You are on page 1of 10

维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.

com

Dec.2005,Voi
.1,No.
7(Mont
hly)
  Jour
nal
 of 
Modern Account
ing 
and Audi
ting,ISSN1548・
6583,USA 

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phas
es 
in 
the
 Devel
opm ent
 

of 
M anagem ent
 Account
ing 

Chaomi
 Zhang’ Nan
in
f g 
Uni
ver
sit
y  Qi
nru
 Qi
an” Shanghai
 Uni
ver
sit
y o
fFi
nance&Economi
cs 

Abs
tra
ct:Thi
s pape
r di
scus
ses
 thr
ee 
iss
ues
.ra
ised
 by 
Rel
evanc
e Lo
st(
Johns
on& Kapl
an,1
 
987)
,about
 
hi
stori
cal
 eval
uat
ion of t
he devel
opment
 of management
 account
ing.The f
irs
t i
ssue i
s when management
 
account
ing sys
tem 
was
 for
med;t
he second 
is 
how 
to eval
uat
e i
ts 
devel
opment
 in 
subsequent
 decades;t
he 
thi
rd 
is 
how 
to eval
uat
e t
he 
devel
opment
 of 
practi
ce 
n d 
a research 
of 
management
 account
ing 
in al
most
 twent
y years
 af
ter
 
Rel
evance Lost
 was publ
ished.The r
ole of 
Rel
evance Lost
 in pract
ice a
n d t
heoret
ical
 research of 
management
 
accou
n ti
ng i
s wi
del
y r
ecogni
zed,a
n d t
he di
sagr
eement
 wi
th i
t i
n t
his
 paper i
s i
n t
he speci
ic ar
f e a of t
he 

devel
opment
 hi
stor
y of 
management
 account
ing.The 
aut
hor
s of 
thi
s paper 
bel
ieve t
hat
 the devel
opment,t
hrough 
havi
ng i
ts ups
 and downs
 over
 ti
me,i
s gener
all
y speaki
ng a cont
inuous pr
oces
s,not
 separ
ated by di
sconnect
ed 
phases, l
eapi
ng fr
om one t
o anot
her
. Al
ong wi
th t
he pr
ogress i
n pract
ice and r
esear
ch,resea
rcher
s a
n d 
pract
iti
oners
 a1

e deepeni
ng t
hei
r u
n der
stand
i ng about
 the t
heor
eti
cal
 fou
n dat
ion a
n d pr
a ct
ical
 devel
opment
 of 
ma
n agement
 accou
nti
ng.T
h e hi
stor
y  of devel
opment
 of 
management
 accou
nti
ng i
s consi
stent
 wi
th t
he proces
s 

peopl
e gr
adual
ly 
unders
tn d 
a it.
 
Key 
words:hi
stor
y of 
devel
opment
 of 
management
 accou
n ti
ng;t
heor
y ;pract
ice;met
hods;behavi
or 

1.Is
sues
 Rai
sed 
by 
Rel
evance 
Lost
 i
n Di
vidi
ng 
His
tori
cal
 Phas
es 
Are 
Sti
ll 
Uns
olved 


t 
is 
not
 a 
bit
 of 
exagge
rat
ion 
to 
say 
tha
t Re
lev
ance
 Los
t:t
he 
Rise
 and 
Fnl
l 
ofManage
ment
 Acc
ount
ing 
by 

ohns
on a
nd Kapl
n (
a 1 
987)had s
hoc
ked t
he whol
e pr
ofe
ssi
on of
 ma
nage
ment
 acco
unt
ing.I
t ha
s g
rea
tly
 

nfluenced 
the 
global
 ma
n agement
 account
ing 
pract
ice a
n d 
brought
 about
 it
s vi
gor
ous 
development
 in 
mor
e t
han 
a 
decade.However
,upon ent
eri
ng t
he new 
mil
lenni
um,mos
t at
tent
ion of 
accou
nti
ng r
esear
cher
s a
n d pr
act
iti
oner
s 
has
 been 
drawn 
to 
one 
after
 anot
her 
accou
nti
ng sca
ndal
 a
n d 
the discussi
on 
of 
management
 accou
n ti
ng 
issues
 ha
s 

be
en a
t l
ow 
poi
nt.Pe
rha
ps now i
s t
he t
ime
 for
 mana
geme
nt a
ccou
nti
ng t
o s
top a
n d t
hink,a
s i
t ne
eds
 ca
lm 

etros
pect
 and car
eful
 consi
der
ati
ons,af
ter
 a per
iod of r
api
dly devel
opment
 wi
th so many new met
hod
s  and 

cone印 ts.
 
Rel
evance 
Lost
 has 
rai
sed 
at 
lea
st 
three i
ssues 
in 
eval
uat
ion 
of 
devel
opment
 of 
management
 accou
nti
ng.Fi
rst
. 
when management
 accou
n t
ing was
 for
med?I
n t
radi
tional
 theor
y ,i
t wa
s  i
n t
he 1
 950s,but
 Johnson a
n d Kapl
n 


itf
f t
ed i
t t
o t
he l
 920s.Second,how shoul
d we eval
uat
e i
ts devel
opment
 in decades
 af
ter
 it
s f
ormat
ion? I
n 


radi
tional
 theor
y t
his 
per
iod 
of 
sever
al decades
 was
 a 
per
iod 
of“great
 progr
ess”。but
 Johnson 
and 
Kapl
n 
a t
hought
 

t wa
s  a 
per
iod 
of“st
agn at
ion”.TI
lir
d,whet
her
 h e 
t great
 cha
n ge 
in 
theor
y n d 
a pract
ice of 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng , 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phas
es:
n t
he 
Devel
opme
nt 
of 
M anagement
 Aeeoun 

whi
ch 
Johnson 
and 
Kapl
an 
predi
cted 
and 
promot
ed 
ver
y hard,had 
real
ly 
happened 
in 
the 
las
t t
wo 
decades?How 


o e
val
uat
e t
he 
res
ear
ch 
wor
ks 
of 
mana
geme
nt 
acc
ount
ing 
in 
the
se 
two 
deca
des
? 
Pr
ofess
or Joan L.Luft
,M i
chi
gan  St
ate Uni
versi
ty,had made t
h e f
oll
owi
ng comment
s on t
he st
udy of 

mana
geme
nt a
ccount
ing
 hi
stor
y f
rom a
 hi
st
or
ica
l vi
ewpoi
nt(
Luf
t,J.
L.1
 
997
),t
hat
 mai
nst
rea
m a
ccount
ing 
esear
r ch 
had 
lit
tle 
int
er
e st
 in 
hist
ory 
study 
for
 h e 
t sake 
of 
hist
ory:She 
bel
ieved 
ther
e wer
e m ai
nly 
w o 
t reasons 
for
 

mana
geme
nt 
acc
ou
nti
ng 
to 
be 
int
ere
ste
d i
n hi
stor
y.(1
)Hi
stor
ica
l s
tudi
es 
might
 ma
ke 
it
 ea
sie
r or
f  
us 
to 
n de
u rst
and 
present
-day 
pra
cti
ce 
ha
t n nal
a ysi
s 
of pr
esent
—day 
dat
a can.(
2)St
udies
 on 
present
-ay 
d pract
ice
 ha
d bee
n n de
u r he
t  
inf
luence,and 
subj
ect
 t
o t
he li
mits
,of i
mpor t
nt
a  hi
stor
ical
 wor
ks 
of t
he 1
 960s 
and 1 
970s,t
hus t
he 
cr
iti
ques of 
h ese 
t wor
ks 
in 
subsequent
 hi
stor
ical
 su di
t es 
coul
d be 
hel
pful
 in 
highl
ight
ing 
these 
limi
tat
ions.
 
W e m
a y des
cri
be t
he t
w o ki
nds
 of 
mot
ivat
ions as “summ a
rize t
h e past
 to under
stand t
h e pr
esent
”an d 

'cr
iti
cize 
today 
wih 
t hel
p f
rom hi
stor
y ”.or 
we can cal
l t
he t
wo st
yles
 as‘
'under
standi
ng f
ocus
’’a
n d‘
‘cr
iti
cizi
ng 


ocus
”.Acc
ordi
ng t
o t
he comment
s of
 K.Luk
ka 
nd M.Gr
a nl
a und(
2002)
,cit
rica
l s
tudi
es ai
m a
t f
urt
heing 

emanci
pat
ion,t
h ei
r agenda i
s f
u ndament
all
y val
ue-l
aden and 
com i
tted.Appar
ent
ly,t
h e hi
stor
y  expl
orat
ion i
n 
Rel
evance 
Lost
 shar
es 
thi
s f
ocus.
 
