Chapter 3 - Free Damped Vibrations - Mechanical Vibrations

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Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations
Mechanical Vib a ion

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Chap e 3 : F ee Damped Vib a ion
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Home Topics Chapter 1 : Elements Of Vibrations Chapter 2 : Undamped Free Vibrations Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Chapter 4 : Force Vibrations Chapter 5 : Two Degree of Freedom S stem Chapter 6 : Several Degree of Freedom S stem Chapter 7 : Continuous S stems
Q. 1. What is damping? Ans. Damping is the resistance offered by a body to the motion of a vibratory system. The resistance may be applied to liquid or solid internally or externally At the start of the vibratory motion the amplitude of vibration is maximum wkij6es on decreasing with time. The rate of decreasing amplitude depends upon the amount of damping. Q. 2. Classify different types of damping. Ans. Types of Damping 1. Viscous 2. Coulomb 3. Structural 4. Non-linear, Slip or interfacial damping 5. Eddy current-damping 1. Viscous damping: When the system is allowed to vibrate in viscous medium the damping is called viscous Viscosity is the property of the fluid by virtue of which it offers resistance to moment of one over the other. The force F required . to maintain the velocity x of plate is given by:
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The force F can also be written as:
where c is called viscous damping coefficient From (1) and (2),
The main components of viscous damper are cylinder, piston and viscous fluid.
The damping resistance depends upon pressure difference on both sides of piston in viscous medium. The clearance is left between piston and cylinder walls. More the clearance, more will be the velocity of piston and less will be the value of viscous damping coefficient.
Equation of Motion
and B = specific damping capacity 2. Coulomb Damping: When a body is allowed to slide over the other body the surface of o offers resistance to the movement of 9Lod over it. This resisting force is called force of friction.
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coefficient of friction
Some of the energy is wasted in friction and amplitude of vibrations goes on decreasing. Such type of damping is called coulomb damping. 3. Structural damping : This type of damping arises because of intermolecular friction beti- the molecules of structure which opposes its movement. The magnitude of this damping is very small as compared to other damping. Elastic materials during loading and unloading from a loop or stress strain curve known as_hysteresis loop. The area of this loop gives the amount of energy dissipated in one cycle during vibrations. This is also called hysteresis damping. The energy loss per cycle is given as;
If energy dissipated is treated equal to energy dissipated by viscous damping then;
The damping force, F =

