

..., some ..., others ...

... some ... others ... still others ...
some ... some ... some ...

1.

People vary in taste; some love music, some enjoy taking pictures, and still others are fond of
climbing mountains.

2.

Society is made up of a variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and still others (are) in
between.

3.

There are many people in the park; some are walking, others are jogging, and still others are doing
exercises.

Of all (the) ..., ...

Of allthe
all theall
the
1.

Of all the fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made.

2.

Of all books, the Bible seems to be read most widely.

3.

Of all the students in our school, Tom is mathematical genius.

... + N + who/which ...

whowhomwhichthat
<> whowhomwhich <><>
who
whom whichthat whowhom which<>
that <> whom whichthat

1.

Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily.

2.

He laughs best who laughs last.

3.

He is a man on whom I can rely.

4.

No one will buy a book which (that) is poorly written.

5.

I have found the bicycle which (that) you lost yesterday.

6.

I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities.

7.

Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond.

8.

He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can trust.

88


9. There are many things that money cant buy.
10. Dont take things that do not belong to you.
... + N + whose ...
whose
whose <> hishertheirmyyour its <>
<>
1.

People whose homes are in town want to live in the country.

2.

3.

This is a short story whose easy style I love very much.

I envy Mike, whose car is fancy.

... those who + V ...

thosewho
those
1.

Christmas is a time for friends and family members to see each other again and to send Christmas
cards to those who live far away.

2.
3.

God helps those who help themselves.

We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.

4.

Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.

5.

There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their best to win clients can win business.

... all (that) ...

... all (that) ...
all everythingthat <> allthat
<><><>all that <
> what
1.

All (that) he said is true.

2.

We must do all that is to be done.

3.

All (What) you have to do is (to) follow me.

4.

All (that) I want is a beautiful red car.

5.

All that he does, he does it well.

6.

All that you do, do with your might.

7.

All you have to do is call on the house phone.

8.

All you have to do is learn it by heart.

9.

All I have to do is persuade him to go with us.

... all + N + that ...

allanyeverynothat
allanyeveryno <><><> that whowhom
which
89


1.

All the students that work hard can definitely pass the exam.

2.

I have no disk that may interest you.

3.

Every student that comes here should report to me.

4.

Dont do anything that should go against his will.

... the only N that ...

the onlythe verythe firstthe lastthat
the onlythe verythe firstthe last <><><> that
whowhomwhich
1.

Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.

2.

He is the last person that Ill get along with.

3.

He is the very person that knows the password.

... the most N that ...

that
<><><><><> that whowhom
which
1.

This is the most interest book that I have ever read.

2.

You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

3.

This is the most convincing evidence that I can find to prove my point.

Who/What ... that ...

whowhat that
that whowhomwhich
1.

Who is the boy that is standing over there?

2.

What is the book about that she is reading?

3.

Where is the man that owes you $100?

what ... V ...

what
what <> the thing whichwhat<>
what<><><>what<>be

1.

Thats whats polluting the lake.

2.

What do you guess is in the box?

3.

This is what he wanted.

4.

Character is what we are when we are alone with ourselves in the dark.

5.
6.

John is not what he was.

Without Mr. Chang, I would not be what I am.

... what + be + called ...

90


whatbecalled
whatweyoutheycall
1.

He gathered earlier writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics.

2.

He is very interested in what are called popular songs.

3.

We should improve what is called the quality of living.

4.

He is what you call a walking dictionary.

What we do is + V ...
Whatdois
<> do<> to<> to

1.

What we can not do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce it.

2.

What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me.

3.

What we need to do is prepare something to eat.

... what is said above ...

what is said above

1.

As we learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful.

2.

From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion.

3.

We should pay more attention to what is said above.

What follows is ...

What followsbe
What follows <> follows
<>
1.

What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in Washington D.C.

2.

What follows is the truth that men are created equal.

3.

What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

... what little + N
what little
all the little
1.

His mother sent him what little money she had saved.

2.

Ill let you share what little information I have collected.

3.
4.

She was robbed of what little money she had.

The little boy use what little strength he had to push the door open.

A is to B what C is to D.
91


A is to B what C is to D.
A B C DA is to B as C is to D.What C is to D (that) A is to
BAs C is to D so is A to B A B C D
what A is to B be <><>
1.

Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the brain.

2.

What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant.

3.

As water is to the plant, so are books to me.

what with ... and ...

what with ... and (what with) ...
half through ... (half through) ...partly because
(of) ... (partly because (of)) ...
1.

What with laziness and (what with) illness, he lost his job.

2.

What with the wind and what with the rain, our trip was ruined.

3.

What with the high prices, and what with the badness of the times, we find it hard to get along.

... the same + N + as ...

the sameas
as <>(<><>)as the
<><>whowhomwhich<>
1.

I want the same camera as you have.

2.

He is the same person as came here yesterday.

3.

He is not the same man as he used to be.

... such + N + as ...

suchas
as
as <>(<><>)as the<
><>whowhomwhich<>
1.

