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3
Vol.8 / No.11 - Monday, February 27 - March 4, 2012
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14
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EDUCATION
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15
VOICE
The
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Mercy Corps
Position
Duty Station
State)
Number of Opening
Zan)
Dead Line Date
Address
: Partnership Support Officer

: Mrauk Oo (Rakhine State), Ton Zan, (Chin
: Two (One for Mrauk Oo and one for Ton
: 5 March, 2012
: Mercy Corps, 87-C, Kan Street
(U Kaun Zaw Lane) 10 Ward,
Hlaing Tsp, Yangon.
E-mail : HR@mm,mercycorps.org
PGK
Position Tittle
Number of Post
Dead Line Date
Duty Station
Address
:
:
:
:
:
Medical Officer
1
6th, March , 2010
Aung ban
Pyi Gyi Khin, Room 403, Yankin
Garden Residence, Si Pin Lan Thit
1st Street, Yankin Township, Yangon,
Tel : 400261
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The Rules of Life
Richard Templar
Get used to stepping outside your comfort zone
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But it's more than that. Expanding your comfort zone makes you feel good about yourself. It gives
you extra-confidence. And the best bit is that you can do it oh so gently. You don't have to go hang-gliding
or fire-walking or have sex with a stranger just to test your comfort zone. It might be as simple as
volunteering for something that you've never done before and that you feel slightly nervous about. It could
be taking up a new sport or hobby. Maybe it will involve joining some thing. Its could be doing something
alone that you've only ever done in company before or speaking up for yourself when you would usually
keep quiet.
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28
VOICE
The
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NET N TECH
VOICE
The
Vol.8 / No.11
February 27 - March 4, 2012
SOFTWARE
Andriod
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OPINION
29
VOICE
The
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
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k abmaygufNyD; um;ay:ukd 1000 wefwpf&u
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QUOTE (q&mtiftm;rvHkavmufrIaMumifh oabFmom;t&m&Sd
pmar;yGJ yHkrSefrusif;y Ekdif[kqkd The Voice Vol.8/No.8)
txufygowif;NyD; uRefawmfwifjycsifygw,f/ q&mtiftm;
rvHak vmufwiG f &nfeT ;f xm;olrsm;rSm q&mrsm;r[kwyf g/ Examiner rsm;
jzpfygonf/ if;wkYdonfoifMum;a&;wGif vH;k 0pdwrf 0ifpm;yg/ trSew
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tcsKd; tvGefjrifhygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ausmif;wufaom
ausmif;om;tenf;i,fom &S
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rS Terf LS ;ESit
hf aygif;tygwkYd uar;cGe;f xkw
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wk;d wuf onfrmS tenf;i,fom&Syd gonf/ pmar;yGo
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rsm; Corrosion jzifh Terf LS ;udk Demotion ESit
hf aygif;tygwkYd ukd tNidr;f pm;
ay;vdkufygonf/ 'gaMumifh if;todkif;t0dkif;rS 'Dowif;udkzefwD;
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oabFmom;wpfOD;
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t,f'DwmcifAsm;
uReaf wmfonfvrf; 50 atmufbavmuf trSwf (5) &yfuu
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hf pS yf gonf/ paeaeYwiG f DJ rsm;jzifh DJ oDcsi;f rsm;zGiNhf yD; NIGHT CLUB ESifhrjcm;
eHeuf 2 em&D odYkr[kwf 4 em&DcefYxw
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f nf&h ufrsm;wGif n 8 em&DcefYwiG f
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k cd u
kd af pjcif;rsm;udk cHpm;ae&NyD;
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xm;ygaomfvnf; vkdufemjcif;r&Sdyg/ uRefawmfESifh oli,fcsif;rsm;onf ntcgwGifvrf;ab;vufzuf&nfqkdifwGif
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taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;cHpm;ae&yHk? Oya'rJhxif&mvkyfEkdifaom vlwef;pm;rsm;&SdaeyHkudk
The Voice rS wpfqifh wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;? EkdifiHtBuD;tuJrsm; tm;vHk;od&Sdap&ef wifjyay;apvdkygonf/
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30
The
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31
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32 THE VOICE WEEKLY

32
PERSPECTIVE
VOICE
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aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;\ tESpo
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txdemwwfonf/
jcpm;aomaMumifh tqkH;tjzwfrsm; rrSefuefEkdifovkd
wpfaeYa&T wpfaeYaiG tqkH;tjzwftrsKd;rsKd;ajymif; (Inconsistency) EkdifonfhtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkif&mwGif ydkrdkpGefYpm;vm
&aomaMumifh EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrIrsm;onf jcpm;aom EkkdifiH
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jcpm;&jcif;taMumif;&if;udk
Institutional Causes
ESifh
Social Causes [kk ESpfrsKd;cGJEkdifonf/

Institutional Causes rSm tpd;k &tzGYJ tpnf;wGi;f rS taMumif;
&if;rsm;jzpfjyD; tMurf;tm;jzifh okkH;rsdK;xyfcGJEkdifonf/
Lack of Transparency
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tcuftcJajyvnf&ef jcpm;auR;Ekdifajc ykdrsm;vmonf/
Little Accountability
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jcpm;jcif;udk rdEkdifajc? rdvQifvnf; tjypf'PfcH&ajc
enf;vQif jcpm;rnfomjzpfonf/
Wrong and Little Incentives
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tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;\ vpm&dumenf;yg;? t&nftcsif;&Sd
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jcpm;rIrsm; jrifhrm;rnf/ ae&m? Xmeay:vkdufum w&m;r0if
0ifaiGtenf;trsm; uGmjcm;jcif;/
Social Causes
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif jcpm;jcif;udk orm;dk;ustjyKtrltae

jzifh oabmxm;vQif? vkkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfh enf;emtjzpf
rSwf,laevQif tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;wGif; tajctae rnfokdY&Sd&Sd
jcpm;&ef tcGit
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vQif wpfMudrfr[kwf wpfMudrf om,mEkdifonf/ rdrdb0 om,m
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jcpmauR;rSom &rnfqdkvQif jcpmauR;rnf? rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;
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pnf;urf;rsm;? Oya'rsm;onf acwfEiS rhf avsmn
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3/ jcpm;jcif;udk ukpm;EkkdifonfU enf;vrf;rsm;

