Cac Phuong Phap Dieu Chinh Dong Co Khong Dong Bo

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.
com
Trang 1
0hU0N0 1

KhA! QUAI V! 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80

!0AU IA0 VA A0 !!H

!1 0aa Iac
10aa tac phaa t|ah (statcl

0cm vc ma, lc| sat va Ja aaa
al Vc ma
Ihaca lam |aa aa c| vc| ma cc cca saat lca (1000 kwl, thaca Jaa thep tam haa la| thaah vc Vc
ma cc tac Jaa cc 1|ah va khca Jaa 1e Jaa ta
|l !c| sat
acc lam |aa cac la thep k thaat 1|ea Ja 0,5 mm 1ea 0,5 mm hep la|
!c| sat la phaa Jaa ta V| ta traca 1| aa lc| sat la ta traca xca ch|ea, aham |am tca hac Jc Jca 1|ea xca
a aea, mc| la thep k thaat 1|ea 1ea cc pha lcp sca cach 1|ea Hat trca caa lc| thep cc xe raah 1e 1at Ja
aaa
cl a aaa
a aaa 1acc 1at vac cac raah caa lc| sat va cach 1|ea tct vc| lc| sat a aaa statc cm cc |a caca Ja 1at
lech ahaa 120
c
1|ea

2 0aa tac phaa aa (kctcl
al Irac
!am |aa thep, Jaa 1e 1c lc| sat rctc
|l !c| sat
0cm cac la thep k thaat 1|ea |ca aha c phaa statc !c| sat 1acc ep trac t|ep lea trac 8ea aca| lc| sat cc xe
raah 1e 1at Ja aaa
cl a aaa rctc
0cm ha| lca| !ca| rctc Ja aaa va lca| rctc k|ea lca scc
!ca| rctc k|ea Ja aaa a aaa rctc |ca Ja aaa c statc va cc sc cac |aa sc cac
statc 0ac 1ca cc cca saat traa trc lea thaca Jaa Ja aaa k|ea sca ha| lcp 1e |am 1acc ahaa 1aa ac|
Ja va ket caa Ja aaa rctc chat che hca 0ac 1ca cc cca saat ahc thaca Jaa Ja aaa 1ca tam mct lcp
a aaa |a pha caa rctc thaca 1aa h|ah sac (Yl 8a 1aa k|a ac| vac |a vca tract |aa 1ca 1at cc 1|ah c
1aa trac Ihca aa chc| thaa va vca tract, 1aa 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc aham ca| th|ea t|ah aaa mc ma
va 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
!ca| rctc k|ea lca scc !ca| Ja aaa aa khac vc| Ja aaa statc Hc| raah caa lc| sat
1acc 1at mct thaah Jaa |aa 1ca hcac ahcm va 1acc ac| tat la| c ha| 1aa |aa ha| vca aaa mach 1ca hcac
ahcm, lam thaah mct ca| lca, aac| ta c| 1c la lca scc
a aaa rctc k|ea lca scc khca caa cach 1|ea vc| lc| sat
Khe hc
Khe hc trca 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rat ahc (0,2 mm 1mml c 1c rctc la mct khc| trca aea rctc rat 1ea
Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com
!2 ac |em 0aa ca 0c Khca ca 8c
- 0aa tac 1ca |aa
- aa trac t|ep vac lac| 1|ea xca ch|ea |a pha
- Icc 1c aa caa rctc ahc hca tcc 1c ta traca aa caa statc a < a
1

Irca 1c
a tcc 1c aa caa rctc
a
1
tcc 1c aa ta traca aa caa statc (tcc 1c 1ca |c caa 1ca cc l

!! N0UY!N !Y !AH V!!0 0UA 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80

Kh| ac| Ja aaa statc vac lac| 1|ea xca ch|ea |a pha, trca 1ca cc se s|ah ra mct ta traca aa Ia traca
aa aet aa cac thaah Jaa rctc, lam cam aa trea Ja aaa rctc mct sac 1|ea 1ca !
2
se s|ah ra Jca 1|ea !
2
cha trca Ja aaa 0h|ea caa sac 1|ea 1ca va ch|ea Jca 1|ea 1acc xac 1|ah thec a| tac |aa ta pha|

h|ah11 9c 1c aaea l 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

0h|ea Jca 1|ea caa cac thaah Jaa c aaa ph|a trea rctc haca ta trca ra aca|, cca Jca 1|ea caa cac thaah Jaa
c aaa ph|a Jac| rctc haca ta aca| vac trca
ca 1|ea !
2
tac 1ca taca hc vc| ta traca statc tac ra lac 1|ea ta trea Ja Jaa rctc va mcmea aa lam chc
rctc aa vc| tcc 1c a thec ch|ea aa caa ta traca
Icc 1c aa caa rctc a laca ahc hca tcc 1c caa ta traca aa statc a
1
0c sa chaea 1ca taca 1c| |aa rctc
va ta traca aa statc Ja tr| 1acc Jca 1|ea !
2
va mcmea H V| tcc 1c caa rctc khac vc| tcc 1c caa ta traca
aa statc aea c| la 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
ac traa chc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha la he sc tract

Irca 1c
a la tcc 1c aa caa rctc
M

n
1
1
1
n
n n
S

= (1-1)

Trang 2
Trang 3
f
1
taa sc Jca 1|ea lac|
l sc 1c| cac
a
1
tcc 1c aa caa ta traca aa (tcc 1c 1ca |c caa 1ca ccl

Kh| taa sc caa maa 1|ea tha 1c| th| a
1
tha 1c| lam chc a tha 1c|

Kh| mc ma th| a = 0 va 9 = 1 c| la 1c tract mc ma
ca 1|ea trca Ja aaa va ta traca aa tac Jaa lac taca hc lea ahaa aea kh| rctc ch|a tac Jaa caa
mcmea H th| ta traca aa caa ch|a tac Jaa caa mcmea H thec ch|ea aacc la| Haca chc ta traca aa
vc| tcc 1c a
1
th| ac pha| ahaa mct cca saat 1aa vac c| la cca saat 1|ea ta

Kh| 1c cca saat 1|ea 1aa vac

Nca| thaah phaa cca saat 1|ea ta cca cc tca hac trea 1|ea trc Ja aaa statc

Ica hac sat

0ca saat cc c trac la

0ca saat cc ahc hca cca saat 1|ea ta v| cca tca hac trea Ja aaa rctc

Irca 1c
p
f
n
1
1
60
=
(1-2)
60
2
1 n
M M P 1 t = =
(1-3)
cos . . 3 1 I U P = (1-4)
(1-5)
2
1
2
1 1 3 I r Pd =
st
st P P
P P P P t 1 t =
=
60
2
. '2
n
M M P

= =
(1-6)
(1-7)
(1-8)
2 d P = t 2 P P
2 2 2 2 . . r I m P d =
Trang 4

m
2
sc pha caa Ja aaa rctc
V| p
2
< p
1t
Jc 1c a < a
1
0ca saat cc caa p
2
1aa ra ahc hca p
2
v| cca tca hac Jc ma sat trea trac 1ca cc va tca hac pha khac

h|ea saat caa 1ca cc

!!! 0A0 A! !U0N0 VA lhU0N0 Ik!Nh 00 8AN 0UA 0N0 00
(1-9)
(1-10) f c p P P P = = 2 2 '
) 9 , 0 8 , 0 (
1
2
= =
P
P

(1-11)

1 0ac a| !aca

al he sc tract
e ||ea th| mac 1c 1ca |c |aa tcc 1c aa caa rctc a va tcc 1c caa ta traca aa statc a
1
Ia cc
ha t|ah thec phaa tram

Xet ve mat l thaet |a tr| 9 se ||ea th|ea ta 0 1ea 1 hcac ta 0 1ea 100
c
c

Irca 1c

1
1
n
n n
s

= (1-12)
o
o
o
o
n
n n
S 100
1
1
=
(1-13)
) 1 (
60
1
1
1
s n n
p
f
n
=
=
(1-14)
(1-15)
|l 9ac 1|ea 1ca caa mach rctc lac 1aa ea
Irca 1c

m W f K E = 2 20 2 20 44 , 4
(1-16)
t mach trong thong t cua ai cc so tr m

K
2
la he sc Ja aaa rctc caa 1ca cc

f
20
taa sc xac 1|ah c tcc 1c ||ea 1c| caa ta thca aa aa caca Ja, v| rctc 1aa ea aea

f
20
|aa vc| taa sc Jca 1|ea 1aa vac f
1

60
1
20
pn
f = (1-17)
cl Kh| rctc aa
Iaa sc trca Ja aaa rctc la

Va f
2s
= sf
1

9ac 1|ea 1ca trea Ja aaa rctc lac 1c la

Vc| f
2s
= sf
1
the vac (119l, ta 1acc

2lhaca Ir|ah 0c 8aa 0aa ca 0c Khca ca 8c 8a lha
60 60
) ( 1
1
1 1
2
p n
n
n n p n n
f X s
=
(1-19)
(1-18)
m K W f E s s = 2 2 2 2 44 , 4 (1-20)
S K W f E m s = 2 2 1 2 44 , 4
(1-21)
al 9c 1c 1aa tr| mct pha

Trang 5

o
I
2

I
1

o
o

U
1
~
KB

I
o

x1 x'2
xo
ro
r1
o
r
2
/s
I
2

I
1

o
U
1
r
f

h|ah 12
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l 9c 1c 1aa tr| mct pha caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

Irca 1c
U
1
1|ea ap pha 1at lea caca statc
x
1
, r
1,
!
1
la 1|ea khaa , 1|ea trc, Jca 1|ea caa mach ta hca
x
2
, r
2
, !
2
la 1|ea khaa, 1|ea trc, Jca 1|ea pha caa caca Ja rctc a| 1c| ve statc

!
2
= K
!
!
2

Vc| K
!
= 1K
!
, la he sc ||ea 1c| Jca 1|ea

K
!
= U
11m
!
21m

U
11m
|ea ap 1|ah mac 1at lea statc
!
21m
9ac 1|ea 1ca 1|ah mac caa rctc

r
2 =
k
r
r
2

x
2
= k
x
x
2
, vc| k
x
= k
r
= k
2
!