Such people as are friendly are easy to approach.

2.

He is not such a bad guy as you (are).

3.

Such a good student as he (is) will succeed.

... such ... as ...

suchas
as <>
92


1.

From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs.

2.

3.

At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist and actor.

You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and spinach.

... such as ...
such as 1 2 and 3
such as <>
1.

2.

Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders, spring peepers, and frogs.

In this paragraph there are many nouns, such as boy, girl, and book.

3.

I know many of them, such as John, Peter, and Tom.

4.

They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or
chemistry.

5.

6.

We have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies.

Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags.

as is often the case ...

aswhich is often the case (with) ...
<> as <><>
which as
1.

2.

He was late for school, as (which) was often the case with him.

As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days.

3.

He quarreled with his friends, as was the often the case.

There is no + N + but ...

There is nobut
but <><><>who
whomwhichnot

1.
2.
3.

4.

There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future.

There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he cant do.)
There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that doesnt have exceptions.)

There is no one but wishes to get somewhere.

93


5.

There is no man but has his faults.

... N + where ...

where
where <><><> which
<><> where<>
1.

There are some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very limited.

2.

He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his father.

3.

Thats (the place) where he spent most of his life.

... reach the point where

... reach the point + where ...
reach come to
1.

Things reached the point where the two groups sat on opposite sides of the church, glaring across the
aisle.

2.

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

3.

Noise is coming to the point where we cant put up with it.

... N + when ...

when
when <><><> which
<><> when<>
when
1.

Tell me (the exact time) when the next train will arrive.
2.

She came in June, when (=in which) it was very hot.

3.

The last time (when) I saw him, he was quite well.

... the reason why ...

... the reason + why ...
why <><><> which
<><> why<> why the reason why
why
1.
2.

Please tell me the reason why (=for which) you were absent.
Tell me the reason (why) he refused to listen to my advice.

3.

Thats (the reason) why he cried.

... the way how ...

... the way + how ...
94


how <><><> which
<><> how<> how the way how
how

1.
2.

I dont know the way how (=in which) he did it.

3.

I know (the way) how he did it.

Thats the way (how) he treats people.

... whoever/whomever ...

... whoeverwhomever ...
whoever <><><> anyone who
whomever <><> anyone whom
1.

Whoever commits the crime shall be sentenced to ten years in prison.

2.

Ill teach English to whoever wants to learn it.

3.

I hate whoever lies.

4.

I like whomever you like.

5.

You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.

... whatever ...

... whatever ...
whatever <><><> anything
which
1.

Whatever she says is true.

2.
3.

They do whatever they are doing--all out.

4.

Whatever my mother cooks is to my liking.

5.

Whatever it is.

You cant always do whatever you like.

... whichever ...

... whichever ...
whichever <> any one which
whatever whichever whatever

1.

I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like.

2.

I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever you like best.

3.

These pictures can be kept for free. You may take whichever you like.
95

I am not ...
be amareisnot
be <> not <>
1.

I am not a student.

2.

You are not a lawyer.

3.

It is not a watch.

I am not + V-ing.
amareisnot
<><><> be <>
not
1.

They are not playing.

2.

She is not watching TV.

3.

We are not cleaning the room.

I dont + V ...
dontdoesnt
<><>speakworkteach
<> dont doesnt<><> s es<
96


>

1.
2.
3.

I dont have any brothers.

He doesnt know Mr. Brown.
My mother doesnt speak English.

I wasnt ...
waswerenot
<>waswere be <><><>
<>agobeforeyesterdaymorningafternoonevening last nightthe other
day
in the pastjust now waswere not be <><> waswere
w be <><>
1.

Tom was not busy yesterday.

2.

We were not at home yesterday.

3.

It was not hot yesterday afternoon.

4.

The boys were sick yesterday.

5.

It was cold last winter.

6.

Was your brother early to class yesterday morning?

I didnt + V ...
didnt
<>eddid not
didnt<><>

1.

He didnt clean the room yesterday.

2.

She washed the skirt yesterday.

3.

Tom didnt watch TV last night.

4.

He talked to his sister after lunch.

5.

They didnt cook lunch for their grandfather yesterday.

6.

Mary cleaned the room this morning.

7.
8.
9.

John didnt get up early this morning.

Tom didnt iron his shirt yesterday.
My mother didnt water the garden last week.

I have not + V-ed ...

havehasnot
<> havehasnot<>
1.

I have not heard from John for a long time.

2.

She has not read todays newspaper.

3.

They have not seen that movie on television.

There is no + N/V-ing ...

Therebenonot anot any
<> no not a not anynot a <>not any
<>no <> not a <>
<><><>
1.

There was nothing to buy in the store. There were no shirts, no vests, no jeans, and no pajamas.
97

2.

There was not a moment to be lost.

3.

There is no denying the fact.

4.

(There must be) No talking in here!

5.

No smoking (within these walls)!

There is no such + N
There is no such

1.

There was no such club.

2.