jcpm;&jcif; taMumif;&if;ESpfrsdK; &SdaomaMumifh ukxkH;
ESpfzkHjzifh ukko&rnf/ tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;wGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
(Institutional Reform) ESihf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wGi;f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
(Social Reform)/
tpkd;&tzGJUtpnf;wGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;wGif yGifhvif;
jrif o mrI r sm; (Transparency) &Sdatmif zefwD;ay;&rnf/
prf;w0g;0g; vkkyf&udkif& cufcJ a ponf h pnf ; rsOf ; rsm;ud k
avQmhcsay;&rnf/ tpdk;&pDrHudef;rsm;tm; vkyfudkifrnfholrsm;
ac:,l&mwGif taumif;qkH;pDrHudef; (aps;toufomqkH;?
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touf0ifatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vdkovdk aiGa&;aMu;a&; yg0if
ywfoufaeonfu
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wpfvGJqHyifaumif;aeaom rufvkH;rsm; (Wrong Incentives) tm; rSefuefatmif jyKjyif&rnf/ wdi
k ;f jynfwiG ;f tawmfq;Hk ?
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awmfovdk &mxl;wufatmif? tusdK;cHpm;cGifh&atmif aqmif&Guf
&rnf (Meritocracy)/
jcpm;jcif;udkzefwD;onfrSm w&m;0if&onfh vcaMumifh
omru Opportunity Wage [kac:onfh jcpm;jcif;rS cHpm;&
EkdifaomvpmaMumifhjzpfEkdifonfudk owdjyK&rnf/ vpmjrifhrm;
vmaomfvnf; vpmxufyo
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rsm;&SdaevQif jcpm;jcif; qufvufjrifhrm;aeayOD;rnf/ iwfaom
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tpm;uGJjym;onfhtwGuf jcpm;jcif;onf iwfaomaMumifhvm;
(Corruption by Need)? avmbaMumifv
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vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;yg wpfjydKifwnf; vkkyf
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enforcement agencies) tm;jzifh oufouf jcpm;jcif;udk azmfxw
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PERSPECTIVE
33
VOICE
The
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a&SUquf b,fvkdvkyfaqmifrvJqkdwmukd jyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG ygcJhayr,fh w&m;pD&ifa&;u tkyfcsKyfa&;ukd xdef;ausmif;wJh w&m;olBuD;ukd ]eef;awmfBuD;&JUtrdefYukd xkwfjyefzwfMum;awmh
awGUae&aomfvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;bufu wpfpw
Hk pf&mtoHrMum; jy|mef;csuf[m 1974 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'rSm rawGU rvm;} tar;cH&wmawG &SdcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd odjrifem;vnfEkdifrI
&wmukd pwkwr@dKiftaeeJY tm;rvkdtm;r&jzpfykH&ygw,f/ &ygbl;/ 1948 ckESpfeJY 2008 ckESpfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'awGrSm enf;yg;wJh tusKd;qufu w&m;kH;rsm;eJY trIqkdifNyKdifMuwJh
yxrtBudrfvTwfawmftqifhqifh&JU 'kwd,ykHrSeftpnf;ta0; awmhjzihf Check and Balance vkyfwJh tJ'Djy|mef;csufyg&Sdwm trIonfwYdkudk umv&SnMf um du
k cf wfxyd g;cJyh gw,f/ w&m;k;H a&SU
ar;jref;csufawGtay: jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyf&JU vkdtyf awGU&ygw,f/
ppfaq;qkid Nf yKdiw
f hJ &mZ0wftrItcif;awGrmS Ekid if aH wmfonfyifvQif
Writs vkdYac:wJh pmcRefawmfrsm; xkwfykdifcGihfukd qkdvkdwm
oavmuf ajzqkdcsufawGukdvnf; pwkwr@KdiftaeeJY 'Dxuf
]wpfzufaom trIonf} jzpfwt
hJ wGuf pD&ifx;Hk awGrmS ]jynfaxmifpk
jzpfygw,f/
ykdMum;csifykH&ygw,f/ ykdodcsifykH&ygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfESihf rpHy,fvIdif} ponfjzihf &nfnTef;jyK&wJh
tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k UJ zGUJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'rSm Ekid if aH wmf w&m;Oya'oabmukd Oya'e,fy,fuolwcsKdUawmifrS oabm
ykMd um;yko
d v
d w
dk t
hJ wGuf awGUqkaH r;jref;csufawG vkycf [
hJ ef
orw&JU trnfpm&if;wifoiG ;f jcif;cH&oluo
dk m (Senate) vTwaf wmf raygufEkdifcJhwmawGU&ygw,f/ EkdifiHawmfukd,fpm; w&m;pGJ&wJh
wlygw,f/
*sme,fwpfapmifuqk&d if trnfazmfjyrxm;wJh Oya'ynm &JU twnfjyKcsufeJY w&m;olBuD;csKyftjzpf cefYxm;&ygw,f/ w&m;pGJtzGJUtpnf;&JU NrKdUe,ftqifh tBuD;tuJvkd yk*dKvfu
&Siw
f kdY? w&m;vTwfawmfa&SUaewkdY (vkdifpifkyfodrf;cH&wJh a&SUae b,fw&m;olBuD;csKyfrqkd orw&JU trnfpm&if;wifoGif;jcif; ESpfzufMum;empD&ifzdkY w&mpD&ifa&;tmPm tyfESif;cH&wJh
awmif ygygw,f)eJY t&if w&m;pD&ifa&;acwfu trIawG IH;edrfh rcH&bJeJY tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&JU w&m;olBuD;csKyf jzpfrvm w&m;olBuD;ukd ]pmeJYayeJY xda&muf[efYwm;onfhtjypf'Pfay;
cJzh ;l vkYd w&m;k;H rsm;eJY vuf&w
dS &m;pD&ifa&; pepfudk tjrifrMunfvif Ekid yf gbl;/ okYd ayr,fh tJ'w
D &m;olBuD;csKyfu tar&dueforw&JU &ef taMumif;Mum;ygonf} vkdY &J&Jwif;wif;a&;cJhwmawG &SdcJh
olwkdYukdyg awGUqkHaqG;aEG;csufawG &,lpkpnf;NyD; owif; vkyu
f idk f aqmif&u
G rf aI wG[m Oya'eJY nD? rnD pdppfciG &hf ydS gw,f/ ygowJh/ w&m;pGJtzGJUtpnf;u zGJUpnf;wJh trItcif;avsmhenf;
aqmif;yg;qefqefokH;Budrfavmufa&;cJhwm zwf&ygw,f/
1948 eJY 2008 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wkdYrSmygwJh yaysmufa&; aqmif&Gufr,fhtzGJUawGrSm oufqkdif&m (NrKdUe,f
'gayrJh w&m;Oya'e,fy,frSm ukd,fwkdifukd,fus t"duae&mu (,cifw&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf) ,ckjynfaxmifpw
k &m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf tqifhqkdygpkdY) 'k&JrSL;vkd yk*dKvfu olYukd,fol tzGJUacgif;aqmif
yg0ifcJhzl;wJh w&m;olBuD; tNidrf;pm;awG? w&m;Oya'e,frSm wkYdu xkwcf iG &hf w
dS hJ pmcRefawmfig;rsKd;xJu a&SUawmfoiG ;f ? tmPm xm;NyD; NrKdUe,fw&m;olBuD;ukd tzGJU0iftjzpfxm;&Sdwm[m xD;eJY
tifrwef *kPfodumBuD;jrifhwJh q&m(OD;)jrwkdYvkdY ynm&SifBuD; ay;? tmPmykdifar;qkdwJh pmcRefawmf okH;rsKd;[m tkyfcsKyfa&; zdeyfae&mvGJrSm;aew,f/ w&m;olBuD;u w&m;vkd&JU OD;aqmifrI
awGuadk wmhjzihf csOf;uyfawGUqkw
H mwkYd ? ar;jref;wmwkYd rawGU&yg u@eJY pyfvsOf;oufqkdifygw,f/ (tus,fodvkdu OD;&Dpdef&JU uk d emcH & r,f q k d w J h o abm ouf a &muf w ,f / Oya't&
bl;/ 'g[m uGufvyfBuD;wpfckyJjzpfygw,f/ nTefMum;a&;rSL;? pmcRefawmfrsm;taMumif; pmtkyfukdMunfhyg)/
w&m;rQwrIukd xdyg;apw,f/ tusnf;wefapw,fqkdwm
wkdif;w&m;olBuD;vkd tqifhrsKd;uae *kPfodum&Sd&Sd tNidrf;pm;
uRefawmfajymvkdwmu 1948 eJY 2008 zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH oabmraygufEkdifcJhMubl;/
,lomG ;cJMh uwJh w&m;a&;t&m&SBd uD;awGudk a&TawmifMum;rSm r&Sm Oya'wkdYrSm Check and Balance tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;wJh
oabmraygufEidk w
f t
hJ xJrmS ]Oya'eJYtnD vGwv
f yfpmG ...}
ygeJY/ rEav;NrKdUqkd csrf;jrompnfrSm r&SmygeJU/ '*kHNrKdUopfvkd? jy|mef;csufawG yg&Sdayr,fh 1974 ckESpfaemufykdif; zGJUpnf;wJh qkdwmukd oabmraygufEdkifwJholawGvnf; rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
ppfukdif;vkdae&mrsKd;rSm oGm;a&muf&SmazGawGUqkHar;jref;Munfh&if w&m;k;H awGudk tkycf sKyfa&;uom xde;f ausmif; (uGyu
f )J wJh jy|mef; vlawGu Oya'&JUtxufrSm w&m;olBuD;&Sdw,fvkdY pGyfpGJavh&Sdyg
]&SifBuD;0rf;vnf; 0ifcJh? &Sifi,f0rf;vnf;0ifcJh}zl;wJh olwkdY&JU csufawGyJ yg&SdcJhw,f qkdwmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm xdef;ausmif;uGyfuJ w,f/ b,fw&m;olBuD;rS Oya'jy|mef;cGihfr&SdcJhzl;ovkd Oya'jyK
w&m;pD&ifa&;&m (twdwfypKyeftem*wf)tuJjzwfcsufawGukd wmeJY xdef;csKyfwm (Control) ukd ruGJjym;olwcsKdUaMumifh Oya' tmPmykdifwkdYu ry,frzsuf (twnfjyK)xm;aeao;wJ?h topf
Mum;cGifh&Ekdifovkd olwdkYtdrfwefzkd;awGvnf; tremyajymMu eJYtnD vGwfvyfrIqkdwJh pum;vkH;tay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&mawG jyifqifjy|mef;vku
d w
f hJ wnfqOJ ya'[lorQudk vku
d ef mazmfaqmif
ovkd odef;av;ig;axmif wef? rwef tuJcwfEdkifygvdrhfr,f/ ay:aygufc&hJ w,fqw
dk mukv
d nf; uReaf wmfwYdktm;vk;H oifcef;pm &olrQom jzpfw,f/ vGwv
f yfpmG ... qk&d mrSmvnf; wnfqu
J six
hf ;Hk
Oya'ynm uRrf;usifwwfajrmufrIrSm odyfrjcm;em;vSyg ,lMu&vdrhfr,f xifygw,f/
pmrsufESm 36 od k Y
bl;yJ xm;vkdufygpkdY/
1974 ckEpS f jynfoYl w&m;olBuD; tzGUJ Oya'eJY 1988? 2000
34
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
jrefrmUEkdifiHa&;avUvmqef;ppfcsuf (4) 1948-1988