9 la 1c tract caa 1ca cc

Irca 1c
a tcc 1c aa caa rctc 1ca cc
a = a
1
(19l

a
1
tcc 1c aa 1ca |c caa 1ca

b)
a)
(1-22)
(1-25)
(1-24)
(1-23)
1
1
n
n n
S

=
(1-26)
(1-27)
Trang 6
(1-28)
p
f
n
1
1
60
=

Trang 7
c al lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1
Ihec sc 1c 1aa tr| mct pha aha h|ah (12l, ta cc ||ea thac Jca 1|ea rctc 1a a| 1c| ve statc

Kh| tcc 1c 1ca cc a = 0 , thec (125l ta cc s =1
Nea 1|ea ap 1at lea caca statc U
1
= ccast th| ||ea thac (1 29l ch|ah la aaa he |aa Jca 1|ea rctc 1a a| 1c|
ve statc !
2
vc| 1c 9 ha vc| tcc 1c a
c 1c ||ea thac (129l ch|ah la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1c
2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2
) ' ( )
'
(
'
x x
S
r
r
U
I
+ + +
=
(1-29)
|l lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc

0ca saat 1|ea ta caa 1ca cc

Hat khac

c 1c

H
1t
mcmea 1|ea ta cm ha| phaa

lhaa ahc tca that trea cac a Ja va tca that cc Jc ma sat c cac c ||, k h|ea H
lhaa lca ||ea thaah mcmea aa caa 1ca cc H

(1-30)
s
r
I P
2
2
'
' 3 = t
55 , 9
1 n
M P t t = (1-31)
55 , 9
' 2 ' 3
1
2
s
n
r I
M = t (1-32)
(1-33)
M M M + = t
M qua bo the co a Ma , t M M >>
Trang 8
c
Va H1t H

Kh| 1c

Iha !
2
ta (125l vac (14l, ta 1acc

8|ea thac (15l h|ah la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc acc ||ea J|ea aaa he H = f(al aha h|ah 1
0|a tr| 9 se ||ea th|ea ta 1ea va mcmea aa se cc ha| |a tr| cac 1a| c| la mcmea tc| haa (H
t
l
!a 1ac ham caa mcmea thec he sc tract va chc JHJs = 0
Ia cc he sc tract taca aa vc| mcmea tc| haa H
t
c| la he sc tract tc| haa

c 1c ta 1acc ||ea thac mcmea tc| haa

0|a| cac phaca tr|ah (15l, (15l, (17l va 1at

Ia 1acc Jaa 1ca |aa caa phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc

55 , 9
' ' 3
1
2 2
s
n
r I
M t M = = (1-34)
( )
+ +
+
=
2
2 1
2
2
1 1
2 1
'
'
55 , 9
' 3
x x
s
r
r
s
n
r U
M
(1-35)
2 2
1
2
2
2 1
2
1
2 '
) ' (
'
n x r
r
x x r
r
St
+
=
+ +
= (1-36)
) (
55 , 9
2
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
n
t
x r r
n
U
M
+ +

=
(1-37)
n x r
r
2 2
1
2 '
+
=
( )
2
1 2
+ +
+
=
s
s
s
s
M
M
t
t
t
(1-39)
(1-38)
n

n
1
n
m
s = 0

+s
Trang 9
c

h|ah 1 ac t|ah c caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

Nhaa tha Jaa aa 1aa caa phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc aha saa
c| vc| 1ca cc rctc lca scc, ahat la cac 1ca cc cc cca saat lca th|
r
1
<< x
a
, aea cc the |c aa r
1
va = 0

Ia cc

Vc|

Nhaa xet Ia cac ||ea thac (15l va (17l, ta tha 1c| vc| 1ca cc xac lap aea U
1
tha 1c| th| 9
t
= ccast va
H
t
tha 1c| ti le vc| U
1
2

Kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc mach rctc |aa cach them 1|ea trc pha (1c| vc| 1ca cc khca
1ca |c rctc aaa Jal th|
H
t
= ccast va 9
t
ti le vc| r
2

Kh| xet 1ea 1|ea trc trea mach statc r
1
th| mcmea tc| haa H
t
se cc ha| |a tr| khac ahaa va aa vc| ha| traa
tha| lam v|ec caa 1ca cc

S
S
S
S
Mt
M
t
t
+
=
2
(1-40)
n x
n
U
Mt
55 , 9
2
3
1
2
1
= (1-41)
n
t
x
r
S
2 '
=
(1-42)
` 9 = 0 , a
1
< a la traa tha| ham ta| s|ah 1ca cc lam v|ec aha mct ma phat

` 9 > 0 , a
1
> a traa tha| lam v|ec caa 1ca cc

Ia cc ti sc

Irca 1c

2 2
2
'
'
n
tF
x r
r
S
+
=
(1-43)
(1-44)
) (
55 , 9
2
3
2 2
1 1
1
1
n
tF
x r r
n
U
M
+ +
=
2 2
1
2 '
n x r
r
s
+
= t (1-45)
) (
55 , 9
2
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
n x r r
n
U
M
+ +
= t
(1-46)
t tF t tF 1 M M con s s th 0 r Khi =
m
t
M
M
M
= (1-47)

c ong cua mc nh momen vi so nhat ln momen
sinh nang kha ra ch momen, ve tai qua so boi la M
Trang 10
(1-48)

(1-48a)
m M t M M =

H
1m
Nm
l
1m
Kw
a
1m
Vcaphat

c tract tc| haa caa 1ca cc 1acc xac 1|ah aha saa
0 traa tha| 1|ah mac caa 1ca cc

a = a
1m
, 9 = 9
1m
, H = H
1m

lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah ta| 1|em 1|ah mac

c 1c

Ihaca 1c| vc| 1ca cc th| r
1
= r
2
, aea

0|a| phaca tr|ah |ac ha| (151l va xem r
1
<< x
a

Ia cc 1c tract 9
t

!VUU NhU00 !!H 0UA 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8A lhA
1Ua |em
Irca cca ah|ep h|ea aa phaa lca 1ea sa Jaa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha V| ac t|ea lc| hca, vc| caa
tac, maa ma 1ca |aa, |a thaah ha sc vc| 1ca cc mct ch|ea
Nca| ra 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha Jaa trac t|ep vc| lac| 1|ea xca ch|ea |a pha, khca pha| tca kem
them cac th|et || ||ea 1c| Vaa haah t|a ca, |am ch| ph| vaa haah, |ac tr| saa chaa Ihec caa tac aac| ta ch|a
1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha lam ha| lca|
m
m
m
n
9500P
M =
2
S
S
S
S
) (1 2M
M
t
m
m
t
t
m
+ +
+
=
) 2(1
2
S
S
S
S
t
m
m
t
M
+
+ +
=
(1-49)
(1-50)
) 2(1
2s
s
s
s
s
t
t
m
m
t
M
+
+ +
=

(1-51)
(1-52)
1 (
2
= M M t S S m
Trang 11
ca cc rctc Ja aaa va 1ca cc rctc lca scc
2 Nhacc |em
8ea caah ahaa aa 1|em 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha caa cc cac ahacc 1|em saa
e phat aca 1c| vc| statc, ahat la kh| 1|ea ap lac| taa va 1c| vc| rctc kh| 1|ea ap lac| |am
!am |am |ct 1c t|a ca v| khe hc khca kh| ahc
Kh| 1|ea ap sat xaca th| mcmea khc| 1ca va mcmea cac 1a| |am rat ah|ea v| mcmea ti le vc| ||ah phaca
1|ea ap

0hU0N0 2

!!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! !!N
Ik0 lhU HA0h k0I0

! N0UY!N !Y !!U 0hlNh Kh! IhAY 0! !!N Ik0 lhU Ik!N HA0h k0I0

a la phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca |aa va 1acc sa Jaa rca ra| trca thac te ahat la 1c| vc| cac 1ca
cc khca 1ca |c rctc aaa Ja
9c 1c aaea l va 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha mach rctc aha h|ah 21

Trang 12

o

I
2

I
1

o
o

U
1
~
KB

n
n
1
n
cb
n
1.1
n
1.2
n
1.3
r
f
= 0

r
f1

r
f2

r
f3
a
b
c
d
r
f

al |l

h|ah 21
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha

Kh| 1ca cc 1aa lam v|ec c traa tha| xac lap vc| tcc 1c a Haca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa 1ca cc, ta 1ca 1|ea
trc pha vac ca |a pha caa rctc Ia| thc| 1|em |at 1aa 1ca 1|ea trc pha vac th| tcc 1c 1ca cc chaa k|p tha
1c|, lac aa Jca va mcmea |am aea tcc 1c 1ca cc |am Nhaa kh| tcc 1c |am th| 1c tract se taa aea sac
1|ea 1ca cam aa trea mach rctc !
2
taa, Jc 1c Jca c mach rctc va mcmea taa lam chc tcc 1c caa 1ca cc
taa
Kh| 1aa 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc th| he sc tract aa vc| mcmea cac 1a| lac aa la

c 1c, kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha r
f
trca mach rctc th| he sc tract 9
tf
se tha 1c| va lam chc tcc 1c 1ca cc
tha 1c|

Ia cac 1aca 1ac t|ah trea h|ah ve (21l, ta tha vc| tr| sc pha ta| khca 1c|, r
f
caa lca th| 1ca cc lam v|ec
vc| tcc 1c caa thap

r
f1
< r
f2
< r
f
a
c|
> a
1
>

a
2
> a

Kh| H
c
|aa haa sc th| 1ca cc lam v|ec xac lap taca aa vc| cac 1|em a, |, c, J
Icc 1c caa 1ca cc caa thap th| tca hac caa lca, 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc || |am Kh| chc 1|ea trc pha
vac caa lca th| pham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c pha thacc vac tr| sc pha ta| va pha ta| caa lca th| pham v| 1|ea
chiah caa hep

