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S i n a a r s i

Salva tabataZe, irina SubiTiZe, meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis


Teoriebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze, Second Language Acquisition and Learning Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gv. 14 gv. 15 gv. 25 gv. 26 gv. 32 gv. 33 gv. 38 gv. 39 gv. 48 gv. 2

alan kroufordi, paata papava, meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis


swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan Crawford, Paata Papava, Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of Language Acquisition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nino popiaSvili, bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi


(sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba). . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nino Popiashvili, Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity (Soviet and Port-Soviet experience). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ia afTaraSvili, bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi . . . . . .


Ia Aptarashvili, Bilingualism in the Context of Social Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

irina bagauri, enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi


da bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irina Bagauri, Bilingual Memory and Impact Factors on Language Develompent Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

Salva tabataZe irina SubiTiZe

meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi

abstraqti
winamdebare statiis mizania, mokled mimoixilos meore enis swavlisa da aTvisebis Teoriebi. meore enis Teoria axali dargia mecnierebaSi, romlis ganviTarebac aqtiurad daiwyo meoce saukunis 50-iani wlebis bolos. statiaSi meore enis ganviTarebis Teoriebi sami samecniero tradiciis aRweriTi konteqstSi biheviorizmi; iqneba (b) ganxiluli: racionalizmi Teoriebis Teoriebi, (a) struqturalizmi da kognitivizmi da an (3)

konstruqtivizmi. enis swavlisa

aRniSnuli da aTvisebis

gacnoba

gaanalizeba saqmianobis

saSualebas miscems maswavleblebs, gaiazron da gaaanalizon meore praqtikuli safuZvelze gaiazron TiToeuli Teoriis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi da moaxdinon am Teoriebis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.

meore enis swavlebis Teoriebi SedarebiT daiwyo wlebidan. swavleba morfologiis, midgoma (marCenkova, meoce axali saukunis dargia 50-iani enis da a.S. sintaqsis, mecnierebaSi. misi aqtiurad Seswavla tradiciulad, fonologiis, leqsikis

fsiqolingvisturi akeTebs enas

xedva, (3)

romelic socio-

enis Seswavlis kognitur sakiTxebze aqcentirebas; da xedva, lingvisturi xedva swavlobs meore socialur (4) kulturul meore enis romelic konteqstSi; pedagogiuri

konteqstSi ganixileboda, Tumca es etapobrivad 2008). Seicvala marCenkova

swavlobs meore enis aTvisebisa da swavlebis strategiebs. Mmeore enis swavlebis Teorias brauni (2000, gv. 12) sami samecniero tradiciis konteqstSi (b) ganixilavs: (a) struqturalizmisa an aRweriTi biheviorizmisa; da tivizmisa. racionalizmisa (3) konstruqmimovixilavT kognitivizmisa okled

gamoyofs oTx sxvadasxva Teoriul xedvas, romelic dominirebs meore enis Tanamedrove kvlevebSi: 1) enis lingvisturi zogad Seiswavlis; xedva, bunebriv (2) romelic meore enis enis aspeqtebs

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3
absoluturad individis azrovnebas, bihevioristili ugulvebelyofda Sinagan survils, midgomiT, Sesabamisad, samyaros, grZnobebs. Sinagan enis

TiToeul am mimarTulebas da maT farglebSi aRmocenebul meore enis swavlebis mniSvnelovan Teoriebs. struqturalizmi/aRweriTi biheviorizmi biheviorizmi minanti wlebis swavlebisas me-20 gaxldaT meore Ees saukunis doenis 60-iani Teoria mimdinareoba bolomde.

samyaros aranairi gavlena ar hqonda qcevaze aTvisebaze. bihevioristuli xedviT, swavla aisaxeba moqmedebis cvlilebaSi. bihevioristebi raven, swavlas gansazRvrogorc gamocdilebis da,

efuZneba skineris 1957 wlis naSroms (Verbal Behavior), romelic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad klasikur lobis operantuli yvela garkveuli muliT). mcirdeba mohyveba Tvlida, operantuli im mas. rom _ qceva skineri qceva dafuZnebulia operantuli Teoriaze. skineris skineris ganpirobebu-

Sedegad miRebuli qcevis cvlilebas. qcevis SenarCunebisa da SecvlisTvis mniSvnelovania warmoadgens sasurveli sasurveli vrelad masze reaqcia, rac skineris qmedebis qcevis Teoriis an da

ganpirobebulobis ganpirobebulia (stirom an aRniSnavda, Zlierdeba

qvakuTxeds. reaqciis Sedegad xdeba formireba formirebisa arasasurveli arasasurveli qcevis qcevis aRmofxvra. aRmosafxgamoyofen

Teoria gulisxmobs, rom adamianis gamaRizianebliT

bihevioristebi

movlenebiT, Sesabamisad,

romelic skineri ganpiqcevis

ganmtkicebisa da dasjis midgomebs. ganmamtkicebeli stimuli ganisazRvreba, sixSires stimulebi rogorc zrdis. or nebismieri Sedegi, romelic garkveuli qcevis ganmamtkicebeli iyofa: kategoriad

operantuli es aris

robebuloba konkretuli skinerma robebulobis gadaitana adamianis rogorc kuTrebuli xdeba

modelis

formirebisa ganpida

da SenarCunebis procesi. operantuli Teoria mTlianad warmoadgina, gansamodelis gamoyeneba

pirveladi da meoradi. pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi akmayofileben logiur wyali, Jangbadi magaliTebs bulebas meorad Tan.. ZiriTad adamianur bioda sakvebi, moTxovnilebebs siTbo, (ZiriTadad usafrTxoeba

enasTan zogadi forma.

mimarTebiT qcevis enis

metyveleba

moTxovnilebebs). pirveladi

gaRizianeba-qcevis

stimulebis meoradi Rireisini an

farglebSi. Eenis aTvisebis procesi damokidebulia 2 faqtorze: (a) individis garSemo masTan komunikaciaSi myofi stimulze individis zogadad. individebisgan da maTze garemo aRniSnuli wamosul reaqciebze; samyaroTi midgoma

warmoadgens. iZenen, sxva roca

ganmamtkicebeli asocirdebian

stimulebi

pirvelad

ganmamtkicebel meoradi davyoT:

stimuleb-

(b) qceva, romelic ganpirobebulia

ganmamtkicebeli 1) socialuri

stimulebi sam ZiriTad kategoriad SeiZleba

4
ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogoric aris Seqeba, 2) Rimili da yuradReba; tkicebeli qceviTi ganmamrogoric funqciur analizze Seqmna enobriv (winapiroba reaqcia). individis garemoTi,

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analizs. dayrdnobiT, `sampirobiani qmedebebTan qmedeba enobrivi warsuli _ skineri

funqciur skinerma modeli~ mimarTebiT qmedebaze rom qmedeba da

stimulebi,

aris saTamaSoebi, TamaSebi da sxva saxaliso moqmedebebi; 3) simboluri ganmamtkicebeli stimulebi, rogoric aris fuli da niSnebi. operantuli mxolod gamtkicebisa aramed romlebic miTiTeba, riminacia ganpirobebulobis reagirebas dasjis uZRvis saxiT, stimulebs, sasurvel da diskTeoria Tavis TavSi moicavs ara qcevaze da winmswreb win

Tvlida,

ganpirobebulia individis arsebuli qmedebebiTa genetikuri istoriiT. skineris garkveuli safuZvelze Teoria roSes gamosces Teoriam ganicada da mis evolucia warmoiSva

mimarTebiTi
heiesis,

CarCos Teoria. UmimarTebiTi CarCos


Seiqmna stiven dermot barnet-holmisisa da braien naSromebze sabolood dafuZnebiT, 2001 wels Relational romlebmac

qmedebas (e. i. winmswrebi stimuli). ganzogadeba winmswrebi stimulebis ufro anu -

magaliTebs warmoadgens.

miTiTeba
regularulad mivuTiTebT, velodebiT roca raRac reaqcia,

individi SevaxsenebT, rogor

saxelmZRvanelo

gamoavlens sasurvel qcevebs, roca Tu saqciels

Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human language and Cognition.

maTgan.

ganzogadeba
dainaxavs,

mimarTebiTi CarCos Teoria


mimarTebiTi ZiriTadi ul gaxlavT CarCos Teoriis tradicimimarTebiT mimdevarTa (gansxvaaramed arsebuli mimarTebiT. individi pasuxs meore (g) ganmasxvavebeli am Teoriis

individi qcevas isini

rom

mosdevs sapasuxo nebismier

dadebiTi qmedebas msgavs -

biheviorizmTan

amJRavneben situaciaSi. zogierTi ganmtkiceba

diskriminacia
sapasuxo mxolod

mtkiceba, rom qcevis ganmtkicebisas stimulebis garemodan individebs urTierTobiTa magaliTad, pasuxobs; uaryofiTi individisgan msmenelis (a) (b) diskriminacia gamomdinare, Soris da pirveli individis mohyveba (msmenelisgan); uaryofiTi veba) xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri

xandaxan adamianebi xvdebian, rom qcevis garkveul

garemoSi xdeba. anu individi ukve arCevs, rom erTi da igive qmedeba sasurvelia erT konteqstSi, magram ara yvela garemoSi, anu individebs SeuZliaT stimulebis Teoriis diskrimimixedviT, qceva mier nacia anu gansxvaveba. skineris mixedviT, konteqstia gadamwyveti. am Teoriis adamianis enobrivi adamianebis gakontrolebulia

reaqcia

reaqcia,

gamowveuli pirveli individis mier warmoTqmuliT; (d) meore individis (msmenelis) sakuTari reaqcia sadavo ganpirobebulia damokidebulebiT,

da mniSvnelovan yuradRebas aniWebs

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mimardidi wreebSi aRniSnul kritika da Teorias mohyva CaiTvala, praqtikaSi sakmaod ararearadgan swavleba

anu da (d)

sakiTxisadmi (g) anu mTlianad

sakuTari jdeba

TebiT. aRniSnul magaliTSi (a), (b) skineris da aris verbaluri qcevis TeoriaSi, xolo individis mis mimarTeba _ damokidebuleba ama Tu im sakiTxze gansazRvravs mimarTebiTi mimdevrebis mimarTeba stimuli, CarCos K kontrastuli analizis Teoria enis rebiT, yvelaze analizis analizis swavlebasTan dakavSibiheviorizmis mniSvnelovani Teoria. Teoria rasac dauSvebs. mimdevrobis gaxldaT da qmedebas CarCos damateba Teoriis skineris

samecniero

praqtikulad

lizebadad SeuZlebelia moxdes. amis

mxolod ori enis Seswavlis fonze praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, utopiuri iyo. ganxorcieleba

garda amisa, kontrastuli analizis kritika sami mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda: (1) aris enis zogierTi Secdoma ar pirvel saerToa enasTan meore (2) enis Teoria da gamoxatulad yvela

Teoriisadmi, da swored individis damokidebulebebi, mimarTebiTi enasTan rogorc qmedebisaTvis mniSvnelovani warmoadgens Teoriis amosavals

dakavSirebulia kontrastuli gulisxmobs, Tuki midgoma am

SemswavlelisTvis; analizis rom meore

mimarTebaSi.

Semswavleli Secdomebs aRar uSvebs, Secdomebs aRniSnulic radgan aRmoCnda, winaswar mcdari enis ganvWvretT.

dominantobis kvaldakval, erT-erTi meore enis swavlebis kontrastuli kontrastuli gulisxmobs meore im enis

Semswavleli, miuxedavad imisa, rom Secdoma daSvebuli aqvs, saubrisas kvlav imeorebs Secdomebs; (3) mkvlevarTaTvis, mecnierTaTvis, Zalian enis rTulia maswavlebelTaTvis

Secdomebis winaswar ganWvretasa da aRmofxvras, Semswavleli Secdomebis pir-

enebs Soris arsebuli `sxvaobis~ an `daSorebis~ zustad gansazRvra. es procesi subieqturia da konteqstzea damokidebuli. amitom kontrastuli analizis Teoria am mimarTulebiTac problematuria. kontrastuli analizis Teoriis msgavsad, udidesi kritika mohyva skineris verbaluri qcevis Teoriasac, Tumca, miuxedavad arsebuli kritikisa, skineris Teoriam udidesi roli enis mTavari Seasrula swavlebis skineris oponenti meore da enis meore Teoriebis ganviTarebaSi

winaswari ganWvreta ki am Teoriis mimdevrebisTvis struqturis SesaZlebelia veli da meore enis gramatikisa da Sedarebis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, am Teoriis mimdevrebi cdilobdnen, pirvel da meore enebs Soris arsebuli enobrivi da kulturuli masala Teoria banatis, naSromebs. am sxvaobebis sxvaobebis lados, da identifianalizs frais, uadelis

cireba moexdinaT da enis saswavlo dafuZneboda. kontrastuli analizis efuZneba tregerisa

midgomebis Teoriis noam gaxldaT

ganviTarebaSi.

xomski (Comski), romelmac ukve 1959

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wels

miuZRvna

vrceli

naSromi

enobrivi xomskis

meqanizmi, meore

romlis

skineris verbaluri qcevis Teorias. skineris Teoria saintereso iyo im mxrivac, safuZveli kognituri gaaqtiurebas safuZveli Seswavlis romlebmac Mmokled kognitur ganviTarebas. E enis swavlebis kognituri Teoriebi / racionalizmi da kognitivizmi enis Teoria swavlebis kognituri xomskis ukavSirdeba noam rom daudo da, daudo kognitur farTo misma enis kritikam swavlebis mimdevrebis faqtobrivad, meore gasaqani enis enis meoce Teoriebs,

farglebSic xdeba enis aTviseba. mniSvnelovani Teoria, romelic ukavSirdeba enis aTvisebas da maT Soris meore enis Seswavlas, gramatikis~ Teoriis genetikurad gramatikul nuli Teoriis marTvisa gaxlavT Teoria. mixedviT, floben `universaluri aRniSnuli adamianebi garkveul aRniS-

Teoriis

konstruqciebs.