Per
haps,f
o r 
the pur
pos
e of 
prom ot
ing r
eforms of 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng pr
act
ice at
 t
h at
 ti
me,t
o f
it t
h e 
rapi
dly 
cha
n gi
ng 
sit
uat
ion 
of 
int
ernat
ional
 compet
iti
ons 
as 
the 
res
ult
 of 
infor
mati
on 
technol
ogy 
devel
opment
 n d 

economi
c gl
obal
izat
ion,t
he aut
hor
s of 
Rel
evance Lost
 mad
e  st
rong cl
aims t
o ch
all
enge t
h e t
radi
tional
 way of 
hi
t nki
ng i
n management
 accou
n t
ing,t
yi
r ng t
o compl
etel
y change t
he exis
ting eval
uat
ions a
n d asser
tion of 

management
 account
ing 
hist
ory .They 
sai
d: 

‘One 
audi
ence f
or 
h e 
t book 
wil
l be 
h e 
t innovat
ive 
ina
f n ci
al 
n d 
a gener
al 
man agers
 who 
r e 
a cont
empl
atn g or 


mpl
ement
ing f
und
a ment
al cha
n ges i
n t
hei
r or
gani
zat
ions’ma
n agement
 account
ing syst
ems.W e hope t
hey f
ind 
val
ue 
in l
ear
ning t
he r
ich hi
stor
ical
 t
rad
iti
on 
for
 t
hei
r efor
ts 
as 
wel
l as
 the reasons
 why 
so l
itt
le 
innovat
ion has 

occurr
ed 
dur
ing 
the pas
t hal
f-cent
ury.Understandi
ng 
the reasons
 behi
nd t
he 
obsol
escence 
of 
exi
sti
ng 
syst
ems 


houl
d pr
ovi
de 
an 
improve
d r
ati
onal
e f
or 
organi
zat
ional
 c
hange.
”(Hi
ghl
ight
ed 
by 
he
t  
aut
hor
s) 
However
,it
 seems 
that
 the 
aut
hor
s ofRel
v ance 
e Lost
 focused 
onl
y on 
techni
cal
 met
hods 
when eval
uati
ng 
he 

de
vel
opme
nt of
 mana
gement
 ac
cont
u i
ng,t
hat
 is
,they c
ons
ide
red t
he t
rend of
 devel
opment
 of
 ma
nage
ment
 
accou
ntng was“r
i isi
ng,
’in 1
 920s
 as most
 tech
nical
 met
hods
 whi
ch ar
e st
ill
 in use i
n pres
ent
-days had been 
devel
oped;i
n t
he 
subs
equent
 per
iod 
it 
was“f
all
ing’
’because onl
y a 
ver
y  s
m al
l number 
of 
new 
met
h ods 
had 
been 
devel
oped;t
hen i
t“s
topped’
’when ha
r dl
y any new t
ech
nical
 met
h ods
 in ma
n agement
 account
ing had bee
n 

devel
oped.
  ,
 


n et
r r
ospe
ct 
oft
he 
his
tor
ical
 de
vel
opme
nt 
ofma
nage
ment
 ac
count
ing,Pr
ofe
ssor
 R.
  Sca
pens(
1991
)sa
ys,
 


he
t r
e 
is
 n 
a a
ppa
ren
t g
ap 
bet
wee
n he
t  
the
ory
 nd
a  
pra
cti
ce 
of 
man
age
men
t a
cco
unt
ing
,at
 l
eas
t 
two
 ap
pro
ach
es 
al
e 

vai
labl
e‘t
o n yone
a  who
 wi
shes
 to
 expl
ore
 hi
t s
 appa
rent
 ga
p.’
’One
 appr
oach 
is 
to 
sudy 
t in 
det
ail
s he
t  
tra
dit
ional
 
met
hods 
in 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng,so 
s 
a t
o ind 
f out
 he 
t gap 
bet
ween 
hes
t e met
hods a
n d 
he 
t need 
ofmanagement
 
pr
act
ice。a
n d 
make 
sugges
tions 
or
f  
improvement
s.One s
uch 
exampl
e i
s t
hat
 Kapl
an 
n d 
a his 
col
leagues 
had 
tri
ed 

o expa
n d t
he t
radi
tional
 techni
cal
 met
hods
 of 
man agement
 account
ing t
o f
it t
he 
newest
 devel
opm e
nt i
n gl
obal
 
market
 compet
iti
ons 
n d 
a progress 
in 
manuf
act
ure 
n d 
a tech
n ol
ogy.They 
wer
e i
n fact
 sear
chi
ng 
f0r“nl
e best
 tool
s'’ . 

Prof
essor
 Scapens
 na
m es
 thi
s n gl
a e of 
hist
ory 
obser
vat
ion 
as“i
n management
 account
ing” Anot
her

 approach 
is 
to 

eeva
luat
e a
n d a
s SeSS management
 accou
nti
ng t
h eor
y .Some 
schol
rs
a  a
re i
nves
tigat
ing ma
n agement
 account
ing 

pr
act
ice
 nd
a  
tryi
ng t
o n der
u sta
nd 
he
t  
appl
ica
tio
ns of
 tec
n ol
h ogy 
and 
met
hods
 of 
mana
geme
nt 
acco
nt
u i
ng 
n a
i  
wi
der
 backgr
oun d of 
orga
nizat
ion and soci
ety,r
ather t
han i
n a si
mpl
iied economi
f c mode1 Pr
ofessor
.  Scapens 

2 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval

uati
on 
of 
Several

 Phases
 in 
the 
Deve
lopment
 of 
M anagem ent
 Ac
count
ing 

names
 thi
s angl
e of 
studyi
ng 
as“on 
management
 accounti
ng”.
 
Rel
evance Lost
 has huge i
nfluence on Chi
nes
e management
 account
ing professi
on,t
heref
ore for
 bet
ter
 
under
standi
ng 
of 
management
 account
ing 
pract
ice i
n t
oday’
s wor
ld 
and 
o r 
f deepeni
ng f
utur
e st
udy 
in 
management
 
account
ing,i
t i
s necessar
y t
o cl
ar
ify cer
tai
n poi
nts
 on whi
ch Rel
evance Lost
 had made bi
ased or u
n bal
anced 
as
ser
tion.The pur
pose 
of 
thi
s paper
 is
 to expl
ain some i
deas
 a
n d 
shar
e t
hem 
wit
h conf
erees.The 
basi
c argument
 
about
 the devel
opment
 hi
stor
y of 
man agement
 account
ing i
s t
hat
 t
h e hi
stori
cal
 devel
opment
,through havi
ng 
its
 

ups
 and downs
 over
 ti
me,i
s gener
all
y speaki
ng a cont
inuous process,not
 sepa
r at
ed by di
sconnect
ed phases,
 

eapi
ng 
from one 
to 
anot
h er
. 

2.Hi
stori
cal
 Eval
uat
ion 
on 
the 
Phase
 bef
ore
 1950s
 

Before Rel
evance Lost
 was
 publ
ished i
n 1
 987.t
her
e was
 not
 much di
sagr
eement
 about
 the t
race of i
nit
ial
 
devel
opment
 of 
management
 accou
nti
ng.Accordi
ng t
o t
h e ma
n agement
 account
ing t
ext
books
 publ
ished i
n ear
ly 

st
age 
aft
er 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng 
was
 int
roduced 
int
o Chi
na,t
he 
general
ly accept
ed 
idea 
was“The s
tandard 
cos
t 

sys
tem bas
ed on Tayl
or’
s sci
enti
ic management
f  is t
he embr
yoni
c f
orm of management
 account
ing… It
 has
 
devel
oped 
int
o cont
empor
ary 
management
 account
ing 
since 1
 950s”.
 


n hi
s Adv
anc
ed Manage
ment
 Ac
count
ing(
2  edi
ti
on,1
982)
,Rober
t Ka
pln  a
a nd Ant
hony
 At
kins
on,
 

oll
owi
ng 
Hor
ngr
en(1
 
975)
,di
vided 
he
t  de
vel
opme
nt 
of 
manage
ment
 ac
count
ing 
int
o s
eve
ral
 hi
stor
ica
l pha
ses
, 
whi
ch 
ca
n been 
seen 
as 
the 
common 
view 
at 
h at
t  ti
me:
 
“M a
n agement
 accounti
ng 
is a 
rel
ati
vel
y r
ecent
 phenomenon,es
peci
all
y when 
compar
ed 
to 
the l
ong 
hist
orical
 
devel
opment
 of 
inanci
f al r
epor
ting f
o r 
ext
ernal
 par
ties
 such as
 owners,credi
tors,regul
ators a
n d t
, ax aut
hor
iti
es.
 
Cost
 account
ing was
 t
h e f
irst
 mani
fest
ati
on of 
the cur
rent
 management
 account
ing syst
em .Cost
 accou
nti
ng 
was
 
devel
oped t
o f
ill
 a need generat
ed by t
he f
ina
n ci
al r
epor
ting pr
ocess. Cost
s had t
o be al
locat
ed so t
hat
 
pr
oduct
—rel
ated 
expendi
u res 
t coul
d be 
separat
ed 
bet
ween 
cost
 of 
goods 
sol
d and i
nvent
ory The 
emphasi
. s was
 on 


ull
y a
ll
oca
ting
 al

 cos
ts 
in 
n 
a ob
jec
tive 
nd
a  
unambi
guous
 wa
y.Peopl
e 
debat
ed 
over
 whi
ch 
all
oca
tion 
mehod 
t was
 
more“accur
ate” or
 more“f
air,
” but
 few doubt
ed t
hat
 resear
ch coul
d event
ual
ly est
abl
ish t
he act
u al
 cost
s of 
a 

gi
ven 
prod
uct
.Hor
ngr
en(
1975)r
efer
s 
to 
thi
s 
per
iod 
as 
the
 sea
rch 
for“
true
 cos
ts”or
 the
 ab
sol
ute
 tr
uth 
appr
oac
h. 
Duri
ng t
he 1
 950s a
n d 1
 960s, accou
ntnt
a s
 gr
adual
ly di
scover
ed t
hat
 pr
oduct
 cost
s, whi
ch had been 
const
ruct
ed 
for
 inanci
f al r
epor
ting 
pur
p oses,were 
bei
ng 
taken 
seri
ousl
y by operat
ing 
execut
ives Execut

.ves 
wer
e 
usi
ng 
h e 
t cost
 of 
a pr
oduct
,as 
comput
ed 
by 
account
ant
s… W i
th 
a gr
eat
er 
real
izat
ion of 
these 
int
em al
 uses
 of 
cost
 
accou
nti
ng dat
a … One coul
d now t
hink of 
recordi
ng cos
t dat
a f
o r i
nternal
 pur
p oses
 in a 
m anner
 di
fer
ent
 f
rom 

hat
 us
ed 
for
 ext
ernal
 pur
poses… No 
uni
que 
cost
 assi
gnment
 was 
equal
ly 
rel
evant
 or
f  
all
 deci
sions . Thi
s was
 h e 

st
art
 of 
management
 account
ing,whi
ch emphasi
zes
 cos
t al
locat
ion f
or 
int
ernal
 deci
sions and cont
rol
 rat
h er
 tha
n 

or
f  
inanc
f ial
 r
epor
ti
ng.Hor
ngr
en(
1 
975
)ref
ers
 t
o t
his
 us
er-
ori
ent
ed 
or 
deci
sion.
model
 appr
oac
h t
o cos
t 
acco
nt
u i
ng 
as
 he 
t condi
tional
-trut
h appr
oach;t
hat
 is,t
rut
h depends
 on 
how 
the 
cost
 assi
gnm ent
 wi
ll 
be 
used . Thi
s approach 
wi
ll 
be 
feat
ured 
throughout
 the 
book.
” 

Fi
ve 
years
 aft
er 
the 
book was
 publ
ished,Kapl
an 
n d 
a his
 col
leagues 
chal
lenged t
he 
tradi
tional
 common 
view . 