CASE STUDY OF MYANMAR POLITICS 1948-1988
tcef; (2)
EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifU EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
Political Parties and Political Leaders
ausm0f if;
0dkiftrfbDatrS *sDpDbDatodkh
1886 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; NAdwdoQudkvdkeDb0odkY
usa&mufomG ;cJ&h onf/ xko
d nf\aemuf q,fpEk pS w
f pfcak usmrf Q
awmifwef;ajrjyefYae&ma'otESHY vufeufudkifawmfvSefykefuef
rIrsm;qufwkdufqdkovdkay:xGufvmcJhonf/ okdYwap acwfopf
tzGJUtpnf;toif;tyif;yHkoPmefjzifh pnf;Hk;vIyf&Sm;vmcJhMu
onfrmS 20 &mpkxo
J Ykd 0ifa&mufvmawmhrjS zpfonf/ wpfjynfv;kH
twkdif;twm yxrqHk;ay:xGufvmonfhtzGJUtpnf;BuD;rSm ]Ak'
bmomuvsmP,k0toif;} jzpfygonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
]Young Men's} Buddhist Association [ljzpf&m if;\twdk
aumuf ]0dik t
f rfbaD t} (YMBA) toif;BuD;tjzpfxif&mS ;onf/
0dkiftrfbDat toif;BuD;udk 1906 ckESpf arv 10 &ufaeY
wGif pwifzGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ OD;bab? OD;armifBuD;? a'gufwm
b&if? OD;aratmif? OD;pdefvSatmif polwkdYOD;aqmifzGJUpnf;cJhMu
jcif;jzpfonf/ rlvpwifpOfu vl 20 yifrjynfhwwfaomfvnf;
aemufydkif;wGif wpfjynfvHk;twkdif;twmtxd us,fjyefYvmcJh
onf/ txl;ojzifh OD;bab? OD;vSazwdkY OD;pD;xkwfa0aom
]ol & d , owif ; pm} xG u f a y:vmaomtcg toif ; BuD ; \
a<u;aMumfoHjzpfvm vlodrsm;xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/
ueOD;umvu 0dkiftrfbDatrSm EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;
oabmxuf bmoma&;? vlrIa&;toif;taejzifhom pwifcJh&
jcif;jzpfygonf/ toif;\&nf&,
G cf surf mS ]trsK;d bmomomoem
ESihf ynm} jzpfNyD; a<u;aMumforH mS ]trsK;d udck spyf g/ bmomomoem
udkav;pm;yg/ ynma&;udk tm;ay;yg} [ljzpfonf/ tqkdyg
&nfrSef;csufESifh a<u;aMumfoHrsm;rSmyif ]trsKd;om;a&;} &yfcHrI
rsm;yg0ifae&m Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rIoabmokYd wjznf;jznf; a&muf
vmcJyh gonf/ txl;ojzifh 1917 zdeyfjyemay:xGuNf yD;aemuf
ydkif;wGif udkvdkeDpepfqefYusifa&;? EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI tjzpfodkY
a&mufvmcJo
h nf/ onfvEkd iS fh 1920 jynfEh pS f atmufwdkbmv
jynfnv
D mcHwiG f toif;\trnfukd ]*sDpb
D aD t} (GCBA) tjzpf
ajymif;vJcJhNyD; EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;yDyDjyifjyifjzpfvmcJhygonf/
]*sDpDbDat} qkdonfrSm ]General Council of Burmese Associations} udk twdkaumuf,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmbmomjzihf
]jrefrmhtoif;csKyfBuD;} [kac:ygonf/
*sDpDbDat toif;BuD;\ Ou|rSm OD;cspfvdIifjzpfNyD; 'kwd,
Ou|rSm OD;babjzpfonf/ toif;BuD;u Ekid if jH cm;jzpfuek yf pn;f
rsm;udk oydwfarSmufNyD; jynfwGif;jzpfrsm;udkoHk;pGJMu&ef aqmfMo
onf/ cspfwD;ydkifv,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,lNyD; v,form;rsm;udk
a0iS&ef awmif;qdkonf/ 0HomEkvIyf&Sm;rItjzpf xif&Sm;ygonf/
1920 jynhfESpfrSmyif yxrausmif;om; oydwfay:xGufvmcJh&m
*sDpDbDat\ 0HomEkvIyf&Sm;rIESifh aygif;pnf;rdNyD; us,fjyefYaom
trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfay:vmonf/ 1921 ckESpf rEav;NrdKU
wGif usif;yaom udk;Budrfajrmuf uGefz&ifh ]udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
a&;} (Home Rule) tjrefqHk;ay;&rnf[k awmif;qdkcJhonf/
onfvdkESifh *sDpDbDat\ w&m;0ifEkdifiHa&;a<u;aMumfoHrSm
][kr;f rl;} jzpfvmcJyh gonf/ a<u;aMumfot
H &yif ]'kid t
f mcDtyk cf sKyf
a&;} tqifhtwef;wdk;ay;&ef pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;vmvkyfaom
]0IdufaumfrwD} udk oydwfarSmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
1923 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u
'kid t
f mcDtyk cf sKyaf &;ay;NyD; tkycf sKyaf &;pepfopft& a&G;aumufyJG
rsm;usif;y&ef aMunmcJo
h nf/ wGif *sDpb
D aD ttwGi;f 'dik t
f mcD
vufcHoifh? vufrcHoifhESifh ywfoufNyD; oabmuGJvGJrI pwif
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ OD;bab acgif;aqmifaom 21 OD;u
'kdiftmcDudkvufcHMu OD;cspfvdIifacgif;aqmifaom trsm;pku