saukunis 60-iani wlebidan moipoves. SevexebiT Seswavlis da maT Teoriebs

Teoriis

transformirebac damuSavda Teoria, optimaTu ra da is,

xdeboda droTa ganmavlobaSi da am safuZvelze da Teoria gaxldaT aqvs meore da enis dakavSirebis

minimalizmis amosavali mniSvneloba gramatikas lingvistTa (a)

lurobis Teoria. yvela am TeoriaSi universalur aTvisebisas. TeoretikosTa gramatika meore enis universaluri xelmisawaTvisebisas, graenis Tu

saxels. xomski miiCnevda, rom enis Seswavlis procesis axsna, rogorc garkveul araswori ganaviTara Teoria, eniWeboda adamianis stimulebze iyo. enis reaqcia _ 1965 instruroli da xomskim aTvisebis udidesi

kamaTSi 3 tipis midgoma gamoikveTa: universaluri (b) enis xelmiuwvdomelia aTvisebisas; gramatika vdomia procesSi; matika meore (g)

mentis (Language Acquisition Device, LAD) romelSic adamianis Sinagan gonebas

absoluturad

rogorc mSobliuri enis aTvisebis universaluri meore anu xelSesaxebia (vaiTi, da

mdgomareobas

(azrovneba, grZnobebi da a.S.) ori mTavari postulati gaaCnda xomskis enis aTvisebis instrumentis Teorias (a) bavSvebi ibadebian garkveuli (b) enis enobrivi Teoriam kompetenciiT; ganicada

aTvisebisas mxolod mSobliuri enis meSveobiT mSobliuri tikuli maSin transferi 1990). meore enis grama-

konstruqciebi universaluri xdeba

msgavsia, gramatikis enis

aTviseba xdeba bunebrivad. xomskis garkveuli transformacia Tavad xomskis mier 1965-2005 wlebSi, Tumca am Teoriis mTavari idea, romelic saerTo iyo yvela gaxldaT Semdgomi daskvna, aqvs gansazRvrebisas, rom individs genetikuri

mSobliuri

meSveobiT meore enis Seswavlisasac. xomskis Teorias didi kritika mohyva samecniero wreebSi. xomskis winaaRmdeg ZiriTadi argumenti iyo, rom is iyo lingvisti da aqcents akeTebda gramatikis konstruqciebze, xolo Teoriebis praqtikul

dabadebidan

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dasabuTebas meSveobiT. miiCnevdnen, kvlevebiT am gaZneldeboda.

ar

axdenda rom

kvlevebis mecnierebi praqtikuli dasabuTeba

bis

codna,

zomierad

miwodebuli metad

Sesabamisad, Teoriis

gramatikuli ganaviTarebs

struqturebi

Secdomebis gasworebis

,,SegrZnebas~, vidre mxolod gramatikul wesebze orientirebuli saswavlo procesi. kraSenis enis aTviseba gulisxmobs mixedviT, codnis

meore enis swavlebis kognituri Teoriebis 1981 1. wels ganviTarebaSi SeimuSava udidesi enis roli Seasrulma kraSenma, romelmac meore aTvisebis 5 hipoTezis Teoria: aTvisebis / swavlis hipoTeza (Acquisition-Learning hypothesis); 2. monitoringis hipoTeza tor hypothesis); 3. bunebrivi mdgomareobis hipoTeza (Natural Order hypothesis); 4. Senatanis hipoTeza (Input hypothesis); 5. efeqturi filtris hipoTeza (Affective Filter hypothesis). mokled mimovixilavT da gavaanalizebT kraSenis mier SemoTavazebul xuTive hipoTezas. (Moni-

dagrovebis iseT formas, roca araformalur garemoSi xdeba salaparako enis Seswavla.

2. bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza


kraSenis Teoris meore hipoTezas bunebrivi wyobis hipoTeza ewodeba. bunebrivi wyobis hipoTezis mixedviT, gramatikuli grZeldeba wesebis aTviseba wyobaSi. zoprognozirebad

nebismieri enis aTvisebisTvis

mierad miwodebuli gramatika saWiroa sawyis etapze, Semdeg ki etapobrivad unda moxdes mcire gramatikuli struqturebis miwodeba. Tumca es ar gulisxmobs aTvisebis bunebrivi gramatikuli wewyobis dros sebiT saswavlo masalis datvirTvas (Natural Order of Acquisition).

1. swavlisa da aTvisebis hipoTeza


kraSenis Teoria udevs safuZvlad meore enis swavlebis gaazrebaSi swored mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs.

3. monitoringis hipoTeza
kraSenis mesame mniSvnelovani hipoTezaa monitoringis, rac gulisxmobs enis Semswavlelis mier sakuTaris codnis mudmiv monitorings. aRniSnuli gulisxmobs, rom rodesac enis swavleba xdeba mwyobri gramatikuli da struqturuli formebiT, enis Semswavlelma icis swori formebi da axorcielebs sakuTari Tavis monitorings moiyena esa enis Tu is gamoyenebebisas, enobrivi konamowmebs, Tu ramdenad sworad gastruqcia.

kraSenma Semoitana meore enasTan mimarTebiT enis aTvisebis cneba. kraSeni miiCnevda, rom enis Semswavlelebs aqvT ori sruliad gansxvavebuli gza, ganaviTaron kompetencia enaSi: enis swavla da enis aTviseba. kraSeni miiCnevda, rom mozrdilTa mier enis aTviseba aris qvecnobieri procesi, romelic ar gansxvavdeba Cvilebis mier enis aTvisebis procesisgan. Eenis aTviseba ar aris mxolod gramatikuli wese-

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kraSeni miiCnevda, rom sakuTari enobrivi monitoringi xSirad xels uSlis, rogorc Tavisufal komunikacias, aseve enis aTvisebas zogadad. kraSeni miiCnevda, rom maswavlebelTa mTavari funqcia iyo, enis Semswavlelebs daxmareboda Camoyalibebuliyvnen `optimalur monitorebad, rac gulisxmobs, rom enis Semswavlels ganuviTardes unari, naklebad moaxdinos monitoringi Cveulebrivi komunikaciis dros, xolo enobrivi monitoringi umjobesia `CarTos~ winaswar dagegmili gamosvlis, molaparakebis, weriTi samuSaos dros. M4. Eenobrivi Senatanis hipoTeza kraSenis mier formulirebuli meoTxe hipoTeza iTvleba hipoTezad erT-erT meore umniSvnelovanes

sageb

sakomunikacio Senatanis

kodze

unda

moaxdinos. mxolod am principebiT, enobrivi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi xdeba enis Semswavlelis mier sakuTari azris sworad formulireba da enis etapobrivi aTviseba. kraSeni Tvlis, rom enis Semswavlelebi nelovanes gadian fazas erT-erT umniSvpe,,dumilis

riods (silent period), rodesac isini cdiloben gaaZlieron sakuTari enobrivi enis kompetencia, gamoyenebaze. unda sanam gadavlen masSesabamisad,

wavleblebma

gaiTvaliswinon

enis Semswavlelebis aRniSnuli `dumilis periodi da ar unda moaxdinon maTze zewola enis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT. `dumilis periodSi an arasakmarisi enobrivi kompetenciis dros, rodesac enis Semswavlels Txoven enis gamoyenebas, enis Semswavlelebi mimarTaven sakuTar mSobliur enas da am enaSi arsebul konstruqciebs, rac iZleva komunikaciis, magram ar iZleva meore enis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT progresirebis saSualebas.

enis swavlisa da aTvisebis TeoriaSi. Senatanis hipoTeza xsnis, rogor SeiZleba enis Semswavlelma droTa ganmavlobaSi kompetencia. aRniSnuli Teoriis mixedviT, enis Semswavlels unda miewodos imaze odnav meti, rac man ukve icis. am Teorias +1-is Teoriasac uwodeben, rac gulisxmobs enis Semswavlelis arsebul codnaze mxolod mciredis damatebas (anu +1). kraSeni miiCnevda, rom enis Semswavlels SeuZlia gaigos konteqsti, Tu igi mxolod mcirediT aRemateba mis enobriv kompetencias. N aRniSnuli hipoTezis konteqstSi mniSvnelovania agreTve kraSenis mosazreba, rom maswavlebelma enis Semswavlelis fokusireba gramatikuli konstruqciebis swavlebis nacvlad, enis SemswavlelisTvis gaganiviTaros enobrivi

5.Eefeqturi filtris hipoTeza


M kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli

mexuTe hipoTeza gaxlavT efeqturi filtris hipoTeza. avtori efeqtur filtrSi gulisxmobs enis aTvisebisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, rogoricaa motivacia, Tavdajerebuloba, SiSi. TiToeuli am Sinagani faqtoris Sesabamisad, gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebelma sxvaunda dasxva doneze xdeba enis aTviseba.

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gaiTvaliswinos

enis

Semswavlelis

metad uwyobs xels enis aTvisebas, vidre `enobrivi Senatani~. jonsoni (2004) miiCnevda, Sedegis rom gaazrebuli mniSvenobrivi enis Tqma Teoria

Sinagani filtris zemoT miTiTebuli faqtorebi enis swavlebis procesSi. kraSenis mier SemoTavazebuli xuThipoTeziani Teoriis farglebSi, meore enis aTvisebisa da swavlebis TvalsazrisiT ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ikveTeba: (a) meore enasTan mimarTebiT enis aTviseba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre enis swavla (b) enis aTvisebisaTvis mniSvnelovania gaazrebuli Senatani, anu enis Semswavlelis arsebul codnaze mxolod mciredis damateba, rac ar gaarTulebs komunikacias (anu +1-is principi); (g) enis aTvisebaze gavlenas axdens Sinagani filtris iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa motivacia, Tavdajerebuloba da SiSi. Sesabamisad, maswavlebels lelis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, raTa SeZlos enis Semswavmotivireba, Tavdajerebuli gaxados enis Seswavlis mimarT da moxsnas enis aTvisebisa da enis gamoyenebis mimarT SiSi. sveinma Teoria. sakuTar naSromebSi enis 1985 da 1993 wels ganavrco kraSenis sveinis azriT, asaTviseblad ar aris mxolod enobrivi

nelovania enis aTvisebisas, radgan Semswavleli surda xels da risi uwyobs gaiazros TvalnaTliv Tqma enis SeZlo. enobrivi Semsrac, sakuTari amCnevs saubrisas sxvaobas, Tu risi Sesabamisad, Sedegi wavlels, lingvisturi mas, tebze, meti gaazrebuli

kompetencia, Zalisxmeva

saboloo jamSi, saSualebas aZlevs mimarTos im aspeqda enobrivi kompetenciebis sadac

problemebi

xarvezebi misTvis TvalsaCinoa. kraSenisa da sveinis kvaldakval, longis van ganviTarda maT `interaqciis araerTi hipoTeza~ sxva da Teoriac, Soris, `enobrivi modeli. magaliTad, Senatanis aRniSnuli enis

patenis

procesirebis~ Teoriebi garemosa Teoriebma Tumca Teoriebi Tanamedrove SeiZleba aqcents

aqcents da

akeTebdnen

Seswavlis procesze da am procesSi kulturul aspeqtebs ver aqcevdnen yuradRebas. im periodSi am iseTi popularoba moipova, rogorc kraSenis Teoriam, dResdReobiT meore enis Teoriebis miviCnioT. akeTeben aRniSnuli aTvisebis nawiladac Teoriebis, da

gaazrebuli `Senatani~ (language input) sakmarisi. Output). mniSvnelovania Sedegi~ Teoriis `roca enaze. magram am am `gaazrebuli (Comrehensible mixedviT, Cven Cveni `ena enobrivi aTvisebulia, gvaqvs Sedegad

romlebic enis Seswavlisas mTavar kulturul socialur aspeqtebze. 3. konstruqtivizmi / socialurTeoria mTlianad

vlaparakobT azris cdis

Tavdapirvelad araerTi

problemebi vaxerxebT

gadmocemisas,

swori formebiTa da konstruqciebiT komunikacias~ (kraSeni, 2004, gv. 4). sveinis azriT, gaazrebuli enobrivi Sedegi zogierT viTarebaSi ufro

kulturuli kognituri Teoriebi konstruqtivizmis meore enis swavlebisas

efuZneba vigockis 1962 da 1978 wels

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

naSromebs da mis mier SemuSavebul socio-kulturul truqtivizmis codnas vigocki moswavleebi zrdasrulebTan komunikaciisa Sedegad Sinagani da da Teorias. idea, konsrom mTavari

moswavle TviTon agebs sakuTar codnas; bavSvis axdens romelic moswavlis rebas; swavlaze garemo xels kognitur xdeba sakuTar xels gavlenas interaqcia, uwyobs ganviTagaremo TavTan uwyobs mis

moswavleebi TviTon ageben sakuTar informaciis da mianiSnebda aRmoCenis, gziT. swavlis swavloben TanatolebTan interaqciis 2009). (b) vigockim gardaqmnisa gaTavisebis

socialur aspetze da miiCnevda, rom

ganviTareba bavSvis komunikacia ena da

interaqciis Sedegad;

(janaSia, saubari;

kognitur ganviTarebas; azrovneba viTardeba erTmaneTisgan jamSi xdeba damoukideblad maTi Serwyma da

swavlebis sami midgoma Semoitana: (a) skafoldingi; (g) uaxloesi ganviTarebis zona.

da erTdroulad da saboloo interaqcia; vigocki seriozul yuradRebas uTmobda vigockis zona da da sakuTari enobriv enis azriT, Teoriis aspeqtebs. swavla, ganviTarebisas

Sinagani
TavTan saubriT

saubari

vigocki codnis

miiCnevda, rom moswavleebi sakuTar axdendnen gaTavisebas da mas moswavleebis mier Sinagani saubari swavlebis procesis mniSvnelovan aspeqtad miaCnda.

ganviTarebis uaxloesi zona ganviTarebis gulisxmobs amocanaTa SeuZlia, im uaxloesi moqmedebaTa

enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba procesireba socialuri interaqciis Sedegia da enis aTviseba ufro advilad xdeba cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, vidre saklaso oTaxSi. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva konteqsti vigocki Tvlida, rom socio-kulturuli ganapirobebda adamianis

erTobliobas, magram advilad da interaqciisa

romelTa axerxebs mozrdil da maTi

Sesruleba bavSvs damoukideblad ar TanatolebTan adamianebTan

daxmarebis meSveobiT.

mier enis aTvisebas Soris sxvaobas.