They sai
d t
he st
art
ing poi
nt of ma
n agement
 account
ing shoul
d be pushed back t
o 1
920s because “By 1
, 925 
vi
rtual
ly al
l ma
n agement
 accou
n ti
ng 
pract
ices
 used t
oday 
had 
been devel
oped” On t

l1e ot
her
 ha
n d,si
nce 1
 930s,
 
“cos
t accou
nti
ng has
 los
t i
ts rel
evance t
o cost
 ma
n agement
”.“Today’
s management
 account
ing i
nfor
m at
ion . 

dr
iven 
by 
the 
procedur
es 
n d 
a cycl
e of 
the 
orga
nizat
ion’
s inanci
f al 
report
ing sys
tem i
s t
oo 

,ate,t
oo 
aggregat
ed,and 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eva
luat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phas
es 
in 
the
 Devel
opment
 of 
M anagement
 Account
i 


oo 
dis
tort
ed 
to 
be 
rel
evant
 for 
manager
s’pl
n ni
a ng 
n d 
a cont
rol
 deci
sions.
’’
 

f we caref
ull
y read 
Homgren’
s vi
ew 
on t
he hi
stor
ical
 phases 
of 
management
 account
ing,ci
ted 
in Kapl
n’
a s
 
bOOk i
n 1982,t
hen i
t i
s qui
te obvi
ous t
h at
 Kapl
an et
 a
l ar
e not
 the f
irst
 one t
o argue t
h at
 si
nce
 the 1930s
 t
h e 
accou
ntn g 
i resea
r chers
 n d 
a pract
iti
oners
 put
 much emphas
is 
on t
he f
inanci
al accou
n t
ing pr
inci
ple sys
tem,whi
ch 
had i
ts i
mpact
s on i
nter
nal
 funct
ion of accou
n t
ing i
nfor
mat
ion,l
eadi
ng t
o t
he “i
rrel
eva
n ce” of accou
nti
ng 


nfo
rma
ti
on t
o mana
gement
 ne
eds
.Act
ual
ly j
ust
 bec
aus
e of
 thi
s vi
ew,t
he“
condi
ti
onal
 tr
uth c
it
r e
ion”i
r s 

ntr
oduced.whi
ch r
equi
res“di
fer
ent
 deci
sion—maki
ng 
uses
 di
ferent
 cost
 inf
ormat
ion”,because 
he di
t ference 
in 
deci
sion—
maki
ng i
s,mos
t i
mport
ant
ly,t
he di
ffer
ence bet
ween out
side i
nves
tors’deci
sion—
maki
ng and i
nsi
de 

manager
s ,deci
sion.maki
ng.The di
ference i
n vari
ous
 int
er
n al
 deci
sion-
maki
ng and cont
rol
ling i
s secondar
y.I
n 
0l
mer
 wor
ds.t
he 
n de
u rst
n di
a ng 
hat
t  t
he 
inf
ormat
ion 
sys
tem 
bas
ed 
sol
ely 
on 
ina
f n ci
al 
acco
unt
ing 
pr
inci
ple
 ca
nnot
 
support
 t
h e needs of i
nter
nal
 ma
n agement
 had pushed f
o rwa
r d t
he set
up of t
oday’
s ma
n agement
 accou
n t
ing 

syst
em .
 

n r
e vi
ewi
ng t
hose
 chal
lenges
 to t
radi
tional
 thi
nki
ng i
n hi
stor
y,we bel
ieve
 that
 besi
des emphasi
zing t
hat
 
management
 account
ing 
coul
d no l
onger 
sol
ely be
 bas
ed 
on 
inanci
f al r
e port
 inf
orm at
ion a
n d 
it 
had 
to 
be 
cha
n ged 

o s
ati
sfy 
h e 
t needs
 ofmanagement
,Re&vance 
Lost
 al
so expressed 
the 
fol
lowi
ng 
ideas:
 


1)Se
t 
up 
a ma
nage
ment
 ac
count
ing 
inf
oma
r t
ion 
sys
tem 
whi
ch 
is
 i
nde
penden
t of
 ina
f nci
al 
acc
ount
ing
 sys
tem.
 
Si
nce t
he 1950s.whi
le i
t was
 emphasi
zed that
 ther
e wer
e diferences i
n i
nfor
m at
ion char
act
er
ist
ics
 bet
ween 
management
 accou
nti
ng a
n d f
ina
n ci
al account
ing s
yst
ems,al
most
 al
l or
gani
zat
ions had col
lect
ed management
 


cco
nt
u i
ng 
inf
ormat
ion
 fr
om 
ina
f nci
al
 ac
count
ing 
sys
tems
,wi
th 
cer
tai
n ad
jus
tme
nts
 bas
ed 
on 
manage
ment
 ne
eds
 

suc
h as
 di
st
ingui
shi
ng 
bet
wee
n va
ria
ble
 cos
t nd 
a ixed
f  cos
t,C
Oml
non 
cos
t a
nd 
spe
ciic
f  
cos
t,t
aki
ng 
int
o a
ccount
 

unk 
cos
t nd
a  
oppor
tuni
ty 
cos
t,et
c.)
.Ka
plan 
nd
a  
his
 col
lea
gues
 want
ed 
to 
bui
ld 
w o 
t set
s of 
sys
tems
 compl
ete
ly 

ndependent
 of 
each ot
her
 to ser
ve sepa
r at
e goal
s respect
ivel
y.That
 was why t
hey vi
ewed 
highl
y h e pr
t e-1920s
 
pr
act
ice.At
 t
hat
 ti
me 
mana
geme
nt 
acc
ount
ing 
sys
tem 
and 
ina
f nci
al 
acc
ohnt
ing 
sys
tem 
wer
e t
wo 
sepa
rat
e s
yst
ems
. 
However
,aRer 1
 930s,t
he concept
 of 
cost
 account
ing l
inked t
he bal
ance sheet
 a
n d i
ncome s
tat
ement
 toget
her
, 
made i
t possi
ble 
h at
t  int
er
n al
 a
n d ext
er
n al
 ser
vices 
used t
he 
same i
nfor
m at
ion 
syst
em .Kapl
an 
n d 
a his
 col
leag
u es
 
admi
tted t
h at
 the s
ingl
e sha
r ed s
yst
em was
 reasonabl
e at
 that
 ti
me,but
 they hoped t
h e r
a pi
dly devel
oped 


nfor
mat
ion 
technol
ogy 
woul
d al
low 
it 
to 
be 
cha
n ged.
 


2)Look f
or i
nnova
tions
 in 
pra
cti
ce.Anot
her
 re
ason
 tha
t J
ohns
on and
 Ka
plan 
viewed 
the
 ma
nage
ment
 
accou
nti
ng pr
act
ice bef
ore 1
 920s f
avorabl
y was t
hat
 techni
que pr
ogres
s a
n d i
n ovat
ions
 wer
e al
l f
rom 

pr
act
iti
oners,not
 schol
ars.No 
mat
ter
 whet
her 
in 
ea
rly 
text
ile 
mil
l,rai
lway,st
eel
 pl
nt
a 。met
al 
processi
ng f
act
ory,or
 

ater
 in DuPont
 a
n d GE,i
t was engi
neers,ent
erpri
ser
s and ma
n ager
s who brought
 about
 tech
n ol
ogy pr
ogr
ess.
 
ARer
 1 
930s,schol
rs 
a became t
he domi
nant
 force t
o devel
op 
theor
y n d 
a met
hods.Rel
evance 
Lost
 cr
iti
cizes 
hem 

ser
iousl
y h at
t  they l
ost
 touch wi
th 
h e needs
t  in 
real
ity.Accor
ding t
o t
he case st
udy t
radi
tion 
of 
Har
var d 
Busi
ness 
School
,as
 wel
l s 
a h e f
t iel
d st
u dy 
m et
hod 
whi
ch 
Kapl
an 
act
ivel
y advocat
ed i
n t
he 
begi
ning 
of 
1 
980s,Kapl
an 
n d 

is
h  col
leag
u es hoped t
o f
ind new met
hods f
rom pract
ice t
o s
uppo ̄ Amer
ica
n  ma
n uf
act
ure t
o deal
 wi
h gl
t obal
 
comp.
eti
tion,t
o cha
n ge 
he 
t siuat
t ion 
that
 Ameri
ca
n compa
nies
 fol
lowed 
Japanes
e exper
iences 
step 
by 
step,a
s hey 

ad
h  do
ne s
inc
e 1
970s.At
 t
hat
 ti
me,i
nova
tive
 me
thods
 li
ke“
act
ivi
ty—
bas
ed cos
ti
ng'
’(ABe)an
d"ba
lnce
a d 

cor
eca
rd”were 
about
 to 
emer
ge 
n d 
a Rel
evance 
Lost
 was
 the 
irs
f t cal
l or 
f them.
 

t i
s n de
u st
r a
nda
ble 
ha
t t
 in 
order
 to 
clea
n t
he 
way
 or
f  
in ovat
ion,t
o over
come
 he
t  
ine
rti
a f
rom 
pr
act
it
ione

r 。 

Johnson a
n d Kapl
n  had t
a o make some st
rong “over
tum i
ng t
radi
tion” comment
s.But
 from poi
nt of 
view of 

academi
c r
esear
ch,t
her
e must
 be some gener
all
y accept
ed cri
ter
ia f
or cl
aimi
ng a new di
sci
pli
ne has f
orm ed . 

