1

Powders and Granules

..

(Powders)

(Granules)

2-4

1.

(Dry syrup)

2.

1-5

3.

1.

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2. (potent
drug)

3.

4.

5.
/

1.

2.

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3.

1. Trituration

2. Pulverization by intervention


Trituration
Interventing solvent alcohol, acetone

3. Levigation

mineral
oil, glycerin slap
spatula

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1. Ball mill
2. Hammer mill
3. Cutting mill
4. Fluid-energy mill
5. Spray drying

1. Spatulation

spatula

(slap)

Eutectic mixture Phenol, Menthol,

Thymol, Camphor
Eutectic mixture
(Diluent) Light magnesium oxide,
Magnesium carbonate
2. Trituration

(porcelain)

2550

geometric dilution
3. Sifting

4. Tumbling
5070%

(Bulk powders)

(non-potent drug)

(Antacid)
Belladonna extract
0.3 g
Calcium carbonate
45 g
Magnesium oxide
18 g
Magnesium trisilicate
30 g
Dried Aluminium hydroxide gel
18 g
Peppermint oil
0.5 g

1. Belladonna extract peppermint oil

2. Magnesium oxide geometric

dilution

2550

3. Dried Aluminium hydroxide gel

4. Magnesium trisilicate
5. Calcium carbonate
6.
(Divided powders)

1.

2.

spatula

3.

Effervessent powder, BPC.

Sodium bicarbonate
30 g
Sodium potassium tartrate
90 g
Tartaric acid
26 g

40 Sodium bicarbonate Sodium potassium
tartrate
10 12 Tartraic acid
12
(Dusting powders)




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bentonite, kaolin, talcum, magnesium

carbonate, starch, zinc oxide

100-200

Zinc undecanoate dusting powder

Zinc undecanoate
100 g
Undecanonic acid
20 g
Pamilio pine oil
5
ml
Starch powder
500 g
Light kaolin qs. to
1000
g

1. Pamilio pine oil

2. Undecanonic acid (
20C)

3. Light kaolin

4. Zinc undecanoate starch

powder 3

5. 4

(Powder dentifrice)
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Precipitated calcium carbonate Dibasic calcium
phosphate

Dentrifice NF.
Hard soap, 100 mesh
50 g
Calcium carbonate, 325 mesh
935 g
Sodium saccharin
2
g
Peppermine oil
4
ml
Cinnamon oil
2
ml
Methyl salicylate
8
ml

Saccharine sodium, Oils, Methyl salicylate

Calcium carbonate
hard soap Calcium carbonate

325
(Douche powders)

pH
3.5-5
Menthol, Thymol, Volatile oil

Vaginal Douche
Boric acid
72 g
Alum
23 g
Phenol
2
g
Eucalyptus oil
1.25 g
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Methyl salicylate
1
g
Thymol
1.25 g
Menthol
0.52 g

Phenol, Eucalyptus oil, Methyl salicylate, Thymol,

Menthol Boric acid
Boric acid
Boric acid Alum

(Insufflation)


(Insufflator)

1 (Insufflator)
(Steriled powder for injection)

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10

Vial
Water for injection


, Tonicity
(Granules)

4-12
mesh

Beta-lactam Ampicillin, Amoxycillin, Cloxacillin
(Dry syrup)

Syrup

(Effervessent granules)

Citric acid Tartaric
acid Sodium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate
CO2
CO2
(Carbonated water)

2
Tartaric acid
Citric acid

Citric acid monohydrate Tartaric acid
1 : 2 Sodium bicarbonate
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11

CH2
3 NaHCO3 + HO

C
CH2

CH2

COOH
COOH . H2O

4 H2O + 3 CO2 + HO

COOH

C
CH2

COONa
COONa
COONa

2 Citric acid monohydrate

Sodium bicarbonate
HO
2 NaHCO3 + HO

CH
C

COOH
COOH

HO

CH

COONa

2 H2O + 2 CO2 + HO

CH

COONa

3 Tartaric acid Sodium

bicarbonate
Citric acid
monohydrate, Tartaric acid Sodium bicarbonate
210, 150 84
1:2
Sodium bicarbonate 3.44

Sodium bicarbonate 3.4

Citric acid monohydrate

1
Tartaric acid
2
Sodium bicarbonate
3.4
Bromisovalum
Effervessent granule 600 5
120

120 14.4
105.6
1 : 2 : 3.4 = 6.4

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12

105.6
105.6 / 6.4 = 16.5

Bromisovalum
14.4 g
Citric acid monohydrate
16.5 g
Tartaric acid
33.0 g
Sodium bicarbonate
56.1 g

(fusion method)
60 100C Citric
acid monohydrate

Evaporating disc Water bath

6 12
40C

1. Hygroscapic and deliquescent powder

deliquescent


(Absorbent)
Light magnesium oxide, Magnesium carbonate
2
(Aluminium foil)

2. Efflorescent powder
(Hydrous form)
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13

(Anhydrous form)

Anhydrous form Hydrous form

3. Eutectic mixture 2

Camphor, Phenol, Menthol,
Salol, Thymol, Chloral hydrate, Acetylsalicylic acid

- Eutectic mixture
- Light magnesium oxide,

Magnesium carbonate, Talcum, Starch, Lactose

4.

Tincture, Fluid extract
(diluent)
Lactose
Powder
extract Tincture, Fluid extract

5.

Camphor, Menthol, Volatile

oil 2
(Aluminium
foil)

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14

1. Auton ME. Pharmaceutics : The science of dosage

form design 2nd edition. London: Churchill Livingstone;
2002: p.360-63.

2. Winfield AJ, Richards RME. Pharmaceutical practice

2nd edition. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1998:
p.155-60.

3. Shrewbury R. Applied pharmaceutics in

contemporary compounding. Eaglewood: Morton

publishing company; 2001: p.93-100.

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