'kdiftmcDudk oydwfarSmufzdkYqHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ onfvdkESifh 21OD;
*sDpDbDatESifh oydwfarSmuf *sDpDbDat qdk *dkPf;ESpf*dkPf;uGJvm
&onf/ wpfzef 1925 ckEpS w
f iG f oydwaf rSmuf *sDpb
D aD t twGi;f
rSmyif aiGaMu;oHk;pGJrIESifhywfoufNyD; aemufxyfoabmuGJvGJrI
ay:vmjyefonf/ oydwaf rSmuf *spD b
D aD t acgif;aqmifwpfO;D jzpf
ol OD;yku ][krf;rl;ygwD} cGJaxmifNyD; aemufxyfacgif;aqmif
wpfOD;jzpfol OD;xGef;atmifausmfrSmvnf; EkdifiHa&;rS xGufoGm;
cJhonf/ ESpf 1925 rSmyif OD;pdk;odrf; *sDpDbDat uGJxGufjyefNyD;
1929 wGif OD;pk*sDpDbDat xyfuGJjyefonf/
odYk *sDpb
D aD t tzGUJ BuD; tpdwpf w
d t
f `rTm`rTm uGx
J u
G o
f mG ;
aom aemufcHtcif;tusif;rSmyif ]'kdYArmtpnf;tHk;} ay:xGuf
vmjcif;jzpfygonf/
BuD; ]rpwmarmifriId ;f } tpnf;tH;k 0ifjzpfvmNy;D ocifu,

kd af wmfriId ;f
trnfcHcJhonf/ 1936 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwftNyD;wGif udkEk?
udkatmifqef;? udkpdk;? udkoef;xGef;? udkvSaz? udkodef;az paom
rcf(pf)0g'udk vufc,
H MkHunfMuonfh ynmwwfvil ,frsm;0ifa&muf
vmMuNyD; XmecsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhMuonf/
tcsufonfyif aemifxu
G af y:vmrnfo
h abmxm;uGv
J rJG rI sm;
\ tpjzpfEdkifayonf/
1936 ZGefvwGif 1935 tufOya' (91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;)
t& a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh&m 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;u a&G;aumufyGJ
r0ifbJ oydwfarSmufcJhonf/ odkYwdkifatmif vTwfawmfwGif;
ajyma&;qdkcGifhudk rqHk;HI;ap&eftwGuf ]udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;tzGJU}
zGJUpnf;NyD; a&G;aumufyGJ0ifapcJh&m oHk;ae&mtEdkif&cJhonf/
ocifjr? ocifvSwif ([oFmw) ESifh ociftHhBuD; (yckuL) wdkY
1/ 'kdhArmtpnf;tHk;rS tajccHay:xGufvmaom EkdfifiHa&;ygwDrsm;

'kdYArmtpnf;tHk;
(udk,hfrif;udk,fcsif;tzGJU)
ocifApdef? ocifxGef;tkyf
ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;
CPB
PRP
ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;
'kAhd rmtpnf;tH;k
'kYd Armtpnf;tH;k udk 1930 jynfEh pS f rwfv 30 &ufaeYwiG f
pwifzUJG pnf;cJyh gonf/ pwifxal xmifcMhJ uolrsm;rSm ocifbaomif;?
ocifodef;armif? ocifvSabmf polwkdYjzpfonf/ ocifApdef?
ocifxGef;a&T? ocifwifarmif? ocifxGef;tkyf? ocifAkdvf? ocif
atmifoef; polwdkYrSm zGJUpnf;puyif yg0ifcJhMuolrsm;jzpfonf/
odkYwap 1934 ckESpfrSmyif &efykHaiG&SmazGa&;ESifh ywfoufNyD;
oabmuGv
J cJG &hJ mrS pwifwnfaxmifow
l pfO;D jzpfol ocifbaomif;
rSm ab;xGufxkdifoGm;cJhonf/
*sDpDbDat acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum; ][krf;rl;}vm;? ]'kdiftmcD}
vm; tjiif;yGm;aeMucsdefwGif 'kdYArmtpnf;tHk;BuD;u ][krf;}
vnf; uRef? ]'dkif} vnf;uRef? bmrSrvdkcsif[k aMunm ]vHk;0
vGwfvyfa&;} udkom EkdifiHa&;a<u;aMumfoHtjzpf xkwfazmfcJh
onf/ jrefrmjynf\ t&SifociftppfrSm jrefrmawGomjzpf&rnf
qkad om cH,cl sujf zifh tpnf;tH;k 0iftm;vH;k ocifbUJG cHcMhJ uonf/
xkx
d uf ]Armjynfonf'Ykd jynf? Armpmonf 'dYk pm? Armpum;onf
'dkYpum;? 'kdYjynfudk cspfyg? 'kdYpmudk csD;jrifhyg? 'dkYpum;udk av;pm;
yg} qdkaom a<u;aMumfoHuvnf; rsKd;cspfvli,frsm;Mum; a&yef;
pm;cJhonf/ taMumif;rsm;aMumifh pwifzGJUpnf;prSmyif tif
tm;BuD;rm;aom EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;BuD;jzpfvmcJhygonf/
pwifzGJUpnf;NyD; ig;ESpftMum 1935 ckESpf rwfv 30
&ufaeYwGif 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;BuD;\ yxrqHk;nDvmcHudk
a&eHacsmif;NrdKU usif;ycJhonf/ nDvmcHrSmyif rsKd;cspfpmqdk
jzpfygonf/ odYk a&G;aumufyo