4 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Ev a1

uat

ion o fSeveral
. . .
 Phases
. .
 in 
the 

Dev el

opment
. .
 ofM anagement
. . .
 Account
. .
ing 
. . . . . . . . . —
. — . — — — — — —

The
se c
rit
eia
r  i
ncl
ude
 pr
ope
rly-
def
ine
d bou
nda
rie
s wi
th r
elat
ed s
ubj
ect
 f
iel
ds,t
he s
peci
ic
f  me
thodol
ogy a
nd 

ubj
ect
s of 
the
 new 
dis
cipl
ine
,and a
s a
n appl
ied 
sub
ject
,it
s ba
sic
 conc
ept
s a
nd 
met
hods
 shoul
d be
 gene
ral
ly 
accept
ed 
n d 
a widel
y appl
ied 
by 
pract
iti
oners
 to cer
tai
n l
eve1.Therefor
e,t
h e aut
h or
s of 
hi
t s 
paper 
bel
ieve 
that
 the 

radi
tional
 vi
ew 
h at
t  management
 accou
nti
ng 
was 
for
med 
in 1950s 
is 
fact
—based 
and 
val
id.
 

3.Eval
uat
e t
he 
Phas
e up 
to 
the 
End 
of 
1980s 

As
 me
nti
one
d a
bove,j
udgi
ng by t
he n
umbe
r of
 newl
y de
vel
ope
d t
echni
cal
 met
hods
 of
 ma
nagement
 
accou
nti
ng i
n t
his
 pha
s e,Kapl
n  a
a n d hi
s col
leagues consi
dered i
t t
he st
agnant
 phase i
n t
h e devel
opment
 of 
ma
n agement
 account
ing.But
 Professor
 Scapens
 bel
ieves 
h at“Over
t  the past
 for
ty 
years
 management
 accou
nti
ng 

has 
devel
ope
d as
 a 
pract
ical
 ai
d t
o bus
ines
s a nage
m r
s nd 
a a
s a
 subj
ect
 for 
aca
demic
 te
achi
ng 
nd 
a res
ea
rch”.I
n hi
s 
book Management Account
ing.
"A Re vie
w o f Conte
mporary Develo
pment,he revi
ewe
d a
nd summar
ized 
management
 accou
n ti
ng st
udi
es dur
ing t
his
 per
iod i
n det
ail
.Based 
on t
he mat
er
ial
 provi
ded 
by Rel
evance 
Lost
 

nd A Re
a viw  o
e f Cont
empor
ar
y De
vel
opment
 ,we
 ca
n s
ee i
t i
s t
he hi
stor
ica
l pha
se whe
n r
esea
rcher
s an
d 
pr
act
iti
oner
s gradual
ly deepen t
hei
r u
n der
stand
ing of t
he t
heoret
ical
 ba
sis a
n d pract
ical
 devel
opmen
t rul
es of 
management
 accou
nti
ng.The hi
stor
y of 
devel
opment
 of 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng i
s consi
stent
 wi
h  t
t h e 
process
 

peopl
e gradual
ly 
underst
and 
it.Bel
ow,we 
ivi
d de 
hi
t s 
per
iod 
int
o t
w o 
sub*
per
iods
 n d 
a provi
de 
a br
ief 
sur
vey.
 
3,
1 From 1950s t
o the Begi
nni
ng of 1970s:The Ef
fort 
to Bui
ld‘
‘Cl
oser 
to Real
ity’
’Deci
sion-making 
M odel
s 
The 
st
u di
es 
in 1
 950s- 1
 970s 
had 
recei
ved 
most
 cr
iti
cism,as“wa
ste 
of 
ti
me"--
-cr
eat
ing 
man y 
model
s wi
th 
no 
appl
icat
ion 
in 
pract
ice.However
,we 
bel
ieve 
thi
s peri
od 
has
 a de 
m its 
his
tor
ical
 cont
ribut
ion.
 

In 
an 
ea
rli
er 
devel
opment
 st
age,m
a nagement
 accou
n t
ing 
knowl
edge 
syst
em 
had 
not
 onl
y accu
m ul
ated 
lot
s of 
management
 and 
cont
rol
ling 
tool
s whi
ch 
wer
e based 
on 
ina
f n ci
al accou
n ti
ng 
inf
ormat
ion 
n d 
a wer
e cr
eat
ed 
bef
ore 

went
iet
h cent
ury ,but
 al
so adopt
ed mi
croeconomi
c model
s a
n d met
hods based on m
a r
ginal
 anal
ysi
s.Yet
,th ose 
model
s wer
e si
mpl
iied,bas
f ed on l
inea
r  rel
at
ionshi
ps and cer
tai
nty assumpt
ions,t
her
efore t
h ey were obvi
ousl
y 

not
 consi
stent
 wi
th 
real
ity.Fr
om 1
 950s
 to t
h e begi
nni
ng of 1
 970s,t
o get
 the deci
sion—
maki
ng model
s cl
oser
 to 

eal
ity,schol
rs
a  had expa
n ded t
heor
eti
cal
 bases,i
ntr
oduci
ng 
new model
s wi
th revi
sed ass
umpt
ions— non—
linea
r 


elat
ionshi
p,u
n cert
aint
y,pr
obabi
lit
y di
str
ibut
ion of r
andom vari
abl
es, s
tat
ist
ical
 met
h ods
 an d compl
ica
ted 
oper
ati
ona
l research t
ech
n i
ques.M a
n y schol
rs
a  wi
h  mat
t h  a
n d engi
neer
ing backg
r ou
n d,i
ncl
udi
ng R.Kapl
n 

hi
msel
f,ent
ered 
thi
s f
iel
d,so ma
n agement
 account
n g 
i resear
ch 
reached 
its 
high 
tide,pr
oduci
ng 
man y 
compl
ica
ted 

de
cis
ion—
maki
ng mode
ls a
nd r
ese
rc
a h pa
pes,s
r ome
 of
 them (
1i
ke e
conomi
c i
nvent
or
y q
uant
it
y,l
ine
ar 
pr
ogr
ammi
ng)ca
n be
 ou
fnd 
in 
text
books
 nd 
a prof
ess
ion
al 
qua
liica
f tion 
exa
nls
. 

t 
is 
a c
ommon 
vie
w t
hat
 in 
middl
e 1
 
960s
 modem 
manage
ment
 t
echni
que
s(i
ncl
udi
ng 
ope
rat
ions
 res
ea
rch)
 
was
 ext
remel
y popul
r .But
a  a decade 
lt er
a ,appa
ren
tly 
they 
had 
been 
compl
etel
y forgot
ten 
by 
busi
ness
 managers.
 
Ref
lect
ing 
upon 
hi
t s
 epi
sode,i
n a
n ef
for
t t
o l
ink 
theor
y2 a
n d 
pract
ice 
mor
e cl
osel
y ma
n y 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng  .

st
udies
 swi
tched 
to 
use quest
ion ai
re s
urvey i
nfor
mati
on a
n d 
tried 
to f
ind out
 how vari
ous
 tech
nical
 met
hods 
of 
ma
n agement
 accou
n ti
ng 
had 
been 
appl
iedt
o rea
l wor
ld 
n d 
a whet
her 
h ey 
t had 
been 
usef
ul 
or 
not.I
t ca
n be 
seen 
as 
h e 
t begi
nni
n g 
that
 infor
m at
ion 
economi
cs 
was 
int
roduced 
int
o management
 accou
n ti
ng.
 


t i
s cl
ear
 that
 ther
e woul
d be 
no expa
n ded model
ing st
udi
es i
f t
her
e wer
e no si
mpl
iied model
f s f
irs
t.a
n d 


 The
 two 
books even 
, thr
ough 
havi
ng 
difer
ent
 focus
es 
and 
opi
nions
,pr
ovi
de 
simi
lar 
his
tor
ical
 mat
er
ial
 
‘Ma
inl
y t
he 
tec]
ani
cal
 met
hods
 in 
text
books.
 


 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phas
es 
in 
the
 De
vel
opm e
nt 
of 
Ma 
nagem en tAccou n ti

. . .   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................— —  


her
e woul
d be 
no“coSt
 and 
benef
it”t
radi
ng—of 
consi
der
ati
ons
 in 
appl
ying 
management
 account
ing 
techni
ques
 to 
pr
act
ice i
f t
her
e wer
e no 
compl
icat
ed 
model
s creat
ed 
n d 
a then 
aba
n doned earl
ier.Thi
s hi
stor
ical
 st
age up t
o t
lle 
begi
nni
ng of 1970s
 made i
ts cont
ibut
r ion t
o t
he devel
opment
 of 
management
 account
ing,and can’
t be cut
 of
f 


rom 
its
 hi
stor
y. 
3.
2 From 
1970s
 to 1980s
,Inf
orm at
ion 
Cost
 and 
Behavi
or 
Studi
es 
in 
M anagement
 Accounti
ng 
Af
ter
 ret
rospect
 in 
the 1
 970s,i
t was general
ly 
accept
ed t
hat“Ther
e i
s a l
ag 
bet
ween t
heor
y a
n d 
pract
ice I
n 

ma
nage
ment
 acc
ount
ing”
.Sca
pens(1
 
99 
1)poi
nte
d out
 t
hat
 t
he 
exper
iences
 i
n t
he 
pas
t t
wo 
deca
des
 di
rec
ted 
to 
two 
appr
oaches:t
he 
heoret
t ical
 st
udy approach 
and 
the 
pract
ical
 st
udy 
appr
oach 
whi
ch 
we 
can 
go 
along 
wit
h t
o sol
ve 

h e 
t probl
em.
 
