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Design, Implementation, and Operation of a New C-Type 2nd Harmonic Filter for Electric Arc and Ladle Furnaces
Cem zgr Gerek, Student Member, IEEE, Muammer Ermis, Member, IEEE, Arif Ertas, Member, IEEE, Kemal Nadir Kse, and zgr nsar, Student Member, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, the transient overvoltage suppression capability and harmonic ltering performance of C-type 2nd harmonic lters (HFs) are optimized by using two-stage damping resistors; one is permanently connected to the lter circuit, while the other one is switched on by back-to-back connected thyristors during furnace transformer and HF energization periods. However, in conventional C-type 2nd HFs, there is only one damping resistor, which is permanently connected to the lter circuit. In conventional designs, either the ltering performance is maximized or transient overvoltage suppression capability is enhanced or a compromise is made between these two objectives. This new conguration of C-type 2nd HFs has been applied to a sample iron and steel plant in which two ladle rening furnaces are in operation. For this purpose, an static var compensation system has been designed and installed, which is composed of a thyristor-controlled reactor, a 3rd HF, and the new C-type 2nd HF conguration proposed in this paper. The results of eld tests and simulation studies show that the proposed C-type 2nd HF conguration gives much better results than conventional designs. Index TermsC-type harmonic lter (HF), electric arc furnace (EAF), harmonics, interharmonics, ladle furnace, static var compensator (SVC).

I. I NTRODUCTION LECTRIC arc furnaces (EAFs) and ladle rening furnaces (LFs) in iron and steel plants are operated together with static var compensation systems. Static var compensators (SVCs) are mostly composed of thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and passive shunt harmonic lters (HFs). These SVC

Manuscript received January 17, 2011; accepted March 8, 2011. Date of publication May 16, 2011; date of current version July 20, 2011. Paper 2011-METC-007, presented at the 2010 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, October 37, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Metals Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. C. . Gerek is with the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK-UZAY, 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: cem.gercek@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). M. Ermis and A. Ertas are with the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ermis@eee.metu.edu.tr; ertas@eee.metu.edu.tr). K. N. Kse was with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK-UZAY, 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: nadir.kose@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). . nsar is with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK-UZAY, 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ozgur.unsar@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2011.2155020

installations can satisfactorily compensate the rapidly changing reactive power demand of EAFs and LFs and keep the power factor at unity, thus maintaining the bus voltage. Normally, these SVCs are permanently connected to the power system. A typical power system for EAF and LF installations is as shown in Fig. 1. Since EAFs and LFs are rapidly uctuating nonlinear loads, the harmonic content of their line current waveforms is rich, including even and odd harmonics and interharmonics. Therefore, their HFs should be carefully designed in order to meet the limit values specied in IEEE Standard 519-1992 [1]. Harmonic and transient overvoltage analyses and special design considerations for HFs in EAF installations have been presented in [2] and [3]. Principles of lter selection and performance evaluation have been described in [4]. Reference [5] gives an optimal planning algorithm for large HFs for high-voltage applications. Long-term overvoltages on industrial capacitor banks, which may lead to destructive effects due to the transformer energization inrush current, have been investigated in [6]. The selection criteria for the voltage rating of shunt capacitors are given in [3] and [7][10]. IEEE Standard 15312003 [11] is a valuable guide for determining the transient overvoltage capability of capacitors and selecting their voltage ratings in view of harmonics and transformer inrush current components for EAF and LF applications. Carefully designed passive shunt HFs can successfully lter out harmonic current components produced by EAF and LF installations, except the 2nd harmonic component and 1st interharmonic component [12]. The eld data presented in [12] show that the common C-type 2nd HFs in commercial SVCs developed for EAF installations may even cause the amplication of 2nd harmonic current component. Therefore, a new approach to the conguration of C-type 2nd HF is needed to have a better ltering performance, as well as to prevent the lter circuit elements from destructive effects of transformer inrush current harmonics in the long term.

II. P ROBLEM D EFINITION Conventional 2nd HF topologies are shown in Fig. 2. The second-order damped lter in Fig. 2(b) has no practical usefulness because of excessive power dissipation on the damping resistor, owing to fundamental current. However, the HFs in Fig. 2(a) and (c) are commonly used in EAF and LF

0093-9994/$26.00 2011 IEEE

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Fig. 1. Typical power system for EAF and LF installations.