JG ydwaf rSmufa&;udo
k m wpfzuf
owfrvkycf b
hJ J tjrifus,fus,faqmif&u
G Ef ikd cf
hJ aemifvmrnfh
1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyBkH uD;wGif vTwaf wmfwiG ;f rSa&m vTwaf wmf
jyifyrSyg [efcsufnDnD wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
1938 wwd,nDvmcHwGifrl 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;BuD; pwif
NydKuGJvmcJhonf/ tuGJtNyJ\ taMumif;&if;cHrSm yk*dKvfa&;
a&m t,ltqa&;yg a&m,Sufae[ef&Sdygonf/ yk*dKvfa&;t&
qdk&vQif ocifodef;armifESifh ocifnDwdkY Ou|ae&mtwGuf
tNydKifjzpfvmjcif;? Ou|ocifodef;armifu ocifApdefESifh ocif
ausmf&ifwdkYudk tpnf;tHk;rSxkwfypfjcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
1936 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwftNyD; 0ifa&mufvmMuaom
vli,frsm;ESifhtwl MoZmBuD;vmonfh rcf(pf)0g' (vuf0Jt,l
tq) tay: ocifApdeftrSL;jyKaom rlvpwifwnfaxmifol
tcsKdUu b0ifrus rvdkvm;cJhonfrSmvnf; ta&;BuD;aom
taMumif;&if;wpfckjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ onfvdkESifh 1938 ESpfukefrSm
yif 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;BuD; ESpf*dkPf;uGJoGm;cJh&awmhonf/ ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;OD;aqmifaom *dkPf;ESifh ocifApdefOD;aqmifaom
*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/ vuf0Jt,ltq tm;oefaom vli,ftrsm;
pkrSm ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;OD;aqmifaom *dkPf;wGifyg0ifcJhonf/
odkYaom rnDGwfrIrsm;&SdcJhMuaomfvnf; 1300 jynfh
ta&;awmfyHkBuD;udkrl ESpf*dkPf;vHk;u 0ef;&Htm;ay;cJhMuygonf/
pmrsufESm 35 od k Y
pmrsufESm 34 jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avhvmqef;ppfcsufrStquf
ta&;awmfyHkBuD;twGif; ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;*dkPf;\ OD;aqmifrI
jzifh ]vGwv
f yfa&;? 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;? qd&k ,
S v
f pfa&;} qdak om a&&Snf
r[mAsL[mvrf;aMumif; tqifhqifhyif csrSwfEdkifcJhonf/ 1300
jynfh ta&;awmfyHkNyD;cgp 1939 ckESpftwGif;rSmyif ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;*dkPf;rS vuf0Jt,ltq&Sdol tpkrsm;OD;aqmifNyD;
Edik if aH &;ygwDEpS cf k a&SUqifah emufqifq
h o
kd vdk xlaxmifcMhJ uonf/
]ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD} (CPB) ESifh ]jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD
(PRP) wdkYjzpfonf/
'dYkArmtpnf;tH;k (ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f ) \ pwkwn
v
D mcH
udk1939? {NyDvwGif usif;ycJhonf/ nDvmcHrSyif t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; ]trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pkBuD;}wpf&yfzGJUpnf;&ef
qk;H jzwfco
hJ nf/ qH;k jzwfcsuft& 1939? atmufwb
kd mvwGif
]ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;} (Freedom Bloc) udk zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ 'dkYArm
tpnf;tH;k ? a'gufwmAarmfO;D aqmifaom qif;&Jom;0HomEktzGUJ ?
OD;babESihf a'gufwmode;f armifwYdkO;D aqmifaom ig;yGiq
hf ikd t
f zGUJ
ESifh rEav;OD;bOD;acgif;aqmifaom aejynfawmf? rEav;tzGJU
wkYd yg0ifco
hJ nf/ Ou|tjzpf a'gufwmbarmf? taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;tjzpf ocifatmifqef;wkdYu wm0ef,lcJhMuonf/ 'kwd,
urmppfBuD;\ ueOD;umv t*Fvyd t
f cufBuHKaepOf Armhtcsuf
[k,lNyD; vGwfvyfa&;t&,lEkdif&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/
odkYwdkifatmifzGJUpnf;NyD; rMumrDrSmyif acgif;aqmiftrsm;pktzrf;
cHcJh& xdxda&mufa&muf raqmif&GufEkdifcJhygacs/
'kwd,urmppftwGif; 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 9&ufaeY
wGif t*Fvdyftpkd;&u 'dkYArmtpnf;tHk;udk rw&m;oif;aMujim
cJhygonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD; yxrqHk;usif;yaom 1951^52
a&G;aumufyGJwGif ocifAarmifESifh ocifoifwkdY\OD;aqmifrIjzifh
'dYk Armtpnf;tH;k trnfjzifh a&G;aumufy0JG ifygwDtjzpf ay:xGuf
vmcJhaomfvnf; ppfBudKacwftpOftvmESifh MoZmrsKd;um; jyef
r&awmhyg/
2/ zqyvrS tajccHay:xGufvmaom
EdkfifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
zwyv^zqyv
(AFO/ AFPFL)
Auy
ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf
(CPB)
(PBF)
jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD
(qkd&S,fvpfygwD)
(PRP/SP)
tvHeD
jynfolY&JabmftzGJU
qkd&S,feD
[CP(B)]
(PVO)
(BWPP/BWP)
wyfeD
&JabmfjzL &Jabmf0g
jynfolY&JabmfygwD
(PCP)
tvkyform;nDnGwfa&;ygwD
(UWP)
zufqpfqefhusifa&;? jynfolhvGwfvyfa&;tzGJYcsKyf
*syefacwftwGif; 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 7 &ufaeYwGif
pwifzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ rlvzGJUpnf;pOfu trnfrSm ]zufqpfwkduf
zsufa&;tzGJU} (Anti-Fascist Organization) twdkaumuf AFO
jzpfonf/ aemufrS ]zufqpfwkdufzsufa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;
tzGJUcsKyf} (Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League) twkad umuf