skafoldingi
pirdapir Sinagani uaxloes moswavlis irebas rac misi mas aris saubrisa zonasTan mier

da da

skafoldingi dakavSirebuli ganviTarebis gulisxmobs konstruaZlevs, zonis aspeqti daxmarebiT,

aRsaniSnavia, rom vigocki enas ar miiCnevda ubralod miRebuli codnis gamoxatulebad, enasa da mniSvnelovani mniSvnelovan vigockis praqtikuli gamoyenebis igi Tvlida Soris da rom aris ena azrovnebas kavSiri rols

codnis

maswavleblis

TamaSobs ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobas ganviTarebis vigockis mniSvnelovani

kognitur ganviTarebaSi. uaxloesi zonis Teoriis meore enis swavlebis mcdeloba kuTxiT hqonda

Seasrulos amocanebi da davalebebi uaxloesi farglebSi. ramdenime Teorias

axasiaTebs swavlis procesisTvis:

donatos (1998), romelmac ganaviTara

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

11

koleqtiuri skafoldingis midgoma. donatos lelTa aqcias, momtania, mSoblis daxmareba. Kkognituri Teoriebis erT-erTi ganviTarebis fuZemdebeli an mixedviT, jgufis da rac mier koleqtiuri SemswavinterSedegis erTmaneTis skafoldingi daxmarebas gulisxmobs erTmaneTTan ufro vidre am enaze meti

kognituri

ganviTarebis

sakiTxebs.

piaJe Tvlida, rom individis mier enis aTviseba damokidebuli iyo mis kognitur ganviTarebasa da inteleqtze. piaJes azriT, jer xdeboda individis kognituri, xolo Semdgom enobrivi kompetenciebis ganviTareba. piaJe yofda: funqcia; funqcia. enis (a) (b) enis funqcias enis enis or nawilad egocentruli socializaciis da Tavis

maswavleblis, molaparakis

egocentruli funqciebic,

piaJec mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobda Tavis naSromebSi enis aTvisebisa da egocentruli funqcia 1. 3. gameoreba ormagi an koleqtiuri monologi 2. monologi

socializaciis

mxriv, iyofoda qvesistemebad: socializaciis funqcia 1. informaciis adaptireba 2. kritika; 3. brZaneba 4. moTxovna da daSineba 5. kiTxva/pasuxi

piaJe aTviseba socialur teqstSi. vareblad, dros, aspeqti ganxilvisas

miiCnevda, da

rom

enis kon-

vigocki

miiCnevda, iyo

rom Tavad

socialuri kognituri piaJe yuradRebas mniSvnesocioSoris uWiravs

unda

xdebodes

realur

interaqcia ganviTarebis naklebad Tvis

kulturul

safuZvelic.

enis Semswavlelis mier socialuri socialuri aris enobrivi interaqciis sakiTxebis mniSvnelovani kompetenciebis

amaxvilebda

enis gamoyeneba problemebis mosag-

individis kognituri ganviTarebisasocialuri enis garemos aTvisebis Teoriebs adgili baxtinis uwodeben. baxtinis lobaze. Mmeore kulturul mniSvnelovani mixeil Teoriasac imisa, rom

gansaviTareblad. piaJes da vigockis enisa da kognituri vebaa. xdeboda ganviTareba vigockis piaJe ganviTarebis Tvlida, adamianis da Teoriebs rom jer ganviki _ Soris erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvakognituri

mosazrebebs. miuxedavad Teoria

baxtinis Teorias `antilingvustur~

kritikulad iqna miRebuli, baxtini iTvleba erT-erT udides moazrovned me-20 saukuneSi da misma naSromma axali Zveli safuZveli naSromis daudo araerTi da

kognituri Tanaxmad

Tarebis Sesabamisad, enis aTviseba. Teoriis da azrovnebisa enis ganviTarebis

warmoSobasa

procesi erTdroulad mimdinareobs.

naSromebis aqtualizacias.

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

baxtinis

naSromis

saTaveebi

arasamTavrobo, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis sad, meore

agreTve da mxridan. enis ar

umaRlesi kvleviTi SesabamiaTvisebis erTiani arsebobs. maswavlebaRniS-

literaturuli Teoriidan modis da enis koncefciebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Mbaxtini amtkicebda, rom yvela ena socialur-ideologiuri fenomenia da yofaSi mxolod socialuri interaqciis Sedegad warmoiSoba. Sesabamisad, ena socialurpolitikuri viTarebis dinamikisa da specifiurobisgan ganuyofelia. baxtinis naSromebi ar ganixilavs lingvistikis formas, rogorc fonologiis, sintaqsiis da leqsikis abstraqtul sistemas. baxtinisaTvis mniSvnelovania socialuri, kulturuli da politikuri konteqsti enis aTvisebisTvis da meorexarisxovani _ enis lingvisturi konstruqciebi. jonsonma Tavis publikaciaSi 2004 wels baxtinis Teoriis meore enis aTvisebasTan dakavSireba scada. jonsons miaCnda, rom miuxedavad baxtinis Teoriis sakamaTo xasiaTisa, man ufro farTo gasaqani misca vigockis enis aTvisebis Teorias da misi aqtualizacia axal WrilSi moaxdina. amasTanave, jonsoni aRniSnavda, rom enis mniSvneloba kognituri ganviTarebisTvis ar aris srulyofili, Tu is garkveul socialur koncefciaSi enobriv aspeqtebs ar Seiswavlis. daskvna meore dargia qarTulis, enis swavleba meore axali enis saqarTvelos rogorc realobaSi.

TvalsazrisiT mwyobri da Teoriuli Sesabamisad, lebisTvis maTi mimoxilva meore enis

xelmiuwvdomelia da

nuli Teoriebi da maT mier ar xdeba gaazreba praqtikaSi am da Sedegi gamocda. Teoriebis saklaso mizani, Jurnalis gamoqveyndeba, swavlisa mieZRvneba. da praqtikuli dakavSireba. mniSvnelovania praqtikuli sivrcesTan romelic, Semdgom swored aTvisebis gamoZaxilis am Semdgomi

Teoriebis statiis savaraudod, nomerSi meore enis Teoriebis analizs

saswavlo gegmaze muSaoba mxolod 2005 wlidan daiwyo. samecniero da kvleviTi mimarTulebiT TvalsazrisiT, aqtiurobac am mxolod

amis Semdeg gaxda SesamCnevi rogorc

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

13

literatura
brauni, 2000 - Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman. brauni, 2001 - Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman. donato, 1998 - Donato, R. (1998). Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In J. P. Lantolf & G. Appel (Eds.), Vygotskian approaches to second language research (pp.33-56). vaiTi, 1981 - White, L. (1981). The responsibility of grammatical theory to acquisitional data. In N. Hornstein & D. Lightfoot (Eds.). Explanation in linguistics: The logical problem of language acquisition (pp 241-271). London, UK: Longman. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mental development of children and the process of learning (M. Lopez Morillas, trans.). In M. Cole, V. John-steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.), vigocki, 1962 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. In M. Cole, V. vigocki, 1978 - Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. kozulini, 2002 - Kozulin, A. (2002). Sociocultural theory and mediated learning experience. School of Psychology International, 23, 7-35. korderi, 1967 - Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learners errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5 (4), 162-170. kraSeni, 1977 - Krashen, S. (1977). The monitor model for adult second language performance. In M.Burt, H. Dulay & M Finocchiaro (Eds.), Viewpoints on English as a Second Language (pp. 152-161). New York: Regents kraSeni, 1981 - Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press. kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford, UK:Pergamon Press. kraSeni, 1985 - Krashen, S. (1985). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London, UK: Longman. kraSeni, 1992 - Krashen, S. (1992). Under what conditions, if any , should formal grammar instruction take place? TESOL Quarterly, 26, 409-411. kraSeni, 1994 - Krashen, S. (1994). The effect of formal grammar teaching: Still peripheral. TESOL Quarterly, 27, 722-725. kraSeni, 1997 - Krashen, S. (1997). Foreign Language Education: The Easy Way. Culver City, CA: Language Education Association. kraSeni, 2004 - Krashen, S. (2004). Why Support a delayed-gratification approach to language education? The Language Teacher, 28 (7), 3-7. kuminsi, 2006 - Cummins, J. (2006). BICS and CALP. Retrieved December 20, 2010, from http://www.iteachilearn.com/cummins/bicscalp.html lado, 1957 - Lado, R. (1957). Linguistic Across Cultures: Applied Linguistic for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. piaJe, 2002 - Piaget, J. (2002). The language and thought of the child. In B. M. Power & R. S.Hubbard (Eds), Language development: a reader for teachers (2nd ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.

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sveini, 1993 - Swain, M. (1993). The output hypothesis: Just speaking and writing arent enough. Canadian Modern Language Review, 50, 158-164. xomski, 1959 - Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinners Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26-58. xomski, 1965 - Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T Press. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (pp.20-32). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1978. janaSia, n., imedaZe, n., gorgaZe, s., (2009) ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris gamocema. jonsoni, 2004 - Johnson, M. (2004). A philosophy of Second Language Acquisition. New Harven, CT: Yale University Press

Shalva Tabatadze, Irina Shubitidze

Second Language Acquisition and Learning Theories


ABSTRACT The article reviews theories of second language acquisition (SLA) and learning. The second language theory is a new discipline in science and research. The development of the field started only in the end of 50st of the 20th century. The article reviews the theories of second language acquisition in the context of three major scientific research traditions, which have deeply influenced all theories and methods of SLA acquisition. (a)structuralism or descriptive behaviorism, (b) rationalism and cognitive psychology, and(c) constructivism (Brown, 2000, p. 12). The review of theories of second language acquisition will assist teachers to analyse their practical experience and use the practical implications of theories in classroom setting.

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

15

alan kroufordi paata papava

meore enis aTvisebisa da kiTxvis swavlebis strategiebi dawyebiT fazaze

abstraqti
saqarTveloSi gamocdilebis programebisa bi/multilingvuri gaziareba da da rogorc ganaTlebis mecnieruli programebis kvlevis, ise

danergvis gzaze metad mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso proeqtebis praqtikuli Sedegebis gacnoba.

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada wignierebis ganviTarebisadmi midgomebma rogorc mSobliur, ise meore enaze. gafarTovda da gamdidrda efeqturi saswavlo strategiebisa da resursebis maragi. winamdebare statiaSi Cven mimovixilavT meore enis aTvisebasa da wignierebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. aseve, warmovadgenT ramdenime praqtikul strategias, aadvilebs moswavleebSi. zogierTi sabaziso debuleba meore enis aTvisebis Taobaze Tavdapirvelad SevexebiT meore enis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebul im konceptualur weris aspeqtebs, romlebic process myar safuZvels uqmnis kiTxvisa da swavleba-swavlis dawyebiT safexurze. Cven iseve vswavlobT meore enas, rogorc mSobliurs. bavSvebi advilad euflebian mSobliur enas gramatikuli struqturebis gareSe. vebs aTviseba bavSvebi isini SeuZliaT gacnobierebis bavSenis Seswavw. duar es meore romelTa kiTxvis gamoyeneba unarisa da sagrZnoblad wignierebis aCqarebs da ganviTarebas

analogiurad, gramatikis gadian ismenen, e.

lis gareSe. milis periods. am periodSi magram Tumca, metyveleben.

srulebiT ar niSnavs, rom am periodSi isini ar swavloben. enis ufro Seswavla efeqturi gacilebiT da swrafi

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

iqneba,

Tu

bavSvs

dasaw-

advilad aris SesaZlebeli garemoSi arsebuli realuri nivTebiT, xelT arsebuli TvalsaCinoebebiT, ilustraciebiT da sxv. igi ar moiTxovs ZviradRirebul saswavlo resursebs da da wignebs. ara gakveTilis Sinaarsi aigeba saintereso Temebis garSemo

yisSive gamarTuli formebiT saubars ar mosTxoven. bavSvebi meore Secdomebs enis frazebis uSveben gamoproducirebis

(calkeuli

Tqmisa da laparakis) dros. am Secdomebis Sesworeba ar aris mizanSewonili. sinamdvileSi kidev Cven saqme gvaqvs ara jer Tavad da SecdomebTan, formebTan, moswavlis moswavleebi maSin, dros nareobs. zemoT moyvanil konceptualur debulebebs, swavlis digmas meore enis aTvisebis parakomunikaciur midgomasa da swavlebakonstruqtivistul Seesabameba iseTi rogoricaa: midgoma saswavlo bunebrivi metad roca swavla dros moiTxovs. enas iTviseben da mimdiusmenen ar aramed rac

gramatikuli

elementebis

mixedviT. aseTi Temebis magaliTebia: ferebi, sakvebi, megobrebi, samuSao da sxv. moswavleebs erTad da maswavleblebs SeuZliaT

dasaxvew,

gasamarT

saintereso Temebis mofiqreba. bunebrivi midgoma sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba. pirveli fizikuri moswavleebi miTiTebebs. SexebiTa moZraobiT gaigo safexuria reaqcia. ismenen da moswavle sxva gamoxatavs am sruli fazaze da miniSnebiT, fizikuri imas, naTqvami. kviris sanam rom am

aqtiurobasa

cdiloben, gaigon. laparakis

SekiTxvebs

maswavleblis ramdenime grZeldeba,

etapze moswavleebi ar saubroben. es safexuri lobaSi ganmavbavSvi

strategiebi, bunebrivi

erTsityvian pasuxebs gamoTqvams.

midgoma da sruli fizikuri reaqcia. efeqturi strategiaa. misi gamoyeneba sruli fizikuri reaqciis magaliTebi: maswavlebeli maCvene lurji wigni. giyvars kanfeti? Tu xedav karadas, fexze adeqi. Tu banani wiTelia, awie xeli. bunebrivi midgomis meore moswavle awevs lurj wigns. Tavs daaqnevs. fexze dgeba. xels ar wevs. meore dasasruls zebiTa da laparaks. safexuri bavSvebi kvirebis mokle fraiwyeben

safexuria adreuli producireba. am safexurze bavSvebi diax an ara pasuxebs erTi gamoTqvamen. an ori aseve, pasuxoben sityviT.

ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. safexuris winadadebebiT

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

17

SekiTxvis nimuSebi gaqvs fanqari? wiTeli yviTeli? CanTa skamzea Tu magidaze? rZe aris .......................... . ra aqvs levans? ra dalie diliT? ufro mogwons diax.

pasuxis nimuSebi Tu wiTeli. magidaze. TeTri. ori kalami. Cai.

mesame safexuri aris adreuli metyveleba. leebi pasuxoben, Secdomas am mokle Tumca safexurze zogierT magram am moswavsityvas maTi winadadebebiT

mniSvnelovania, Tavdapirvelad

rom

moswavlem enaze

mSobliur

iswavlos kiTxva da wera. amis paralelurad, mosmena da moswavles laparaki SeuZlia -

gamotoveben xolme. marTalia, bevr uSveben, rom gamonaTqvamebis azri gasagebia. metad mniSvnelovania, fazaze Secdomebi ar SevusworoT, vinaidan isini TviTon gauCinardeba aqtiuri swavlis procesSi. Tu maswavlebeli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyenebs sruli strategiebs, moemzadebian unarebis bebisTvis. kiTxvis swavleba ucxo/meore enaze es qveTavi Tu ZiriTadad pirvel viciT ra kiTxvis rigSi, kiTxvis erTxel intensiurad midgomisa fizikuri moswavleebi kiTxvisa asaTvisebeli da gamoda reaqciis kargad weris aqtivobunebrivi

meore enaze. amis Semdeg moswavle gacilebiT advilad kiTxvis erT enaSi. kiTxvis unarebi erTi enidan meoreSi gadadis. igive exeba weris unarebsac. moswavleebi TviTon gadaitanen kiTxvisa amocanaa, am da weris unarebs. Cveni davexmaroT procesis meTodia ufro moswavleebs dasawyebad enobrivi swrafad enaze da swrafad eufleba kiTxvas da weras. unarebis igivea, umravlesoba rac meore enaSi

imis gagebaSi, rasac kiTxuloben. saukeTeso moswavleebi Tavdapirvelad

praqtikis midgoma. swavlebas gavixsenoT, Cven Seexeba. SeZleben meore enaze kiTxvas, Tu mSobliur kiTxvas iswavlian.

swavlebisa da swavlis Sesaxeb? mxolod vswavlobT kiTxvas.

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

kiTxuloben da weren da vis Sesaxeb komunikaciuri meore enaze midgomis werisa da gamoyeneba kiTxvis kiTxuloben da weren. konstruqtivistuli aRniSnuli SesabamisobaSia arcTu iTvleboda, meore enaze da didi rom xnis ar win unda lebis da bavSvebs sanam principebTan. weris konceptebi meore enis paradigmis srul swavmidgomis kiTxvisa

swavleba-swavlis procesSi

komunikaciuri ganvixiloT

daewyoT kiTxvisa da weris Seswavla manam, mosmenaunarebs gagebisa metyvelebis

meTodebi/strategiebi, aRniSnuli perspeqtivis

romlebic xels uwyobs meore enis aTvisebas farglebSi. wera-kiTxvis adreuli gamocdileba da misi mniSvneloba meore umetesobas gaaCnia met-naklebi enis enis adreuli SemswavlelTa asakidan ukve aTvisebis rogorc sxvadasxva etiketebs, warwerebs,

garkveul doneze ar daeuflebodnen. sinamdvileSi, meore enaze kiTxvisa da weris procesi SeiZleba daiwyos enis aTvisebis adreul meore etapzeve, enis im ukve gansakuTrebiT weren enaze. SeuZlia iTamaSos komponentis kavSiri komunikaciuri (acquisition) da gansakuTrebiT konstruqtivistul wignierebis rogorc moZraobas. realur kidev rom gamoyenebaze ufro da

SemswavlelTaTvis, metic,

romlebic

kiTxuloben mniSvnelovani meore enis Seswavlis axali gziT

mSobliur codnas roli yvela procesSi enis aTvisebasa Soris

wera-kiTxvis

bunebrivad gamocdileba. xvdebian

Sin, ise garemomcvel TemSi, bavSvebi yoveldRiurad SefuTuli abrebs, produqtis satelevizio

(kraSeni da tereli).

avtomobilis brendebs da a. S. isini xedaven, rogor kiTxuloben ojaxSi ufrosebi, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi ki maTac bavSvi nabeWdi sityviT warmoadgens. ucxo/meore klasSi garemos kiTxvis enis dawerili enis Semswavlel nabeWdi / gamdidrebul aqvs saWiro sWirdebaT an rom Sesamravalferovani teqstebiT didi ukiTxaven. acnobierebs, Tu TandaTanobiT rom, rogorc teqstebi azrs

wignierebas

mniSvnelovania paradigmaSi. process, nawilisaken aqcents enis (1995)

gudmani (1986) ganixilavs enisa da dauflebis igi ZiriTad mTlianidan garemoSi did

mSobliur, ise sxva enebze arsebuli dawerili gamoxatul

avTenturi Smiti

akeTebs.

mniSvnelobas warmoadgens calkeuli

aniWebs avTenturobas, acxadebs ra, `wigniereba fenomens. socialur

mniSvneloba

swavlisaTvis ar

pirovnebebi xdebian wignierebi ara imis gamo, rom isini oficialurad iReben ganaTlebas, ris aramed Sesaxebac iqidan isini gamomdinare,

resursebis uzrunvelsayofad. meore Semswavlelebs asoebis da asos codna calkeuli bgerasa tyvisobis dasaxelebis Soris imisaTvis,

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

19

amoicnon teqstis

da

isaubron saklaso

etiketis, oTaxSi an

sityvebis wignSi da aseve wers am sityvasTan debas an dakavSirebul frazas, winadamas romelsac

sakuTari saxelis an sxva avTenturi Sesaxeb. teqstebTan anazRaurebs Sexeba iqamde garkveulad ararsebul

moswavle karnaxobs. Semdeg moswavle ukiTxavs mis mier nakarnaxev frazas maswavlebels ilustracias. da da im akeTebs winadadebas. etapze, enaze werisa mis es sabolood, moswavle

arasakmaris gamocdilebas. sakvanZo procesi tereli bunebrivi garkveul gamoTqmuli saxiT gaikras enaze (1981) midgomis etapze sakvanZo kedelze ukve gvirCevs, saubris rom dros sityvebi (mniSvda leqsika da enobriv

wers

sityvas

praqtikasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvis

gansakuTrebiT strategiaa mSobliur kiTxvis safuZvelia, unda

sasargeblo roca da

moswavleebi axal anbans iTviseben. gamoyenebis codna romelsac daeyrdnos sasurveli mogvianebiT wera-kiTxvis

carciT daiweros dafaze an baraTis nelovania, mSobliur kiTxulobdnen). rom moswavleebi werdnen zemoT

Seswavla meore enis aTvisebis dros. kvleva da praqtika cxadyofs, rom wera-kiTxvis enis anbani sabaziso unar-Cvevebi gadaaqvs enis moswavles mSobliuri enidan meore aTvisebis ki, procesSi maSinac rodesac meore

rogorc

vTqviT, bunebrivi midgomiT muSaobis adreul etapze moswavleebi sakuTar azrebs im erTi an ori sityvis meSveobiT gamoxataven. amasTan, isini sakvanZo leqsikuri erTeulebis iwyeben, TviTonve sakuTari daweris saSualeba sityvebTan ojaxis romlebic miawodes azrebis Semdeg eZlevaT, dakavSi(mag. wevrTa kiTxvasac Casawerad maswavlebels gamoxatvisas. sityvis moswavleebs gamoTqvan rebuli sakvebis, aseve moswavlis romelic sainteresoa. moswavle maswavlebeli am

mniSvnelovnad arsebuli dros

gansxvavdeba enobrivi warmoadgens

mSobliuri enis anbanisagan. ukve Seswavlis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba meore enis moswavlis stimulirebis SesaniSnav gzas, raTa mas gauCndes daintereseba nabeWdi masalisadmi (mustafa da fenrouzi, 1985; neseli da ounsi, 1981; diqsoni da praqtikis exmareba dawerili gagebaSi, damoukidebeli aRemateba. mas xmamaRla moTxrobas, yvebian Semdeg, rac maswavlebeli an moyveba Tavad ki waikiTxavs ambavs, neseli, 1983). meTodis moswavles imgvari romelTa kiTxvis enobrivi gamoyeneba meore enaze teqstebis sirTule dones

Tematuri megobris,

frazebi

saqmianobis Sesaxeb). efeqturia mier misTvis mas iwers TiToeuli sakvanZo gansakuTrebiT Semdeg, mas rac sityvas, sakvanZo

leqsikonidan iseTi sityvis amorCeva,

moswavleebi

uCvenebs

maswavlebeli

dafaze an didi formatis qaRaldze

20

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

wers nakarnaxev teqsts. pekis (1989) TvalsazrisiT, es aqtivoba exmareba moswavleebs, gaiumjobeson moTxrobis struqturis aZlevs misi gagebis unari. karnaxis procesSi dawerili teqsti saSualebas gaiazron moswavleebs, isaubron Sinaarsi,

aZlevs rebis

kiTxvis

procesis Tavad

modelirom SeeZlebaT wakiTxvis

saSualebas

imgvarad,

moswavleebs teqstis dros. bgerebs

daakvirdnen, Tu ras gaakeTeben amave damoukideblad garda amisa, moswavleebi Sesabamisobis

iwyeben nacnob teqstSi asoebsa da im Soris dadgenas, romlebsac kiTxvis dros

nawarmoebze da, amave dros, eziaron mis kulturul aspeqtebs. mokle gamoyenebis sTavazobs karnaxisaTvis ciebi, resursebi. saswavlo moTxrobebis Semdeg moswavleebs, gamoiyenon nivTebi sasurvelia, aqtivobas da (ambebis) rom sxva rom daematos _ maswavlebeli

gamoTqvamen (holdavei, 1979). linCis (1986) mixedviT, erToblivi kuri kiTxvis procesi iwyeba saubriT wignis romlebic erToblivi zogadad, Sesaxeb im leqsigamoyenebiT, aTvisebulia. mniSvnelovani codnis enis nabeWdi

ilustra-

realuri

erTeulebis ukve kiTxva

ramdenime komponenti, magaliTad

instrumentia leqsikuri maragisa da sabaziso meore sadac gasamdidreblad. iseTi ojaxebidan,

arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba, weris miznisa da auditoriis gansazRvra. aseve sasargebloa naweris Sesaxeb msjeloba, teqstis redaqtireba da SemdgomSi moswavleebis mier weris procesis damoukideblad warmarTva.

Semswavlelebi ufro xSirad arian masala ufro naklebadaa, an sadac mSobliur enaze werisa da kiTxvis unari SeiZleba garekans SezRuduli da iyos. moswavleebi erTad aTvaliereben ilustraciebs.

erToblivi kiTxva kiTxvis safexurze formas wakiTxva. da enobriv swavlis kidev erT didi adreul efeqtur wignis wignebze, araerTxel teqsts bavSvebs, ki -

wignis

maswavlebeli exmareba maT azrebis gamoxatvaSi. moswavleebi acnobiereben, rom SeuZliaT gamoTqvan varaudi imis safuZvelze, rac isini cdiloben ukve ician. maswavleblis mier teqstis kiTxvis paralelurad, komentarebs paralelebi da da akeTeben ipovon varaudebsa

warmoadgens saubaria formebs

romlebic mkafio qargazea agebuli imeorebs. Tavdapirvelad, ukiTxavs

gamoTqmul

maswavlebeli erTad

moTxrobaSi bevri

ganviTarebul fiqrobs,

Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebTan kiTxulobs, bolos mxolod moswavleebi kiTxuloben. am aqtivobis mimoxilviTi wignebis dasawyisSi saubari. sasurvelia da msgavsi ilustraciebis daTvaliereba

movlenebs Soris. maswavlebeli SeZleben Tu sanam rogor moswavleebi sityvebis Smitis jer

didi wignis kiTxvis dawyebas manam, dekodirebas didi anu gaSifvras mixedviT, iswavlian. wignis

gamoyeneba

maswavlebels

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

21

maswavleblis erToblivad zrdis

mier, wakiTxva

Semdeg gancdas

ki da isini da

uqmnis teqstis gagebas. es problema mSobliuri aqtualuria, xSirad leqsikuri ar da enis aTvisebis gaaCnia drosac sakmarisi codna ganviTaaspeqti. ukeT maTi radgan moswavles

moswavleebSi

warmatebis meti

Tavdajerebulobas. cdiloben, moswavleebi meti Reba

Sedegad, sizustiTa

akademiuri leqsikis

mondomebiT waikiTxon teqsti. roca jgufurad ukiTxaven badebs, maswavlebels teqsts, es kidev ufro warmatebis aRar grZnobas radgan calkeul Secdomebs yuradeqceva. moswavleebs da naklebi saSualeba eZlevaT, Tavad Seasworon sakuTari Secdomebi procesSi SfoTviT gaagrZelon kiTxva. kiTxvis moswavleebi iwyeben imis dadgenas, Tu teqstis romeli nawili gadmoscems moTxrobis ama Tu im epizods. garda amisa, isini xSirad aRniSnuli moswavles amocnoba iwvevs. behemoTi da imis an iseTi iwyeben maTTvis saintereso furclebze. aucileblad maTi interess _ sityvebis amocnobas, romlebic ufro Cndeba sityvebi

gonebaSi azris konstruirebisaTvis. ganvixiloT rebis Cven ori viciT, mniSvnelovani rom

erTi aris mdidari enobrivi garemo. adamianebi rodesac swavloben aTviseba ara sityvebs, zedmiwevniT

konsteqstuagamomdiiqneba leqsikuri da maTi

lizebul garemoSi mimdinareobs da ganyenebulad. miT aqedan ukeTesi aRqmuli wvdoma nare, rac ufro mdidaria enobrivi garemo, konteqstSi erTeulebis

mniSvnelobis gageba, rasac Sedegad maTi gamoyenebac mosdevs. Cven xolme bisaTvis xSirad meore enis Tavs vikavebT micemisgan Semswavlele-

advilad wasakiTxi sityvebi ar aris. uadvildeba gamo, rom sityvebi,

instruqtaJebis

iseT sagnebSi, sadac SeTavazebulia maRali konteqstualuri formebi mecnierebaSi, bebSi, socialur mecniereda Cven meore da xelovnebaSi, (1993) musikaSi mixedviT, rom sferoebi formiT

rogoricaa

vardisferi

SeiZleba ufro advilad amosacnobi dasamaxsovrebeli aRmoCndes meore an mesame wakiTxvisas, vidre iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa albaT an isev. linCis (1986) mixedviT, gameoreba swrafi nacnobi da xels moTxrobebis uwyobs

saswavlo programis sxva sferoebSi. kroufordis unda gegmis enis davrwmundeT, aRniSnuli saswavlo miewodebaT