Fig. 2. Conventional 2nd HF topologies. (a) Second-order undamped. (b) Second-order damped. (c) C-type.

applications. In this section, the effects of transformer inrush current components on the 2nd HF elements as well as the performance of HFs in EAF and LF installations in ltering out harmonics and interharmonics will be discussed. A. Effects of Transformer Inrush on HF Elements The tap-to-tap time of EAFs and LFs is in between 3060 minutes depending upon the furnace technology. During the operation of the furnaces, time to time, owing to various operational reasons such as alloy additions to provide chemical control, temperature measurement, oxygen blowing, maintenance, etc., the furnace transformer is disconnected from the medium voltage (MV) furnace bus as a common practice and then electrodes are lifted up. It means that, in each tap-to-tap period, the LF transformer is de-energized and then energized several times for the safety of workers. The operational statistics for a sample system show that the number of energizations of two LF transformers operating connected to a common bus is 150 per day on the average. This amounts to more than 50 000 LF transformer energizations in each year. A sample record of LF transformer energization

when SVC is out of service is shown in Fig. 3. The following observations are made from the waveforms in Fig. 3: 1) very high peak current, 4.5 times greater than the rated peak value, just after energization and after a few cycles, saturation of the protection-type current transformer, owing to the high dc component [Fig. 3(a)]; 2) high dc component [Fig. 3(b)]; 3) high 2nd harmonic component [Fig. 3(c)]. This record corresponds to the worst case, and in Fig. 3(a), only the line current waveform which has the highest peak current is given. In Fig. 3(b) and (c), the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm has been applied for ten-cycle windows according to IEC 61000-4-7 [13]. The ten-cycle windows are refreshed every full cycle, and in order to avoid leakage effects resulting from fundamental frequency variations with respect to time, the frequency and, hence, the number of digital samples is calculated for each cycle, and then, the FFT window is updated accordingly. This adaptive algorithm is used throughout this paper. If the elements of the C-type HF are not overdesigned, the high 2nd harmonic current component during transformer energization may cause overloading of lter elements and may even lead to destructive effects. As an example, the undesirable effects of worst case energization on the elements of second-order undamped 2nd HF shown in Fig. 2(a) are apparent from the waveforms in Fig. 4, which are obtained by EMTDC/PSCAD simulations. Since the protection-type current transformer saturates a few cycles after the transformer energization, the transformer inrush current record in Fig. 3(a) differs from the theoretical waveform shown in Fig. 4. B. Filtering Performance of HFs in EAF and LF Installations EAFs and LFs are the most problematic industrial loads as harmonic and icker sources on the network. IEC 61000-4-30 [14] gives the ten-cycle (for 50-Hz systems) gapless harmonic and interharmonic subgroup measurements denoted in

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Fig. 3. LF transformer energization without SVC (eld data). (a) Line current on the transformer primary, Is . (b) DC and fundamental component of Is . (c) Other harmonic subgroups of Is .

IEC 61000-4-7 [13] as the basic measurements for Class-A performance. However, three different methods of harmonic and interharmonic computation practices are given in [13]. These are as follows: 1) harmonic and interharmonic groups; 2) harmonic and interharmonic subgroups; and 3) single-line harmonic frequencies, as shown in Fig. 19 in Appendix A. In the case of uctuating harmonics and interharmonics produced by EAFs and LFs, these three methods give drastically different results, which may signicantly affect the performance of spectrum estimations for different cases of harmonic and interharmonic contents of the signal. The maximum permissible values of short-term icker (Pst ) and long-term icker (Plt ) are specied in IEC 61000-4-15 [15]. On the other hand, the maximum permissible values for voltage harmonics and total harmonic distortion and the maximum permissible values for current harmonics and total demand distortion are as dened in [1] and [16]. However, in these standards, the calculation method such as single line, subgroup, or group components is not specied. Therefore, the standards aforementioned need to be revised so as to dene limit values according to [13] as harmonic subgroups. On this occasion, in this paper, the performance of the proposed C-type

Fig. 4. LF transformer energization with second-order undamped lter (simulation data).