Bas
ed on aut
hors’ u
n der
standi
ng, t
he so—cal
led t
h eor
eti
cal
 sm dy approach was
 the cont
inuati
on of 

deci
sion—
maki
ng model
 of t
he 1
 950s
 an d 1
 960s.Suppor
ted by i
nformat
ion economi
cs and agent
 t
h eor
y,t
his 


ppr
oac
h bui
lds
 a 
mat
hema
tica
l mode
l t
o s
ele
ct 
acco
nt
u i
ng 
sys
tem 
by 
imi
ta
ting 
the
 pr
oces
s a
 de
cis
ion-
make
r(a
n 

nfor
mat
ion 
eva
lua
tor
)is
 conf
ront
ed 
wih 
t a
 se
lect
ion
 of
 acc
ou
nti
ng 
sys
tems
,eac
h s
ubj
ect
 t
o nce
u rtai
n c
ost
s nd
a  
benef
its.A 
gener
al concl
usi
on of 
infor
m at
ion 
economi
cs 
is“whet
her
 one cost
 asses
sment
 al
ter
nat
ive i
s pr
efer
red 

o a
n ot
her
 is a
n  i
nher
ent
ly cont
ext
ual
 quest
ion”.I
t means t
hat
 appr
opri
ate accou
n t
ing t
echni
ques can be 
det
ermi
ned onl
y i
n t
he cont
ext
 of 
h e deci
t sion si
u at
t ion 
n d 
a in 
par
ticul
ar,by ref
erence t
o t
he s
peci
ic cos
f ts a
n d 
benef
its 
of 
he 
t infor
m at
ion f
or 
h at
t  deci
sion.Thi
s i
s h e“cos
t tly 
trut
h”approach.“Cost
ly 
trut
h’’i
mpl
ies
 that
 even 
if 


rut
h ca
n be
 at
tai
ned(
i.
e.a
 pr
efe
rred 
acco
nt
u i
ng s
yst
em ca
n be
 ide
nti
ied)i
f t wi
ll
 va
ry f
rom 
one
 si
uat
t ion 
to 
n ot
a her
 ac
cor
ding
 to
 the
 cos
ts and
 be
neit
f s
 of
 inf
orma
tion.Tr
uth,i
n t
his
 sens
e,i
s t
he 
nor
mat
ivel
y det
ermi
ned 
accou
nti
ng 
syst
em… t
he 
syst
em 
hat
t  ought
 to 
be 
used。gi
ven 
all
 the 
rel
eva
nt 
cost
s n d 
a benef
its
 infor
mat
ion.
 

An i
mpor
ta
nt cont
ibut
r ion of i
nfor
m at
ion economi
cs t
o ma
n agem ent
 accou
nti
ng res
earch i
s t
hat
 it
 

ncou
rage
s r
ese
rcher
a s t
o di
sti
ngui
sh i
nfor
mat
ion 
sys
tem 
sel
ect
ion 
rom 
f inf
or
m at
ion s
yst
em 
des
ign.Pr
evi
ous
ly 

esear
cher
s had 
focused 
excl
usi
vel
y on 
the 
desi
n  i
g ssue,whi
ch 
had pr
oduced a 
ser
ies 
of 
new a
n d 
mor
e n d 
a more 
compl
icat
ed t
echni
ques.However
,the knowl
edge of 
the i
nfor
mat
ion syst
em sel
ect
ion l
ed som e res
ear chers
 to 
expl
ore 
he cost
t s and 
benef
its
 of 
appl
ying 
cer
tai
n management
 accou
nti
ng t
ech
niques
 to pract
ice 
and,es
peci
all
y, 


o exami
ne t
he r
elat
ive advant
ages
 of si
mpl
e a
n d compl
icat
ed model
s.Thei
r wor
k i
ndi
cates t
hat
 no gener
al 
pr
escr
ipt
ions
 exi
st.Thi
s concl
usi
on sugges
ts t
hat
 the t
radi
tional
 syst
em of ma
n agement
 accou
nti
ng does
 not
 
necessar
ily 
provi
de 
he 
t basi
s or
f  
best
 pr
act
ice,al
though 
it 
may 
provi
de 
tech
niques
 hat
t  car
l be 
usef
ul 
n der
u  cer
tai
n 
ci
rcumst
n ces.So 
a pract
iti
oner
s shoul
d not
 be cri
tici
zed 
for
 fai
ling 
to 
impl
ement
 cer
tai
n met
h ods 
recommended 
by 
schol
ars.
 

The 
inf
orm ati
on 
economi
cs 
model
 is
 a 
nor
mati
ve model
,an d 
its 
pur
pose i
s t
o show 
how i
nfor
mat
ion 
sys
tem 

shoul
d be 
sel
ect
ed.So even 
its
 mai
n advocat
ors
 al
so admi
t t
hat
 ther
e are t
oo many vari
abl
es 
to 
be 
ident
iied 
f n d 

h e 
t model
 is 
too compl
icat
e t
o be 
han dl
ed.As
 the  oft
consequence  he compari

son of 
simpl
iied and 
f compl
icat
ed 
● 
t 

model
s i
n t
er
m of 
cos
ts 
n d 
a benef
its,t
he subsequent
 resear
ches
 become mor
e concer
ned 
wih 
t expl
anat
ion 
of 
he 

speci
ic pract
f ices,r
ather
 tha
n  m aki
ng normat
ive st
atement
s.I
t i
s t
he pr
act
ical
 st
udy appr
oach t
o deal
 wi
th t
he 
phenomenon 
that“ma
n agement
 account
ing 
h eor
t y l
oses
 the 
touch 
wit
h pr
act
ice”.
 

The 
search 
for 
expl
n at
a ion 
to 
man agement
 accou
nti
ng 
pract
ical
 behavi
or 
represent
s a 
fundamental
 change 
in 
management
 accou
n ti
ng research,l
eadi
ng f
urt
her
mor
e t
o a new school
 of ma
n agement
 accou
nti
ng.Pr
evi
ousl
y 

ma
nag
eme
nt 
acco
unt
ing
 schol
ars
 spec
ial
izi
ng 
in 
qua
nti
at
t i
ve 
study 
wer
e mai
nly 
conce
rned 
wih 
t de
cis
ion-
maki
ng 
pr
ogr
ess.Si
nce 1980s
 pr
ocess
 cont
rol
 has
 become t
h e cent
ral
 issue.Resear
chers
 real
ized t
hey needed t
o use 


mpi
ica
r l s
udi
t es 
to 
tes
t whe
ther
 obs
erve
d phe
nomena(
e.g.c
etai
r n me
hods
t  we
re 
used 
and 
he
t y 
prod
uce
d ce
rtai
n 

6 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Seve
ral
 Phas
es 
in 
the
 De
vel
opme
nt 
of 
M anagement
 Account
ing 


fec
ts)we
re r
elat
ed t
o ce
rta
in s
pec
iic
f  c
ircumst
ance
s.The
y bega
n t
o us
e s
urve
y,f
iel
d or
 cas
e s
tud
y mor
e 

requent
ly,a
n d 
start
ed 
to 
conduct
 behavi
oral
 exper
iment
s t
o expl
ore 
issues
 evoked 
by 
fhe 
agency 
mode1
. 
To 
summari
ze。on 
one ha
n d 
in 
thi
s per
iod 
there 
wer
e cont
inued s
tudi
es on 
deci
sion—
maki
ng 
model
s based 
on 

expanded t
heor
eti
cal
 basi
s of 
economi
cs,wi
th 
int
roduct
ion of 
he 
t concept
 of 
inf
ormat
ion cost
 int
o mathemat
ical
 

model
s.wh
ich 
lat
er 
bec
ame
 he
t  
bas
is 
of 
na
a l
yti
cal
 sudi
t es.At
 t
he 
san
le 
ime,bec
t aus
e nor
mat
ive
 heor
t y pr
edi
cted
 
conti
ngent
 fact
ors of 
deci
sion 
maki
ng,whi
ch l
ed t
o empi
ical
r  test
 of 
behavi
or 
st
u dy,t
he f
ocus of 
management
 
account
ing 
st
u dy expanded 
from 
deci
sion—maki
n g 
to 
behavi
or-cont
rol
ling,provi
ding 
a basi
c pl
atf
orm f
or 
today’
s 


ich a
n d col
orf
ul m
a nagement
 accou
nti
ng empi
ical
r  resear
ch.So ma
n agement
 account
ing st
udy i
n t
his
 st
age 
pl
ayed 
h e 
t rol
e i
n l
inki
ng 
st
ages
 bef
ore 
n d 
a aft
er 
it.
 