Semswavlelebs

konteqstualizebuli

moswavleebisTvis damRleli ar aris kiTxvaSi warmatebis miRwevas. leqsikis ganviTareba rodesac maragi yvelaze moswavleebi did kiTxu-

mdidari leqsikiT. swavleba mocemul sagnebSi unda moicavdes erToblivi / jgufuri swavlis meTodebs, problemebis gadaWras da leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebaze orientirebul sxva strategiebs. fonuri beli an rekomendebuli codnis gasaaqtiurebevri swored

loben meore enaze, mwiri leqsikuri dabrkolebas

gansaviTarebeli strategia

22

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

leqsikuri ukavSirdeba. warmoadgens strategias, unda

erTeulebis erT-erT magram misi Zneli

swavlebas sqema aseT gamoyeneba da leqsikis kiTxvi-

aris

saWiro, 1993).

dekodirebis davelodoT

unaris (fices enis maT adre im ukve dros

semantikuri

ganviTarebas jeraldi, mosazreba

rasakvirvelia, meore ganvavrcoT. SeiZleba

SegviZlia

Semoifarglos

sakvanZo

Semswavlelebzec enaze wera rac

konceptualurad swavlebisaTvis. metad rad

esaWiroebaT waxaliseba, raTa meore daiwyon, gansakuTrebiT sabaziso isini iseve saubris unari aqvT. unda dros weris

sxvagvarad,

saTvis mcire dro dagvrCeba. produqtulia an SerCeuli naxevxmiT Semdeg mokled axali kavSirSi. unda vinmes gamoTqvan literaturuli xmamaRali winaswari axsnas unda garda ubiZgos azrebi, axali SeiZleba mixedviT, nawarmoebis maRali amis sityva.

SemTxvevaSi, roca mSobliur enaze weris Camoyalibebuli romlebsac uSveben, rogorc Secdomebs. miwera, Secdomebs, mivudgeT, daSvebul Casworebebis TandaTa-

wakiTxva.

maswavlebels

SeuZlia

zogierTi iyos amisa,

leqsikuri erTeulebi warmodgenili konteqstTan moswavleebs, vinaidan sityvis maswavlebelma jgufSi Sesaxeb.

pirdapiri

nacvlad, SegviZlia swori formebis raTa moswavlem nobiT daxvewos naweri. mokle reziume da daskvna bunebrivi midgoma warmoadgens yvelaze farglebSi dayvanili Sesworeba konvenciebis bunebrivi farTod gavrcelebul aris saxis swavleba. gulisxmobs Seqmnas, enis Tanabrad bavSvebis, zrdasrulTa enis codnis miaRwevs, sagnis gziT. gagebis komunikaciur midgomas. am midgomis minimumamde yvelanairi da midgoma hgavs pirdapiri garemos igi

aucileblad eqneba garkveuli codna zogjer axsnisTvis an sityvebis mniSvnelobis darTuli

ilustraciebis

TvalsaCinoebebis

maswavleblis mier momzadebuli sxva masalis gamoyenebiT. weris procesi enis aTvisebisadmi midgomis xvis da swavlebisa ZiriTad weris da princips

gramatikuli

imgvari romelic

saswavlo garemos.

konstruqtivistuli

mSobliuri

aTvisebis efeqturia mozardebis

warmoadgens mosmenis, saubris, kiTurTierTgadajaWSexedulebiT, erTianobaSi ara fenomenebs cxovrebaSi iwyeba. rogorc (hadelsakmaod ar vuloba. oTx aRiqvamen damoukidebel wera bavSvis asakSi hadelsonis komponents da

patara Tu moswavle dones sxvadasxva swavlebis tipis

swavlebisaTvis. roca Sualedur SesaZlebelia meurveobiTi aRniSnuli ZiriTadi

meore enis Semswavlelebi aRniSnul

meore enaze swavlebis dawyeba e. w. swavlebisas

sonis 1984). ficjeraldis mixedviT, adreul amitom

orientirebia:

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

23

miRweva-SenarCuneba, da araverbaluri da

maswavleblis enis, damxmare Sedegad da,

meSveobiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen intensiur komunikacias da gagebazea fokusirebuli. srul igi enas, konstruqtivistuli meore enis pozicia kiTxvis swavlebis Sesaxeb SesabamisobaSia avTentur, swavlebis komunikaciur midgomasTan. emyareba funqciur mniSvnelobis konstruirebas,

mier mowodebuli masalis dozireba masalebis intensiuri leqsikuri ilustraciebis

gamoyeneba. maragis

viRebT swraf progress meore enis aTvisebasa zogadad, akademiur miRwevebSi. aRniSnuli ruleblad amocanebis Sesasmoswavleebi droulad

mTlianidan nawilze gadasvlas da, amasTan erTad, moswavlezea orientirebuli.

unda daeuflon meore enaze kiTxvas da weras specialuri strategiebis

literatura
aSeri, 1982 - Asher, J. J. (1982). The total physical response approach. In R. W. Blair (Ed.), Innovative approaches to language teaching (pp. 54-66). Rowley, MA, USA: Newbury House. iunesko, 1953 - The use of vernacular languages in education. Paris, France: UNESCO. iunesko, 1992 - Language policy, literacy, and culture: Round table. Geneva, Switzerland: International Conference on Education. kraSeni, 1982 - Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. London, UK: Pergamon Press. kraSeni, 1983 - Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. New York, NY, USA: Pergamon/Alemany. kroufordi, 1993 -Crawford, A. N. (1993). Literature, integrated language arts, and the language minority child: A focus on meaning. In A. Carrasquillo and C. Hedley (Eds.), Whole Language and the Bilingual Learner (pp. 61-75). Norwood, NJ, USA: Ablex. kroufordi, 1994 - Crawford, A. N. (1994). Communicative approaches to second language acquisition: From oral language development into the core curriculum and L2 literacy. In C. F. Leyba (Ed.), Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework (2nd ed., pp. 79-131). Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center, California State University, Los Angeles. kroufordi, 1995 - Crawford, A. N. (Ed.) (1995). A Practical Guidebook for Adult Literacy Programmes in Developing Nations. Paris: UNESCO. kuminsi, 1986 - Cummins, J. (1986) Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 18-36. papava, 2008 - paata papava. konstruqtivistuli, mTlianobiTi da avTenturi midgomebis upiratesoba meore enis aTvisebis procesSi. statiebis krebuli: saxelmwifo enis swavlebis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi. gamomcemloba saimedo. 2008.

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

Alan Crawford, Paata Papava

Second Language Acquistion and Reading Strategies on Primary Stage of language Acquisition
ABSTRACT It is important that teachers in Georgian bilingual schools have access to the information and resources that are widely used in different programs around the world. This article provides information about communicative approaches and instructional strategies for teaching reading in a second language that prove to be successful in many countries. First, we should go back to what research and practice tells about second language acquisition. We learn a second language in the same way as we learn our mother tongue. Children easily learn their mother tongue without learning grammar. They can also learn a second language without learning grammar. In the first stage of second language acquisition children go through a silent period. They listen, but they do not speak. They are learning during this period. They learn faster when they don't have to speak correctly at the beginning. Children will make mistakes in their second language, which should not be corrected. They make mistakes because their language is not mature. Children are learning when they are listening and understanding, not when they are talking. The natural approach (Krashen and Terrell, 1983) is a very effective communicative approach for teaching a second language. Teachers do not need expensive materials and books. They can teach with real objects and illustrations they already have. The topics of lessons are themes, not grammatical elements. Teachers and children can choose themes of interest together. The natural approach has three stages: First stage is comprehension or total physical response (TPR). In this stage, children listen to questions and commands. They show that they understand what the teacher says by pointing, touching, and other physical actions. They do not need to speak. The first stage continues for several weeks until children begin to respond with one-word answers. Second stage is early production. In this stage, children begin to respond with yes or no. They give answers of one or two words. The second stage continues for many weeks. Then children will begin to answer with phrases and short sentences. Third stage is the emergence of speech. In this stage, children begin to answer with short sentences. They leave out some words. They make many mistakes, but we can understand

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

25

what they mean. We do not correct their mistakes. The mistakes will go away as the children learn more. There are several other effective TPR strategies that are easily applied to small groups or to an entire class. The TPR approach can reach high levels of language. What are some basic do we know about literacy in a second language? We only learn to read once. First, we should learn to read and write in our mother tongue. We can also learn to speak and understand a second language. Then, we can learn to read and write in the second language very quickly. Most reading skills in one language are the same in a second language. Reading skills transfer from one language to another. Many writing skills do, too. Children will transfer skills themselves. We need to help them understand what they read in the second language. Children can begin learning to read and write in the second language, too. The language experience approach is the best way to start. They will learn faster if they learn to read in the mother tongue first. When second language learners have intermediate second language proficiency, they should have access to the basic curriculum through careful application of communicative approach strategies in sheltered second language instruction. The focus of this instruction should be on maintaining comprehension through the pacing of teacher input and through the extensive use of nonverbal language, illustrations and other visual aids. This instruction results in rapid increase in second language vocabulary. At an appropriate time, second language learners should receive instruction in second language reading and writing through strategies that ensure continued comprehension and communication. When second language learners read in their second language, the lack of vocabulary knowledge is often an obstacle to comprehension. A constructivist view of reading instruction is very consistent with communicative approaches to second language acquisition. It focuses on the construction of meaning, proceeding from whole to part, it treats authentic, relevant, and functional language, and it is student centered. In the early stages of literacy, teachers will find that the key-vocabulary and language experience approaches can provide second language learners with access to print that is consistent with their stage of production. When they are able to begin reading simple text, we should provide scaffolding through prereading activities that develop background knowledge and vocabulary. In addition, background knowledge they develop from the basic curriculum in the primary language provides a strong base for learning to read in the second language.

26

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

nino popiaSvili

bilingvuri ganaTleba identobis diskursSi (sabWoTa da postsabWoTa gamocdileba)

abstraqti
bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis fsiqologias sxva da mimarTebebs. cnobilia, es ki rom bilingvuri qmnis / multikulturuli ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba da iyenebs enidan Semosul kavSiris ki _ iyo, kulturas. adamianSi bilingvuri axal, damatebiT identobas. sabWoTa arsebobis pirveli rom pirobebSi ena, ganaTleba da qmnida sabWour identobas. rusuli ena, rogorc meore, xolo zog SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo imdenad kavSirSi mniSvnelovani Semaval sabWoTa zogierT

qveyanaSi Tu eTnikur jgufSi dRemde inarCunebs Zvel gavlenas. postsabWoTa periodSi SeiniSneboda identobis krizisi, romelic bilingvur ganaTlebasTanac iyo uSualo kavSirSi.

bilingvuri

ganaTlebis,

ro-

meore enis (ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo enis, an regionuli enis) erTdroulad da erTnairad floba, an erTnairad srulyofa (vargesi, 2004). sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad, bilingvuri ganaTleba ar warmoadgens problemas arc saxelmwifosaTvis da arc sociumisaTvis, radgan esaa garkveuli resursi, romelic unda iyos gamoyenebuli da ara problema, romelic unda gadaiWras (hornbergeri, 2000). am midgomis mixedviT, bi-

gorc cnebisa da procesis Sesaxeb, mravali mosazreba gamoikveTa. Tavad termini `bilingvuri da ganaTleba~ amitomac araerTmniSvnelovania

misi ramdenime ganmarteba arsebobs. erTi gagebiT, bilingvuri ganaTleba gulisxmobs mSobliuri enidan meore enaze, ZiriTadad _ saxelmwifo enaze gadasvlas. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom bilingvuri ganaTleba _ esaa ori enis _ mSobliurisa da

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

27

lingvuri

ganaTleba

ar

unda

vaq-

multikulturalizmi

Tavis

TavSi

cioT dabrkolebad da ar unda davsaxoT misi gadaWris gzebi, radgan problema SesaZloa gadaiWras, an darCes mougvarebeli. Tu bilingvur ganaTlebaSi vigulisxmebT resurss, maSin TviTon problemac dakargavs mniSvnelobas, xolo resursis amoqmedeba ki SeiZleba daigegmos etapobrivad da garemoebebis mixedviT. resursis gamoyeneba ki mudmivi da mdgradi procesia, romelic SeiZleba iyos kargad dagegmili da gaTvlili. bilingvuri ganaTleba xuT mTavar komponents unda akmayofilebdes: 1. bikulturalizmi, kulturalizmi, an multiguromelic

moicavs rogorc ori an meti kulturisadmi mikuTvnebulobas, kulturaTa Serwymis, gaTavisebis process, aseve keTilganwyobas sxva kulturisa da/an enis warmomadgenlebis mimarT. bilingvuri ganaTleba srulad cvlis adamians, ayalibebs mis fsiqologias da mimarTebebs. cnobilia, rom da bilingvuri/multikulturuli iyenebs sxva enidan Semosul ganaTlebis dros pirovneba ecnoba kulturas. es ki adamianSi qmnis axal, damatebiT identobas. TviTidentifikaciis kriteriumebi: sqesi, erovneba, mSobliuri ena, ojaxi, interesebi icnobs damatebiT maxasiaTeblebsac, tobas axdens. romlis ena mixedvixSirad Tac, adamiani sakuTari Tavis idenmeore identobis erT-erTi gare maxasiaTebelia, miT ufro im garemosa da im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki meore enis statusi saxelmwifo enas ukavia. meore ena xSirad udris meore identobas, an TviTidentobis Semavsebeli xdeba. cnobilia, rom Tu meore ena erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

lisxmobs unars, rom sruliad srulfasovnad grZnobde Tavs sakuTari eTnikuri kulturis wiaRSi da, aseve, dominanti kulturis wiaRSic. 2. maRalprofesiuli bilingvizmi, anu ori (an meti) enis srulyofili floba. 3. ori (an meti) kulturis fundamenturi ziareba da kulturaTa Serwyma. 4. keTilganwyobili matareblebisadmi. 5. eTnikuri umciresobebisaTvis Tanaswori ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba (trilosi). Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom am komponentebis lia, dajgufebac pirveli, SesaZlebemesame da radgan damokidebuleba sxva kulturisa da enis

enaa msoflioSi, komunikaciis dros am enaze saubris dros xdeba rogorc enobrivi komponentebis: leqsikis, sintaqsis, morfologiis xSiri gamoyeneba, aseve swored meore enis gavleniT kulturuli da yofiTi da Taviseburebebis, geografiuli

istoriuli komponentebis CarTvac. Tu meore ena saxelmwifo enaa, misi mniSvneloba kidev ufro farTovdeba. meore identobis an identobis maxasiaTeblis rolic kidev

meoTxe punqtebi garkveulad gamomdinareoben da avseben kidec erTmaneTs. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom bikulturalizmi da/an