!! lhU0N0 lhAl !!U 0hlNh !!N Ik0 HA0h k0I0 8AN0 0A0 VAN 8AN AN
lhaca phap aa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c vc| aa 1|em la Je Jaa ta 1ca hca
|ea trc trca mach rc tc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

r
2
= r
2J
r
f
2 2
1
2 ' '
n
f
tf
r r
r r
S
+
+
=

(2-1)
(2-2)
Trang 13

Irca 1c
r
2J
1|ea trc Ja aaa rctc
r
f
1|ea trc pha mac them vac mach rctc

Hcmea caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c cc the t|ah thec Jca 1|ea rctc la

Kh| 1|ea chiah |a tr| 1|ea trc mach rctc th| mcmea tc| haa caa 1ca cc khca 1c| cca 1c tract tc| haa ti le |ac
ahat vc| 1|ea trc

Nea xem 1caa 1ac t|ah lam v|ec caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c, tac la 1caa cc 1c tract 9 = 0 1ea 9= 9
t
la thaa th|
kh| 1|ea chiah 1|ea trc, ta cc the v|et

Irca 1c
9 la 1c tract kh| 1|ea trc mach rctc la r
2

9
|
la 1c tract kh| 1|ea trc mach rctc la r
2J

tha (2 4l vac (2l, ta 1acc ||ea thac mcmea

Nea |a Jca 1|ea rctc khca 1c| th| mcmea caa khc a 1c| va khca pha thacc vac tcc 1c caa 1ca cc
9c 1c aaea l 1|ea chiah 1|ea trc mach rctc |aa phaca phap xaa aha h|ah 22

s n
r I
M
.
3 2
2
2
=
(2-3)
const M
r
r
s s
d
i = = ,
2
2
(2-4)
(2-5)
i
d
s n
r I
M
.
3 2
2
2
=

Trang 14


h|ah 22

Trang 15
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l lhaca phap 1|ea chiah
cl lham v| 1|ea chiah

|ea ap U
2
1acc chiah laa |c| caa J|cJe chiah laa aa caca khaa lcc ! 1acc cap vac mach 1|ea chiah cm 1|ea
trc k
c
ac| sca sca vc| I
1
se 1acc 1ca aat mct cach cha k aham 1|ea chiah |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea trc
tcaa mach

n
1
M
n
c)

b)
1R
o
2
R
o
t
n
3R
o
4
1R
o

t
t
t
R
c
T
t
d
4

o o
o

U
1
~

KB

a)
CL
Ro
D1
D3
D2
D4
D5
D6
Do
T1
T2
L
C
U
2

L1

hcat 1ca caa mach aha saa
Kh| khca I
1
aat 1|ea trc k
c
1acc 1ca vac mach, Jca 1|ea rctc |am vc| taa sc 1ca aat ahat 1|ah Nhc 1|ea
cam ! ma Jca 1|ea rctc cc| aha khca 1c| va kh| I
1
1ca th| 1|ea trc k
0
|| lca| ra khc| mach, Jca 1|ea rctc
taa lea, ta cc |a tr| taca 1aca 1|ea trc k
c
va thc| |aa aat t
a
= I t
1

Nea 1|ea chiah ti sc |aa thc| |aa aat va thc| |aa 1ca t
1
th| ta 1|ea chiah 1acc |a tr| 1|ea trc trca mach
rctc

|ea trc taca 1aca k
c
trca mach mct ch|ea 1acc t|ah 1c| ve mach xca ch|ea |a pha c rctc thec a| tac |ac
tcaa cca saat
Ica hac trca mach rctc

0c sc 1e t|ah 1c| tca hac cca saat la aha ahaa, aea

Vc| sc 1c chiah laa caa |a pha th|
!
J
= 1,5 !
2
2

aea

Kh| cc 1|ea trc t|ah 1c|, ta Je Jaa Jaa 1acc 1ac t|ah cc thec phaca phap thca thaca hc 1ac t|ah cc aa
aet k|a phaa mat phaa |c| haa |c| 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea va 1ac t|ah cc cc 1|ea trc pha k
f
= k
c
2
Vc| sc 1c h|ah 22, maca mc rca pham v| 1|ea chiah ta cc the mac ac| t|ep vc| 1|ea trc k
c
mct ta 1|ea 1a lca

!!! NhAN X!I VA UN0 UN0
o R
n
c
t t
t
R
+
=
(2-6)
) ( 3
) 2 (
2
2
2
2
2
f d
c d d
R R I P
R R T P
+ =
+ =
(2-7)
(2-8)
) ( 3 ) 2 ( 2
2
2 2
2
f d c d d R R I R R T + = +
(2-9)
c f R R
2
1
=
(2-10)
1 Nhaa Xet

lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha mach rctc cc cac
aa 1|em saa
Trang 16
Trang 17
0c tcc 1c phaa cap
Icc 1c 1|ea chiah ahc hca tcc 1c cc |aa
Ia 1ca hca trca 1|ea chiah 1acc Je Jaa
haa che 1acc Jca mc ma
!am taa kha aaa mc ma caa 1ca cc kh| 1aa 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc
0ac thac tac 1|ea chiah 1ca |aa
0|a thaah ch| ph| vaa haah, saa chaa thap
Hac Ja cc cac aa 1|em aha trea ahaa vaa cca cac ahacc 1|em saa
- Icc 1c ca 1|ah kem
- Ica that aaa laca lca

2 Ua aa
a la phaca phap 1acc sa Jaa rca ra|, mac Ja khca 1acc k|ah te lam Ihaca 1acc Jaa 1c| vc| cac he
thca lam v|ec aaa haa ha aaa haa lap la| va Jaa trca cac he thca vc| ea caa tcc 1c khca cac aha caa
trac, cc caa aaa, caa trac, thaa ma va ma xac

0hU0N0

!!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! 90 0!
0U0

! N0UY!N !Y Kh! IhAY 0! 90 0! 0U0

Irca ah|ea traca hcp cac cc caa saa xaat khca ea caa pha| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa phaa ma chi caa 1|ea
chiah cc cap
c| vc| 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |a pha, ta cc tcc 1c caa ta traca aa

a = a
1
(1sl

c 1c kh| tha 1c| sc 1c| cac th| a
1
se tha 1c|, v| va tcc 1c caa 1ca cc tha 1c|
e tha 1c| sc 1c| cac l ta tha 1c| cach 1aa Ja va caa la cach tha 1c| ch|ea Jca 1|ea 1| trca cac caca Ja
mc| pha statc caa 1ca cc
Kh| tha 1c| sc 1c| cac ta cha raa sc 1c| cac c statc va rctc la aha ahaa Nh|a la kh| tha 1c| sc 1c| cac c
statc th| c rctc caa pha| tha 1c| thec c 1c rat khc thac h|ea chc 1ca cc rctc Ja aaa, aea phaca phap
aa cha ea Jaa chc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc lca scc va lca| 1ca cc aa cc kha aaa ta ||ea 1c| sc 1c|
cac c rctc 1e pha hcp vc| sc 1c| cac c statc
c| vc| 1ca cc cc ah|ea cap tcc 1c, mc| pha statc pha| cc |t ahat la ha| ahcm |c| Ja trc lea hcaa tcaa |ca
ahaa c 1c caa ah|ea cap tcc 1c th| k|ch thacc, trca laca va |a thaah caa cac v| va trca thac te thaca
Jaa tc| 1a la |ca cap tcc 1c

(3-1)
(3-2)
P
f
n
1
1
60
=
!! 0A0 lhU0N0 lhAl 0! N0! UN0 ! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00

1 c| Nc| 0aca 9tatc Ia 9ac Y 9aa 9ac Kep YY
Ia ||ea thac (1l, kh| tha 1c| sc 1c| cac th| ta se 1|ea chiah 1acc tcc 1c caa 1ca cc, Jc 1c trca cach 1c| ac|
aa ta cc aaa he ve tcc 1c 1ca |c aha saa

e Jaa 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah, ta caa pha| xac 1|ah 1acc cac tr| sc H
t
, 9
t
va kh| thac h|ea ac| sac Y th| ha| caca
Ja statc 1aa ac| t|ep aea

k
1Y
= 2r
1
, X
1Y
= 2x
1
k
2Y
= 2r
2
, X
2Y
= 2x
2
X
aY
= 2x
a
Irca 1c
r
1
,

x
1
, r
2,
x
2
la 1|ea trc, 1|ea khaa mc| 1caa Ja statc va rctc
9c 1c 1c| ac| caca Ja statc ta sac saa sac kep aha h|ah 1

Trang 18
2
1
1
=
Y
YY
n
n
(3-3)
N
oX
oA
S
N
(3-4)
B
B
o
A
o
c2
z1
c1
b2
y1
b1
a2
x1
a1
o

al |l

cl Jl
h|ah 19c 1c aaea l 1aa caca statc va sc 1c kha| tr|ea mct pha caa cach 1aa sac Y saa sac kep YY
c2
z1
c1
b2
y1
b1
a2
x1
a1
C o
B
o o
Trang 19
(al va (|l Kh| 1aa sac
(|l va (Jl Kh| 1aa sac kep

Nha va ta cc 1|ea ap trea Ja aaa mc| pha la

Kh| 1aa sac Y

3
1
Ud
U =
( )
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
55 , 9
4
3
'
n
Y
tY
n
tY
x r r
n
U
M
x r
r
S
+ +
=
+
=
oA oX
S N
y2
z2
x2
A
(3-5)
(3-6)
(3-7)

0ca saat t|ea tha ta lac| la

Kh| ac| sac kep YY th| ha| caca Ja ac| sca sca aea

!ac 1c, ta t|ah 1acc

9c saah ||ea thac (7l va (11l
Ia 1acc

Va H
tYY
= 2H
tY

Ia ||ea thac (?l va (12l, aea xem ccs
Y
= ccs
YY

Ia 1acc

Va l
YY
= 2l
Y
(3-8)
Y Y I U P cos . 3 1 1 m =
2
;
2
2
;
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
x
X
r
R
x
X
r
R
YY YY
YY YY
= =
= =
(3-9)
( )
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
55 , 9
2
3
'
n
YY
tYY
n
tYY
x r r
n
U
M
x r
r
S
+ +
=
+
=
YY YY cos . m 1 YY .I 2.3.U P =
(3-10) (3-12)
(3-11)
2
2
4
1
1
= =
YY
Y
tY
tYY
n
n
M
M
(3-13)
2 =
Y
YY
P
P
(3-14)
Trang 20