AFPFL [ltrnfajymif;cJhonf/ 'kwd,urmppftNyD;wGif
PERSPECTIVE
]zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf}[k xyfrH
trnfajymif;cJhonf/
zufqpfawmfveS af &;udak cgif;aqmifEidk &f eftwGuf tiftm;pk
oH;k &yfut
kd ajccHNyD; vQKdU0SufzGJUpnf;cJhaom wyfaygif;pkBuD;jzpfyg
onf/ tqkdygtiftm;pkoHk;&yfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD?
jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwDESifh ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (ArmhrsKd;
cspfwyfrawmf)wkYd jzpfonf/ tiftm;pko;kH ckrS acgif;aqmifo;kH
OD;pDjzifh yxrqHk;A[dkOD;pD;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ ArmhrsKd;cspf
wyfrawmfrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? AdkvfvusFm? Adkvfae0if;?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDrS ocifp;dk ? ocifoef;xGe;f ? ocifA[de;f ?
jynfoYl ta&;awmfyykH gwDrS udAk aqG? udak usmfNidr;f ESihf ocifcspfwYdk
jzpfonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;acgif;aqmif? ocifp;kd u Ekid if H
a&;acgif;aqmif? ocifoef;xGe;f u Ekid if jH cm;qufo,
G af &;wm0ef
cHtjzpf wm0ef,lNyD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk OD;aqmifcJhMu
onf/ jrefrmhacwfopfordik ;f wGif trsK;d om;aoG;pnf;nDnw
G af &;
tm;taumif;qH;k umv[kq&dk ygvdrrfh nf/ odYkEiS w
hf ikd f 'kw,
d urm
ppftNyD;rSpNyD; tqifhqifhNydKuGJvmcJh&mrS vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;rSm
yif nDtpfudkcsif;ppfcif;&aom jynfwGif;ppfBuD;ESifhBuHKcJh&onf/
rnfoYkd yif&adS p zqyvtzGUJ BuD;rS tajccHay:xGuv
f maom Ekid if H
a&;tiftm;pkrsm;onfyif vGwfvyfa&;acwf jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;
taumif;tqdk;udk zefwD;cJhMuonhfygwDtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfvm
Muygonf/
yxrqHk;uGJcJhonfrSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDjzpfonf/
1946 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif tvHeDygwDcGJxGufoGm;&mrS
udkodef;az(OD;odef;azjrifh)ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wkdYOD;aqmifaom
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (Communist Party of Burma) twkd
aumuf Auy^CPB ESifh ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifaom uGefjrLepf
ygwD Armjynf [Communist Party (Burma)] twkad umuf CP(B)
[l uGefjrLepfygwDESpfckjzpfoGm;onf/ ocifpdk;OD;aqmifaom
ygwDudk owif;pmrsm;u ]tvHeD} [kac:Mu&mrS trnfyif
wGifoGm;cJhonf/ udkodef;azESifh ocifoef;xGef;wkdYOD;aqmifaom
ygwDudkrl tvHjzL? epfjzL? Auy pojzifh ac:Muonf/ ocifpkd;
\tvHeDygwDrSm 1946? ZlvdkifvwGif zqyvrS txkwfcHcJh&
onf/
zqyvwGif rlvyg0ifcJhaom ]jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwD}
(People Revolutionary Party) twkdaumuf PRP rSm ppfNyD;acwf
wGif ]jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;qkd&S,fvpfygwD} (People Freedom
Socialist Party) tjzpfajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ ]qdk&S,fvpfygwD}
tjzpftrnfwGifygonf/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD; 1950 rSmyif
qkd&S,fvpfygwDrS ocifvGif? ocifvSa<uESifh om,m0wDocif
cspaf rmif (aemif- 0d"&l ocifcspaf rmif)wkYOd ;D aqmifNy;D Armjynftvkyf
orm;? v,form;ygwD (Burma Workers and Peasents Party)
twdkaumuf BWPP cGJxGufcJhonf/ owif;pmq&mrsm;u
]qkd&S,feD}trnfay;&mrS trnfyifwGifoGm;onf/ aemufydkif;
wGif ygwD\w&m;0iftrnfudk ]Armjynftvkyform;ygwD}
(Burma Workers Party) [lajymif;vJcJhonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;wGif zqyv\ppfa&;r@dKiftjzpf
OD;aqmifcJhaom ]ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf} (Patriotic Burmese
Forces) twkdaumuf PBF rSm *EDpmcsKyft& ]Armhwyfrawmf}
(Burma Rifle) tjzpfajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJh&onf/ tqkdyg bm;rm;
dkifz,fwGif wyfom; 5000ESifh t&m&Sd 200 omyg0ifcGifhjyKcJh&m
usef&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;udkpkpnf;NyD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmif
]jynfolY&JabmftzGJU} (People's Volunteer Organization) udk
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ zqyvtzGJUcsKyfwGif ,cifArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf
udk,fpm; tqdkyg jynfolY&JabmftzGJU (PVO) uyg0ifcJhonf/
1946 ckEpS f atmufwb
dk mvwGif Auyudk zqyvrS xkwf
vku
d &f m jynfoYl&aJ bmfxrH S uGejf rLepfvv
kd m;olrsm;u ]wyfe}D tjzpf
yxrqHk; cGJxGufoGm;cJhonf/ wpfzef vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;rSmyif
0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ek\ ]Ekrl}ay:xGufvm&m vufrcHolrsm;u ]&Jabmf
jzL}? vufco
H rl sm;u ]&Jabmf0g}tjzpf xyfuo
JG mG ;jyefonf/ &Jabmf
jzLrsm;rSm awmcdkoGm;cJhNyD; ]jynfolY&JabmfygwD} (People's Com-
35
VOICE
The
twdkaumuf PCP tjzpfqufvuf&yfwnfcJhMu