2nd HF will be compared with those of conventional designs in view of all three harmonic computation practices. The practices of multinational SVC manufacturers can be summarized in the three basic SVC-type icker compensation system topologies shown in Figs. 2022 in Appendix B [12]. An intensive experimental work carried out in the eld on both single- and multifurnace plants and reported in [12] had shown that the following are true. 1) Passive shunt lters of these SVCs cannot lter out 2nd harmonic and 1st interharmonic current components produced by EAFs but usually amplify them [Figs. 20(c) and 22(c)]. 2) In EAF installations, the major cause of the light icker is voltage interharmonics around the existing harmonics. Subharmonics (components below 50 Hz) and the harmonic components between 50 and 100 Hz are the main causes of icker. Since interharmonics between funda-

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Fig. 5. Proposed conguration for C-type 2nd HF.

mental and 2nd harmonic components are signicantly amplied by all widely used passive lters, the operation of the SVC-type icker compensation system is shown to increase the icker level at MV furnace bus. Therefore, new active devices such as active power lter and D-STATCOM systems should be exercised in order to solve icker, interharmonic, and 2nd harmonic problems of the existing EAF installations entirely. A cheaper and simpler partial solution to the same problem is to use a new C-type 2nd HF as proposed in this paper instead of conventional 2nd HF designs in TCR-type SVCs. III. P ROPOSED C ONFIGURATION FOR C-T YPE 2 ND HF A. Proposed HF Conguration and Description of Sample LF Installation In this paper, the C-type 2nd HF congurations shown in Fig. 5 are proposed in order to optimize the ltering performance, to minimize the magnitudes of voltages and currents imposed on lter elements in the transient state, and to reduce the steady-state power dissipation. This is achieved by designing and operating the damping resistor RD connected across the LC1 lter branch in Fig. 1 in two steps. In the sample application, the conguration in Fig. 5(a) is implemented, because it ts perfectly to the existing lightly damped C-type HFs. However, the conguration in Fig. 5(b) can be used only in new C-type 2nd HF installations. It requires a special damping resistor in two parts. RD in Fig. 5(a) is permanently connected to the lter circuit to provide a low electrical damping during the operation of the furnace/s. This way, the ltering performance of C-type 2nd HF is planned to be optimized in comparison with conventional designs. However, during transformer energization or connection of HFs to the SVC bus, high electrical damping is needed in order to reduce the stresses on the elements of HFs. This is achieved by connecting a low resistance RTS in Fig. 5(a) across RD during the energization for a short time period, i.e., three seconds in the sample application (Fig. 6). This yields a smaller resistance than RTS in transient state, RD //RTS (RD in parallel with RTS ). In the static switches, either conventional thyristors (SCRs) or light-triggered thyristors (LTTs) can be employed. LTTs

Fig. 6.

New C-type 2nd HF.

are more suitable for outdoor applications, because they do not need external ring circuits. Since the damping resistor RTS is connected to the C-type lter by triggering back-toback connected thyristors into conduction, a small inductance in series with RTS is needed in order to limit di/dt. In the sample application, this is achieved by using sufciently long power cables, which should give a minimum inductance of 15 H in each line. The triggering command for static switches in Fig. 5(a) to connect RTS to the C-type lter can be generated in one of the following ways. 1) A signal can be taken from the transformer circuit-breaker relay which gives a command to the circuit-breaker to close. 2) Whenever the voltage across C2 tends to exceed a prespecied threshold, back-to-back thyristors can be triggered into conduction. This makes necessary the use of a special measurement-type voltage transformer such as a resistive capacitive voltage transformer which is capable of measuring both ac and dc. 3) Whenever the line current of the C-type lter tends to exceed a prespecied threshold value, thyristors can be triggered into conduction. 4) Whenever the current in the RD in Fig. 5(a) tends to exceed a prespecied threshold value, thyristors can be triggered into conduction. In the implementation, the last method has been preferred because it allows the measurement of current in RD , and hence, its continuous power dissipation. In the sample application for two LFs operating connected to the same bus, ve consecutive switchings of RTS are assumed, which is equivalent to keeping the thyristor stacks in conduction for a 15 seconds time period. Since the power dissipation of thyristors in conduction state is quite low, the semiconductor cooling problem is solved by using simple and cheap bar-type at heatsinks with sufcient heat storage capacity instead of more expensive natural or forced air-cooled heatsinks with ns or deionized water-based cooling system.

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Fig. 7.