9c saah ||ea thac (5l va (10l, ta cc

9
tY
= 9
tYY

Nca| ra ta cc ||ea thac

l = aH

Irca 1c

l 0ca saat t|ea tha caa 1ca cc
H Hcmea aa caa 1ca cc
a Icc 1c cc caa rctc

c 1c

Nha va kh| 1c| ta sac saa sac kep, mcmea aa caa 1c a cc khca 1c| cca cca saat th| taa ap ha| laa
Vc| cac ||ea thac 1a phaa t|ch aha trea, ta Jaa 1acc 1ac t|ah cc aha
h|ah

(3-15)
(3-15a)
tY
tYY
Y
YY
Y
YY
M
M
n
n
P
P
1
1
=
1
2
2
2
1
1
= =
= =
Y
YY
Y
YY
M
M
n
n
Thay c ta 16), v 2
P
P
va
Y
YY
(3 ao
(3-16)
(3-17)
M
tYY
n
1YY
S
tYY
n
1Y
S
tY
M
M
tY
Trang 21
h|ah ac t|ah cc kh| 1c| caca statc ta sac saa sac kep

2c| Nc| 0aca 9tatc Ia 9ac 9aa 9ac Naa Nacc

h|ah 4 9c 1c aaea l 1aa caca statc va sc 1c kha| tr|ea mct pha caa cach 1aa sac va sac aaa aacc

Irca cach ac| aa, ta caa cc aaa he ve tcc 1c 1ca |c aha saa
B
B
o
A
o
z2
c2
z1
c1
y2
b2
y1
b1
x2
a2
x1
a1
o
S N
S
oX oA
y2
z2
c2
z1
c1
b2
y1
b1
x2
x1
a1
C
A
o
B
o o
N S
oA oX
Trang 22

Kh| ac| sac saa sac aaa aacc, tacc

` kh| ac| sac

` Kh| ac| saa sac aaa aacc

Kh| 1c| ac| thaah sac aaa aacc th| ha| caca Ja statc caa 1aa ac| t|ep aea

Ia (20 va (2l, ta cc aaa he
2
1
2 / 1 1
=
Y
ng Y
n
n
(3-18)
) (
55 , 9
2
1 3
'
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
2 2
1
2
1
n
Y
tY
n
tY
d
x r r
n
U
M
x r
r
S
U
U
+ +
=
+
=
=
(3-18a)
(3-19)
(3-20)
(3-21)
Y Y m 1 .cos .I 3.U = Y P
ng Y ng Y ng Y
Xn
ng Y
ng ty
tY
Xn
ng tY
I U P
r r
n
U
M
S
r
r
S
2 / 1 2 / 1 1 2 / 1
2 2
1 1
2 / 1 1
2
1
2 / 1
2 2
1
2
2 / 1
cos 3
) (
55 , 9
4
3
'
m =
+ +
=
=
+
=
(3-22)
(3-23)
(3-24)
Trang 23

Va H
tY
= 2 H
t12a

Ia (21l va (24l, ta cc

Ihec ||ea thac (15al, ta cc

Iha (27l va (1?l vac (29l, ta 1acc

Nha va ta Jaa 1acc 1aca 1ac t|ah trea h|ah 4

2
1
2 / 1
2 / 1
= =
tY
tY
tY
ng tY
n
n
M
M
(3-25)
(3-26)
(3-27)

(3-28)
Y ng Y
Y
ng Y
P P
P
P
=
=
2 / 1
2 / 1
1
Y
ng Y
Y
ng Y
Y
ng Y
M
M
n
n
P
P 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
=
(3-29)
2
1 2 / 1
=
Y
ng Y
M
M
(3-30)
Trang 24
n
S
tY1/2ng
n
1Y1/2ng
n
1Y

h|ah 4 ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c kh| 1aa sac saa sac aaa aacc

2 c| Nc| 0aca 9tatc Ia Iam 0|ac 9aa 9ac Kep
Ihec cach 1aa caca Ja statc ta tam |ac saa sac kep, ta cc aaa he aha saa

` 9c 1c 1c| ac| Ja ta tam |ac saa sac kep aha h|ah 5

al cl

2
1
1
=
n
n YY
(3-31)

S
Trang 25
oA
oX
N S
oA oX
N S
O
O
O
O

A
o

B
o

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
y
2
c
2
z
2
c
1
z
1
x
1
a
2
x
2 b
1
y
1
b
2
B
o
C
o

A
o
a
1
C
o

O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
a
1
x
1
a
2
x
2
b
1
y
1
b
2
y
2

|l Jl

h|ah 5
al 9c 1c 1aa Ja caa cach 1aa tam |ac
|l 9c 1c 1aa Ja caa cach 1aa sac kep
cl 9c 1c 1aa tr| mct pha caa cach 1aa tam |ac
Jl 9c 1c 1aa tr| mct pha caa cach 1aa sac kep

Ia ahaa tha kh| 1aa tam |ac ha| caca Ja statc caa 1aa ac| t|ep, aea taca ta aha cach 1aa sac ta t|ah 1acc
cac 1a| laca aha saa

` Iraca hcp Jaa sac kep caa taca ta aha trea, Jc 1c

=
+
=
+ +
=
cos 3 3
'
(
55 , 9
4
) 3 ( 3
1
2 2
1
2 2
1 1
1
2
2
m I U P
x r
r
S
x r r
n
U
M
n
t
n
t
) (
55 , 9
2
3
'
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
2 2
1
2
n
YY
tYY
n
tYY
x r r
n
U
M
x r
r
S
+ +
=
+
=
YY YY cos . m 1 YY I U 2.3. P =
(3-32)

(3-33)

(3-34)
(3-35)
c

z

c
(3-36)
z

(3-37)
1 1 2
2
Trang 26

Ia (2l va (5l, ta 1acc

Ia (l va (7l, ta 1acc

Nca| ra ta t|ah 1acc aha saa

Nha va kh| 1c| ac| ta tam |ac saa sac kep, th| cca saat khca 1c| cca mcmea |am, ta 1acc 1ac t|ah cc aha
h|ah 5

2
1
=
t
tYY
M
M
(3-38)

(3-39)
1
3
2
cos 3
cos 2
= =

YY YY YY
P
P
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
=
=
=

tYY
t
tYY
t
tYY
t
YY YY
M
M
M
M
M
M
n
n
P
P
Vay
(3-40)

(3-41)
Trang 27
n
n
1YY
S
tYY
n
1

h|ah 5 ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c kh| 1c| ac| Ja aaa statc ta tam |ac saa sac kep

S
t
!!! NhAN X!I VA UN0 UN0 Ik0N0 00N0 N0h!!l
1 Nhaa Xet

lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa cach tha 1c| sc 1c| cac cc aa 1|em saa
- Ih|et || 1ca |aa, |a thaah ha
- 0ac 1aca 1ac t|ah cc 1ea caa va tca that pha khca 1aa ke
- ca cc lam v|ec chac chaa
- |ea chiah va khca che tcc 1c kha 1ca |aa
Nhaa vaa cc cac ahacc 1|em saa
- K|ch thacc 1ca cc lca
- lham v| 1|ea chiah khca rca lam

max
= ?

- 0hi chc ahaa tcc 1c cap vc| 1c aha cap kha lca
- h|ea saat sa Jaa Ja aaa thap
- 0aa tac caa 1ca cc taca 1c| phac tap, aaa ae va |a thaah cac

2 Ua aa Irca 0ca Nh|ep
a la phaca phap 1acc aa Jaa trca cac ma aha ma ma| vaa aaa, thaa ma ah|ea taa, ma aaa
trca ham mc va cca Jaa trca mct sc ma cat k|m lca|, |cm l tam va aat thca |c

Trang 28
Trang 29

0hU0N0 4

!!U 0hlNhI00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8A lhA 8AN0 0U0N KhAN0
8A0 h0A

!KhA! N!!H V! 0U0N KhAN0 8A0 h0A

0aca khaa |ac hca la th|et || 1|ea ta cc tr| sc 1|ea khaa ||ea 1c| 1acc Ve mat caa tac, caca khaa cc |a |c
phaa ch|ah
!c| sat
acc lam thaah ha| lc| |ca ahaa, 1e kha aah haca caa ta thca xca ch|ea 1c| vc| caca mct ch|ea
0aca lam v|ec h
lv

acc ac| t|ep vc| pha ta| 3
pt
0aca lam v|ec cc 1|ea khaa tha 1c| 1acc
0aca khca che h

kc

0aca khaa cc |a 1ea |ca caca Jaa khca che Irca 1c mct caca khca che cha 1ac, cac caca cca la| Jaa
thac h|ea phaa hc| trca he
thca traea 1ca 1|ea Qaaa lea ha| lc| sat, 1acc 1at vac 1|ea ap mct ch|ea tac ra Jca khca che !
kc
e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa caca khaa |ac hca aac| ta Jaa caca khaa |ac hca |a
pha, hcac |a caca khaa |ac hca mct pha cc 1|ea kh|ea 1ca thc|, mac c mach statc hcac rctc thec sc 1c
aaea l h|ah 41
Ia tha ca ha| traca hcp kh| mac vac mach statc ha rctc 1ea cc chaa mct ah|a la 1aa them vac mach caa
1ca cc mct laca 1|ea khaa x
1k
lam chc mcmea tc| haa va 1c tract tc| haa |am ahc 1| thec phaca tr|ah aha
saa

Irca 1c

U
1
|ea ap pha caa lac| 1|ea 1at vac 1ca cc
x
1k
|ea khaa caa caca khaa |ac hca
x
a
|ea khaa aaa mach caa 1ca cc
r
2
|ea trc rctc t|ah 1c| ve statc
H
t
Hcmea tc| haa caa 1ca cc
9
t
c tract tc| haa caa 1ca cc