There is no such man in our neighborhood.

3.

There is no such book as you want.

I am away from ...

offout offar fromaway from refuse

dislikeunhappyimpossible
1.

Mr. Jones is away from Taipei.

2.

The project is far from perfect.

3.

The manager is out of the office.

4.

They shun personal fame and gains.(shun

5.

I dislike this student very much.

... far from ...

... far from ...
<><> far from <><
><> be <><><><
>
1.

It is far from my intention to do such a thing.

2.

I live far away from my school.

3.

Far from working hard, he played around.

4.

Far from accepting my advice, he went back on me.

5.

His explanation was far from satisfactory.

6.

I am far from blaming him.

7.

Far from losing money, he can hardly count his profits.

8.

He is far from well.

9.

It is far from the truth.

It is free form + N ...

be free from
98


<> be <> without<><>
1.

He leads a life (which is) free from care.

2.

The hill is completely free from trees.

3.

This city is free from thieves.

4.

When her son returned she was at last free from anxiety.

I told him not to go.

not
<>not <><><> not
not

1.

I told him not to go.

2.

He goes to school not by bus, but on foot.

3.

Not a contract was to be signed.

4.

The teacher told him not to make such a mistake again.

5.

I went to see my friend off, not to meet him.

6.

He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time.

No + N + V ...
No
<>No<> No Not aNo
<>Noother<>
1.

2.

No animal of the horoscope is considered dumb or ugly or evil.

No student in this school is from the southern part of Taiwan.

3.

No grammar book is more popular than this one with senior high school students.

I dont think ...

that-
<><>

I thinkI believeI supposeI feelI see <> not

<>

1.

I dont think its right to make such a hasty decision.

2.
3.

I dont think this is worth trying.

Many people dont think it is dangerous to go mountain climbing.

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

I still dont see the point you emphasized.

I dont see any point of playing video games all day.
I dont believe that he will come tonight.
Im not feeling very well today, I cant attend the meeting.

He did not come here in order to attend the meeting.

99


All is not ...
allbotheverynot
<><> allevery
both
alwaysaltogetherentirelywholly
not allevery
1.

All is not gold that glitters. (=All that glitters is not gold.)

2.

Not all the students study hard.

3.

I dont know all of them.

4.

The rich are not always happy.

5.

A kind man is not always patient.

6.

His deeds do not always agree with his words.

7.

Nobody can always have good luck.

8.

A wise man doesnt know everything.

9.

Every one cannot become businessman.

10.

Such a product is not found everywhere.

11.

Not both of his sisters agree to his suggestion.

12.

Both items are not fashionable.

13. I dont like both of them.

14.

Not both the artists have a keen eye for beauty.

15.

Not both Peter and John enjoy music.

16. He doesnt wholly agree to the plan.

... not necessarily ...

... not necessarily ...
not necessary ""

1.

The name of a restaurant wont necessarily tell you much about the food it serves.

2.

A good book does not necessarily sell well.

3.

This is not necessarily the best.

4.

Learned men are not necessarily wise.

5.

A hero is not necessarily one who has done brave things.

6.

The strongest man does not necessarily live the longest.

No/none ... + V ...

nonone
<> nononenobodynothingnowherenohowneither never
<>

100


<><><>
1.

No buyers can buy this sort of product.

2.

Neither of my parents enjoys music.

3.

I like neither of the designs. (=I dont like either of the designs.)

4.

None of the three is a good student (are good students).

5.

Nothing worth doing is easy.

6.

Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

7.

Nothing is changeless.

8.

Nobody is without faults.

9.

He never gets up early.

10.

The book is nowhere to be had.

All + V + un...
allbothevery
allevery , <
>
1.

All goods here are unsaleable.

2.

All his plan came to nothing.

3.

Every selling plan made by him is impossible of execution.

4.

We all disbelieved what he promised.

5.

Their quarrels about the trivia are always interminable.

... not ..., neither ...

norneither
noneither
1.

She has no experience in typing, nor does the skill interest her.

2.

You cant cancel the contract, nor can I, nor can anybody else.

3.

The first isnt good, and neither is the second.

4.

You did not see the teacher, neither did I.

... not ... still ...

much lessstill less
much less still less <><>less little
<>
1.

She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.

101


2.

He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.

3.

I did not even see him, still less talk with him.

..., to say nothing of ...

to say nothing of
to say nothing of not to speak ofnot to mention
1.

He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French.

2.

At that time they could not produce ordinary garments, not to speak of high-grade ones.

3.

We cant afford a car, not to mention the fact that we have no garage.

It hardly/scarcely + V ...
hardlyscarcely
hardly <>
1.

scarcelyseldomlittlefewrarely

2.

It hardly (scarcely) matters.

3.

I have hardly ever been out of this city.

4.

Justice was hardly done but someone complained (=without someones complaining).

5.

We seldom buy this sort of goods.

6.

Seldom seen, soon forgotten.

7.

Little remains to be talked about.

... seldom or never ...

seldom or never
little or nothing
1.