onf/ 1958 ckESpfwGif jynfolY&JabmfygwD Oya'abmiftwGif;
odYk a&mufvmNyD; qk&d ,
S ef yD gwDEiS ahf ygif;um ]tvkyo
f rm;nDnw
G f
a&;ygwD} (United Workers Party) twkdaumuf UWP udkwnf
axmifcJhMuonf/
zqyvtzGJUBuD;\jzpfpOfudk jyefMunfhvdkufvQif atmuf
ygtwkdif;tqifhqifhNydKuGJoGm;cJhonfudk awGUEkdifygonf/
rade Party)
zqyv
(AFPFL)
1946 Zlvdkif
tvHeD
1946 atmufwdkbm
Auy
jynfolY&Jabmf (jzL)
1948
1950
qd&k ,
S ef D
wnfNrJ
(zqyv)
oefY&Sif;
(jynfaxmifpyk gwD)
zqyvtzGUJ BuD;udk rlvpwifxal xmifcMhJ uaom tiftm;pk

oHk;ckxJrS uGefjrLepfrsm;rSm vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuyif zqyv
tjyifodkY a&mufoGm;cJhMuNyD; jynfolY&Jabmftrsm;pkrSmvnf;
vGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;rSmyif uGJxGufoGm;cJh&m qdk&S,fvpfygwD
onfom tiftm;BuD;ygwDtjzpf xD;xD;BuD; usef&pfcJhawmh
onf/ wpfzef 1950 wGif tmPm&qdk&S,fvpfygwDrS qdk&S,feD
rsm;yg cGJxGufoGm;cJh&m zqyvrSm wyfaygif;pkvm;? ygwDvm;
tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mjzpfvmcJh&onf/
1958 ckESpfwGif vufusef zqyvtwGif;rSmyif *dkPf;BuD;
ESp*f P
kd ;f uGx
J u
G o
f mG ;jyefonf/ OD;AaqGEiS hf OD;ausmNf idr;f (aqGNidr;f )
wdkY acgif;aqmifaomtzGJUrSm wnfNrJzqyvwGifNyD; aemifwGif
zqyvtrnfjzifhyif qufvuf&yfwnfcJhonf/ OD;EkESifh
ocifwif (Ekwif) acgif;aqmifaomtzGJU rSm oefY&Sif;zqyv
trnfwGifNyD; aemifwGif ]jynfaxmifpkygwD} (yxp) tjzpf
ajymif;vJzUJG pnf;cJo
h nf/ 1964 ckEpS f trsKd;om; nDw
G af &;Oya'
xG u f a y:vmaomtcg tjcm;ygwD r sm;ES i f h t wl zqyv
ESp*f P
kd ;f vH;k rSmvnf; w&m;0ifygwDtjzpfrS &yfqikd ;f oGm;cJ&h onf/
1969 ckESpfwGif OD;EkOD;aqmifNyD; ]ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD}
(Parliament Democracy Party) PDP wnfaxmifum vufeuf
udkifawmfvSefa&; qifETJzdkYBudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif
acgif;aqmifrsm;Mum; oabmxm;uGv
J rJG rI sm;ay:NyD; OD;Ek Ekwx
f u
G f
oGm;cJh&mrS ]jynfolUjynfcspfygwD} (People's Patriotic Party)
tjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ 1980 taxGaxGvGwfNidrf;csrf;
omcGifhaMunmNyD;aomtcgwGifrl ygwD0iftrsm;pk Oya'wGif;odkY
jyefa&mufvmcJhygonf/
1990 a&G;aumufyGJtBudKumvodkY a&mufaomtcg OD;Ek
em,url ]'Drdkua&pDESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJU} ('DNidrf;) ay:xGuf
vmonf/ ,cif PDP a[mif;rsm;uvnf; OD;oka0acgif;aqmif
um 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD(jrefrm)tjzpf jyefvnfay:xGufvmcJh
onf/ ,cif zqyv (wnfNrJ) tEG,fa[mif;rsm;uvnf;
zqyvtrnfESifhyif ygwDoHk;ygwDay:vmonf/ OD;GefYodef;
acgif;aqmifaom zqyv? OD;ausmfNidrf;orD; a':csKdcsKdausmfNidrf;
acgif;aqmifaom zqyvESihf OD;AaqG\om;orD;rsm; acgif;aqmif
aom zqyv wkYdjzpfonf/ 2010 a&G;aumufyt
JG BudKumvwGirf l
OD;oka0u Ou|tjzpfwm0ef,lNyD; OD;Ek? OD;ausmfNidrf;ESifh OD;AaqG
wk d Y \ orD ; rsm;u twG i f ; a&;rS L ;rsm;tjzpf wm0ef , l u m
'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD (jrefrmjynf) tjzpf pkpkpnf;pnf;ay:xGuf
vmcJhygonf/
qufvufazmfjyygrnf/
ausmf0if;
a&SUtywftTef;? yrnwtzGJY0ifygwDrsm;
36
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
a&TvomrS jyefvmrSmvm;
ausmpf ;kd &Sed f
az
azmf0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYxkwf *sme,fwpfapmifrSm a'gufwmaZmfrsKd;ouf (UK) a&;wJh ]ESvHk;om;rsm; ta<urapmMuapzdkY} aqmif;yg;rSm ]wwfodynm&SifawGudk jrefrmEdkifiHjyefvm
NyD; tvkyfvkyfapcsif&if 'DvlawGtvkyfvkyfvdkY&wJhpepfeJY tajctaeawGudk zefwD;ay;zdkYvdkygw,f} vdkYzwfIvdkuf&ygw,f/
txufyga&;om;azmfjycsufudk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;tm;jzifh
oabmwlygw,f/ a&cHajrcHaumif;rS? pepftajctaevdu
k af vsm
nDaxG&SdrS ynm&SifawGtwGuf wwfodynm&yfawGudk tusKd;&Sd&Sd
toHk;csEdkifrSmyg/
'gayrJh ]]tJ'Dvdkpepf? tajctae r&Sd&ifaum jyefrvmMu
awmhb;l vm;/ a&ueftoif?h Mumtoifjh zpfrS jyefvmMurSmvm;/
a&muf&Sdr,fh tcsdefapmifhNyD; tqifajyr,fh t&dyfta,mifawGUrS
vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:MurSmvm;/ tajctaeraumif;&if jyef
rvmMuawmhbl;vm;/ a&qefvrf;udka&SmifNyD; a&pkefrSm tom
arQmzdkY pdwful;aeMuNyDvm;}} vdkY ar;cGef;awG xkwfcsifygw,f/
tajctaetaMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumifh trdjrefrmjynfudk
pGefYcGmNyD; a&Munf&m jrufEk&mxGufcGmoGm;MuolawGudk tjypf
rjrifygbl;/ tjypfvnf; rwifygbl;/ b0&JUwdk;wuf&m
wdk;wufaMumif;? todtwwfynmawG&JU wdk;wuf&m wdk;wuf
aMumif; udk,fpdwftyifyef; qif;&JcHNyD; pGefYpm;BudK;pm;rIawGudk
todtrSwfjyKygw,f/ BuHKawGU&wJh tcuftcJ'kuawGudkvnf;
ud,
k cf sif;pmygw,f/ atmifjrifrt
I oD;tyGiahf wG cHpm;pHpm;aeMu
wmudkvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf*kPf,lygw,f/
rlvwef;t&G,u
f xGuo
f mG ;NyD; Edik if jH cm;rSm ynmoif? bGUJ &
tvkyv
f yk af eolawGuakd wmh taxGtxl;rajymvdyk gbl;/ trdEikd if H
rSm tajccHbGJUwpfck&NyD;rS wjcm;EdkifiHrSm tqifhjrifhbGJU&? tvkyf
tudik t
f ajcusaeolawGuakd wmh ajymp&m&Syd gw,f/ rdr&d UJ BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfrIaMumifh tqifajyaerIawGudk rk'dwmyGm;ygw,f/
'gayrJh 'Dtajctaea&mufatmif tajccHynmoifay;wJh
trdEdkifiH&JUaus;Zl;udkawmh iJhuGufoifhygw,f/ xdkufwefwJh
avsmfaMu;ay;NyD; xGufwmyJvdkY vufvGwfpy,frajymoifhyg/
qif;&JwJhwdkif;jynf? enf;yg;vSwJh ynma&;bwf*suftoHk;p&dwf
eJY arG;xkwfvdkufwJh wwfodynm&SifawG wdkif;jynfudk ajcpHkuef
xGufoGm;wmrenf;vSyg/ OD;aESmuf,dkpD;rIyrmPrao;vSyg/
EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;pepfawG&JU tm;enf;rI
aMumifhyJjzpfjzpf? bufvdkufwJhw&m;pD&ifa&;aMumifhyJjzpfjzpf?
pdwfcHpm;csufaMumifhyJjzpfjzpf 'Pf&mtemw&eJY wdkif;jynfudk
pdwfemolawG &SdMurSmyg/ 'gayrJh udk,fhEdkifiHudkyJ tjypfjrifNyD;
olrsm;EdkifiHudkyJ txifBuD;vGef;wm tpGef;a&mufrIvdkY xifjrifrd
ygw,f/
ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm acguf;kd usK;d cJw
h t
hJ yk cf sKyfraI tmufrmS jrefrm
pmrsufESm 33 pme,fZif;rsm;udk zwfIjcif; rS tquf
Oya'rsm;ESihftnD b,ftcsufukd ,kHMunfvufcH&r,f? b,f
tcsufrsKd;ukdjzifh r,kHMunf vufrcH&bl;qkdwJh wdusaocsmwJh
tuefYtowfawGeJY ]vGwfvyfpGm} jzpfw,fqkdwmukd tvSrf;a0;
ol tawmfrsm;rsm;u oabmraygufEkdifcJhMuygbl;/
'gaMumifh w&m;olBuD;wpfa,muf ppfaq;pD&ifcJhwJh trI
wpfrIukd trIwGJrSm b,foufaocHcsufawG ay:aygufaevJqkd
wm rodbJeJY (trIwGJawmif;rzwfbJeJY) ]rw&m;bl;? Oya'eJY
rnDb;l }vkYd olY&UJ txuf;Hk w&m;olBuD;uawmif ]vufvw
G pf y,f}
rajymbl;/ trIIH;edrfhoGm;vkdY pGyfpGJvmwwfwJh trIonfqkd&if
vnf; ]t,lcHjyifqifwufyg}vkdYyJ tBuHjyKavh&Sdygw,f/ w&m;
olBuD;qkw
d m obm0w&m;t& w&m;rQwrIudk &SmazGorl [kwb
f J
Oya't& w&m;rQwrIukd &SmazGqkH;jzwf&olrQom jzpfygw,f/
uRefawmfwYdk Eidk if v
H w
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d ajrmuf
orwjzpfvmwJh a'gufwmOD;bOD;[m rsK;d cspaf cgif;aqmif q&mpH
wkdYtrIawGukd ppfaq;pD&ifwJh (rpwmuef;vpfzfOD;aqmifwJh)
w&m;cHkHk;rSm w&m;olBuD;wpfOD;tjzpf yg0ifcJhygw,f/ tJ'D
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42
The
VOICE
jrefrmUEkdifiHa&; tawG;tac: - tydkif; (5)