Sample LF installation (RD = 250 , RTS = 18 , C1 = 714 F, C2 = 274 F, and L = 14.25 mH).

Fig. 8.

Reactorcapacitorresistor yard. Fig. 9. LTT stacks.

B. Description of the Sample Application This new C-type 2nd HF conguration has been designed for, implemented, and operated in a sample system, as shown in Fig. 7 (ERDEM Iron and Steel Company which is an IR integrated steel plant). The conguration in Fig. 5(a) is chosen for the implementation. This is because it has a more exible structure for refurbishment works that can be made on conventional C-type 2nd HFs existing in various iron and steel plants. General views of the overall SVC system are shown in Figs. 6, 8, and 10. This system has been developed by the authors of this paper within the scope of a contracted SVC project signed between the Power Electronics Department of TB ITAK-UZAY Research Institute and ERDEM Company. IR The damping resistors RTS in Figs. 5(a) and 6, which provide high electrical damping, are switched on by LTTs in Fig. 9, while the shunt reactors are controlled by electrically triggered thyristors in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Power stacks and control system.

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Fig. 11. Denitions of ERD , PRD (max), PRD (s.s), VC2p (max), and VC2p (s.s) for conventionally designed C-type 2nd HF. (a) Damping resistor current, iRD . (b) Damping resistor power loss, PRD . (c) C2 peak voltage, VC2p .

Fig. 12. Effects of RD in Fig. 1 on power and energy loss in RD and voltage across C2 (simulation results).

C. Design In this section, the design principles of RD , RTS , and C2 will be described, and their values for the sample application will be determined by considering the resulting C-type lter performance during transformer energization and also for normal operating period of LFs. For the conventional C-type 2nd HF in Fig. 1, maximum instantaneous power dissipation on RD (PRD (max)), energy dissipation on RD (ERD ), and maximum peak voltage on C2 (VC2p (max)) during LF transformer

Fig. 13. Filtering performance of various conventionally designed 2nd HFs (black-colored bars are the worst case furnace data, and gray-colored bars are the corresponding harmonics reected to the supply side). (a) Second-order undamped 2nd HF + second-order undamped 3rd HF. (b) C-type 2nd HF (lightly damped) + second-order undamped 3rd HF. (c) C-type 2nd HF (highly damped) + second-order undamped 3rd HF.

energization and also power dissipation on RD in the steady state (PRD (s.s)) are as dened in Fig. 11. Fig. 11(a) shows typical variations in current through RD after transformer energization, which is recorded in the eld on the sample system with RD = 250 .

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Fig. 14. Harmonic and interharmonic evaluation of proposed C-type 2nd HF in comparison with conventional designs.

For the sample system in Fig. 7, RD is varied in the range from 10 to 500 and the variations in power and energy loss in RD and peak voltage across C2 are calculated by using EMTDC/PSCAD. These are shown in Fig. 12.

As can be observed from Fig. 12, a damping resistor with a resistance in the range from 10 to 20 signicantly reduces VC2p (max) and keeps PRD (max) and ERD at reasonably low values during the energization of the LF

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Fig. 16. Operation of solid-state switches. (a) RD current, iRD . (b) RTS current, iRTS

Fig. 15. Voltage on C2 during lter energization (worst case). (a) RD = 250 and RTS = . (b) RD = 250 //RTS = 18 .

transformer. Therefore, RTS in Fig. 7 is chosen to be 18 and kept connected to the circuit for three seconds by thyristor switches during the LF transformer or SVC energization. The parallel combination of permanently connected resistor RD in Fig. 5(a) and RTS = 18 gives an equivalent damping resistance RDeq which is less than 18 in the transient state. Since shunt capacitors can withstand 1.1 times the rated voltage with a 50% duty cycle as specied in IEC 60871-1 [8], the rated peak voltage of C2 can be chosen as the maximum permissible peak value of the bus voltage to permit theoretically innitely many switchings. On the other hand, during the normal operation after disconnecting RTS in Fig. 5(a) from the lter, the optimum value of the permanently connected damping resistor RD in Fig. 5(a) should be chosen in view of the following constraints. 1) PRD (s.s.) in Fig. 12(b) is to be minimized, and hence, RD should not be chosen less than 250 . 2) The ltering performance of the C-type lter should be optimized when the two LFs in Fig. 7 are in operation. The ltering performance of conventional C-type designs will be improved by determining optimum values of tuning frequency and permanently connected damping resistor RD . Current transfer characteristics and ltering performances of