She seldom or never reads a book.

2.

People seldom or never bought silk garments a few years ago.

3.

I saw little or nothing of him after graduation.

4.

She bought little or nothing in this shop.

I cant ...

<><><>
<><><><>

1.
2.

You cant make something out of nothing.

3.

He has never dissatisfied with this plan.

Whats done cannot be undone.

102


No one wanted to + V ...
No oneNobody wantedlikedto
nobody no one
nobody nobody no one<><>
1.

No one wanted to buy small oranges.

2.

No one liked to have trouble.

3.

No one wanted to listen to a madman.

... no ... without + N

nevernotnowithout
<>

1.

I cannot see this picture without thinking of my father.

2.

I never see him without feeling like crying.

3.

He never helps me without trying to take advantage of me.

4.

He never visits me without asking about our old friends.

5.

6.

The president of their company never makes a promise without intending to keep it.

He never went to the bookstore without buying some books.

7.

They never met without smiling at each other.

8.

I never speak English without making mistakes.

9.

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

10.

No gains without pains.

11.

No one can succeed without working hard.

12.

No one can live without breathing.

13.

No prisoner escaped from the prison without being seen.

never ... but ...
neverbut
but <><> but ifnot
1.
2.

It never rains but it pours.

I never look at the stars but I think how little I am.

3.

She never reads a book but she goes to sleep.

4.

He never goes on a vacation but he takes his pet dog.

5.

I never see him but I am happy.

6.

He never goes out but he drops in at that bookstore.

I never fail to + V ...

never fail to
fail
1.

She never fails to write to her parents every month.

103


2.

He never failed to send the ambassador a report each week.

3.

A good teacher never fails to try his best to answer his students.

4.

He is eloquent and humorous as well. What he says never fails to please us.

I cannot but + V ...

cannotbutchoose buthelp but
but <>
1.

I cannot but admire his wise plan.

2.

They cannot (choose) but admit that our requirement is reasonable.

3.

I could not (help) but laugh.

It is not uncommon for ...

It is not uncommon forto-
not uncommon it <>
1.

It is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room.

2.

It is not uncommon for women to smoke in public.

3.

It is not uncommon for people to jaywalk.

I am anything but ...

be anything but
far from<><> be <><>
1.

He is anything but a scholar.

2.

He is anything but diligent.

3.

The man was anything but rich.

4.

He was anything but a hero.

5.

It is anything but complete.

6.

Climbing Mt. Everest is anything but a pleasure trip.

7.

His visit to Paris was anything but a success.

I am in no way ...
in no wayby no means
<> in no wayby no meansin no wiseon no account

1.

I am in no way to blame.

2.

It is by no means easy to satisfy everyone.

3.

He will in no wise give up any chances to get a better job.

4.

On no account (do you) forget to lock the door.

I am not in the least ...

be notin the least

1.

I am not in the least tired.

104


2.

He is not in the least kind.

3.

I was not surprised in the least.

4.

The shop assistant was not in the least afraid of the trouble.

I am no + N ...
... no
no no aananymanymuch
1.

We feel that life is no laughing matter.

2.

Mr. Chen used no (didnt use any) chemicals on his fruit.

3.

Tony used no reference books in class.

4.

It is no joke.

5.

This is no fact.

6.

Thats no lie!

7.

He is no writer.

8.

Tom is no coward.

no + N + in the world ...

in the worldon earth
<><><><><>in the
worldon earthall <><>
1.

There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot overcome.

2.

This is a market condition no force on earth can change.

3.

He was not all confused.

4.

It is of no value at all.

5.

Im the worlds worst businessman.

I am the last man to ...

be the lastto-
<> that <><>
1.

A plane crash was the last thing that we had expected.

2.

This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

3.

He is the last man to do such a thing.

4.

Mick is the last man to break his word.

5.

He is the last man (that) I want to see now.

6.

You were the last man (that) I had dreamed of meeting here.

7.

He is the last man to accept a bribe.

I cannot ... too ...

cannottoo
cannot<>too muchcannottoo many
much<><>
105


1.

You cannot be too careful when driving a car.

2.

I cannot thank enough for your kindness.

3.

We cannot emphasize too much the importance of learning English.

4.

It is wrong to think that one cannot make too many friends.

5.

He thinks it right that one cannot make too much money.

6.

You cannot study too hard.

7.

One cannot be too careful in choosing friends.

8.

You cannot quit smoking too soon.

too + ADJ + for ...

toofor()
"too<>to-<>
1.

It is still too cold for farming.

2.

You are too young for marriage.

3.

The scenery is too beautiful for words.

4.

The book is too difficult for most senior high school students.

5.

Servings in restaurants are too large for many people.

6.

The skirt is too long for you.

7.

This room is too large for us.

8.

He is too tired to walk anymore.

9.

She walked too slowly to catch up with us.

... no exception ...

be no exception

1.

Almost every language in the world has dialects and American English is no exception.

2.

The poor need love and the rich are no exception.