4.Hi
stori
cal
 Eval
uat
ion 
of 
M anagement
 Account
ing 
since 
1990s
 


n t
hei
r Assessi
ng 
Empi
rical
 Resear
ch i
n Management
 Account
ing.
"A Val
ue-
based 
M anagement
 Per
spect
ive 


200 
1)
,Ch
ris
tophe
r D.I
tt
ner
 and Da
vid F.La
rcke
r poi
nted
 out
 tha
t“t
he pas
t t
wo dec
ades
 ha
ve wi
tne
sse
d 
consi
der
abl
e cha
n ge i
n m a
n agement
 accou
nting pract
ice”.Begi
nni
ng i
n t
h e mi
ddl
e of 1
 980s,ma
n agement
 
accou
nti
ng was no l
onger
 conf
ined t
o pl
n ni
a ng a
n d cont
rol
ling,i
t was
 more concerned wi
th pr
ocess,wi
h 

reduci
ng r
esour
ce wa
s te,wi
th non-
fma
n ci
al a
s pect
s s
uch a
s  qual
ity,operat
ions
 a
n d ha
n dl
ing.By 
the mi
ddl
e of 


 990s,ma
n agement
 accou
n t
ing swi
tched i
ts focuses
 from t
radi
tion
al fi
nanci
al deci
sion-maki
ng anal
yses
 an d 
budget
 cont
rol
 to st
rat
egi
c met
hods.I
n t
his
 phas ̄a set
 of“new ”m
a nagement
 account
ing t
echni
ques
 were 

ntr
oduced,wi
h  f
t ocus
 on 
val
ue addi
ng,i
ncl
udi
ng 
the 
devel
opment
 of 
bal
n ced 
a scor
eca
rds
 whi
ch 
coul
d serve as 
he l
t eadi
ng a
n d l
aggi
ng i
ndicat
ors
 for
 econom
i c success
, economi
c val
ue meas
ures
 that
 ar
e cl
imed t
a o 
appr
oxi
mat
e sha
r ehol
der
 ret
urns, a
n d st
rat
egi
c ma
n agement
 accou
nting syst
em s
 that
 pr
ovi
ded i
nfor
mati
on 

concer
ning 
he 
t cur
rent
 n d 
a expect
ed 
stat
es 
of 
strat
egi
c n cer
u ta
int
ies.
 


tt
ner& La
rcker。
(2001
)bel
ieve
 that
 pa
ral
lel
ed t
o de
vel
opme
nt of ma
nageme
nt a
ccou
nti
ng pr
act
ice
, 
management
 accou
nti
ng 
resea
rch 
si
nce 1
 990s 
has 
devel
oped 
in 
he 
t sam e 
directi
on.Empi
ical
r  st
udi
es 
of 
budget
ing 
n d f
a ina
n ci
al 
cont
rol
 pr
act
ices
 re gi
a ying 
way 
to 
res
earch 
on 
a va
riet
y of‘
‘new”t
echni
ques 
such 
as 
act
ivi
ty—based 
cos
ting,t
h e bal
anced scoreca
r d,st
rat
egi
c account
ing a
n d contr
ol syst
ems,a
n d economi
c val
ue per
for
m a
n ce 
m easures.
  ‘
 

Thus
 it
 can 
be seen 
that
 Rel
evance 
Lost
 n deed 
i had 
impor
ta
nt i
nf
luence 0n 
man agement
 account
ing 
pra cti
ce 

n dt
a h eor
eti
cal
 st
u dy.
 


tt
ner&Lar
cke
r(2
00 
1)poi
nte
d o
ut 
mana
gemen
t ac
cou
nti
ng 
sudi
t es 
in 
the
 phas
e ha
d t
hre
e not
abl
e f
eat
ures
. 
Fi
rst
,the pr
act
ice-or
iented nat
ure of 
hi
t s r
esear
ch,whi
ch mea
ns managem ent
 accou
nti
ng r
esea
rchers
 had pai
d 
gr
eat
 at
tent
ion 
to 
he
t  
cit
r i
cis
m i
n t
he 
198
0s 
n d 
a 1990s
…the‘
‘i
rrel
eva
nce
 ofmanage
ment
 acco
nt
u i
ng 
res
erch
a  to 
its
 
pr
act
ice”,a
n d 
they 
made ef
for
t t
o i
mpr
ove 
h e si
t tuat
ion.The 
second 
feat
ure,whi
ch 
is 
rel
ated 
to t
he 
irs
f t one 
n d 

mi
ght
 have
 shown 
the
 wea
knes
s of 
sudi
t es 
in 
thi
s phas
e,i
s ha
t t
 the
 tende
ncy 
of 
foc
uAng
 on 
pra
cti
ce 
lea
ds 
to 
he
t  
fadd
ish n
atur
e i
n ma
n agement
 accou
nti
ng 
lit
erat
ure.Many 
papem were 
purel
y mot
ivat
ed by t
he 
popul
ar l
evel
 of 
n 
a empi
ical
r  topi
c i
n commer
cial
 newspaper
s a
n d 
magazi
nes,wi
th l
itt
le efor
ts t
o put
 t
he pr
act
ice i
nto broader 
heoret
t ical
 backgr
oun d a
n d expl
ore t
he 
princi
ples 
n d r
a ules.The 
hi
t r
d feat
ure may have 
a l
onger
 hi
stor
y.Tha
t i
s, 

he
t  
dive
rsi
y 
t i
n s
ampl
ing,r
ese
rch 
a met
hods
,an d 
he
t or
ies
 us
ed 
by 
res
erche
a s,a
r re“ma
king 
it
 di
所cul
t 
to 
gener
ali
ze 

esul
ts 
rom 
f mana
geme
nt 
acc
ou
nti
ng 
sudi
t es”(
It
tne
r&Lar
cke
r,200
 1)
. 
Based on aut
h or
s’l
imi
ted obser
vati
on i
n r
ecent
 year
s,we don’
t compl
etel
y agr
ee wi
th It
n er& Larcker’
t s 

7 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phase
s i
n t
he 
Devel
opme
nt 
of 
M anage
ment
 Aeeount
in 

above 
argument
s and 
wil
l expl
ain 
bel
ow.
 

4.
1 Theoreti
cal
 St
udi
es 
Focus 
on 
Practi
cal
 Issues 
W e agr
ee wi
th t
he st
atement
 that
 management
 accounti
ng research i
n r
ecent
 yea
rs had r
elat
ed cl
oser
 to 
pr
act
ice,but
 we t
hink 
thi
s shoul
d not
 been s
een as
 si
mpl
y a r
esponsi
ve cor
rect
ion t
o cr
iti
cism.So f
ar we have 
descr
ibed 
he 
t phases
 of 
man agement
 account
ing 
devel
opment:si
mpl
iied 
f model
s・-

--
-compl
icat
ed 
model
s・
-・
--
・model
s 
wi
h 
t l
itt
le 
appl
icat
ions— r
efl
ecti
ons… cost
 n d 
a benef
it s
tudi
es— behavi
or 
studi
es,i
t i
s a 
process
 pursui
ng t
he 
goal
 
h at“t
t h eori
es gui
de,expl
ain a
n d predi
ct pr
a ct
ice”.Therefore f
ocusi
ng on empi
ical
r  iss
ues i
s not
 onl
y t
he 
nec
e ssar
y condi
tion for
 management
 account
ing t
heor
ies t
o pl
ay a r
ole i
n pr
act
ice,but
 al
so t
he basi
s f
or 
e searchers
r  to under
stn d a
a n d 
expl
ain t
h e 
behavi
or r
ules
 of 
management
 accou
n t
ing,t
o push 
for
war
d t
heoret
ical
 

udi
t es.The 
whol
e t
hing 
shoul
d be 
seen 
as 
pos
iti
ve 
rat
her
 tha
n passi
ve 
act
ion 
of 
academi
c ci
rcl
es.
 


n onr 
lit
er
ature 
search 
for 
empi
ical
r  sudi
t es i
n he 
t pas
t decade 
or 
so,we 
did s
ee 
that
 qui
te 
man y 
sudi
t es cover 


reas
 li
ke 
new 
manu
fact
uri
ng 
env ̄on
ment(
e.g.J
IT)
,new 
org
ni
a za
tion
 st
ruct
ure(
e.g.t
eamwor
k),n
ew 
tec
hni
que
 
met
hod(
e.
g.ac
ti
vit
y-ba
sed
 cos
tng,bal
i anc
ed s
cor
ecrd)a
a nd n
ew a
ccount
ng
i  f
iel
d(e.
g.cus
tome
r nd s
a uppl
ie
r 

cco
unt
ing)er
e.
.Ma
ny 
pape
rs 
used 
the“f
iel
d”met
hod 
nd 
a showe
d a
 ne
w l
ook 
in 
es
r ea
rch.Howev
e ̄a
 cl
ose 
look 
at 
he 
t pape
rs 
publ
is
hed 
in 
seve
ral
 l
eaingj
d our
nal
s wo
uld 
show 
hat
t  ma
ny 
oft
hos
e s
udi
t es on
 new 
topi
cs 
in 
a new 
envi
ronment
 st
illhadt
he 
sal
Tle 
concerns 
oforgani
zat
ionbehavi
ora
n d 
sti
llu
n dert
hei
nf
luence 
ofcont
iIl
gencyt
heor
y, 

nher
i it
ed 
from 
ea 
r whe
n a
gent
 heor
t y domi
nat
ed.Thos
e pa
er
p s
 ar
e conc
erne
d wi
h 
t he
t  i
nf
lue
nces
 of
 nt
i er
nal
 n d 

ext
ernal
 fact
ors 
of 
or
gani
at
z i
ons 
on 
he 
t sel
ect
ion 
of 
rnanagement
 cont
rol
ling 
sys
tems,t
ryi
ng 
to 
ind 
f the 
reasons 
why 

he
t  
same 
tec
hni
cal
 met
hods
 pr
oduc
e ife
d rent
 re
slt
u s
 n 
i di
fer
ent
 or
gani
zat
ions,r
at
her
 th
an 
to 
ind 
f a“bes
t me
ho
t d”
 

whi
ch 
can 
be 
appl
id 
o t
o a
ll 
orga
niza
ti
onal
 envi
onme
r nts
.As
 Ge
orge
 Fos
ter& S.Ma
rk 
Young(1
997)s
aid:“
Fr
om 
a 

esear
ch s
tandpoi
nt,a 
key r
ole 
is 
st
ill
 bui
ldi
ng 
h eor
t ies/
framewor
ks 
h at
t  expl
ain a
n d pr
edi
ct 
whi
ch f
irms 
wil
l adopt
 
sp
e ci
ic met
f hods.Academi
cs h
a ve mor
e f
ocus on 
under
lyi
ng f
orces
 afect
ing behavi
or 
than on 
he s
t h ort
-run ‘
ir
f e 
ight
f ing’t
hat
 occupi
es 
much 
time 
of 
management
 or
 on 
del
iver
ing 
shor
t-nn 
r benef
it 
as 
do 
many 
cons
ult
an ̄.
” 

