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Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Subject Information The study of Electronics History Semiconductor Materials Atomic Structure
Subject Information
Code: EE120 Text Book: Electronic Devices & Circuits by Theodore F. Bogart 6th ed. Electronic Devices & Circuits by David A Bell 4th ed. Electronic Devices & Circuits by Floyd Electronic Devices & Circuits by Manzar Saeed Basics of Electronic Device by NIIT
Marks distribution
Total Marks: 150 Theory: 100 Practical: 50 Session Marks: 20 Assignments: 05 Quiz: 05 Project + Presentations: 05 Attendance: 05
Building blocks of useful electronic devices Semiconductor devices include: Diodes PN junction Light Emitting Diode (LED) Zener Diode Tunnel Diode Varactor Diode Laser Diode Photo Diode
Transistors Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) NPN BJT PNP BJT Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) Amplifier Fundamentals Small Signal Transistor Amplifier Integrated Circuits (ICs) Analog ICs Digital ICs
Silicon Atom
+
Ne( Electrons in nth orbit) = 2n2
Sub-shells
Shell
K L
Sub-shell
s s p s p d s p d f
Capacity
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14
Free Electrons
When electrons get enough energy (e.g. from heating), they leave their parent atoms and become free electrons. Flow of free electrons is called current. Therefore more free electrons and more current.
+
Valence electrons have more tendency to become free electrons because of less attraction force between nucleus and valence shell Free electrons in (i) conductors (ii) Insulators & (iii) Semiconductors
Excess of electrons
Lack of electrons
+ * * + * * +
* *
* *
* *
* *
* *
* * * * + * * + * * * * * *
* * + * * + * * * *
+ +
+ * * +
* *
Si Crystal
* *
* * * *
Current in Semiconductors
HOLE CURRENT
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Basics Electron Energy Energy Bands Temperature & Resistance Holes & Hole Current
Rupturing of covalent bond The unit of energy is electronvolt(eV) Energy acquired by one electron if it is accelerated through potential difference of one volt 1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J Valence Electron energy considerably large and need a few amount of energy to release Electrons in inner shell possess little energy and need a large amount of energy to release Electrons can lose energy in the form of heat and light Free electrons can alco lose and fall into valence shell
Basics:
Important Quantities
Quantity
Current Voltage Charge Energy Electric Field Strength Volume Area Resistance Conductance Resistivity Conductivity
Symbol
I V Q W,E E V A R G
Unit
Ampere Volt Coulomb Joule Volt/meter Cubic meter Squared meter Ohm Moh, Siemens Ohm-meter Siemens/meter
Unit Symbol
A V C J V/m m3 m2 S -m S/m
Important Relations
V = IR (Ohm's Law) I = Q/t W = QV R = l/A G = 1/R = 1/ Charge on electron = e = 1.602 X 10-19 C Electron energy = 1 eV = 1.602 X 10-19 J
Hole created
+ + + +
+
Valence band
Electron Energy
Electrons closer to nucleus are more tightly bound and need more energy to become free
E3
If free electron loses energy and falls back to valence band, this process is called Annihilation or Recombination
Energy Bands:
Quantum theory explain these bands as
Energy Bands
eV Conduction Band (Free Electrons) Energy gap is the energy required to rupture covalent bond
Energy Gap
Forbidden Band
Conduction Band
Forbidden Band
0.01eV
Valence Band
Insulators
Conduction Band
Conductors
Conduction Band
1.1eV
Forbidden Band
0.67eV
Forbidden Band
Silicon
dR Temp. Coeff. = = dT
= -ive = +ive I I R R
T Conductors Semiconductors
+
+ + + +
Hole Movement
Electron Movement + + + +
The total current in semiconductor materials is the sum of hole current and electron current Number of holes = ?
Charge Carriers
Holes are called positive charge carriers Free electrons are called negative charge carriers For pure (Intrinsic) semiconductors: Number of positive charge carriers = Number of negative charge carriers Is there any way to make charge carriers unequal? Let hole density be pi (holes/m3) and electron density be ni (electrons/m3) where i denotes intrinsic semiconductor, then: ni = pi + + Intrinsic Semiconductor + + -
+ +
1.5 X 1016
2.4 X 1019
8.4 X 1028
Thank You