3.

Plants can not live without the sun and animals are no exception.

I have no idea ...
have no idea

1.

We have no idea how the birds find their way.

2.

I have no idea why he resigned his post.

3.

We have no idea how to persuade him to give up the idea.

106


I care nothing about ...
care nothing about

1.

My friends were all boys who cared nothing about studying.

2.

Do you really care nothing about your future?

3.

I cared nothing about what they said of me.

I do not care what ...

do not carewhatwhether

1.

He does not care whether he wins or loses.

2.

I do not care what you will say about me.

3.

She does not care whether you like her or not.

I cant bear to ...

cant bearto-
bear <><>

1.

His suspense became so great that he couldnt bear to look out the window.

2.
3.

I cant bear to see him treated like that.

I cant bear being called Fool.

... make no sense ...

make nomuchlittle sense

1.

It didnt make much sense to Galileo to have different rules for motion on earth and in space.

2.

His argument does not make sense.

3.

Does it make sense to let children play with matches?

... and ...

and
and and
1.

They can visit many places and see many things.

2.

You can stay at home and watch TV.

3.

We will get up early and do some housework.

... or ...
or
or or
1.

They will go to the zoo or play volleyball.

2.

He can drive his car to work or go by bus.

3.

We will play sports or go on a picnic.

... but ...

but
but but
107


1.

I went to bed late, but I got up early.

2.

It doesnt rain a lot in fall, but it rains a lot in spring.

3.

He caught a cold yesterday, but he went to school today.

APositivebut BNegative
AbutB
A B A Bbut <>
but <><> <><><
>

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Mr. Collins was tired, but Mr. Smith wasnt.

It wont hurt you, but chemicals will.
Mr. Chen knows this, but other people dont.
He made more money, but I didnt.
My sister eats natural foods every day, but I dont.

... when/as/while ...

whenaswhile
when <><>
<>as while
<> while <><><>
while <> be <> 8
1.

When I got there, they were having a negotiation.

2.

When I called, Tom was having dinner.

3.

When I met Jill, she was talking to a young man.

4.

5.

When I entered the room, everyone was laughing loudly.

When you walk into the room, the lights turn on by themselves.

6.

The customer laughed as he spoke.

7.

Work while you work, and rest while you rest.

8.

While she was reading in the room (=While reading in the room), she heard John call her.

... before/after ...
beforeafter
<><>before <>

1.

You must send some sample to the customer before you go abroad.

2.

After you think it over, please let me know by fax.

3.

What do you want to do after you have concluded this transaction?

... because/as/since ...
becauseassince
because <><><
108


><> so<><><
>

1.

I didnt like it because it was noisy.

2.

His boss looked at him coldly because he made several big mistakes.

3.

John lives happily because he uses his time well to study.

4.

As rain has fallen, the goods cannot be shipped.

5.

Since you insist, I must amend the letter of credit.

... in that ...

in thatseeingthatconsideringthat
in that that

1.
2.

3.

He didnt attend the negotiation in that he was ill.

Id like to accept this item, seeing (that) the price is reasonable.

We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer recently.

..., so ...
sothereforethushence
so <><><>
1.

He is ill, so he cannot attend the negotiation.

2.

He was very tired, and therefore he didnt give the market report.

3.

It was already rather late, thus we decide to urge the customer.

... and/or/or else ...

andoror else
and or and
If ...orUnless ...
or or else

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Study hard, and youll pass the exam.

Study hard, or youll fail (in) the exam.
Make haste, and youll be in time for class.
Make haste, or youll miss the first train.
Stop smoking now, or else your health will be ruined.

one more N, and ...

onetwothreemoreand
and <>
1.

One more effort, and you will get to the top.

2.

Two more days, and I can finish the work.

109


3.

One more step, and youll be killed.

4.

A few more days, and the company will be on the verge of bankruptcy.

There be N and N
Therebeand
<>

1.

Theres always weather and weather.

2.

There are men and men.

3.

There are actors and actors.

A + be ..., and B ...

1beand 2be
<>2 be <>

1.

There midnights all a glimmer and noon (is) a purple glow.

2.

His critics are many and his admirers (are) few.

3.

The girls are skating and the boys (are) watching.

It is true ..., but ...

It is true thatbut
but <><>
though <>Indeed (that) ..., but ...
1.

2.

3.

It is true that these changes take a long time, but not as long as we might expect.

It is true that he stole the bicycle, but he is not so bad as you might think.

It is true that he is rich, but he must know money is not everything.

4.

It is true that Japan is a beautiful country, but its big cities are lately polluted.

5.

Indeed he has a solemn face, but he is very humorous at heart.

no one ... but ...
no oneeverywhowhatbut
no onenonenobodynothingallevery whowhat but
<><>
1.

No one replied but me.

2.

Nobody was late but you and me.

3.

Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.

4.

He did nothing but eat and sleep all day.

5.

It is nothing but a joke.

6.

Mother thought of nothing but my coming home.

7.

All the boys but one are here.

110


8.