‘Bui
ling 
d sou
n d 
heor
t y i
s one 
basi
s whi
ch 
separat
es 
academi
cs 
from 
cons
ult
nt
a s.Theor
y bui
ldi
ng 
n d 
a test
ing 

over
comes
 the cr
iti
cism 
of 
some 
pract
iti
oner
s t
hat
 acad
emi cs 
re mer
a ely 
scri
bes 
whose 
ask 
t is t
o docum ent
 wh
at 
pr
act
iti
oner
s do.
’’
 

Ther
e have 
been‘
't
rend-f
oll
owers”i
n t
heoret
ical
 st
udi
es i
n a
n y 
hist
ori
cal
 st
age,t
he 
phenomenon 
coul
d not
 

nf
iluenc
e he
t  
bea vi
h or 
ofl
eadi
ng 
peopl
e n d 
a cn’
a t
 bec
ome
 the
 symbol
ic 
fea
tur
e ofa
n y 
sta
ge.I
fwe
 sa
w a 
hot
 t
opi
c, 
be
for
e avi
h ng 
bee
n s
uf
ici
ent
ly 
sudi
t ed,was
 re
plac
ed 
by 
othe
rtopi
cs,i
t 
miht
g  
be 
due
 to
 the
 re
son 
a tha
t i
t 
was
 n 


mmat
ure 
iss
ue.In 
fact
。topi
cs 
like“budget
’’a
n d‘
‘per
for
man ce 
eval
uat
ion”had 
epeat
r edl
y become 
popul
r 
a t
opi
cs.
 

f onl
y one
 ki
nd 
of 
manage
ment
 act
ivi
ti
es 
exi
sts
 in 
prac
tic
e,cor
res
pondi
ng 
manage
ment
 me
hod 
t and 
bea vi
h or 
woul
d ai
r s
e di
fer
ent
 ques
tions
 acc
ordi
ng 
to 
cha
nges
 in
 envi
onme
r nt。a
n d 
in 
tur
n t
hos
e ques
tions
 wi
ll
 be
come
 the
 
concer
n of 
academi
a. 

4.
2 Empi
rical
 Studi
es 
Gui
ded 
by 
Theory 
Accor
ing 
d to our 
observat
ion,t
he past
 decade wi
tnessed a 
tend 
r hat
t  basi
c t
heor
ies
 become more
 a
n d mor
e 

mpor
tant
 i
n empi
ical
r  researches of 
management
 account
ing3 For 

exa
m pl
e,empi
ical
r  researches 
of 1
 980s
 were 
mai
nly ba
s ed on econom i
c t
heor
y  whi
ch had d
ificul
f ties
 in expl
aini
ng cert
ain phenomena Af
.ter t
at
h  ma
n y 
schol
ars wer
e s
eeki
ng for
 new approaches
 by i
nt
roduci
ng soci
ology,psychol
ogy,st
rat
egi
c management
 an d 


tru
ctur
e t
he
or
y.Ac
cor
ing 
d to 
Shi
els(
d 1
997)a
nd 
a t
abl
e i
n Sca
pens& Br
omwi
ch(
2001
),of
 al
l 
the 
paer
p s
 he
t y 


 W eca
nal
so 
seet
he 
samet
rendi
nfinanc
ialaccount
ingandma
nager
ialt
heor

. 


 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eval
uat
ion 
of 
Sever
al 
Phas
es 
in 
the
 Devel
opment
 of
 M anagement
 Account
ing 

were r
evi
ewi
ng,t
her
e were onl
y 1
 2% and 34% paper
s wi
h out
t  ident
iiabl
f e t
heor
eti
cal
 bases,i
n USA 
and UK 


espe
cti
vel
y(a
s s
hown 
in 
Tabl
e 1
). 
Tabl
e 1
  The
 Di
str
ibut
ion 
of 
Theori
es 

The 
per
cent
age
 ofpa
per
s us
ed 
theor
ies
  USA  % )
  UK (% )
 
Eco
nomi
cs  54  54  24  24 
Soci
olog
y  6 
Soci
aI t
heory  7
 
Conti
ngency t
heor
y  6
  6  20 

nst
itut
ionaI
 theor
y  4 
Cul
tur
al 
theor
y  3
 
Ps
ychol
ogy  l
0  l0  3
 
Ps
ychol
ogy 
and 
behavi
oraI
 sci
ence
  3
 
Or
gani
zat
ional
 behavi
or  l
2.5
 
Or
gani
zat
ion 
theor
y  9 
Pr
oducti
on  and  oper
ati
ons
  management
  (
or  oper
ati
ons
  l1
  265  . 3
  l6 
management
) 
St
rat
egi
c management
  3  2 
M anagement
 cont
rol
 theor
y  2
 
Hi
stor
y  0.
6 
Mi
scel
laneous
  3
 
None  1
2  34 

Thi
s t
rend
 re
minds
 us
 onc
e ag
ain 
ha
t t
 empi
ic
r al
 st
udi
es 
cannot
 be
 ca
rri
ed 
out
 wi
th 
jus
t a
 set
 of
 dat
a.To
 a 
gr
eat
 ext
ent
 the 
resul
t of 
empi
ical
r  research 
rel
ies
 on 
how 
wel
l 
researcher
s under
stand 
heor
t y and 
how 
stict
r ly t
hey 
compl
y wi
h resea
t r ch nor
m .W i
thout
 good t
rai
ning t
h ey Cal
l nei
ther 
bui
ld appropr
iat
e hypot
hes
es,nor
 expl
ain 
st
ati
sti
cal
 evi
dences
 convi
nci
ngl
y.Thi
s i
s ver
y i
mpor
tant
 to 
Chi
nese schol
ars
 in a 
time 
when empi
ical
r  resea
r ches
 
become s
o popul
ar.
 

4.
3 The 
Wide 
Range 
of 
Topi
cs 
in 
Em pi
rical
 Research 
As
 mor
e and 
more empi
ical
r  st
udi
es have 
been conduct
ed,t
he r
ange 
of 
st
udy t
opi
cs i
s get
ting wi
der
.Bas
ed 
on 
the 
aut
hors’observat
ion,i
n recent
 yea
r s,t
h e 
diversi
ty 
in s
u dy 
t sampl
es,resear
ch 
methods
 and 
gui
ding 
theor
ies ,
 

n d 
a he
t  r
esul
ted 
var
iey 
t of
 indi
f ngs
 of 
he
t  
studi
es,ha
ve 
att
rac
ted
 mor
e at
tent
ion
 of
 re
sea
rcher
s of 
mana
geme
nt 
account
ing.Ther
e a
r e l
iterat
ures on t
his
 speci
ic phenomenon.Some schol
f ars
 tr
y t
o use cer
tai
n f
ram ework t
o 


nteg
rat
e di
fer
ent
 res
ear
ch r
esul
ts.For
 exa
mpl
e,I
tt
ner& Lar
cke
r(200
 1)put
 a g
reat
 ma
ny l
it
era
ur
t es
 int
o a
 
“val
ue-
bas
ed 
management
 fr
amewor
k”.Some schol
rs
a  t
ry 
to under
stn d t
a he di
ficul
ties
 of 
int
eg
r at
ing di
ferent
 

u di
t es and f
ind t
he way t
o overcome t
he di
ficul
ties,t
hrough a
n al
yzi
ng di
ferent
 un derl
ying t
h eori
es a
n d 

met
hod
ologi
es 
of 
dife
rent
 genr
es.For
 exa
m pl
e,Ma
rk 
A.Co
val
eski
 et
 al(
2003)anal
yze
 budge
ting 
res
ea
rch 
in 

hre
e t
heo
ret
ical
 pe
rspect
ives(
eco
nomi
cs,ps
ychol
ogy
 and s
oci
ology)
,foc
usi
ng on i
mpor
tant
 si
mil
ri
a t
ies
 and 
di
fer
ences
 acr
oss
 per
spect
ives
 wi
th res
pect
 to t
he pr
imar
y resea
r ch quest
ion l
evel
s of anal
ysi

s,ass
umpt
it 
ns 
about
 at
r i
onal
ity 
n d 
a equi
libr
ium ,budget
ing 
n d non-
a budget
ing 
vari
abl
es a
n d causa1
, .model
 for
ms.They i
dent
ify 

our
 int
errel
ated 
crit
er
ia 
or
f  
sel
ect
ive 
int
egrat
ive 
res
earch.
 