Irca thac te kh| mac caca khaa |ac hca vac mach statc 1ca cc cc cac aa 1|em saa
Xck Xn
2
t
Xck Xn
1
2
1
t
r'
S
) (
9,55
2n
3U
M
+
=
+
=
(4-1)

(4-2)
- 0|am 1acc tca that 1ca cc
- he sc cca saat lca
Kh| mac caca khaa |ac hca vac mach rctc h|ah 41| Hac Ja cc |am chi t|ea aaa laca ahaa vaa cc cac
khaet 1|em saa
Qaaa t|ah he thca lca lam chc he sc cca saat ccs |am s|ah ra tca hac trea 1|ea trc pha

U
1
~
Xck
o -
o +
o o
o
Ukc
Rc
Wlv

KB

U
1
~
o
Ukc
Rc
Wkc
Wl v
Xck
o
o -
o +
o
KB
Trang 30

al |l
h|ah 41 9c 1c aaea l 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa caca khaa |ac hca
al Hac c mach statc
|l Hac c mach rctc

!! lhU0N0 Ik!Nh VA AN0 A0 IlNh 00

lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c cc Jaa

Irca 1c

Kh| mac caca khaa |ac hca vac statc, ta 1acc aha saa

2
) 1 ( 2
+ +
+
=
S
S
S
S
M
M
t
t
t
(4-3)
(4-4)

(4-5)

(4-6)
2 2
1
1
2 2
1
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
'
) (
55 , 9
2
3
n
n
t
n
t
x r
r
x r
r
S
x r r
n
U
M
+
=
+
=
+ +
=
[ ]
2 2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
'
) ( ) ( ) (
55 , 9
2
3
ck n ck
ck n ck
t
ck n ck ck
t
x x r r
rck r
x x r r
r
S
x x r r r r
n
U
M
+ + +
+
=
+ + +

=
+ + + + +
=
(4-7)

(4-8)

(4-9)
Trang 31

Kh| mac caca khaa |ac hca vac rctc, ta cc

Irca 1c

k
ck,
x
ck
la 1|ea trc, 1|ea khaa mc| pha caa caca Ja lam v|ec kh| cc caca khaa |ac hca

x
ck
= 2f!
ck

f la taa sc caa statc ha rctc ta thec kh| mac caca khaa |ac hca c statc ha rctc
!
ck
tr| sc 1|ea cam mc| pha caa caca khaa |ac hca

9 la t|et J|ea lc| sat
l ch|ea Ja| traa ||ah caa mach ta

[ ]
2 2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
1
) (
) (
) ' (
) (
55 , 9
2
3
ck n
ck n
ck
t
ck n
t
x x r
rck r
x x r
r r
S
x x r r
n
U
M
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ + +
=
(4-11)

(4-12)

(4-13)
(4-13)
l
S W
L
lv
ck
2
8
10
=
(4-14)
!V lhU0N0 lhAl UN0 0U0N KhAN0 8A0 h0A ! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00

Trang 32
e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc |aa caca khaa |ac hca aac| ta tha 1c| Jca 1|ea ta hca caa caca khaa (
Jca khca che !
kc
l Kh| !
kc
taa th| x
ck
|am, 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc taa lea va kh| !
kc
|am th| x
ck
taa, 1|ea
ap 1at vac 1ca cc |am 9aa 1a ta khac sat cac traca hcp saa

1 he Ihca 0aca Khaa 8ac hca ca 0c aa Khaa lhaa hc| Am Icc c
e taa kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc ta Jaa sc 1c aaea l phaa hc| am tcc 1c aha h|ah 42 a la
he thca trca 1c laca phaa hc| 1acc thac h|ea |aa ma phat tcc

h|ah 4 2 9c 1c aaea l Jaa khaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c

` Naea l lam v|ec
Ia cc
9ac 1|ea 1ca caa ma phat

!
!I
= U
fh
= K
!

!I
a

ca khca che

|ea ap khca che

U
kc
= Uss U
fh
Irca 1c
U
1
~
Xck
o -
o +
o
o o
Rc
Wlv
Uss
Ufh
Ukc
o -
+ o

R
FT
I
kc
CKFT
LC
KB FT

n

(4-15)
kc
kc
kc
R
U
I =
(4-16)
(4-17)
Trang 33

Uss |ea ap sc saah Jc aaca aca| 1at vac Jaa 1e tha 1c| Jca khca che
U
fh
|ea ap phaa hc| am tcc 1c Jc ma phat tcc caa cap
Haca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc a, tha 1c| tr| sc 1|ea trc 1|ea chiah Kh| |am k
1c
th| Uss |am, U
kc
|am, Jc 1c
!
kc
|am, lac aa caca khaa lam v|ec c traa tha| kem |ac hca aea = J8Jh taa, x
ck
taa, U
kc
taa Jc va
tcc 1c 1ca cc a
|am va kh| taa k

1c
th| aa tr|ah J|ea ra aacc la|
` Kha aaa ta ca 1|ah 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
0haa haa kh| cc caa saa xaat caa tcc 1c ea caa khca 1c| (a
c
= ccastl ahaa v| l Jc aac 1c 1ct ah|ea pha
ta| H
c
|am xaca, tcc 1c 1ca cc taa lea, U
fh
taa, U
kc
|am, !
kc
|am, taa, x
ck
taa, aea U
= U U
ck
|am
va a
|am ve v| tr| |aa 1aa

Kh| pha ta| H
c
taa lam tcc 1c 1ca cc |am va aa tr|ah J|ea ra aacc la|
2 he Ihca 0aca Khaa 8ac hca ca 0c aa Khaa lhaa hc| aca ca |ea Va Am
|ea Ap
9c 1c aaea l aha h|ah 4

9c 1c trea h|ah 4 Jaa |a caca khaa |ac hca

Irca 1c
Trang 34

h
ck1
0aca khaa cha 1ac tac ra ta traca h
1

h
ck2
0aca phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea 1acc caa cap 1|ea mct ch|ea thca aa ma ||ea Jca 8 va
|c chiah laa 0!
1
tac ra caca 1c ta traca h
2
caa ch|ea vc| h
1

h
ck
0aca phaa hc| am 1|ea ap 1acc caa cap 1|ea ahc ma ||ea ap 8A va |c chiah laa 0!
2
tac ra ta
traca h
aacc ch|ea vc| h

1

8A Ha ||ea ap
8 Ha ||ea Jca
o -
o +
CL2
o o
BD
Wck3
Wck2
Wck1
BA
Xck
Wl v
Rc
Ukc
o
R1
CL1
R2

Hnh 4-3. S o cuon khang bao hoa dung khau
phan hoi dng dong ien va am ien
ap.

KB
U
1
~
H
3
H
1
H
2
I
kc1
I
kc3
I
kc2

` Naea l lam v|ec
0 traca hcp aa ta caa tha 1c| k
1c
1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c, ta cc
Ia traca tca caa caca khaa

h =

h
1
h
2
h

Kh| ta |am k
1c
th| U
kc
|am Jc 1c !
kc
|am, caca khaa lam v|ec c traa tha| kem |ac hca, x
ck
taa, U
ck
taa, tcc
1c 1ca cc |am va kh| taa k
1c
th| aa tr|ah J|ea ra aacc la|
0 sc 1c h|ah 4 , kh| ta maca tha 1c| he sc phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea th| tha 1c| tr| sc k
1
va tha 1c| he sc
phaa hc| am 1|ea ap th| ta tha 1c| tr| sc k
2

` Kha aaa ta ca 1|ah tcc 1c caa he thca

he thca cc kha aaa ta ca 1|ah tcc 1c kh| pha ta| tha 1c| ahc cc khaa phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea va am 1|ea
ap
0|a sa kh| caa tcc 1c khca 1c| a
= a
c
= ccast ct ah|ea pha ta| H
c
|am xaca lam tcc 1c a
taa lea hca

tcc 1c ea caa, kh| H
c
|am th| !
1
|am aea h
2
|am
Hac khac, kh| !
1
|am, U
ck
|am, U
taa, v| va h
taa Ha ta traca tca

h =

h
1
h
2
h
|am, lac 1c caca khaa lam v|ec c traa tha| kem |ac hca, he sc ta tham taa aea x
ck
taa
va 1|ea ap rc| trea caca khaa U
ck
taa Jc 1c 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc U
|am lam chc tcc 1c 1ca cc |am ve

tcc 1c ea caa

Ia cc Jaa 1ac t|ah cc aha h|ah 44

A

B

E

C
D
M
c
TN (U
m)
I
kc max
I
kc1
I
kc2
I
kc3

I
kc min

n
max

n
1.1

n
1.2

n
1
.
3
n
min
n
1
n
(4-18)
M
Trang 35
Trang 36
h|ah 44 aa 1ac t|ah cc kh| Jaa caca khaa |ac hca cc khaa phaa hc|

!V NhAN X!I VA UN0 UN0 Ik0N0 00N0 N0h!!l

1 Nhaa Xet

0ac aa 1|em
- lham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc taca 1c| rca

max
= ?