Who but he would act such?

9.

What should I find but an enormous spider!

10.

Who should come in but his first wife!

... all but ...

... all but ...
<>but except<><><>

1.

He is the chairman of the committee in all but the name.

2.

All but the morning star have disappeared.

3.

The car all but ran over him.

4.

He was all but killed by the traffic accident.

... not ... but ...

notbut
not ... but ...<><><
><><><>
1.

2.

They will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

What I admire is not what you have, but what you are.

3.

It is not your fault, but mine.

4.

Not I but he is responsible for it.

5.

Not father but mother was present at the ceremony.

6.

Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.

7.

He regarded me not as his friend, but as the best man for the job.

... no other than ...
benononeotherthanbut
than <>but
than
1.

This is no other than my old friend, John.

2.

The young man sitting at the desk was none other than our new teacher.

3.

The tall figure that you saw was none other than our manager.

4.

As a top manager, he should appoint none but people on their merit.

... nothing else than ...

benothingelse thanless thanelsebut
<>
1.

His failure in this transaction was due to nothing else than his own carelessness.
111



2.

The present market situation is nothing else than fine.

3.

What we expected is nothing less than a timely payment.

4.

This transaction is nothing less than a miracle.

5.

What I need is nothing but a sample.

6.

His condition is nothing but a little discount.

... not so ... but ...

notsosuchbut
but that ... not
1.

I am not such a fool but I can solve the problem.

2.

The quality is not so poor but it is acceptable.

3.

He is not so sick but he can attend a class.

not only ... but also ...

not merelynot onlybutalso
not onlybut also <>
<><>
<><><><> not merelynot only

1.

2.

Mary not only cleaned the room but (also) washed the window.

The hamburger not only smells good but (also) tastes delicious.

3.

He is famous not only for his talent but (also) for his kindness.

4.

Not only you but (also) I am to blame.

5.

Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him.

6.

Not only is she beautiful, but she is (also) kind.

7.

His job is not only to dispose of problems but (also) to meet unexpected challenges.

either ... or ...
either ... or ...
<><><><>
<>
1.

Can you speak either English or French?

2.

Either you or he has made the mistake.

3.

Either he or I am to blame.

4.

Either you are wrong, or I am.

5.

Either your answer or mine is wrong.

6.

Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.

7.

Tom is going to buy either a guitar or a piano.

neither ... nor ...

112


neither ... nor ...
<><><><>
<>
1.

Neither he nor I was able to understand her.

2.

Neither you nor I am wrong.

3.

In my opinion, neither you nor he has met the standard.

4.

I neither expressed surprise at the price nor attempted to accept it.

5.

We are going to play neither basketball nor volleyball.

both ... and ...

both ... and ...
<><><><
><>
1.

I work both on sunny days and on rainy ones.

2.

That actress is both skillful and beautiful.

3.

He is known both as a painter and as a statesman.

4.

He succeeded both because he was industrious and because he had many friends to help him.

5.

Both he and I are satisfied with the result.

6.

Helen ordered both fried chicken and salad in the fast-food restaurant.

... as well as ...

... as well as ...
<><><><
><><>
1.

She can speak Japanese as well as English.

2.

Obviously he is interested in music as well as (in) painting.

3.

He succeeded because he was industrious as well as because he had many friends to help him.

4.

He as well as I is satisfied with the result.

... as well.
as well
as well
1.

Often life is much slower outside the big cities, as is true in other countries as well.

113


2.

3.

She is not only good at mathematics, but she is interested in English as well.

Tom is very unfriendly to me as well.

as soon as ...
as soon as ...
<><><><>no sooner ...
than ...hardlyscarcelywhenbefore
1.

As soon as she arrived in the city, she phoned her friend.

2.

As soon as I have time, I will call you up.

3.

Tell me as soon as you have finished.

no sooner ... than ...

no sooner ... than ...
<><><><>no sooner <
><><>
1.

He had no sooner come than she left.

2.

No sooner had I left the shop than a man came to me and asked me if my name was Peter.

3.

No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick.

4.

I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain.

hardly ... when ...

hardly/scarcely ... when/before ...
<><><><>hardlyscarcely
<><><>
1.

John had hardly opened the door when his guests arrived.

2.

Scarcely had I washed the car before the sky rumbled with thunder.

3.

Hardly had I gone out of the hotel when I met my friend.

4.

Scarcely had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying.

now that ... V ...

now that
now that <><>that since seeing
that<><>
1.

Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while.

2.

I want to work now that I am well again.

3.

Now that there is a new tunnel, the road is less dangerous.

4.

Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents help.

not ... because ...

not ... because ...
<>because
because <>
114


1.

You must not despise a man because he is poor.

2.

I do not love him because he is rich. (I love him not because he is rich.)

3.

I do not respect him because he is playful.

4.

I do not respect him because he is knowledgeable.

not that ... but that ...

(It is) not that ... but that ...
It is

1.
2.

Not that I dislike the task, but that I am not equal to it.

