Overview on OFDM Design

Ho Chin Keong Communication Systems & Signal Processing Centre for Wireless Communications National University of Singapore
November 9, 2001

Topics
OFDM Transmitter Design Considerations Design Considerations in Transmission through Multipath Channel Additional OFDM Receiver Design Considerations

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

OFDM Transmitter Design Considerations

OFDM modulation in IF vs OFDM modulation using IFFT OFDM symbol windowing OFDM spectrum

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

OFDM modulation using IF circuitry

XR (0)
cos(2nfot)

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XI (0) XR (k)

up-convert to frequency 0

:
XR (k)

x' (t)

+
-sin(2nfot)

XI (k)

up-convert to frequency kf0

:
XR (N-1) XI (N-1) up-convert to frequency (N-1)f0

XI (k)

(a) One sub-carrier at IF.

(b) OFDM modulation implemented at IF.

N 1

x (t) =
k=0 3

xR (k) cos(2kfot) xI (t) sin(2kfot)

(1)

Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

OFDM modulation at baseband

X (0) up-convert to frequency 0

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:
X (k)

x (t)

exp(j2nfot)

up-convert to frequency kf0

:
X (N-1) up-convert to frequency (N-1)f0

X (k) = XR (k)+ jXR (k)

(a) One sub-carrier at baseband.

(b) OFDM modulation implemented at baseband. N 1

x(t) =
k=0 4

X(k) exp(j2kfot)

(2)

Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

OFDM modulation at baseband using IFFT

x (n) X (k) S/P x (t) DAC

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:
IFFT

:
P/S

obtain discrete values at t = nT , select fo = N1T

N 1

x(n) = x(t = nT ) =
k=0

X(k) exp(j2nk/N )

(3)

becomes IDFT of {X(k)}k mod N implemented using IFFT, then use DAC
5 Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

WIRELESS OFDM symbol windowing - allows other OFDM symbols transmission COMMUNICATIONS
Time domain OFDM signal for 5 subcarriers modulated with {1,1,1,1,1}. 4
1 Frequency domain OFDM signal for 5 subcarriers modulated with {1,1,1,1,1}.

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3 2
Spectrum 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

1 0 1 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

0 6

0 subcarrier k

Time domain rectangular windowed OFDM signal 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 time / ( NT) 2 2.5 3
0.5 6 4 Spectrum 1 1.5

Frequency domain rectangular windowed OFDM signal

0.5

0 subcarrier k

(a) Time domain before/after windowing.

(b) Freq. domain before/after windowing.

before windowing: X(f ) = X(k)(f kfo) after windowing: X(f )W (f ) = X(k)(f kfo) sinc(f /fo) = X(k)sinc(f /fo k)
Note: X(f) from here on will be assumed to be windowed with rectangular window. 6 Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Spectrum eciency for single carrier vs OFDM assume R is data rate of each (sub)carrier, bandwidth dened from null-to-null, N subcarriers
R for single carrier : = 2f o

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for OFDM : = (NN R +1)fo

R for OFDM : as N , f o

but - windowing possible for single carrier to improve windowing not possible on a subcarrier to exploit implementation simplicity of IFFT

Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

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Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) Need to perform upsampling for interpolation. Solutions: null subcarriers to ease lter design windowing - spectrum decays at 1/|f | for rectangular window digital ltering - usually FIR

Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Effects of raised cosine windowing (with 16 null subcarrriers) 5 3 overlapping window points 2 overlapping window points 1 overlapping window points

Power Spectrum Magnitude (dB)

10

15

20

25

30

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 Frequency

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Eects of windowing and null subcarriers.

Spectrum of OFDM symbol before DAC in KRONDOR.

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)

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x(n) is Gaussian distributed by law of large number - leads to high PAPR eect is more prominent as N increases requires expensive and high power amplier with high dynamic range, or else distorts time domain signal non-linearity or clipping introduces out-of-band spectral regrowth solutions

Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Design Considerations in Transmission through Multipath Channel

multi-dimension interference (MDI) inter-[OFDM] symbol interference (ISI) inter-[sub]carrier interference (ICI) use of guard interval to remove ISI use of cyclic prex to remove ICI

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Time selective channel

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usually valid to treat channel as time invariant over each OFDM symbol channel changes after every OFDM symbol Frequency selective channel use discrete time baseband representation y(n) = x(n) h(n) + v(n) where v(n) is AWGN, is linear convolution ISI occurs which spills to other OFDM symbols

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Mitigation of ISI
Time domain rectangular windowed OFDM signal with ISI 3.5 3 Transmitted OFDM symbol Received OFDM symbol

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2.5

Guard space maximum delay spread

1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

1 time / ( NT)

append guard interval (GI) at transmitter GI longer than maximum delay spread remove GI at receiver
12 Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Introduce cyclic prex (CP) how to remove ISI within OFDM symbol? we dont ll appended GI with cyclic data to form CP dene c to be circular convolution modulo N , y(n) = x(n) h(n) ycp(n) = xcp(n) h(n) y(n) = x(n) c h(n)
Note: All discrete index from now on will be assumed to be modulo N .