- Qaa tr|ah 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa phaa v| tcc 1c 1ca cc pha thacc vac Jca 1|ea khca
che ma !
kc
la| pha thacc vac k
1c

- !am v|ec chac chaa, |a thaah thap hca va khca a ca
0ac ahacc 1|em
c| vc| khaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c
- 0aa pha| cc ma phat tcc 1e ac| vc| 1ca cc 1|ea lam chc sc 1c phac tap hca
- lha thacc vac ahaa v| tr| xaa aaah v| ch|em chc lca
c| vc| khaa phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea va am 1|ea ap
- 0c sa| sc 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc Jc mac ||ea ap vac statc
- 0aa pha| cc ma ||ea Jca

2 Ua aa Irca 0ca Nh|ep
lhaca phap aa thaca Jaa trca cac he thca traea 1ca aha caa trac, ma xac va ahat la 1c| vc| ahaa
ac| Je || cha ac aha c mc Jaa,
mc thaa
he thca caca khaa |ac hca 1ca cc aa caa 1acc aa Jaa rca ra| trca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc
khca 1ca |c va kh| sa Jaa caca khaa |ac hca 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc Ja aaa,
aac| ta ket hcp caca khaa |ac hca vc| 1|ea trc pha trca mach rctc aham mc rca pham v| 1|ea chiah


0hU0N0 5

!!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! !!N
Al

! N0UY!N !Y !!U 0hlNh

lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c khca 1ca |c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap thac h|ea aha saa
e tha 1c| 1|ea ap, aac| ta Jaa |c ||ea 1c| cc 1|ea ap ra ta thec t|a h|ea 1|ea kh|ea 1at vac
9c 1c aaea l h|ah 51

U
1
~
o o

o
Trang 37

r
f
KB
B
U
k


h|ah 51 9c 1c aaea l 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c

Nha h|ah 51, ta tha

Nea |c aa tca trc caa aaca va khca Jaa 1|ea trc pha trca mach rctc Kh| 1|ea ap caa |c ||ea 1c| U
2
th|
ta 1acc hc 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah aha h|ah
52

Kh| 1c

c tract tc| haa |a aaea |a tr|

Hcmea tc| haa ti le vc| ||ah phaca 1|ea ap U
2

H
ta
= H
t
U
2
2

Vc|

Irca1c

H
ta
Hcmea tc| haa caa 1ca cc aa vc| 1|ea ap 1|ea chiah
U
2
|ea ap ra caa |c ||ea 1c|

2 2
1
2 '
n
t
x r
r
S
+
=
(5-1)
(5-2)

) (
55 , 9
2
3
2 2
1 1
1
2
2
n
t
r r r
n
U
M
+ +
=
(5-3)
Trang 38

h|ah 52 aa 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah kh| khca Jaa 1|ea trc pha trca mach rctc

e ca| th|ea Jaa 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah va |am |ct mac phat aca caa 1ca cc Kh| Jaa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c
rctc Ja aaa, aac| ta ac| them mct |c 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc h|ah 51 Kh| 1c
Nea 1|ea ap 1at vac statc la 1|ah mac (U
2
= U
1
l th| ta 1acc 1ac t|ah mem hca 1ac t|ah ta ah|ea va ta c| 1c la
1ac t|ah |c| haa (1thl
Nea |a tr| 1|ea ap 1at vac statc khac vc| |a tr| 1|ah mac th| mcmea tc| haa lac 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap H
ta
se tha
1c| ti le vc| ||ah phaca 1|ea ap cca 1c tract tc| haa th| khca 1c|, ah|a la

H
ta
= H
t
U
2
2
9
t
= ccast

Kh| xet 1ea tca trc caa |c ||ea 1c| th| v|ec xac 1|ah 1ac t|ah |c| haa cc phac tap Kh| 1c ta xem 1|ea trc r
|
va
1|ea khaa x
|
caa |c ||ea 1c| cc |a tr| cc 1|ah khca pha thacc vac 1|ea ap U
2
!ac 1c

n
S
t
M M
tu
M
t
U
2.2
U
2.1
n
1
TN (U
m)
(5-4)
Trang 39
[ ]
2 2
1
2
2 2
1 1
1
2
2
) ( ) (
'
) ( ) ( ) (
55 , 9
2
3
n b b
f
t
n b b b
t
x x r r
r r
S
x x r r r r
n
U
M
+ + +
+
=
+ + + + +
= (5-5)

(5-6)

Ia 1acc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc

aa 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah trca traca hcp aa aha h|ah 5

h|ah 5 ac t|ah 1|ea chiah kh| Jaa 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc

!! lhU0N0 lhAl UN0 80 !!U 0hlNh !!N Al 8AN0 IhYk!9I0k

a la |c 1|ea chiah 1acc aa Jaa aa caa ah|ea trca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c v| cc ah|ea
aa 1|em sc vc| cac |c ||ea 1c| xca ch|ea khac aha Jaa ||ea ap ta aaa, Jaa khaech 1a| ta,
9c 1c aaea l caa he Jaa |c 1|ea chiah thr|stcr aha h|ah 5 4

2 2
1
1
) ( ) (
2
) 1 ( 2
n b b
b
t
t
t
x x r r
r r
S
S
S
S
M
M
+ + +
+
=
+ +
+
=
(5-7)

Vi (5-8)
Trang 40
U
1
~

U
2
, r
f 0
U
1
, r
f 0
n
TN (U
m
, r
f = 0
)
o o o
T1
T2 T3 T4
T5 T6
M M
t
S
t

gh (U
m
, r
f 0
)

n
1
M
tu

h|ah 54 9c 1c aaea l caa he thca Jaa |c 1|ea chiah thr|stcr
8c 1|ea chiah thr|stcr aa taca 1c| 1ca |aa cm saa thr|stcr
Kh| c traa tha| xac lap, cac thr|stcr mc c ahaa cc k|ch aha ahaa va khca 1c| Kh| 1c I
1
, I
, I
5
Jaa c aaa
cha k Jaca cca I
2
, I
4
, I
5
Jaa c aaa cha k am caa lac| 1|ea
|ea ap 1at vac statc caa 1ca cc U
2
(1|ea ap ra caa |c ||ea 1c|l la ahaa phaa caa 1aca h|ah s|a trea h|ah 5
5

Trang 41
U
2
t
U
1
U
2
T
4
dan
T
1
dan

2
0

h|ah 55 c th| 1|ea ap pha c 1aa ra caa |c 1|ea chiah thr|stcr

0|a th|et 1aca cca trea h|ah 55 la 1c th| 1|ea ap caa pha A 1aa vac statc caa 1ca cc aa ha| thr|stcr I
1
va
I
4

Nea I
1
mc c cc = 0 th| I
1
se Jaa chc 1ea thc| 1|em Jc 1|ea ap lac| Jaca 1at vac Aact va saa 1c vaa
Jaa ta 1ea la ahc aaa laca 1|ea ta t|ch la trca Ja aaa statc
Iaca ta thr|stcr I
4
Jaa c aaa cha k am va cc pha thacc vac 1c tract 9
e Jaa 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea chiah, ta |c aa 1|ea trc caa thr|stcr Kh| thr|stcr 1aa Jaa va cac 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah
aa vc| ahaa cc khac ahaa 1acc ve trea h|ah 55 V| 1|ea ap pha thacc vac cc pha aea 1c tract tc| haa
caa cac 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah cc the khac vc| 1c tract 9
t

h|ah 55 0ac 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c Jaa |c 1|ea chiah thr|stcr

!!! NhAN X!I VA UN0 UN0

lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap aaca 1acc sa Jaa rca ra|,
ahat la |c 1|ea chiah Jaa thr|stcr v| thac h|ea Je Jaa va ta 1ca hca Xet ve chi t|ea aaa laca, ta tca

U
2
, r
f
0
U
1
, r
f
0
n
TN (U
m
, r
f = 0
)

gh (U
m
, r
f 0
)

M
t
M
tu
1
= 0
M
n
1
S
t
Trang 42
that trca |c ||ea 1c| khca 1aa ke ahaa 1|ea ap statc || ||ea Jaa sc vc| h|ah s|a aea tca that pha trca
1ca cc lca Jc 1c h|ea saat khca cac
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap thaca Jaa trca he traea 1ca ma
mcmea ta| la ham taa thec tcc 1c aha aat thca |c, |cm l tam,

0hU0N0 5

!!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! IAN 90
N0U0N

! N0UY!N !Y VA QUY !UAI !!U 0hlNh Kh! IhAY 0! IAN 90

Ia ||ea thac

Ia tha, tcc 1c 1ca |c caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c cc the tha 1c| aea ta tha 1c| taa sc lac| 1|ea f
1
c 1c tcc
1c caa 1ca cc a = a
1
(1 9l (52l, caa tha 1c| thec
Kh| tha 1c| taa sc lac| 1|ea f
1
, ahaa tha aha saa
Nea |c aa 1|ea trc Ja aaa statc, tac la xem r
1
= 0 th| mcmea tc| haa cac 1a| la
Irca 1c
P
f
n
1
1
60
=
(6-1)
n
n
t
x
U
x
n
U
M
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
3
55 , 9
2
3
= =
(6-3)
Trang 43

1
tcc 1c cc 1ca |c

x
a
=
1
!
a

!
a
= !
1
!
2

Iha (54l va (55l vac (5l, ta 1acc

8|ea thac (57l chc ta tha kh| taa taa sc aaca ma vaa |a aaea U
1
th| mcmea tc| haa cac 1a| H
t
|am rat
ah|ea c 1c kh| tha 1c| taa sc f
1
th| 1ca thc| pha| tha 1c| U
1
thec cac a laat ahat 1|ah aham 1am |ac sa
lam v|ec taca aa |aa mcmea 1ca cc va mcmea pha ta| Nh|a la ti sc |aa mcmea cac 1a| caa 1ca cc va
mcmea pha ta| t|ah 1c| vc| cac 1ac t|ah cc la haa sc

ac t|ah cc caa |c phaa lam v|ec la aaa he |aa tcc 1c aa caa mcmea pha ta| lea trac aa

H
c
= f(al

Ihec ||ea thac thac ah|em maa t|ah chat tca aat 1e mc ta Jaa 1ac t|ah cc caa |c phaa lam v|ec aha saa

(6-4)

(6-5)

(6-6)
P
f 1
1
2
=
n
t
L f
P U
M
2
1
2
2 2
1
) 2 ( 2
3
=
(6-6)

(6-7)
2
1
2
1
t
n
2
2
f
U
a M : taco
L ) 2(2
3P
const a at
=
= =
const
M
M
c
t
M = = (6-8)
x
)
m
co cm co c
n
n
)( M (M M M + =
(6-9)
Trang 44