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

ufro ikveTeba da meore enis gamoyenebis motivaciac ufro izrdeba. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic multieTnikuri da multikulturuli saxelmwifo iyo, Tavis TavSi moicavda mraval enasa da kulturas, sadac dominanti rusuli da/an sabWoTa kultura iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis buli. pirobebSi, meore enis statusi rusul enas hqonda miniWeaTwleulebis zegavlenis sabWoTa ganmavlobaSi Sedegad kultura, Carorusuli enisa da kulturis ideologiuri moyalibda rusuli ena

ki SemdgomSi warmoSobil konfliqtebSi erT-erTi mTavari roli iTamaSa. cnobilia, identobebis SesaZloa basa da iyos rols rom TviTidentoba mravalferovnebisagan wamyvani. moicavs, entoni iqneba d. es

Sedgeba, sadac TiToeuli komponenti smiTi aRniSnavs: `me~ mraval identoojaxuri, teritoriuli, klasobrivi, religiuri, eTnikuri Tu genderuli. is agreTve avlens, Tu rogor efuZneba TiToeuli es identoba im socialur klasifikaciebs, romlebmac SesaZloa saxe icvalos an sulac gaqres (smiTi, 2006). sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirobebSi bilingvizmis niadagze SeZenili identoba gansazRvravda sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi xalxebis ganviTarebas. rusuli enis gavlena xSir SemTxvevaSi mSobliur enaze mZlavric ki iyo. SeZenili, meoreuli identoba TandaTan dominanti xdeboda da pirveladi identoba _ meoreuli. es procesi gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali mravali xalxisaTvis, 1. romlebic SesaZlebelia sam kategoriad dajgufdes: pirvel rigSi, slavuri enebis xalxebisaTvis. Mmag.: ukrainelebisa da belorusebisaTvis. radgan rusuli ena yvela respublikaSi da mTel kavSirSic saxelmwifo ena iyo, swored am enaze mimdinareobda oficialuri da administraciuli saqmiswarmoeba. dgeboda TrebiT amitomac saWiroeba ki, slavuri iSviaTad erovnul enebis

melic mTlianad rusulenovani iyo. erTdroulad da aucilebel/savaldebulo elitarul

enad iqca. rusuli enis mravalmxrivma da iZulebiTma statusma sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi xalxebis umravlesobaze didi ideologiuri zegavlena da identobis rusul enasa da kulturasTan formireba gamoiwvia. rogorc aRniSnaven, sabWoTa saganmanaTleblo da enobrivi politikis Sedegad saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufebi _ rusebi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, afxazebi, osebi, berZnebi, qurTebi da sxvebi gaxdnen rusuli politikuri da enobrivi sazogadoebis nawili (tabataZe). mniSvnelovania rom rusul Trebul siaxloves imisi xazgasma, gansakuidentobasTan

amJRavnebdnen

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali is xalxebi, romlebic mogvianebiT eTnikur umciresobebad miiCneoda. sakuTari enisa da kulturis gverdiT isini swavlobdnen da ecnobodnen ara regionul liTze, enas (saqarTvelos aramed magarusul qarTuls),

enaze saqmiswarmoebisa. gansakujgufSi Semavali xalxebisaTvis.

enas. identobis amgvarma formirebam

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

29

es faqtori dRemde aris problemad qceuli. cnobilia, rom belorusiaSi da meoce enad, saukunis magram da bolos belorusuli gamocxadsaxelmwifo da dRemde iq ori saxelmwifo enaa: rusuli belorusuli orive amasTan, saqmiswarmoebac mimdinareobs. enaze rogorc

3.

is eTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirSi sxva respublikebis Semadgenlobis SigniT moiazrebodnen (mag, osebi, adiReelebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi da sxv.) rusul enas gansakuTrebuli mondomebiTa da miswrafebebiT euflebodnen, radgan maTTvis rusuli sxva, damatebiTi dasayrdeni iyo. sakuTari kulturuli identoba

belorusiaSi, ise ukrainaSi saSualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis rusul enaze umravlesobaSi mimdinareobs

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi Semavali saTvis xalxebisaTvis aqtualuri. sakmaod SeiZleba gvian, meoce saukunis 80-iani wlebigaxda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis mxridan kulturuli da enobrivi identobis SegrZnebam da gaTviTcnobierebam kavSiri daSlamde. uTuod sagulisxmoa isic, rom globaluri nicdis sabWoTa transformaciebis Sesabamisad, epoTu qaSi garkveul transformacias gaidentobac. gamocdilebas gaviTvalismiiyvana sabWoTa

swavleba. mxolod zogierT fakultets aqvs e. w. ori seqtori, sadac rusulTan erTad nacionalur 2. enaze (belorusuli, ukrainuli) aswavlian. Sua aziis qveynebSi erovnul enasTan erTad saxelmwifo enad an saxelmwifo enasTan gaTanabrebulad aris qceuli rusuli, radgan luri reobda nare am wlebis ganmavlobaSi da da oficiamimdinagamomdiSua administraciuli rusulad

saqmiswarmoeba

winebT, postsabWoTa epoqaSi damoukideblobamopovebuli xalxebi identobis process krizisSi erTa da aRmoCndnen. xalxTa am TviTga-

gamocdilebidan,

aziis respublikebisaTvis administraciuli saqmiswarmoebis rusuli enidan erovnul enaze gadatana rTuli an SeuZlebelic ki aRmoCnda. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Tu wina punqtSi samagaliTod aRebuli belorusuli enis SemTxvevaSi belorusuli ena Zalze axlosaa rusulTan da enobrivi barieri ar an naklebad ufro aris damabrkolebeli, mdgomareobaa rTuli

morkvevis xanasac uwodeben. arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom swored identobis krizisi gaxda politikuri, eTnikuri Tu religiuri konfliqtebis erTerTi mTavari mizezic. zogierTi eqspertis azriT, es konfliqti enobrivi omebi iyo (svaniZe, 2006). bilingvizmi formaciis asiaTebeli garemo da identobis mTavari transmaxerT-erTi ZiriTadi

faqtoria. politiki-

Suaaziis qveynebis nacionalur enebTan dakavSirebiT.

mniSvnelovania isic, rom bilingvuri saganmanaTleblo saTvis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli kon-

30

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

teqsti unda iyos. aRniSnulia, rom enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis organizeba unda iTvaliswinebdes lingvistur garemos, individebisa da saxelmwifos mimdinare da samomavlo moTxovnilebebs (Tu romeli enebia, rogori kompetenciebia am enebSi?) da enaTa swavlebis koncefciebs Tareba evropaSi, 2008). identobis postsabWoTa transformaciis lebas mWidrod krizisis qveynebSi axali Semdeg identobis talRa bixom, (enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis ganvi-

meore

enis

srulyofilad aseve

flobis xdeba

SemTxvevaSi maRldeba rogorc saxelmwifo cnobiereba, meore identobis Secnoba an TviTidentifikaciis damatebiTi komponentiT Sevseba. es ki xels uwyobs moqalaqis srulfasovan CarTulobas mravalesamoqalaqo cxovrebaSi. saqarTvelo, rovnuli qveyana, da rogorc damoukideblobis mravalnaciona-

mopovebis pirvelive wlebSi dadga mravalenobrivi luri realobis winaSe. bilingvuri ganaTlebis kuTxiT politikis SemuSavebas ramdenime etapi dasWirda, Tumca dReisaTvis eqspertebi miiCneven, rom: saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba calsaxad usvams xazs saxelmwifo enis mniSvnelobas saxelmwifo administrirebis sferoSi da, amasTanave, qmnis garantiebs eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebis dasacavad, maT Soris mSobliur enaze ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba. dRevandel etapze, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania am sakanonmdeblo orive mimarTulebis aRsasruleblad realuri meqanizmebis Cadeba. orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTulebis aRsruleba da ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod eTnikuri umciresobebis swori saganmanaTleblo politikis wyalobiT. swored multilingvuri ganaTlebis politikaa erTerTi mniSvnelovani gamosavali, raTa es orive sakanonmdeblo mimarTuleba aRsruldes da ganxorcieldes realobaSi (tabataZe, 2010). postsabWoTa realobidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, is krizisi, ukve daZleulia postsabWoTa

daiwyo, romelic bilingvur ganaTdaukavSirda. mizani lingvuri ganaTlebis

erTi mxriv, saxelmwifo enis saTanado doneze aTviseba, meore mxriv ki umciresobaTa da enebis SenarCunebasa aseTi ganviTarebaze zrunvaa.

konceptualuri midgoma umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs uxsnis enobrivi da masze, ase vTqvaT, `gadabmuli~ daerovnuli tivacias TviTidentifikaciis umaRlebs

kargvis safrTxis SegrZnebas da moSemswavlelebsa da maT mSoblebs, Seiswavlon saxelmwifo ena: maTTvis cxadi xdeba, rom saskolo bilingvuri ganaTleba mozardis misi momzadebis Tu instrumentia da sopolitikur misaRwevad, iTrguneba, karieruli winsvlisa

cialur-ekonomikur sferoebSi ruli

warmatebis ki ar

amasTan, bavSvis mSobliuri kultugaremo aramed viTardeba da ukeT warmoCindeba meore enis garemosTan Sedarebis fonze (gabunia, 2010). saxelmwifo anu samoqalaqo cnobierebis srulyofilad gaazreba SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo enis flobis gareSe. saxelmwifo enis, rogorc

romelic

qveynebs meoce saukunis bolos axa-

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

31
axalma transformaciam Tanabrad ganapiroba. gaxda saqarTvelos xelisufleda bis es mimarTeba sxvadaxva kuTxiT niSneuli, ganxorcielda xorcieldeba ramdenime proeqti,

siaTebdaT enobrivi politikisa da bilingvuri qarTvelo, da/an ufro ganaTlebis rogorc zrunavs kuTxiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dReisaTvis sapostsabWoTa qveyana, bilingvupostkolonialuri metad

romlebic inglisuri enis swavlebasa da gavrcelebas uwyobs xels rogorc dedaqalaqSi, ise regionebSi. saxelmwifoebrivi politikis amgvar kurss saqarTveloSi hyavs rogorc momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmdegeebi. mowinaaRmdegeTa didi nawili amaSi rusuli enis gavlenis axal Canacvlebas xedavs, xolo momxreebi, ZiriTadad, msoflio tendenciebs iTvaliswineben.

ri/multilingvuri ganaTlebis dasanergad, gansakuTrebiT ki, erovnuli umciresobebiT nebSi. bolo xans saqarTveloSi gaCnda tendencia, rom saxelmwifo enis gverdiT, e. w. meore enis funqcia SeiZinos inglisurma, rac saxelmwifo politikis da kursis qarTuli dasavlurma identobis politikam, msoflio enobrivma tendenciebma dasaxlebul regio-

literatura
barti, 2003, . , , // : . - .: 2003. gabunia, 2010, kaxa gabunia, enisa da sagnobrivi Sinaarsis integrirebuli swavlebis Taviseburebebi bilingvur klasSi, Tb., 2010, Jurn. bilingvuri ganaTleba #1, 2010. enobrivi ganaTlebis politikis _ ganviTareba evropaSi, 2008, enobrivi ZiriTadi mravalferovnebidan mravalenovan ganaTlebamde.

versia enobrivi politikis ganyofileba evropis sabWo, 2008 vargesi, 2004, Varghese, M. M. Professional Development for Bilingual Teachers in the United States: A Site for Articulating and Contesting Professional Roles. BILINGUAL EDUCATION AND BILINGUALISM, 2004, Vol. 7, No. 2&3, pp. 222-238. TevzaZe, 1999, g. TevzaZe, saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis simulaciebi, Tb., 1999. TevzaZe, 2003, g. TevzaZe, saqarTvelo: Zalauflebis dabruneba, Tb., 2003. svaniZe, 2006, Svanidze, G. National minorities in Georgia, review. Retrieved on March 25, from the website: www.minelres.lv.archive.htm <http://www.minelres.lv.archive.htm> smiTi, 2006, entoni d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Tb., 2006 tabataZe, 2010, <http://www.scribd.com/doc/16213298/Multilingual-Educational-Policy-by-ShalvaTabatadze-Georgian-Version> hornbergeri, 2000, <http://www.gse.upenn.edu/~hornberg/papers> /Revisiting Continua 2000.pdf

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

Nino Popiashvili

Bilingual Education in the Discourse of Identity (Soviet and port-soviet experience)


ABSTRACT Bilingual education can completely alter a person, and build up an individuals psychology and attitudes. Its a well known fact that while receiving bilingual/multicultural education, a person gets to know and applies the culture of a foreign language. And this, in its turn, creates another new identity within a person. During the Soviet era the bilingual education developed a soviet identity. The Russian language, having been used as a second and in certain cases as a first language, became so important and compulsory that in some former USSR states or ethnic groups it still remains as influential as ever. The identity crisis was clearly evident during the post-soviet period. This severe crisis was directly related to the bilingual education.