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(4)

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

ICI removed through cyclic prex (CP) removing cyclic prex, received time domain signal is
N 1

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y(n) =
k=0

H(k)X(k) exp(j2nk/N ),

(5)

where H(k) =

N 1 n=0 h(n) exp(j2nk/N ).

demodulation using FFT,

N 1

Y (k) =
n=0

y(n) exp(j2nk/N ) (6)

= X(k)H(k) + V (k) when orthogonality is satised, i.e. N 1 n=0 exp(j2nk/N ) exp(j2nk /N ) = (k k )

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Additional OFDM Receiver Design Considerations

Time/frequency duality Timing Synchronization Frequency Synchronization Channel Estimation

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Time/frequency duality

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single carrier in time selective channel vs OFDM in frequency selective channel y(n) = x(n)h(n) + v(n) Y (k) = X(k)H(k) + V (k)

single carrier in frequency selective channel vs OFDM with time selective channel y(n) = Ax(n)h(n) + ISI + v(n) Y (k) = BX(k)H(k) + ICI + V (k)

where A, B are complex attenuation factors ISI occurs for single carrier satisfying Nyquist pulse-shaping criterion when sampling oset occurs ICI occurs for OFDM when frequency oset occurs
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Synchronization in general timing synchronization errors- correctable in a pilot based system y(n + t) Y (k) exp(j2kt/N )

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(7)

frequency synchronization errors when carrier frequency oset phase jitter Doppler spread frequency synchronization errors- introduces ICI y(n) exp(j2n/N ) Y (k + ) (8)

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Windowing at receiver consider windowing after removing cyclic prex, before FFT yw (n) = y(n)w(n) = [x(n) c h(n)]w(n) the DFT is Yw (k) = [X(k)H(k)] c W (k)
N 1

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(9)

=
l=0

X(l)H(l)W (k l)

(10)

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Eects of Frequency Oset

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presence of normalized frequency oset between tx and rx, (5) becomes

N 1

y(n) =
k=0

H(k)X(k) exp(j2nk/N ) exp(j2n/N ),

(11)

dene w(n; ) = exp(j2n/N ) and thus W (k; ) is the dirichlet kernel using (9) and (10), we can re-write the DFT of (11) as Y (k) = H(k)X(k)W (0; ) + I(k) where the ICI is
N 1

(12)

I(k) =
l=0,l=k

H(l)X(l)W (k l; )

(13)

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

ICI due to frequency oset illustrated

S pec trum of s ubc arriers for O FDM 2 2

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S pec trum of des ired s ubc arrier and ICI ICI des ired s ubc arrier

1.5

1.5

S pec trum

0.5

S pec trum -4 -2 0 s ubc arrier k 2 4 6

0.5

-6

-6

-4

-2

0 s ubc arrier k

ICI occurs when sampling at frequency k + instead of k . 20 Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Remove ICI caused by frequency oset time domain methods:

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estimate using averaging of phase dierence of repeated samples, multiply complex term to de-rotate signal with increasing phase use windowing to reduce ICI frequency domain method: estimate , then express as matrix form y = W()diag{x}h + v = W()diag{h}x + v solve for h or x in the frequency domain using least squares by minimizing 2-norm of v
21 Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

(14) (15)

OFDM model with respect channel estimation methodology

Legend PI: pilot insertion, FEQ: frequency domain equaliser S/P: serial to parrallel, P/S: parrallel to serial data, Symbol Rate 1/T Symbol Rate 1/LT OFDM Symbol Rate 1/PT Channel with Time and Frequency Selectivity noise,

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b(n)

Channel Estimation Blind Scheme or PSAM/APSB

d (n)

PI: PSAM/ APSB pilot,

S/P

. . .

IDFT

. . P/S .

Add CP

Remove cyclic prefix

S/P

. . DFT .

. . .

P/S

FEQ

Frequency Domain signal

Time Domain signal

Frequency Domain signal

Note: Some notations here are not inconsistent with this presentation.

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

p (n)

x (n)

x(n)

x(n)

h(n)

y(n)

y(n)

y (n)

Channel estimation in OFDM systems

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(semi-)blind methods based on cyclic prex or cyclostationarity properties decision feedback - not popular, probably due to large processing delay in FFT training - substantial initialization, usually for xed line, not for packet based system pilots - most common method for wireless applications

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

10

Cyclostationarity based with o = 0.995 Subspace based with o = 0.98 Switch based with = 0.97
o

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MSE

10

10

200

400 time n

600

800

1000

Slow convergence found in some blind schemes.

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design

Pilot based channel estimation

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useful to think of OFDM symbols in a 2-dimensional (2D) time/frequency grid usually time correlation is higher than frequency correlation pilots used to sample 2D channel - need to satisfy sampling theorem (2 times of coherence bandwidth/time) 2D lters used for interpolation

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Ho Chin Keong: Overview on OFDM Design