conventionally designed 2nd HFs together with a second-order 3rd HF are as shown in Fig. 13. These 2nd HFs are tuned to 100 Hz. The following conclusions can be drawn from these characteristics: 1) a 100-Hz tuning frequency causes signicant amplication of 90- and 95-Hz single-line harmonic frequencies; 2) 100- and 105-Hz single-line harmonics are perfectly ltered out by the undamped [Fig. 13(a)] and the lightly damped [Fig. 13(b)] HFs; 3) the amplication in the 1st interharmonic group and subgroup for heavily damped case is lower than those of undamped and lightly damped cases. Therefore, in the design of the new C-type 2nd HF, the tuning frequency is shifted to 95 Hz in order to improve ltering performance for the 2nd harmonic subgroup (92.5 107.5 Hz; for their exact expressions, refer to IEC 61000-4-7 [13]). The worst case harmonic spectra for the LFs and the corresponding harmonics reected to the supply after connecting various conventionally designed 2nd HFs and two different designs of new C-type 2nd HF are shown in Fig. 14. Their single-line harmonic magnitudes, 2nd harmonic group and subgroup values, and 1st interharmonic group and subgroup values are also marked on the same gure. These gures show the following. 1) The proposed C-type 2nd HF avoids the amplication risk of the 2nd harmonic subgroup. Nearly 15% of the furnace current is shown to be ltered out; however, the conventional designs may result in an amplication factor in the range from 5% to 40%, depending on the strength of the electrical damping. 2) Shifting the tuning frequency from 100 to 95 Hz does not make a signicant contribution to the attenuation of 100- and 105-Hz single-line harmonics.

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Fig. 17. Transformer inrush effects (eld data) for (i) 250//18 and (ii) only 250 in conduction.

3) In both types of designs, 1st interharmonic group is amplied nearly by 7% while the amplication factors of the 1st interharmonic subgroup for the new designs are slightly higher than those of conventional designs. In the new design approach, the C-type 2nd HF is tuned to 95 Hz. There remains only the determination for the optimum value of RD of the permanently connected damping resistor. As can be understood from Fig. 14(v) and (vi), the RD = 500 case gives the higher 2nd harmonic group, 1st interharmonic group, and subgroup values in comparison with the RD = 250 case although its attenuation for the 2nd harmonic subgroup is better. Therefore, RD = 250 is chosen in the implementation. This yields an equivalent damping resistance RDeq = 250//18 = 16.7 in the transient state. HFs are rarely disconnected from and reconnected to MV EAF or LF bus in comparison with transformers. The response of the proposed C-type lter during connection to the MV bus is obtained by EMTDC/PSCAD and shown in Fig. 15 in comparison with that of a lightly damped conventional C-type. Fig. 15(b) shows that the proposed design yields much

better transient response. In fact, both design approaches meet successfully maximum permissible power frequency capacitor overvoltage limits specied in IEEE Standard 18-1992 [10].

IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION The performance of the proposed C-type lter will be veried by the results of eld tests in this section. The eld data shown in Fig. 16 show the switching of the damping resistor RTS by back-to-back connected thyristor switches during LF transformer energization. The control system sends a triggering command to static switches whenever the instantaneous value of current in RD = 250 tends to exceed a prespecied threshold value (10 A). This introduces a time delay of nearly a few half-cycles to the triggering instant of thyristors with respect to the time instant of LF transformer energization. The response of the proposed C-type lter is shown in Fig. 17 (Case i). The response of the lightly damped conventional design is also given in the same gure for comparison purposes (Case ii). As can be understood from the waveforms in Fig. 17,

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TABLE I C OST C OMPARISON (F ILTER R EACTORS , C IRCUIT B REAKERS , I NSTRUMENT T RANSFORMERS FOR RD , C ABLES , AND L ABOR C OSTS A RE E XCLUDED , AND U NIT P RICE OF E LECTRICITY I S 0.07 EUROS/kWh)

Fig. 18. Harmonic and interharmonic analysis for eld data after installation of the proposed lter. a) Single-line frequency components. (b) 2nd harmonic. (c) 1st interharmonic.