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

33

ia afTaraSvili

bilingvizmi socialuri faqtorebis WrilSi

abstraqti
winamdebare statia miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels gaacnos bilingvuri ganaTlebis formebi da tipebi, meore enis flobis kompetenciaze moqmedi motivaciuri fatorebi. statiis Sesaval nawilSi saubaria kanadis lingvisturi skolis kvlevebis Sedegad gamokveTil bilingvuri ganaTlebis formebze da `meore enis~ gansxvavebul funqciebze. bilingvuri ganaTleba ganxilulia, rogorc bikulturuli ganaTleba. statiis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenilia dominirebadi kulturisa da eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturis, rogorc `Zlieri~ da `susti~ kulturis zegavlena individis arCevanze: asimilacia identoba. Cvens garemocvaSi, gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi, Zalian xSirad gvesmis iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: bilingvizmi, naTleba, multikulturuli koleqtiuri gaorenovneba, bis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. buTu eTnikuri

nebrivia, sazogadoebaSi Cndeba kiTxvebi: ras niSnavs bilingvizmi (orenovneba), ras gulisxmobs cneba `meore ena~, riT gansxvavdeba meore enis Seswavla ucxo enis Seswavlisagan, misi aTvisebis ra formebi arsebobs da a.S. es aris wili im ZiriTadi lebic Zalian mxolod nada, amavkiTxvebisa, rom-

pirveli da meore ena da a.S. es gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria samecniero wreebSi, radgan am mimarTulebiT bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani kvlevebi daigegma da ganxorcielda. wlebis ganmavlobaSi bilingvizmis problema warmoadgenda mxolod lingvistebis kvlevis sagans, magram misi kompleqsuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, igi dReisaTvis lingvistikis garda, fsiqologiis, fsiqofiziologiis da kidev mravali mecniere-

arsebiTi

droulad, naklebad Seswavlilia. kanadis lingvisturi skolis kvlevebis safuZvelze (makkei, 1990), SesaZlebelia, orenovnebis (bilingvizmis) Semdegi formebi gamovyoT: pirveli, rodesac meore enis aTviseba xdeba adreul bavSvobaSi, paralemSobliuri enis aTvisebis

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

lurad, an Zalian mcire droiTi intervalis gansxvavebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi meore enis aTviseba individs SeuZlia srulyofilad, ena, situaciis man TiTqmis advilad

misad,

enis

floba

Semoifargleba

mxolod sakomunikacio funqciiT. meore enis Tvisebis meoTxe formaa, rodesac individi skolaSi, meore enas Seiswavlis Tavissave

erTnairad maRal doneze icis orive mixedviT SeuZlia erTi enidan meoreze gadasvla, orive enobrivi sistema gaSinaganebuli enaze aqvs da SeuZlia enis orive fiqri. meore aTvisebis

mSobliur qveyanaSi. (rogorc wesi, ucxo enis Seswavla ase xdeba). misi flobis kompetenciac zemoT sakmaod SezRudulia. rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, bilingvizmis sxvadasxva forma enis flobis sxvadasxva kompetencias gulisxmobs da, Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis da, enis sxvadasxva funqciaze miuTiTebs. bilingvuri meore naxevarSi Seswavlas safuZveli Caeyara me-20 saukunis konkretulad, Sevida saganmanaTkonstruirebis SesaZlebeli saskolo cvlilebebi, leblo ganaTlebaSic kerZod, raTa procesis

SedarebiT tipobrivi forma gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac bavSvi izrdeba mSobliur enaze (ojaxSi mxolod erTi enaa) da skolaSi misvlisas is iwyebs meore enis Seswavlas. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, rom bavSvma Rrmad aiTvisos meore ena, magram misi funqciisa da gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, meore enas pirvel Soris enasas da mniSvnelovani

sxvaobaa. pirveli ena mainc rCeba mis pirovnul da yoveldRiur enad, xolo meore ena, romelsac skolaSi Seiswavlis, warmoadgens oficialuri kontaqtebis enas da maRali donis socialuri funqcia akisria. meore enis aTvisebis mesame forma aris spontanuri forma, romlis drosac enis aTviseba xdeba individisaTvis ucxo (aramSobliur) enaze molaparake sazogadoebasTan pirdapiri da mudmivi kontaqtis Sedegad. am dros, marTalia, individis kompetencia enis flobis TvalsazrisiT SezRudulia, magram misi gamoyeneba komunikaciisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia da individs akmayofilebs sakuTari codnis done. amis naTeli magaliTia, rodesac zrdasruli emigrantebi xvdebian ucxo qveyanaSi da komunikaciisaTvis iZulebulni xdebian, iswavlon am qveynis ena. Sesaba-

TvalsazrisiT,

yofiliyo mSobliuri da ucxo enis integrireba swavlebis procesSi. am mimarTulebis wlebSi, farglebSi, 60-ian Seiqmna specialuri

samecniero mimarTulebebi, romelTa mizanic iyo eTnikuri umciresobebis integracia rasTan. gansakuTrebiT aq Caeyara safuZveli eTnikuri orenovan saintereso saxelmwifo umciresobis swavlebas. es gamocdileba gvaCvena aSS-m. swored skolebSi bavSvebis dominirebad kultu-

programa ar gulisxmobda mxolod ori enis safuZvlian codnas, aqcenti gakeTebuli ganaTlebas bikulturuli erebi miiCneven, iyo aseve kulturul vuwodoT mecnimier komponentze. Sesabamisad, bilingvur SeiZleba rom ganaTlebac. skolis

bavSvis eTnikuri kulturis aRiareba

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

35

xels

uwyobs m.

da

zrdis

swavlis gamoyofs Semdeg

2. izolacionisturi
rodesac sobebis swavleba Tadad eTnikuri

tipi

da Ziriim

motivacias. bilingvuri tipebs:

pevzneri ganaTlebis

umcire-

ganaTleba mimdinareobs mSobliur da enaze

1. akulturaciuli tipi. termini


akulturacia nuridan gulisxmobs modis (acculturare) ori laTida

mizniT, rom ar moxdes maTi akulturacia sovani tips bilingvuri srulfasociumSi. am integracia Tavisi

kulturis process, an kultu-

urTierTzegavlenis kulturas maTi

ganaTlebis

rodesac erTi eri meore eris srulad nawilobriv iTvisebs. am dros originaluri ruli modelebi, ra Tqma unda, icvleba, magram es ori jgufi mainc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. lebis bunebriv arsebobs piroba: mikuri imisaTvis, umciresoba da es bilingvuri tipi orenovan yvelanairi politikuri, rom ganaTan winaekonoeTnikuri domiyalibdeba

politikuri

safuZvlebi aqvs da ZiriTadad emsaxureba segregacias.

3. Ria

tipi

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yve-

evropul bilingvuri laze tipi, ufro

ganaTlebis

gavrcelebuli mizania

romlis

integracia msoflio sivrceSi, kulturaTaSorisi komunikacia da multikulturuli aRzrda. rogorc nebismieri vxedavT, sistema _ ganaTlebis iqneba igi umravda

mravalenovan garemoSi, sadac

sociokulturuli, Seerwyas

orientirebuli enaze _ mainc

eTnikuri

lesobis TuU eTnikuri umciresobis damokidebulia ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ras isaxavs saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba miznad. rogorc cnobilia, mTavar, sawyis enad iTvleba is ena, da es romelTanac Tavs, pirad iyos aseve enac. adamiani miiCnevs rogorc rogorc formasTan bilingvalebis identifikaciis sxvaa. nawilma, magaliTad, romelTac aigivebs Tavisad sakuTar iyenebs SeiZleba ena,

nirebad kulturas. am tipis saxesxvaobebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos e.w. `ganm-

devneli
bulebebSi Seswavla (rogorc eTnikuri da

bilingvizmi~, yvela xdeba wesi, meore es

rodedawesesagnis enaze ena enaa) xdeba erTi meore enis

sac saganmanaTleblo

urTierTobebSi. dominirebadi

meore

misi kulturis mkvlevrebi gvaqvs

umravlesobis

kulturis

TandaTanobiT kidev rodesac da

miuTiTeben, saqme, enis sxvada-

mSobliuri enisa da kulturis gandevna; saxesxvaobaa bilingvizmi, kulturisa

imisda mixedviT, bilingvizmis romel mTavari problemac

SemnarCunebeli

enis aTviseba xdeba sakuTari SenarCunebis fonze.

bilingvalebis SenarCunebuli

aqvT mWidro kavSiri orive enasTan,

36

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

nawilobriv ar ician, romel enasTan gaaigiveon Tavi. Zalian bevrisTvis, romelTac meore ena Seiswavles Zalian adreul bavSvobaSi, es meore ena xdeba pirveli, anu ZiriTadi ena. swored amitom kanadeli mecnierebi miiCneven, rom imis gansazRvra, Tu orenovani enaa adamianisaTvis da romeli inter`dominirebadi~

acnobierebs arCevans enobrivi ymawvilobis enobrivi miuTiTebs Seswavlis da

am

poziciebs rogorc

da wesi, aseTi

akeTebs.

poziciebis asakSi, magram

personalizacia antagonizmis imaze,

xorcieldeba mZafri SemTxvevaSi, rom xarisxi enebis asaki ganisa-

SeiZleba adrec ganxorcieldes, rac Tanmimdevruloba,

ferenciis mTavari wyaro, arc Tu ise advilia. kvlevebma TaTvisac am enaze, da ena enis dakvirvebebma romelmSobliuri kompetencia Tundac aCvena, rom individebisTvis, pirveli meore

kompetenciis

zRvreba sazogadoebis da ara TviT individis mier. enebis SeswavlasTan da ZiriTadi enis da gamokveTasTan arsebiTi dakavSirebiT individis aRvniSneT, ori ena da funqcias kidev erTi, aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtoria rogorc SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva bavSvi sakuTari statuss da damokidebuleba `susti~ da `Zlieri~ enebisadmi. bilingvizmis asrulebs isini

enaa da saskolo ganaTlebac miiRes SedarebiT SezRudulia,

isini xSirad da xangrZlivi drois manZilze iyenebdnen am enas. xolo is individebi, ganaTleba am enis romelTac meore flobis maRali da xSir enaze saskolo domi-

sxvadasxva saubrobs

prestiJulobiT (individi), enaze, dabal imasac, enis da `sust~

nirebadi kulturis enaze - miiRes, TvalsazrisiT kompetenciiT SemTxvevaSi inarCuneben da enasTan sakmaod gamoirCevian

xasiaTdebian. romelic socialur rom misi acnobierebs amavdroulad,

prestiJs.

identifikacias sakuTar

axdenen am enasTan,

acnobierebs

Tumca paralelurad kulturasa mWidro kavSirs.

gardauvalia integracia

aucilebelia am or

`Zlieri enis Seswavla, raTa moxdes sociumSi. enasTan gobrivi, dakavSirebuli ambivalenturi winaaRmdegrZnobebi

zogierTi avtori (vainraihi, 1972) am procesSi Zalian TviTon TuU am rogori Tu avtorebis subieqturi daikavos, roca asimilacia mniSvnelovnad individis arCevani eTnikuri azriT, gamocerTi miiCnevs motivacias, gaakeTos: identoba. bilingvalis ra pozicia

(erTi mxriv, aRtaceba `Zlieri eniT da, meore mxriv, mtruli ganwyoba mis mimarT; siaxlove SegrZneba Tavis am mSobliur enasTan da, meore mxriv, dazaralebulobis individis enisadmi kuTvnilebis gamo) aferxebs kompetenciis ganviTarebas am orive enis farglebSi. Tu ufro detalurad gavecnobiT bilingvizms movlenas, rogorc socialur mis pirovnul-socialur

dileba qmnis niadags imisaTvis, Tu jgufi Rebulobs mas, rogorc Tavis wevrs, xolo meore ki _ gandevnis da es yvelaferi mijaWvulia mis sasaubro enasTan (minasova, 2002). is

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

37

aspeqtebs, kvlevebis kvlevis edvard rogorc bis

vnaxavT, am

rom

Zalian da rom iseve,

enaze mosaubre adamianebs, uSualo an gaSualebul kontaqtSi Sevidnen sxva mezobel enaze dgas, an dominanturi miRma ki kulturis nebismieri adamiani mosaubreebTan. pirovnuli,

mniSvnelovania

mimarTulebiT gaTvaliswineba. sityvebi ena,

ganxorcieleba Sedegebis sepiris

urTierTobis Tavisi da

moviSvelioT,

nebismieri

nebismieri

kultura, erT

TaviseburebebiTa

RirebulebaTa

iSviaTadaa `TviTkmari: `urTierTomoTxovnileba aiZulebs

individualuri sistemiT.

literatura
aleni da lamberti, 1969 - Aellen C. & Lambert W. E. Ethnic identification and personality adjustments of Canadian adolescents of mixed English-French parentage. // Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science. 1969. 1. . 69-86. vainraihi, 1972 - . // . ., . 6. . 57. minasova, 2002 - .. . pevzneri, 1999 - .., .. ( ). ; raku jana, 2008 - Racu Jana, Language psychogenesis in mixed communication environments. Master's thesis, Chisinau Pedagogical State University, 2008 siguani da makkei, 1990 - ., .. . Sirini, 2001 - .. - // . .

38

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

Ia Aptarashvili

Bilingualism in the context of Social Factors


ABSTRACT The article introduces forms and types of bilingual education. The motivational factors, which influence the second language acquisition are analysed in the article. Introductional part of the article describes the research results of Canadian linguistic school, which identified the effectivness of various bilingual educational programs as well as different functions of second language. Bilingual education is discussed, as bicultural education. The relations between dominant and ethnic minority cultures as "strong" and "weak" cultures as well as their influence on persons choices: assimilation or ethnic identity are presented in final part of the article..

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

39

irine bagauri

enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi da bilingvuri ,,mexsiereba~' abstraqti


winamdebare statiis mizania, rom mkiTxvels gaacnos bavSvis da, aseve, mozardis enobriv ganviTarebaze moqmedi faqtorebi, rogoric aris socialuri, biologiuri, kulturuli da a.S.. statiis meore nawili Seexeba bilingvur mexsierebas da da pirvel da meore enas Soris arsebul kavSirs, aseve, ganxilulia erTi enidan meoreze gadasvla da enebis Serevis procesi. daskvniT nawilSi saubaria ,,translingvizmze~, rogorc msoflio donis fenomenze da swored translingvizmis konteqstSia ganxiluli multilingvali mwerlebi.