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The amplitude decay is of exponential nature. 4. &on-linear, p or Interfacial damping : Machine elements are connected through various joints and microscopic slip occurs over the joints of machine elements which usdisspoint of energy when machine elements are in contact with fluctuating load. The energy dissipated per cycle depends upon coefficient of friction, pressure at contacting surface and amplitude of vibration. There is an optimum value of contact pressure at which energy dissipated is maximum for different amplitudes.
5. Eddy current damping : If a non-ferrous conducting object (e.g. plater d etc.) moves in a direction perpendicular lines of magnetic flux is produced by current is induced in the object.1iiiiIrent is proportional to vlocity of the object. The current induced is called eddy current which set up its own magnetic field opposite to original magnetic field that has induced it. This provides resistance to motion object It forms magnetic field . This type of damping produced by eddy currents is called eddy current damping. it is used in vibrometers and in some vibration control systems.
Q. 3. Derive the relation for energy dissipated in viscous damping per cycle.
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viscous damping per cycle.
Ans. Energy dissipated in viscous damping per cycle
Q. 4. Prove that frequency of vibration of system having coulomb damping is same as that of undamped system. Ans. Frequency of damped oscillations
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Free vibrations with dry friction or coulomb damping (b) Mass displaced towards rigit & moving towards right
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The frequency of vibration of system having coulomb damping is same as that of undamped system
Q. 5. Prove that amplitude loss per cycle in c4 damping is :
Ans. Rate of Decay of oscillation: Let 1A be the amplitude of body from mean position to start and after half cycle, let x be its amplitude. The velocity of mass =0 at two extreme positions. (Refer Fig. 3.9) Therefore, total energy of the system at two extreme positions be
The difference between the two energies must be equal to energy dissipated or work done against friction.
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Q. 6. Differentiate between Coloumb and Viscous damping. Ans. Differences between Viscous damping & Coulomb damping 1. In case of viscous damping ratio of any two successive amplitudes is constant whereas in coulomb damping difference between two successive amplitudes is constant. 2. In viscous damping envelope of the maximas in displacement-time plot is an exponential curve here as in coulomb damping envelope of maximise of displacement-time plot is a straight line. 3. In case of viscous damping the body once disturbed and from equilibrium position will come to rest in equilibrium position although it make theoretically infinite time to do so Whereas in case of coulomb damping the body may finally come to rest in equilibrium position or in displaced position depending upon initial amplitude and amount of friction present. Q. 7. What is the response of single degree of freedom system with viscous damping when it is:
Ans. Differential equation of damped free vibrations
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Solution of equation (1) can be written as
where A1, A2 = Arbitrary constants
Critical damping constant and damping ratio The critical damping c is defined as value of damping coefficient c for which
Depending upon the value of damping ratio e, the damped systems are categorized as:
This motion is also called a periodic motion. When t =0, x = A1 + A2. This system is non-vibratory in nature. When once the system is disturbed, it will take infinite time to come back to the equilibrium condition. The values of A1 and A2 can be found by initial conditions.
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The value of displacement x goes on decreasing with time.
In critical damping both roots are equal and are equal to - (0. The solution of critically damped system is given as;
1 I.
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The amplitude vary exponentially with time. As time increases amplitude decreases.
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An underdamped system is an oscillatory system whose amplitude decreases with time. Theoretically the system will never come to rest although the amplitude of vibration may be very very small.
Q. 8. What is the importance of critical damping? Ans. Out of the three modes the vibrating body which has been displaced from its mean position would come to state of rest in smallest possible time without overshooting i.e. without executing oscillation about mean position in critical damping mode. So critical damping is used for practical applications in large guns so that after firing the returning to original position in minimum time without vibrating and ready for next firing without delay. If damping provided is overdamped or underdamped, then there will be delay. This property is also design of an instrument
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Ans. Logarithmic Decrement (Underdamped system) It is defined as the natural logarithmic of ratio of any two successive amplitudes on same side of mean time. Consider fig. 3.13(a). Let us take two successive amplitudes be x1 and x2. Logarithmic decrement 6 is given by;
The time period of damped oscilliations
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Q 10. If an underdamped system executes n cycles then prove that logrithimic decrement
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Q 11. A damping .force having magnitude 2 cos (23rt44) N, gives 5 cos 2t m displacement. Calculate (a) Energy dissipated during first 5 seconds and (b) Energy dissipated during the first 3/4 sec. Ans. We know the force and displacement are given as:
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Q. 14. In Question No. 13 if m = 1.5 kg, K 4900 N/m, a 6 cm and b = 14 cm, determine the value of c for which the system is critically damped. Ans. The equation of motion can be written as;
The system is critically damped when radical is zero
Q. 15. A torsional pendulum when immersed in oil indicates its natural frequency as 200 Hz. But when it was put to vibration in vacuum having no damping, its natural frequency was observed as 250 Hz. Find the value of damping factor of oil.
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Ans. The expression for torsional vibrations in vacuum (c = 0) is;
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Chapter 3 - Free Damped Vibrations - Mechanical Vibrations

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2/28/12

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Mechanical Vib a ion

Press Ctrl & '+' To enlarge te t and pics!

Chap e 3 : F ee Damped Vib a ion

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

The force F can also be written as:

where c is called viscous damping coefficient From (1) and (2),

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

If energy dissipated is treated equal to energy dissipated by viscous damping then;

The damping force, F =

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

viscous damping per cycle.

Ans. Energy dissipated in viscous damping per cycle

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Q. 5. Prove that amplitude loss per cycle in c4 damping is :

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Ans. Differential equation of damped free vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Solution of equation (1) can be written as

where A1, A2 = Arbitrary constants

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

The value of displacement x goes on decreasing with time.

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

The time period of damped oscilliations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

The system is critically damped when radical is zero

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Ans. The expression for torsional vibrations in vacuum (c = 0) is;

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

Chapter 3 : Free Damped Vibrations Mechanical Vibrations

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