the new design approach signicantly reduces the stresses on the lter elements. Also, the 2nd harmonic subgroup in the lter current is reduced more than 50% in comparison with the lightly damped conventional design. Sample eld data about single line harmonics, 2nd harmonic group and subgroup, and 1st interharmonic group and subgroup reected into the supply after connecting the proposed C-type 2nd HF are as shown in Fig. 18. In the design of the new C-type 2nd HF, a comparative evaluation has been made between ltering performances of the conventional and new design approaches for the same operating conditions. The main assumptions in specifying the operating conditions are as follows: 1) current harmonics produced by the TCR are not considered; 2) the voltage and current harmonics existing in the interconnected system are ignored. However, a TCR in an EAF application operates in a highly dynamic state resulting in unsymmetrical consecutive positive and negative half cycles in its line current waveforms. This

means that the even harmonic content of TCR line currents will be rich and a considerable portion of the dominant 2nd harmonic component will close its path through the C-type 2nd HF. The point of common coupling for the power system of LFs and other industrial loads is a 154-kV bus. Current harmonics circulating in the interconnected system and voltage harmonics at the 154-kV bus may cause an extra loading on the 2nd HF. Their combined effects on the C-type 2nd HF depend on the phase differences between furnace, TCR, and interconnected system harmonics. Therefore, as expected, eld data show higher harmonic and interharmonic contents (Fig. 18) in comparison with theoretical data shown in Fig. 14 (vi). A 95-Hz single-line harmonic value is an exception.

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Fig. 19. Harmonic and interharmonic denitions as given in [13].

Fig. 21. Filtering performance of type 2. (a) Type 2. (b) Shunt HF current transfer characteristics. (c) Harmonics and interharmonics produced by EAF (Ieafn ) and harmonics and interharmonics reected to the supply after compensation (Isn ).

Fig. 20. Filtering performance of type 1. (a) Type 1. (b) Shunt HF current transfer characteristics. (c) Harmonics and interharmonics produced by EAF (Ieafn ) and harmonics and interharmonics reected to the supply after compensation (Isn ).

A cost comparison is also made between the new and conventional design approaches. The results of the cost comparison study are given in Table I. In this study, the following are true:

1) interest rate is neglected; 2) initial costs of lter reactors, circuit breakers, instrument transformers for RD , cables, and labor costs are neglected, since they are the same for both designs; 3) two identical EAFs having the same transformer ratings are considered instead of two existing LFs; 4) harmonics produced by EAF are assumed to be two times bigger than those of equivalent LF, on the average; and 5) unit electricity price is assumed to be 0.07 euros/kWh. Payback periods for the proposed C-type 2nd HF are calculated by considering breakeven points in the cost analysis and are found as 1.31 and 1.94 years when compared with conventional designs of moderate and high damping, respectively. These analyses include also running costs arising from power dissipation on damping resistors in both transient and normal operation states. The results in Table I show the economic feasibility of the proposed system. Payback periods for the sample application

