Source: HANDBOOK OF MACHINING AND METALWORKING CALCULATIONS

CHAPTER 2

MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

2.1 MENSURATION
Mensuration is the mathematical name for calculating the areas, volumes, length of sides, and other geometric parts of standard geometric shapes such as circles, spheres, polygons, prisms, cylinders, cones, etc., through the use of mathematical equations or formulas. Included here are the most frequently used and important mensuration formulas for the common geometric figures, both plane and solid. (See Figs. 2.1 through 2.36.) Symbols A a, b, etc. A, B, C h L r n C V S

area sides angles height perpendicular to base b length of side or edge radius number of sides circumference volume surface area

A=

1 bh 2

FIGURE 2.1 Oblique triangle.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES 2.2

CHAPTER TWO

A= A=

1 ab sin C 2

s(s a)(s b)(s c)

1 (a + b + c) 2

where s =
FIGURE 2.2 Oblique triangle.

A = ab

FIGURE 2.3 Rectangle.

A = bh

FIGURE 2.4 Parallelogram.

A=

1 cd 2

FIGURE 2.5 Rhombus.

A=

1 (a + b)h 2

FIGURE 2.6 Trapezoid.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

2.3

Surfaces and Volumes of Polyhedra: (Where L = leg or edge) Polyhedron Surface Volume Tetrahedron 1.73205L2 0.11785L3 Hexahedron 6L2 1L3 Octahedron 3.46410L2 0.47140L3
FIGURE 2.7 Polyhedra.

A=

(H + h)a + bh + cH 2

FIGURE 2.8 Trapezium.

In a polygon of n sides of L, the radius of the inscribed circle is: r= L 180 cot ; 2 n L 180 csc 2 n

The radius of the circumscribed circle is: r1 =

FIGURE 2.9 Regular polygon.

The radius of a circle inscribed in any triangle whose sides are a, b, c is: s (s a)(s b)(s c) s 1 where s = (a + b + c) 2 r=

FIGURE 2.10 Inscribed circle.

In any triangle, the radius of the circumscribed circle is: abc r= 4 s (s a)(s b)(s c) where s = 1 (a + b + c) 2

FIGURE 2.11 Circumscribed circle.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES 2.4

CHAPTER TWO

Area of an inscribed polygon is: A= 2 1 2 nr sin 2 n

where r = radius of circumscribed circle n = number of sides

FIGURE 2.12 Inscribed polygon.

Area of a circumscribed polygon is: A = nr 2 tan n

where r = radius of inscribed circle n = number of sides

FIGURE 2.13 Circumscribed polygon.

C = 2r = d

FIGURE 2.14 Circlecircumference.

A = r 2 =

1 2 d 4

FIGURE 2.15 Circlearea.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

2.5

Length of arc L: L= r 180 (when is in degrees)

L = (when is in radians)

FIGURE 2.16 Length of arc.

Length of chord: 1 AB = 2r sin 2 Area of the sector: r 2 rL A= = 360 2 where L = length of the arc
FIGURE 2.17 Chord and sector.

Area of segment of a circle: r 2 r2 sin A= 360 2 where: = 180 2 arcsin If is in radians: 1 A = r 2 ( sin) 2
FIGURE 2.18 Segment of a circle.

x r

Area of the ring between circles. Circles need not be concentric: A = (R + r)(R r)

FIGURE 2.19 Ring.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES 2.6

CHAPTER TWO

Circumference and area of an ellipse (approximate): C = 2 Area: A = ab

FIGURE 2.20 Ellipse.

a2 + b2 2

Volume of a pyramid: V= 1 area of base h 3

where h = altitude

FIGURE 2.21 Pyramid.

Surface and volume of a sphere: S = 4r2 = d2 V= 4 3 1 r = d 3 3 6

FIGURE 2.22 Sphere.

Surface and volume of a cylinder: S = 2rh V = r 2h

FIGURE 2.23 Cylinder.

Surface and volume of a cone: S = r r2 + h2 V= 2 rh 3

FIGURE 2.24 Cone.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

2.7

3 When a is radius of base of segment: h 2 V= (h + 3a 2) 4

FIGURE 2.25 Spherical segment.

Area and volume of a curved surface of a spherical segment: h2 A = 2rh V = (3r h)

Surface area and volume of a frustum of a cone: S = (r1 + r2) V= h 2 + (r1 r2)2

h 2 (r1 + r1r2 + r 2) 2 3

FIGURE 2.26 Frustum of a cone.

Area and volume of a truncated cylinder: A = r (h1 + h2) V= 2 r (h1 + h2) 2

FIGURE 2.27 Truncated cylinder.

Area and volume of a spherical zone: A = 2rh V= 3c 2 3c 2 1 2 h + + h2 4 4 6

FIGURE 2.28 Spherical zone.

Area and volume of a spherical wedge: A= V=

FIGURE 2.29 Spherical wedge.

4r 2 360 4r 3 3 360

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES 2.8

CHAPTER TWO

Volume of a paraboloid: V= r 2h 2

FIGURE 2.30 Paraboloid.

Area and volume of a spherical sector (yields total area): c A = r 2h + 2 2r 2h V= c = 2 h(2r h) 3

FIGURE 2.31 Spherical sector.

Area and volume of a spherical segment: A = 2rh c2 Spherical surface = + h2 4 c 2 + 4h2 c = 2 h(2r h) r = 8h h V = h2 r 3
FIGURE 2.32 Spherical segment.

Area and volume of a torus: A = 4 2cr (total surface) V = 2 2cr2 (total volume)

FIGURE 2.33 Torus.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES

2.9

Area and volume of a portion of a cylinder (base edge = diameter): A = 2rh V = 2 2 rh 3

FIGURE 2.34 Portion of a cylinder.

Area and volume of a portion of a cylinder (special cases): A= h(ad c perimeter of base) rc h V= 2 3 a cA 3 rc

where d = diameter of base circle

FIGURE 2.35 Special case of a cylinder. Note. Use +c when base area is larger than half the base circle; use c when base area is smaller than half the base circle.

Volume of a wedge V= (2b + c)ah 6

FIGURE 2.36 Wedge.

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MENSURATION OF PLANE AND SOLID FIGURES 2.10

CHAPTER TWO

2.2 PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE

See Fig. 2.37.

FIGURE 2.37 Properties of the circle

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