Irca 1c

H
c
Hcmea caa caa |c phaa lam v|ec lea trac aa c tcc 1c a (Nml
H
cc
Hcmea caa caa |c phaa lam v|ec lea trac aa kh| a= 0
H
c1m
Hcmea caa caa |c phaa lam v|ec lea trac aa kh| a = a
1m

x la sc ma 1ac traa mc ta Jaa 1ac t|ah cc caa |c phaa lam v|ec (cc caa saa xaatl khac ahaa
0cm |ca Jaa aha saa

` x = 0, ta cc
H
c
= H
c1m
= ccast,
a la 1ac t|ah cc 1ac traa chc he thca aaa va laca cc |a tr| ahat 1|ah (1aca 1 trea h|ah 51l
` x = 1
ac t|ah cc cc Jaa H
c
= a |a
H
c
ti le |ac ahat vc| tcc 1c a la 1ac t|ah 1ac traa chc ma phat 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap vc| pha ta|
ma phat la mct 1|ea trc thaaa ( 1aca 2 h|ah 51l
` x = 1
ac t|ah cc Jaa

Hcmea ti le ah|ch vc| tcc 1c, 1ac t|ah aa 1ac traa chc cac ma cat k|m lca| (1aca h|ah 51l
` x = 2
ac t|ah cc Jaa H
c
= a |a
2

Hcmea ti le vc| ||ah phaca tcc 1c, la 1ac t|ah 1ac traa chc ma aea, taa tha,(1aca 4 h|ah 51l

h|ah 51 0ac Jaa 1ac t|ah

Nha va, maca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa cach tha 1c| taa sc ta pha| cc mct |c aaca
(6-9a)
(6-9b)
) (
n
b
a Mc + =
(6-9c)
(6-9d)
Trang
const
f
U
=
1
1
*
4
3
2
1
const
f
U
const
f
U
=
=
1
2
1
2
1
1
*
*
n
0
M
c
45
xca ch|ea cc the 1|ea chiah taa sc 1|ea ap mct cach 1ca thc| thec cac a laat aha saa

Nha va Jaa 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c kh| tha 1c| taa sc thec a laat 1|ea chiah h|ah 52

h|ah 52 0ac Jaa 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c kh| tha 1c| taa sc thec a laat 1|ea chiah U va f

!! 0A0 80 8!!N IAN UN0 ! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00

e tac ra cac |c ||ea taa cc U va f tha 1c| 1acc, aac| ta cc the Jaa cac |c ||ea taa vc| ma 1|ea aa aha
ma phat 1ca |c, ma phat khca 1ca |c hcac Jaa |c ||ea taa |aa Jaa 9c vc| cac |c ||ea taa |aa Jaa , |c
||ea taa ma 1|ea aa cc ah|ea ahacc 1|em va aa caa |t Jaa 8c| va trca laaa aa aa chi tr|ah |a cac
|c ||ea taa |aa Jaa

0ac |c ||ea taa |aa Jaa cm cc
8c ||ea taa |aa Jaa trac t|ep va |c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea

Trang 46
1 8c 8|ea Iaa Irac I|ep aa Ihr|stcr
|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa |c ||ea taa Jaa trac t|ep thr|stcr cc sc 1c aaea l aha h|ah
54

M
n
M
c
= a+bn
2
0
n
M
c
= a+b/n
n
1.1

n
cb

n
1.2
f
1.1
f
1m
f
1.2
M
c
= const
0
n
M M
c
f
1.1
f
1m
f
1.2
0
n
1.1

n
1cb
n
1.2
f
1m
f
1.2
o o o
a b c
~ U
1
, f
1
f
1.1
n
1.1
n
1cb
n
1.2
M
Trang 47
a

h|ah 5 4 9c 1c aaea l caa |c ||ea t a trac t|ep Jaa thr|stcr

8c ||ea taa trac t|ep Jaa thr|stcr ||ea 1c| trac t|ep aaca xca ch|ea |a pha U
1
, f
1
|aa haa sc thaah aaca
xca ch|ea |a pha cc U
2
, f
2
||ea 1c| 8c ||ea taa aa cm 1? thr|stcr ch|a chc |a pha Hc| pha ch|a lam ha|
ahcm
Nhcm cc catct ac| chaa la| c| la ahcm thaaa I, caa cap phaa 1|ea ap Jaca trea mc| pha caa 1ca cc
Nhcm cc Aact ac| chaa c| la ahcm ah|ch caa cap 1|ea ap 1aa ra chc aaa cha k am
0 mc| pha cc Jaa ha| caca khaa 1e lam |am Jca 1|ea caa |aa caa cac thr|stcr kh| chaea mach |aa
ahcm thaaa va ahcm ah|ch
Nea c| taa sc aaca vac la f
1
, sc pha 1|ea ap 1aa ra la m (m=l, sc 1iah h|ah s|a caa sca 1|ea ap 1aa vac
trca aaa cha k caa 1|ea ap 1aa ra la a th| taa sc 1|ea ap 1aa ra caa |c ||ea taa la

Nha va
Haca tha 1c| taa sc f
2
ta tha 1c| sc 1iah h|ah s|a caa 1|ea ap 1aa vac trca aaa cha k caa 1|ea ap 1aa ra
(tac la tha 1c| thc| |aa lam v|ec caa thr|stcr trca caa mct ahcm thaaa ha ah|ch sc vc| cha k sca 1|ea
ap 1aa vacl
Haca tha 1c| tr| sc 1|ea ap 1aa ra caa |c ||ea taa la U
2
ta thac h|ea khca che thc| |aa k|ch xaa lea cac
thr|stcr sc vc| thc| 1|em chaea mach ta ah|ea Iac la tac ra mct sca 1|ea ap 1aa ra cc tr| sc traa ||ah ahc
hca tr| sc traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap 1aa ra kh| chaea mach ta ah|ea aa sca 1|ea ap 1aa ra caa |c ||ea taa c
h|ah 55

1 2
1 2
+
=
m n
m
f f
(6-10)

h|ah 55 c th| 1|ea ap mct pha caa |c ||ea taa trac t|ep Jaa thr|stcr

U
2A
(=0;n=3)
U
1a
U
1b
U
1c
T
2
T
n
T
t
t
U
1,
U
2
2 8c 8|ea Iaa aa Ihr|tcr 0c Khaa Iraa 0|aa Hct 0h|ea
8c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea la |c ||ea 1c| ha| taa Nhcm chiah laa cc chac aaa ||ea 1c| 1|ea
xca ch|ea thaah mct ch|ea 9aa kh| aa |c lcc, 1|ea ap mct ch|ea 1acc ah|ch laa thaah 1|ea ap xca ch|ea cc
taa sc ||ea 1c| Nhcm ah|ch laa c 1a lam v|ec 1cc lap vc| lac|, ah|a la cac vaa caa chaa chaea mach chc
ahaa thec che 1c caca |ac, ta c| ah|ch laa aa la ah|ch laa ap Iaa sc 1aa ra 1acc 1|ea chiah ahc tha 1c|
cha k 1ca cat cac vaa trca ahcm ah|ch laa cca 1|ea ap ra cc the 1|ea chiah ahc tha 1c| cc thca caa cac
vaa trca ahcm chiah laa
9c 1c aaea l caa |c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea h|ah 55

D9
o
o
o
T7
T9
T11
T10
T12
T8
T4
T6 T8
T1 T3 T5
D1
D3 D5
D4
D6 D2
D7
D11
D10 D12 D8
Co
C1 C3
C5
C4
C2
C6
L2
L1 Lo
~
U
1
, f
1
U
2
, f
2
KB
Trang 48
h|ah 55 9c 1c aaea l |c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea

a la sc 1c aaea l caa |c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea Jaa ah|ch laa ap
Nhcm chiah laa cm 5 thr|stcr I
7
I
12
lam ah|em va ||ea 1|ea ap xca ch|ea thaah mct ch|ea 8c lcc phaa
cm khaa !
c
va ta 0
c
lhaa ch|ah caa |c ah|ch laa la cac thr|stcr I
1
I
5
, chaa 1acc mc thec tha ta I
1
, I
2
,
I
,I
4
, I
5
, I
5
, cach ahaa 15 cha k caa ap ra

Nha va
8aa cach tha 1c| khcaa thc| |aa Jaa caa cac thr|stcr ta tha 1c| 1acc cha k caa 1|ea ap ra tac la 1|ea
chiah 1acc 1|ea ap ra e chaea mach |aa cac vaa, ta Jaa cac ta 0
1
0
5

0|a sa trca khcaa thc| |aa aac 1c I
1
va I
2
Jaa, ta 0
1
1acc aap ta aaca h|ah 55 Kh| k|ch xaa mc I
ta 0
1

phca aa I
1
va I
tac ra Jca khca I

1
lam I
Jaa
0ac J|cJe
1

5
cc tac Jaa aaa cach cac ta chaea mach vc| pha ta|, khca chc cac ta phca 1|ea aa pha
ta| Nhc va 1|ea Jaa ea caa caa ta 1acc |am ahc va ap trea ta| khca || aah haca |c| sa phca aap caa
ta
0ac J|cJe
7

12
, tac thaah mct caa aacc cc tac Jaa mc chc Jca phaa khaa ta ph|a 1ca cc ve ta 0
c

Jca 1|ea aa xaat h|ea Jc sa lech pha |aa Jca va ap trea 1ca cc
0ac thr|stcr caa ah|ch laa chaea mach thec t|a h|ea 1|ea kh|ea aea cac t|ah 1|ea ap trea mc| pha statc tha
1c| thec taa sc 1|ea kh|ea |ea ap pha 1aa vac 1ca cc cc Jaa aha h|ah 57

h|ah 57 c th| 1|ea ap phatrea 1aa ra caa ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea

U
2

t
Trang 49
Trang 50

!!! UN0 UN0 Ik0N0 00N0 N0h!!l

lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa cach tha 1c| taa sc aaca 1acc aa Jaa rca ra|
trca cca ah|ep vc| aa 1|em ca ahe va Je 1|ea chiah
8c ||ea taa Jaa trac t|ep thr|stcr 1acc Jaa trca cca ah|ep aha 1|ea chiah tcc 1c trca traea 1ca ch|ah
caa cac ma ma| cac tcc, 1|ea chiah tcc 1c trca cac he thca |aa ta|
8c ||ea taa Jaa ma phat 1ca |c 1acc aa Jaa kh| caa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca thc| chc ah|ea 1ca cc