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harmonic subgroup are marginal, but they are never amplied in contrary to the ltering performance of conventional designs. Furthermore, the proposed scheme reduces damping resistor losses signicantly on the annual basis. In the applications where the number of transformer energizations is much lower than that of the sample system, conventional circuit breakers instead of solid-state switches can also be used to connect and disconnect the switched damping resistor RTS . A PPENDIX A See Fig. 19. A PPENDIX B The gray-colored harmonic and interharmonic spectra in the supply lines in Figs. 2022 also include components sinked by the lters from the supply side and unltered part of the TCR harmonics. The magnitudes of harmonics and interharmonics in supply lines depend on the phase relationship between contributions of supply, TCR, and furnace harmonic and interharmonic components. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Static Var Compensator project including the New CType 2nd Harmonic Filter was supported by ERDEMIR Iron and Steel Company. R EFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std 519-1992. [2] S. R. Mendis and D. A. Gonzlez, Harmonic and transient overvoltage analyses in arc furnace power systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 336342, Mar./Apr. 1992. [3] R. F. Dudley, C. L. Fellers, and J. A. Bonner, Special design considerations for lter banks in arc furnace installations, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 226233, Jan./Feb. 1997. [4] D. A. Gonzlez and J. C. McCall, Design of lters to reduce harmonic distortion in industrial power systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-23, no. 3, pp. 504511, May 1987. [5] C.-J. Chou, C.-W. Liu, J.-Y. Lee, and K.-D. Lee, Optimal planning of large passive-harmonic-lters set at high voltage level, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 433441, Feb. 2000. [6] J. F. Witte, F. P. DeCesaro, and S. R. Mendis, Damaging long-term overvoltages on industrial capacitor banks due to transformer energization inrush currents, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 11071115, Jul./Aug. 1994. [7] IEEE Guide for the Protection of Shunt Capacitor Banks, IEEE Std.C37.99-1990. [8] Shunt Capacitors for A.C. Power Systems Having a Rated Voltage Above 1000 VPart 1: General-Performance, Testing and RatingSafety RequirementsGuide for Installation and Operation, IEC60 871-1, 2005. [9] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Std 18-2002. [10] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Std 18-1992. [11] IEEE Guide for Application and Specication of Harmonic Filters, IEEE Std 1531-2003. [12] O. Salor, B. Gultekin, M. Ermis, S. Buhan, B. Boyrazoglu, T. Inan, T. Atalk, A. Ak, A. Terciyanli, O. Unsar, E. Altintas, Y. Akkaya, E. Ozdemirci, and I. Cadirci, Electrical power quality of iron and steel industry in Turkey, IEEE Trans. Ind. App., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 6080, Jan./Feb. 2010. [13] Testing and Measurement TechniquesGeneral Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC 61 000-4-7, 2002. [14] Testing and Measurement TechniquesPower Quality Measurement Methods, IEC 61 000-4-30, 2008.

Fig. 22. Filtering performance of type 3. (a) Type 3. (b) Shunt HF current transfer characteristics. (c) Harmonics and interharmonics produced by EAF (Ieafn ) and harmonics and interharmonics reected to the supply after compensation (Isn ).

would be more than those of the EAF case given in Table I. Furthermore, the proposed C-type 2nd HF is technically feasible because thyristorized static switches provide theoretically innitely many switchings for RTS . V. C ONCLUSION The conventional design approach is a compromise between transient overvoltage suppression and steady-state ltering performance. However, the proposed C-type 2nd HF conguration can meet both objectives simultaneously. This is achieved by introducing a high electrical damping during LF transformer energization and HF connection and a low electrical damping during normal operation of EAFs and LFs. Its effects in the suppression of transient overvoltages are prominent. However, the attenuations in a single-line frequency of 100 Hz and 2nd

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[15] Testing and Measurement TechniquesFlickermeterFunctional and Design Specications, IEC 61 000-4-15, 2010. [16] Elektrik Iletim Sistemi Arz Gvenilirli i ve Kalitesi Ynetmeli i, Turkish g g Std 10/11/2004.

Cem zgr Gerek (S04) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2004 and 2007, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in T-STATCOM control. He is currently a Senior Researcher with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Ankara. His areas of research include reactive power compensation systems and power quality issues.

Arif Ertas (M99) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in 1968 and 1969, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, U.K., in 1973. He is currently a Professor of electrical engineering with METU. His current research interest is electric power systems.

Muammer Ermis (M99) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in 1972, the M.B.A. degree in production management from Ankara Academy of Economics and Commercial Sciences, Ankara, in 1974, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from METU in 1976 and 1982, respectively. He is currently a Professor of electrical engineering with METU. His current research interest is electric power quality. Dr. Ermis was the recipient of the The Overseas Premium paper award from the Institution of Electrical Engineers, U.K., in 1992 and the 2000 Committee Prize Paper Award from the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. He was also the recipient of the 2003 IEEE PES Chapter Outstanding Engineer Award and the Outstanding Paper Award from the Metal Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society in 2009.

Kemal Nadir Kse received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1993 and the M.Sc. degree from Hacettepe University, Ankara, in 2001. He was a Chief Senior Researcher with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Ankara. He is currently an Electrical Engineer in Perth, Australia.

zgr nsar (S07) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in 2006 and the M.Sc. degree in electronics engineering from Hacettepe University, Ankara, in 2010, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree. From 2006 to 2009, he was with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, Inc. (TE S). He IA is currently with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Ankara, where he is a Researcher. His current areas of research include power quality measurement and analysis. Mr. nsar was the recipient of the Outstanding Paper Award from the Metal Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society in 2009.