Believe it or not, not that I dont love Mary, but that I love my country (all the) more.

3.

Not that I hate the work. Im not strong enough for it.

so that ... may ...

so that/in order that ... may ...
<><> so thatin order that <> <
>so that <><> in order that <><>
<> may cancouldshallshouldwillwould<>
<><>so as to<>in order to<>
1.

Read the questions carefully so that you may not make a mistake in the test.

2.

We turned on the light so that we might see (=so as to see) what it was.

3.

I study hard, so that I may not fail in the examinations.

4.

My father works hard in order that he may support us.

5.

Ive decided to learn photography in order that I may better appreciate the beauty of nature.

6.

I came in order that I might/could see May. (=I came in order to see May.)

7.

We must find out the customs of other countries, so that they will not think us ill mannered.

lest ... (should) ...
lest ... (should) ...
for fear (that) ... shouldlest <><><>
<><> should should <>
1.

I got up early lest I (should) miss the train.

2.

We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up.

3.

Hide it lest he (should) see it.

4.

He took a flashlight lest it should get dark before he returned.

5.

Be careful for fear (that) you should be misunderstood.

115


... in case ... should ...
... in case ... should ...
in case lestif<><
><> should <>in case if
1.

I stopped suddenly in case he should think that I was showing off.

2.

They watched him closely in case he should escape.

3.

In case (=If) I forget, please remind me.

4.

Write the telephone number down in case you forget.

... so ... that ...

sothat
<><>so
<>so<>a<>thatso
5 6too ... to ... 1

1.

Kevin is so sick that he cant come to class. (=Kevin is too sick to come to class.)

2.

The dog is so gentle that I am not afraid of it.

3.

She studied so hard that she passed the exam.

4.

He is so good a boy that we like him.

5.

So nice is he that I like him.

6.

So exciting was the game that I forgot all about the coming finals.

so many/few ... that ...

so manyfewthat
so muchlittle
that<><>so <> many
muchfewlittleso

1.

I have so much work to do that I cant go out with you.

2.

So many languages can he speak that he should have no problem traveling around the world.

3.

There is so little time left that I dont think I can finish it as scheduled.

4.

He has so few friends that his life is lonely.

such ... that ...

suchthat
116


<><>such
<>such
1.

Do not think that Americans are in such a hurry that they are unfriendly.

2.

He always talks in such a way that everyone dislikes him.

3.

He was such an impatient driver (=He was so impatient a driver) that he went through the red light.

4.

Such a good article did he write that he won the award.

5.

They are such good boys that we like them.

6.

It is such good music that I enjoy it.

as much so as N
as much so as

1.

I am poor as much so as a church mouse.

2.

She is lovely as much so as an angel.

3.

The price of this gem is expensive as much so as astronomical figures.

so much so that ...
so much so that
so so <>

1.

Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries today so much so that
giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered extraordinary.

2.

He is richso much so that he can buy anything he wants.

3.

Tom is cleverso much so that he can solve most of the problems.

though/although ...
though/although ...
though although <><><><
><> though although but
yet yet <>though <>

1.

Although (he was) cheerful in company, he was often sad in private.

2.

Though old, he walks as fast as a young man.

3.

Though he often plays hooky, he does well in study.

4.

Although very rich in his youth, he is now as poor as a church mouse.

117


5.
6.

She didnt put on an overcoat though it was very cold outside.

Though he is nice, (yet) I dont like him. (=He is nice; I dont like him, though.)

even if/even though ...
even if/even though ...
<><><> thoughalthough
but even although
1.

Even if it will take me six weeks, I am determined to finish the job.

2.

Even if he said so, you need not believe him.

3.

Even though you do not like it, you must do it.

4.

Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners.

5.

Even though I hadnt seen my classmate for many years, I recognized him immediately.

6.

They couldnt, even if they would, get out of trouble by themselves.

Poor as he is, ...
asbe
though<>be <><>

1.

Poor as he is (=Though he is poor), he doesnt feel inferior.

2.

Tired as she was, she kept doing it.

3.

Nice as he is, I dont like him.

4.

Stern as he is, he is full of sympathy.

5.

Young as he was, he was prudent.

6.

Surprised as he was at the news, he kept it secret all the week.

7.

Hard as he worked, ...

asyet
though<><><>
1.

Hard as he worked (=Though he worked hard), he failed in the exam.

2.

Much as she loved him (=Though she loved him very much), he deserted her in the long run.

3.

Much as the sheep look alike, the old man can tell one from another.

4.

Much as I like her, I wont marry her.

5.

Well as he does in study, he is not arrogant.

6.

Much as we may take pride on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose things (that) we want.

7.

Much as I hope I may gain weight, (yet) I am still as thin as before.

118

8.

Fast as you do, you cant finish the assignment in two hours.

9.

Search as I would, I could not find the book.

10. Try as you might, you cant keep the lost time.
11.

Munching the apple as he was, he had an eye for all her movements.

Good student as he is, ...
asbe
though<>be <><> be <>
<><>
1.