On 
the 
ot
her
 ha
nd,Lukka& Gr
anl
n d(
u 2002)
,bor
rowi
ng 
from 
the
 te
rmi
nol
ogy 
of 
ine
f  ar
ts'di
sti
ng
uis
h t
hree
 
genr
es of 
ABC resea
r ch:consul
ting r
esear
ch,basi
c r
esea
r ch a
n d cr
iti
cal
 resea
r ch accord
i ng t
o t
h e i
, nter
est
s of 
knowl
edge,
 resea
r ch met
h ods,a
r gument
ati
on st
yles and r
es
, ul
ts of 
h ese genr
t es.They i
nsi
st t
hat
 enha
n ci
ng 
communi
cat
ion bet
ween 
var
ious
 resea
r ch 
cul
tures
 is
 a l
ong 
road 
requi
ring cha
n ges
 in t
he f
rames
 of 
ref
e:
rence of 

Th
?cit
reion s
r  the 
char
act
eri
sti
cs 
of 
wor
ks,r
ather
 tha
n t
he 
char
act
er
ist
ics
 of 
thei
r aut
hor
s.Some
 genr
es 
have 
rel
ati
vel
y cons
tant
 

m em bers
 through.
 
Bas
ed 
on 
Habe
rmans
’f】975)def
ini
ti
on.
 

9 
维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com

Eva
luat
ion 
of 
Several
 Phase
s i
n t
he 
Devel
opment
 of
 M anagement
 Ac
count
ing 

each 
par
ty,and 
most
 of 
all
,tol
erance 
and 
open mi
ndedness.
 
Some s
chol
ars t
ry t
o expl
ain reasons
 of 
the di
fer
ences
 through cl
assi
lyi
ng met
hods
 adopt
ed by di
fer
ent
 

wor
ks.For
 exa
mpl
e,J
ona
s Ge
rdi
n& J
n Gr
a eve(
200
4)pr
ovi
de a
 cl
ass
iica
f tor
y f
rame
wor
k i
n whi
ch 
difer
ent
 
for
ms of 
cont
ingency f
it 
are out
lined 
n d 
a h en di
t scuss
 t
h e ext
ent
 to whi
ch t
h e di
fer
ent
 f
orm s
 ca
n be r
elat
ed t
o 

each 
oth er
. 

Va
gneur& Pei
per
l(2000)c
ons
ider
 the
 val
idi
ty 
iss
ues
 cr
eat
ed 
by e
vol
uti
on i
n t
he c
once
ptua
liz
ati
on 
nd
a  
speci
icat
f ion 
of 
the r
eleva
nt 
var
iabl
es about
 the const
ruct
 of“per
for
m a
n ce 
eval
uat
ive s
tyl
e’’a
n d 
classi
fy 
hem 
t by 

cal
cul
ati
on 
type 
in 
order 
to 
underst
n d 
a and 
test
 h ei
t r oper
ati
onal
 di
fer
ences.
 

t i
s wort
h noti
ng t
hat
 in r
ecent
 years’empi
ical
r  researches,t
here ar
e more deep di
scussi
ons
 on r
elat
ion 
bet
ween 
fact
ors ,e.
g.,ma
n y 
art
icl
es 
test
 the 
hypot
hesi
s h at
t  besi
des
 two 
mai
n fact
ors
 of 
int
eres
t i
n a 
study,whet
her
 

her
t e i
s a
 hi
t r
d one
 pl
ayi
ng 
a r
ole
 of 
medi
ati
on 
or 
moder
ati
on.Some
 st
udi
es 
use
 st
ruc
ur
t al
 eq
uat
ion
 model(
SEM)
 

o t
est
 compl
ex 
rel
ati
ons
 bet
ween 
several
 vari
abl
es.There
 are 
also st
udi
es 
whi
ch 
n al
a yze 
and 
test
 the 
endogenous 
n d 
a exogenous cha
ract
ers
 of 
fact
ors
 in a st
udy i
n order t
o sea
r ch f
o r 
the knowl
edge of f
undamental
 pr
inci
ples
 

beneat
h i
nter
esti
ng 
phenomena.
 
W e 
bel
ieve,i
n t
he 
process
 of 
expa
n di
ng 
resea
r ch 
scope a
n d 
gai
ning 
mor
e k
n owl
edge,i
t i
s nat
ural
 to s
ee 
the 
di
ver
sit
y of 
resea
r ch met
h ods and r
esul
m.Based on 
accumul
ated 
of 
study 
resul
ts,we 
may 
be abl
e t
o summari
ze 
more 
fundament
al and gener
al k
n owl
edge.In 
hi
t s
 process,communi
cati
on among schol
ars and accumul
ati
on 
of 
empi
ical
r  evi
dence a
r e of great
 impor
tance.Chi
nese schol
ars shoul
d l
ear
n more about
 resea
r ch r
esul
ts a
n d 

experi
ences
 from for
eign schol
rs。and more act
a ivel
y part
ici
pat
e i
n i
nter
nat
ional
 cooperat
ion of management
 
account
ing 
e sea
r r ch.
 

Ref
erences:
 

.Coval
eski
 M .A 。J.H.Eva
ns 
III
,J.L.Luf
t,and 
M D.Shi
elds
.Budget
ing 
Res
ear
ch:Thl
ee Theol
eti
cal
 Per
spect
ives
 and 
Cr
it
eri
aforSe
lec
tiv
eIn
tegr
ati
on,
Jouma
l 
ofMa
nag
eme
ntAc
cou
nti
ng 
Res
ear
ch,
200
3,Vb
l_l
5:3.
49 

.Fo
ste
r G &S
.M.Yo
ung.Fr
ont
ier
s o
f Ma
nage
ment
 Ac
coun
tin
g Re
sea
ch,J
r our
nal
 of
 Ma
nag
eme
nt 
Acc
oun
tin
g Re
sea
rch。
 

997:3-
61 

.Ge
rdi
n J
.& J
.Gr
eve
.For
ms 
f Co
o nti
nge
ncy 
Fit
 in
 Ma
nage
men
t Ac
cou
nti
ng 
Res
ear
ch-A Cr
it
ic
al 
Rev
iew,Ac
cou
nti
ng,
 
Or
gani
zat
ions
 and 
Soci
ety,2004.
Vo1
.29 
4.Homgr
en.Char
les
  "
M anagement
 Accounl
ing: Wher
e Al
e  We?“ i
n Management
 Ac
count
ing and Cont
rol
,Beyer
 
Sympos
ium。Madi
son:Uni
ver
siy 
t ofWi
scons
in,1
 
975
 
5.I
ttner
 C.D.& Lar
eker
 D.
F.As
sess
ing Empi
rical
 Res
ear
c h i
n Mana
geri
al Account
ing:A Val
ue—
bas
ed Mana
gement
 
Per
spect
ive。J
our
nal
 ofAc
count
ing 
and 
Economi
cs,
2001,Vo1
.32:349-
-41
0 

.Jo
hns
on 
H.t& R.
K.Ka
pln.
a Re
lev
anc
e Lo
st:T
he 
Ris
e an
d  f
』f Ma
o nage
ment
 
Acc
ount
in
g,l
 
st 
ed.
.Bos
ton
.MA:
Har
vrd
a  
Bus
ines
s School
 Pr
ess,1
987 

.Ka
pla
n R.S.
Adv
anc
ed 
Man
ager
ial
 
Acc
ount

ng(
Sec
ond
 Ed
iti
on,
Tra
nsl
at
ed 
by 
Boj
ing
a  
Zhon
g,Zhi
sha
n Li
u,Gu
angwe
i We
n)。
 
Chi
na 
Comme
rce 
Pres
s,Fi
rst
 Edi
tion,1
 
989 
8.
Luf
t 
J.L.Lon
g.t
erm 
Chan
ge 
in 
Man
age
men
t Ac
cou
nti
ng:Pe
rspe
cti
ves
 foma
r His
tor
ica
l Re
sea
rch,J
ouma
l of
 Ma
nag
eme
nt 
Account
ing 
Res
ear
ch,1
997,v01
.9:163—197 
9.Lukka K.and M.Gr
anl
und.The Fr
agment
ed Communi
cat
ion St
ruct
ure 
wit
hin t
he Account
ing 
Academi
a:T
he Case
 of 
Act
ivi

y-base
d Cos
ting 
Res
ear
c h 
Genr
es,Account
ing,Or
gani
zat
ion 
and 
Soci
ety,2002:1
 
65—1
 
90 


0.Se
ape
ns 
R.w 
Man
aeme
g nt 
Acc
ount
in
g:A
 Re
vie
w f 
o Con
tempo
rar
y De
vel
opme
nts(
Sec
ond
 Ed
it
ion
,19
91;Fi
st
r  
E ̄t
io
n 

 
985)
。London:Mae
mil
lan 
Wor
ld 
Publ
ishi
ng 
Cor
p  ’
 

 
1.Sca
pen
s R.W nd
a  
M.Bro
mwi
ch.Man
ageme
nt 
Acc
oun
tin
g Re
sea
ch:
r   P
 Fi
rst
 De
cad
e(Edi

ori
al 
Repo
rO.Ma
nag
eme
nt 
Ac
cou
nti
ng 
Res
erc
a h。2
001(
12)
 

 
2.Shi
elds
 M .D.Re
sear
c h 
in 
Management
 Account
ing  Nort
h Ameri
cans 
in 
the 1990
sJ
, our
n al
 of
 M anageme
nt 
Account
ing 
Res
earch,1997(3) 

 
3.Va gneu
r  
K.& M.Pe
ipe
1.Re
f con
side
rin
g Pe
rfor
man
ce 
Eval
uat
iv
e S
tyl
e,Ac
cou
nti
ng。Or
gan
izat

ons
 an
d So
cie
y,2
t 000:
 
5ll-
525
 

4.Xuyi
n Yu.
Manageri
alAccount
ing(
Fir
st 
edi
ti
on)
,Li
aoni
ng 
Peopl
e’s
 Pr
ess
,1995:10.11
 


Edi
tedbyHe
ngZhua
n g,Er
ic 
n d 
a Ji
nf
a engHe
) 

You might also like