0hU0N0 7


!!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 Kh0N0 0N0 80 8AN0 lhU0N0 lhAl N0!
IAN0

! lhU0N0 lhAl N0! IAN0 UN0 h! Ih0N0 VAN HAY !!N

c| vc| ahaa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc Ja aaa cc cca saat lca hcac rat lca th| tca that cca saat tract
se rat lca c 1c cc the khca Jaa 1acc cac th|et || chaea 1c| va 1|ea chiah 1|ea trc c mach rctc
e vaa taa Jaa 1acc aaa laca tract vaa 1|ea chiah 1acc tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c rctc Ja aaa, aac|
ta sa Jaa cac sc 1c ac| taa saa
9c 1c ac| taa ma 1|ea, sc 1c ac| taa vaa ma 1|ea,
0 1a ta chi xet sc 1c ac| taa vaa ma 1|ea

h|ah 71 9c 1c ac| taa vaa ma 1|ea

e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c trca cac sc 1c ac| taa, ta thac h|ea |aa cach 1aa vac rctc mct
sac 1|ea 1ca pha !
f
9ac 1|ea 1ca pha aa cc the la xca ch|ea hcac mct ch|ea
Irea sc 1c h|ah 71, ta tha maca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc th| ta tha 1c| sac 1|ea 1ca pha !
f
9ac 1|ea 1ca
aa Jc ma mct ch|ea tac ra
0|a th|et kh| H
c
= ccast va 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| xac lap aa vc| mct |a tr| !
f
aac 1c Nea taa !
f
lea
th| Jca !
2
|am mcmea 1|ea ta caa 1ca cc |am va cc tr| sc ahc hca mcmea H
c
aea tcc 1c caa 1ca cc |am

D5
D1
D3
D6
D2
D4
ckmc

o
~ U
1
o
o
MC
o
o
KB

F
Trang 51
Kh| tcc 1c caa 1ca cc |am th| 1c tract 9 taa, lam chc !
2
= !
2am
9 taa, ket aa la Jca !
2
va mcmea 1|ea ta
caa 1ca cc taa lea chc 1ea kh| mcmea caa th|et || ac| taa caa |aa vc| H
c
th| aa tr|ah |am tcc ket thac va
1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| xac lap vc| tcc 1c aha |aa 1aa

ca 1|ea chiah laa !
J
c mach rctc caa 1ca cc 1acc xac 1|ah

Irca 1c

!
2
Ir| sc h|ea Jaa caa sac 1|ea 1ca pha c rctc 1ca cc
Ks he sc pha thacc vac sc 1c chiah laa (1c| vc| sc 1c caa |a pha Ks = 2,4l
k
1t
|ea trc 1aa tr| caa mach rctc t|ah 1c| ve ph|a mct ch|ea
!
f
9ac 1|ea 1ca caa ma mct ch|ea
Kh| tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c a < a
1
Nea |c aa cac tca hac trca 1ca cc va trca cac khaa ||ea 1c| th|
cca saat 1ca cc khca 1ca |c la ta lac| vac l
1
= l
1m
cca cca saat pha trca mach rctc (cca saat tractl
l
f
= l
1m
9 thca aa |c chiah laa 1aa vac phaa aa ma mct ch|ea H0 aa, kec thec ! aa ! phat 1|ea
tra aaa laca ve aaca vc| cca saat l
f
= l
1m
9, 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc
Kh| a > a
1
th| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ma phat

t R
E KsE
I
f
d
=
2
(7-1)
!! lhU0N0 lhAl N0! IAN0 UN0 IhYk!9I0k
e vaa 1|ea chiah 1acc tcc 1c 1ca cc vaa taa Jaa 1acc cca saat tract, ta khac sat sc 1c 1|ea chiah cca
saat tract (ha ac| taal Jaa thr|stcr aha h|ah 72

Trang 52

o
o
o
D1
D3
D5 D2
D6
D4
L
T1
T3 T6
T2
T5
T4

BA
U
2
KB
~ U
1

h|ah 72 he thca ac| taa vaa ma 1|ea
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l 0|aa 1c aaa laca

Irea sc 1c h|ah 72, aaa laca tract ta rctc 1ca cc khca 1ca |c saa kh| 1a chiah laa thaah mct ch|ea 1acc
||ea thaah xca ch|ea ahc |c ah|ch laa va tra ve lac| 1|ea ahc ||ea ap 8A 9ac 1|ea 1ca pha 1aa vac mach
rctc caa 1ca cc khca 1ca |c la sac 1|ea 1ca caa |c ah|ch laa Ir| sc caa ac 1acc 1|ea chiah |aa cach
tha 1c| cc mc caa cac vaa thr|stcr trca |c ah|ch laa
|ea ap xca ch|ea caa |c ah|ch laa cc ||ea 1c va taa sc khca 1c| Jc 1acc xac 1|ah |c| 1|ea ap va taa sc caa
lac| 1|ea 8c ah|ch laa lam v|ec vc| cc 1|ea kh|ea tha 1c| ta 90
c
1ea 240
c
, phaa cca la| Jaah chc cc
chaea mach
c lca Jca 1|ea rctc pha thacc vac mcmea ta| caa 1ca cc ma khca pha thacc vac cc 1|ea kh|ea ah|ch laa
|ea ap U
2
1acc chiah laa thaah 1|ea ap mct ch|ea ahc |c chiah laa
1

5
aa 1|ea khaa lcc ! cap chc ah|ch laa va pha thacc vac ah|ch laa
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa va ah|ch laa la aha ahaa

U
J
= U
Ja

9a| lech ve |a tr| tac thc| |aa 1|ea ap chiah laa va ah|ch laa ch|ah la 1|ea ap trea 1|ea khaa lcc !
0|a th|et |c aa 1|ea trc va 1|ea khaa taa caa mach statc va xem 1ca cc cc sc vca Ja statc va rctc la aha
ahaa, th| |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa kh| !
J
= 0 la

P
t
(7-2)
Trang
1
1 1 3 3
n
n n U
Ud
(7-3)
53
Trang 54

Iraca hcp kh| cc ta| !
J
0 th| 1|ea ap aa |am xaca Jc sat ap chaea mach |aa cac vaa trca caa chiah
laa va sat ap Jc 1|ea trc Ja aaa rctc

!!! NhAN X!I

0ac sc 1c ac| taa cc ah|ea aa 1|em sc vc| cac sc 1c ac| 1|ea trc pha vac mach rctc hcac tha 1c| cac thca sc
caa 1ca cc Irca cac he thca ac| taa, cca saat tract 1acc tra ve lac| 1|ea hcac 1aa lea trac 1ca cc lam
taa cca saat kec caa ac
|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca 1ca |c |aa he thca ac| taa cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah |aa phaa ac t|ah
1|ea chiah cc 1c caa cac, pham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c pha thacc vac cca saat caa ma H0 va !
Ia va, he thca pha| sa Jaa them ma mct ch|ea H0 va ! lam chc he thca 1at t|ea va khca k|ah te
lam
lhaca phap aa 1acc Jaa ah|ea trca cac traea 1ca 1ca cc 1|ea khca 1ca |c Ja aaa cc cca saat lca

Trang 55

K!I !UAN

Qaa saa taaa thac h|ea 1e ta| |ea 0hiah Icc c ca 0c Khca ca 8c Va Ua aa Irca 0ca Nh|ep e
ta| aa ah|ea ve l thaet rat ah|ea Jc va v|ec t|m h|ea cac phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khca
1ca |c chc ta tha c mc| phaca phap 1ea cc aa va khaet 1|em r|ea caa ac
Iap 1c aa aa, mac Ja cca ah|ea haa che ahaa trca aa tr|ah thac h|ea 1e ta|, 1a |ap em ta 1aah |a va
h|ea k hca ahaa k|ea thac ve chaea mca c caa la ket aa saa ah|ea aam hcc tap va caa sa haca Jaa
taa t|ah caa tha N0UY!N U XUN0 em thaah that cam ca

Ia ah|ea trca cca ah|ep hca th| cac l|ah k|ea 1|ea ta se aa Jaa rca ra| trca v|ec 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca
cc 1|ea Irca 1c 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach Jaa cac thr|tcr se Je Jaa va t|ea lc| hca

Trang 56
IA! !!!U IAH KhA0

1Iraea ca |ea NX8 Kh KI ha ac| 1994

8U! QU00 KhANh N0UY!N VAN !!!N N0UY!N Ih[ h!!N

2 0|ac Ir|ah Iraea ca |ea Ia ca Iap 1
a| hcc 9a lham K Ihaat Ilh0H 19?9
N0UY!N U XUN0

9H0!!N9KI AV!VAN0V
Ha |ea Iap 2

Nac| J|ch VU 0!A hANh lhAN IU IhU KhKI 1992

4 0ac ac I|ah 0aa ca 0c Irca Iraea ca |ea

Nac| J|ch 8U! !Nh I!!U

50|ac Ir|ah Ha |ea Iap 2 Ilh0H

a| hcc 8ach Khca 19?1

5 |ea Ia 0ca 9aat Va |ea Kh|ea ca 0c |ea

0Yk!! h!AN!k
Nac| J|ch !! VAN 0ANh
NX8 Kh KI hA N0! 1997 Ia| 8aa !aa Iha 2

7 |ea Ia 0ca 9aat
NX8 0 199
N0UY!N 8lNh

? Iraa 8| |ea |ea Ia 0ca Nh|ep
Nha Xaat 8aa 0|ac ac 2000
VU QUAN0 h0!

Cac Phuong Phap Dieu Chinh Dong Co Khong Dong Bo

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0aca khca che h

|am va kh| taa k

|am ve v| tr| |aa 1aa

aacc ch|ea vc| h

taa lea hca

taa Ha ta traca tca

|am lam chc tcc 1c 1ca cc |am ve

tac ra Jca khca I

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