2.

3.

Good students as they were (=Though they were good students), they sometimes erred.

Good student as he is (=Though he is a good student), he sometimes makes mistakes.

Coward as he is (=Though he is a coward), he cant bear such an insult.

Try as you may, ...

asthoughmay
though<>may<>
<> may
1.

Try as he may (=Though he may try), he will definitely fail.

2.

Try as she may, she is not necessarily able to talk him out of smoking.

3.

Try as you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem.

whether ... or ...

whether ... or ...
whether <><> or
<>whether <><><><>whether <>
<>be <><><><>or<>

1.
2.

Whether he will stay or leave, I really dont care.

Whether the news is true or false, I wont change my plan.

3.

Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful.

4.

(Whether we are) Rich or poor, we are all equal.

5.

Rain or shine, the game will be held as scheduled.

6.

Waking or sleeping, the matter is always in my mind.

119


whether ... or not
whetheror not
whether ... or not<><
><>whether ... or ...<> or <><>
not or not whether or not

1.

Theres always weather, weather, whether we like it or not.

2.

Whether you will go (or not), please call me up.

3.

Whether he will come (or not), we will go on with our plan.

4.

I have decided to buy a bicycle, whether it is expensive or not.

5.

Whether you believe it or not, I passed the exam.

6.

Whether he wanted it or not, he had to attend the lecture.

7.

Whether or not he will stay, I really dont care.

8.

He is always happy whether rich or not.

... or otherwise
or otherwise
otherwise <>
1.

Two characters are in disagreement, serious or otherwise, over some matter.

2.

You must accept the result, satisfactory or otherwise.

3.

The task assigned, dangerous or otherwise, must be finished as scheduled.

as ... V ...
as
as <><>in the same way that
1.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

2.

Do as you are told. (=Do as I tell you.)

3.

She cooks omelets in butter as they do in France.

As it is ...
As it is ...
As it is ... <><> In fact
As a matter of fact
1.

2.
3.

I thought he would get better. As it is, he is getting worse.

He isnt nice. As it is, he is bad.

I dont like him. As it is, I hate him.
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as/so long as ...
as/so long as ...
asso long as <> <
><><><><>
1.

You will never be good students so long as you goof around.

2.

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

3.

You may eat anything, so long as you dont eat too much.

4.

As long as live, I will help you.

5.

As long as you dont betray me, Ill do whatever you ask me to (do).

6.

Well ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.

So far as I am concerned
soas far asbeconcerned
<><><><>
1.

So far as English is concerned, it is not so difficult as you might think.

2.

As far as I am concerned, Im not against your plan.

3.

So far as English composition is concerned, practice is the best way.

4.

5.
6.

As far as defense is concerned, we need to buy more sophisticated weapons.

As far as I know, he is kind.

As far as oil energy is concerned, we cannot be too frugal.

whatever may happen, ...

whatevermay
whatever <><><>
<>whatever<>may be may be
1.

You must do whatever is best for you.

2.

Hell push on with his project whatever the difficulties may be.

3.

Whatever may happen, you must keep calm.

4.

I will be on your side, whatever the situation (may be).

5.

We are still optimistic, whatever the result (may be).

No matter what ...

No matter what ...

1.

No matter what the results of the homemade gift look like, remember its the thought that counts.
121

2.

No matter what you may do, do it well.

3.

No matter what he is, he must obey the law.

wherever ...
wherever
no matter where
1.

The language is almost the same wherever one goes.

2.

Wherever you are, I will miss you.

3.

Remember you are a Chinese wherever you go.

4.

Well go wherever you like.

5.

Wherever it is possible, he tries to help.

not ... until/till ...

notuntiltill
not ... before not until <>
1.

Cotton material was not known in Europe until much later.

2.

We did not start until the sun rose in the east.

3.

He did not have a house of his own until he was thirty.

4.

Not until eleven oclock did he come home.

5.

We do not know the value of health till we lose it.

6.

We had not waited long before she came.

7.

Not until last night did I get the news.

8.

It had not been done before he came.

... rather than ...

rather than
rather than <>

1.

Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally dependent on their
children.

2.

She is a career woman rather than a housewife.

3.

I tried to stand on my own two feet rather than turned to my parents.

4.

He will give in to his opponents claim rather than wrangle over a disputed point.

5.

She is pretty rather than attractive.

6.

I reasoned rather than quarreled with him.

7.

It is a telex rather than a letter.

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8.

This businessman is rather diligent than clever.

9.

The present market is worse rather than better.

10.

He should have given priority to his safety rather than to the loss of money.

11.

He always give priority to others rather than to himself.

On one hand, ...

On (the) one hand, ..., and on the other (hand), ...
<>on the one hand and on the
other<>on the other hand
<> the<>

1.

On the one hand, you shouldnt be shy; on the other hand, you mustnt forget your manners.

2.

On the one hand, I am your manager, and on the other, I am also your friend.

3.

He has been criticized on one hand and encouraged on the other.

123