OD;armifarmifBuD; t*Fvdyfvkda&;om; OD;atmifcif jrefrmvkdwifjyonf
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37
VOICE
The
wuodkvf0ifwef;pmar;yGJudk usef;rm&Tifvef;atmifjrifpGm jzwfausmfjcif; (1)

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38
The
VOICE
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The Voice Weekly
: tpfuakd rQmv
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Dr.MZO : tckjyefw[
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tvnfvYkd rjrifb;l / uRefawmfa&&Snf
uRefawmf&h UJ tem*wfukd 'Dwikd ;f jynf&UJ
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Voice
: tpfudku b,fZmwdvJ
Voice
rodbl;/
uReaf wmfu &efuek af rG;?
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uRefawmfhtazbufu Nrdwfu? Nrdwf
uaeqdkawmh awmcdkwmawmif uRef
awmf Nrdwfuae awmcdkwm/
Voice
: tJawmh rif;orD;pcef;udk
a&mufoGm;wmvm;/
Dr.MZO : uReaf wmfwYkd &Spaf v;vH;k
rSm [d;k i,fi,fav;/ b,fvakd jymrvJ
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oGm;&ifvnf; axmifxJa&mufrSm
used ;f aow,fqNkd yD; pifumylrmS ausmif;
wufzYkdqNkd yD; BudK;pm;NyD;vTwaf y;vdu
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Voice
: b,fESpfckESpfavmufu
vJ/
Dr.MZO : uRefawmf pifumyloGm;
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kd Mf unfh
Dr.MZO :
a'gufwmrif;aZmfOD;\ ukd,fa&;tusOf;
- 8-8-88 oydwfumvtwGif; txufwef;ausmif;om;
wpfOD;taeESifh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auo)
vIyf&Sm;rIwGifyg0ifcJh/
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H iG f ausmif;wufae&if; 1992 wGif All Burma
Student's Democratic Front (ABSDF) wyf&if; (203) odYk 0ifa&mufc/hJ
- ABSDF wGif&SdpOfumvtwGif; okawoe? oifwef;ESifh
axmufyHha&;wdkYtwGuf wm0ef,lcJhNyD; 1996 wGif ynmoifqk,SOfNydKif
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- tar&duwGi&f pdS OftwGi;f oufqikd &f mwuov
kd rf sm;rS ynm
oifqkrsm;jzifh University of Maryland rS Government and Politics
& Public Relations txl;jyKbmom&yfESpfckjzifh B.A bGJUudk &&SdcJh/
George Mason University rS y#dyuoHk;oyfajz&Sif;rIbmom&yfjzifh
r[modyH (M.S) bGJUudk&&SdcJh/
- Georgetown University rS trsKd;om;vHkNcHKa&;bmom&yfjzifh
vHkNcHKa&;Xmersm; rGrf;rHzGJUpnf;jcif; Security Sector Reform) udk txl;
jyKum r[m0dZm (M.A) bGJUudk xyfrH&&SdcJh/
- vuf&SdwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajcpdkuf Democracy
International Inc. \ tmz*efepwefEdkifiHqdkif&m a&G;aumufyGJpepf
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: ABSDF xJrSm b,f
avmufavmufMumvJ/
Dr.MZO : uReaf wmf 92 atmufwkd
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NyD;NyDvm;/
Dr.MZO : uRefawmfvmuwnf;u
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42
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Ref : Being Strong
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46
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The
SPORT
Soccer Weekly Fixtures
English Premier
League
Prediction
Match (26)
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VOICE

Monday, February 27 - March 4, 2012

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