21-e

saukuneSi

bilingvizmi

rea-

dReisaTvis naklebad ukanaskneli lobaSi

bilingvizmi

met-

lobaa da Cven am realobis nawils warmovadgenT. isedac gvalia, ena Mmsoflios an naxevari bilingvali multilin-

Seswavlili aTwleulebis kvlevaa uamravi

movlenaa; ganmavCata-

xolo msoflios danarCeni meore an mesame enad.

rebuli, romelTa Sedegebic ara Tu bilingvizmis naklovanebaze, aramed mTel rig sakiTxebSi upiratesobas amtkicebs. vidre lovania, faqtorebi, mozardis procesSi. Tumca, enis garkveuli mainc SevexebiT, Seswavlas Tavad SiSi da enis sazogadoebaSi ori orenovnebas arsebobs. mniSvne-

naxevari imis fiqrSia, Tu romeli airCios Tumca, aseTi movlena, diskusiis sakmaod mravalenovan mzardi dResac sagans da xSiria adamianebze rogorc da

moTxovnilebis ganxilvis

miuxedavad,

bilingvizmi,

warmoadgens. fsiqologebis

ganvixiloT romlebic enobrivi mocemul

profesionalebis,

aTvisebis procesTan dakavSirebuli umniSvneloganviTarebis statiaSi vanes rols asruleben bavSvisa da

maswavleblebis

mxridan rekomendaciebi bilingvizmis negatiur SedegebTan dakavSirebiT.D

40

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

warmodgenilia romlebsac ar aqvs erTi enis

iseTi SexedviT aTvisebasTan, didi

faqtebi, kavSiri Tumca,

enobrivi ganviTareba imis Seswavla, Tu

pirdapir xdeba rom

kavSirSia kognitur ganviTarebasTan. rogor konkretul periodSi enobrivi safexuris

kvlevebis Tanaxmad, bavSvis enobrivi ganviTarebisas aqvs ori dedis enis aq TavSi mniSvneloba sacxovrebel rac Seexeba reJimSi Cndeba ena. am xasiaTs,

miRwevebi, gaZlevs saSualebas, ganvsazRvroT mocemuli

garemos da sqessac ki. aTvisebas, adamianis

kognituri procesebi (ouensi, 1996). medikosebi, ganaTlebis specialistebi xnis iwvevs da mkvlevrebi mimarTulebiT amtkiceben, cudad bavSvis didi rom ganviTarebis bavSvebis

paralelur yovelTvis es ori

kiTxva, Tu rogor poulobs adgils SemTxvevaSi bilingvuri, nilia SevexebiT gadarTvisa grafikuli mexsiereba statiaSi modeli. bilingvizmis da enebis aris warmodgemexsierebis agreTve Tanmdev Serevis

ganmavlobaSi mimarT enobrivi

mopyroba

ganviTarebis

bilingvuri

Seferxebas da leqsikur deficits. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi xasiaTisaa Sedegebze, gamoiwvion kuri viTarebis sakuTar ZiriTadad da adreul romelTac, Tvisebrivi im SesaZloa, leqsiganbavSvebi iTviseben sakuTari miuTiTebs asakSi tipobrivi enas

process, romelic enobrivi kodebis saxeliT aris cnobili. am kuTxiT ganxilulia enebis Serevis mizezebi. xolo daskvnis saxiT warmodgenilia ,,translingvizmi~, rogorc fenomeni, romlis drosac enaze, aramed adamianebi araTu msoflio donis saubroben da metyveleben or an sam Sedevrebsac qmnian erTdroulad

deficiti. mSobliur

SemTxvevaSi,

garkveul droiT CarCoSi,

Sinagani Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored am garkveul asakobriv da prognozirebad dakvirvebiT rom bavSvebs, kanonzomierebaze mkvlevrebi, aRmzrdedamtkiromlebsac aseve amtkiceben

ramdenime enaze.

lebi cudad epyrobian, aReniSnebaT

enobrivi ganviTareba moqmedi faqtorebi


ena da ar viTardeba igi

da

masze

enobrivi

Seferxeba.

cebulia, rom dedis gramatikulad srulyofili TavisTavad iseT korelaciaSia ganviTarebasTan gavlena romlebic bavSvebTan aris es da saubari bavSvis (leitmani, kavSirebi xSirad diax / ara pozitiur enobriv 1984). sxvadasxvaiyenebdnen pasuxis (mag: maTi ufro

TavisTvis:

dakavSirebulia fizikuri, da ufro

adamianis/bavSvis aspeqtTan, kulturuli

ganviTarebis

rogoricaa aspeqtebi

gvari aRmoCnda: magaliTad, dedebi,

kognituri, emociuri, socialuri da metia, vidre garkveuli sityvebisa da gramatikuli struqturebis aTviseba (blumi, 1998).

molodinis tipis SekiTxvebs yavisferi ZaRli?), Svilebi gamoirCeodnen maragis

damxmare

zepirsityvieri

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

41

swrafad gamdidrebiT. xolo dedebi, romlebic saubarSi xSirad iyenebdnen brZanebiT winadadebebs anu imperativebs (mag: wadi, aiRe is!) _ maTi bavSvebi, piriqiT, ufro nela imdidreben zepirsityvier marags. (euporti, 1979). zogadad, kvlevebSi ikveTeboda mniSvnelovani tendencia, romlis mixedviTac sintaqsuri dedis mier gadacemuli mier struqtura Cvevebs. sityrom

statuss da ojaxis garemos Zalian didi gavlena hqonda aRniSnuli inteleqtis bavSvis sxvaobebi donis, IQ-s Sedegebze. gamoikveTa ojaxis donisa da 8 soda

wlis bavSvebSi (muri, 1968). dedebis cialur-ekonomiuri lingvistur

kognitur sadac es aRniSnuli

ganviTarebas Soris kavSiri uamrav kvlevaSia calsaxad kavSirebi. ganxiluli, aris Mmagram miTiTebuli

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs bavSvis SeZenil enobriv msgavsi kvlevebi Catarda, romlebic fokusirebuli vebis iyo uSualod gamoirkva, done amave dadginda, dedebi amyareben aseTi ufro aTvisebaze. codnis 1991).

kavSirebi da gavlena erTveba. (CarCi da

ufro aSkaraa katigbagi, 1991, rom

skolamdel asakSi, Semdeg ki skolac lusteri da dubovi, 1992). Mmkvlevrebma bavSvis leqsikoni Tvis da asakidan ukve 16 daadgines, iwyebs daaxloebiT 13 gamdidrebas, Seadgens

bavSvis leqsikuri maragis done da sityvebis locher, pirdapir kvlevebis rom mcire kavSirSia dedis ,,laqlaqze~ (HuttensafuZvelze depresiuli interaqcias Sesabamisad, aris ufro

TvisaTvis

saSualod 10-180

sityvas, ukve 23

Tvis asakSi es ricxvi izrdeba 300 sityvamde (romi, 1999). sainteresoa is faqtic, rigiTobac leqsikonis swrafad rom sqesi, dabadebis bavSvis siCqares, TavianT (fensoni, ufro asakis 2001). im gansazRvravs ganviTarebis aviTareben vidre rom biWebi gogonebi arian imave (hofi, amtkiceben

SvilebTan, depresiuli vidre

dedebis Svilebis leqsikuri maragiQ mwiri, aradepresiuli dedebisa (CiCeti, 2000, koleri, 1977, miurei, 1996). bavSvis procesSi faqtors rovneba. rodesac bavSvebis faqtebs, tusTan mecnierebi mimarT igi cudi ikvlevdnen mopyrobis iyo mier erT-erT enis aTvisebis socialurmravalfeumniSvnelovanes

kvlevebma aCvena, rom gogonebi ufro leqsikons, faqtiT, biWebTan zogierT faqtsac,

1994), aseTi sxvaoba gamowveulia im momwifebulni

warmoadgens statusis

ekonomikuri

SedarebiT kvlevaSi rom floben

pirveli procesSi. rom

bavSvebi hofma pirveli

aucileblad

upiratesobas gamdidrebis gamoTqva

leqsikonis

kavSirSi socialur-ekonomikur stada cudi mopyrobis faqtebi statusis mqone is ZiriTadad ikveTeboda dabali socialur-ekonomikuri sazogadoebriv dakvirvebis faqti, rom fenebSi. xangrZlivi

mosazreba,

bavSvebi erTi-erTze kavSirSi arian ufrosebTan (hofi, 2001). kompetenciis enaSi misi ufro miRweva erTze met da rTuli misaRwevia

Sedegad

gamoikveTa

socialur--ekonomikur

Seswavla mniSvnelovania, rom

42

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

xdebodes, ara mxolod socialuri mxridan lelis anu WrilSi. garedan, _ enis Zalian aramed Semswavbevri individualurad

TvalsazrisiT profesiis enis

mamakacebTan faqtors

Sedameore

rebiT. aseve, uamravi kvleva eZRvneba arCevis dauflebis rom tipuri da procesSi. enisadmi aRmoCnda humanitaruli gansxvavdebian mecniemimarTuswavlebis individi,

diskusia da msjeloba mimdinareobs meore enis SeswavlasTan mimarTebiT, romlebic fokusirebulia swavlebis meTodologiaze, ganixileba faqtorebi, individualuri, sazogadoebrivi, debas axdenen swavlaze. faqtorebis moxdes Tumca rogorebic socialuri romlebic mcired aris da zemoqmeiseTi konteqstualuri

aRsaniSnavia, damokidebuleba ucxo maTgan rebebisa lebis agreTve rogor procesi enebisa mimarTulebis inJineriis, da is

studentebisaTvis. kompiuteruli maTematikis faqtic, Tu

sagrZnoblad

studentebi. stils da

mniSvnelovania

studentis/moswavlis socialuri SesaZloa Tavad enis ganxilva

aRniSnuli enobrivi, aseTi or ena),

irCevs igi

radgan swavla _ es aris Sinagani gansxvavebulia TiToeuli individisTvis.

Semswavlelis da saswavlo procesis perspeqtividan. distancia (igulisxmeba meore/ucxo rivi enis bidan gavlenas faqtorebi Soris ena da enis sxvadasxvaa: magaliTad, lingvisturi enas mSobliuri

Bbilingvuri mexsiereba. ierarqiiuli modeli


sainteresoa, Tu rogor inaxaven bilingvalebi sakuTar enobriv informacias? maTi enobrivi sistema warmodgenilia erT Tu or enobriv sistemaSi? bilingvizmTan dakavSirebiT lovani lesoba marcxena 2002). tvinis da sakiTxia enis da tvinTan mniSvneerT-erTi

mSobliuri

flobis done, agreTve sazogadoebdamokidebuleba mimarT. farTo is axdens Sesaswavli faqtoresagans rogor enis CamoTvlili faqti,

ganxilvis Tu mSobliuri sxva

warmoadgens

codna meore enis aTvisebaze. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia giuri gansjis genderuli kognituri gadaWris faqtorebi, sagans sxvaobebi da gonebrivi dros bioloaris rogoric

lateralizacia tvinis (vaidi, ramdenad enis latevaidma sferoSi monolinxdeba _ ki

(paradisi, 2004). memarjveneTa umravprocesirebas axdens. nawiliT

sqesi. SedarebiT adreul kvlevebSi warmoadgenda sxvadasxva amocanis 1997).

mniSvnelovania, marcxena (2001)

gansxvavdebian ralizaciis hulma

bilingvalebi nawilSi am rom TvalsazrisiT?

(eigsti,

zogierT kvlevaSi zepirmetyvelebis kvlevebidan daskvnis upiratesobas gamotana,

ikveTeboda qalfonze. rom msgavsi qalebi

Ta sqesis upiratesoba srulyofili SesaZlebelia zogadi floben verbaluri

Catarebuli kvlevebis metaanalizis Sedegad gvalebSi marcxniv, orive daaskvnes, xolo lateralizacia

bilingvalebSi gansakuTrebiT

mxares,

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

43

adreuli kimma da

bilingvizmis misma

SemTxvevaSi. (1997)

xolo

gviandeli

bilingvalebis erTmaneTisgan. rom

kolegebmac

tvinSi ori ena ufro metad aris gancalkevebuli (beikeri, 2010). aseve TvalsaCino mexsierebis xSirad aris mniSvnelovania, gaxdes modeli, bilingvuri romelic dakav-

aRmoaCines gansxvaveba adreul (sam wlamde) da gviandel bilingvalebs Soris. calke, bmulad adreuli magram da bilingvalebis gadatvinSi ori ena ganTavsebulia calerTmaneTze tvinis garkveuli

biligvizmTan

ujredebi gamoiyeneba orive enisTvis,

Sirebuli miTebis safuZveli.

grafikuli naxazi: ierarqiuli bilingvuri modeli krolisa da stiuartis mixedviT, 1994.

pirveli ena

meore ena

konceptualuri ,,sawyobi (cnebebis maragi )


aRniSnuli sakiTxebis SedarebiT martivad aseTi kavSiri da warmosadgenad, magaliTi: sityvebs sityva (mag: me ,,siyvaruli~ asocirdeba xolo ufro ganvixiloT warmovidginoT Soris ,,Love'' leqsikonis warmoadgens erTianoba. swored Cven mier naxazi

warmodgenili

grafikuli

aRniSnuls. erTmagansxisrebiT, ukavSirdeba ,,sacavs~. Zlieri

mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom es ori gancalkevebuli neTTan vavebuli romlebic ZiriTad leqsikons leqsikoni dakavSirebulia SemaerTebeli agreTve konceptualur ukavSirdeba

qarTulenovani adamianisTvis. ,,siyvaruli~''misTvis yvelaferTan, miyvars sityva Cemi ,,Love'' rac uyvars

kompiuteri), gamoiyeneba

meore enis leqsikoni pirveli enis isriT, xolo pirvelidan meorisken mimarTuli isari aris wyvetili, anu Sesustebuli. savarudod, swored am xazebSi aisaxeba is wesi, mimdevroba, romlis enis mixedviTac xdeba meore rodesac es axali aTviseba. axal amgvarad, sityvas,

romantikuli daniSnulebiT, colTan an SeyvarebulTan mimarTebaSi. (mag: me miyvars Cemi coli). bilingvur mexsierebaSi mniSvnelovania agreTve is faqti, Tu rogor xdeba or enaSi sityvebis bilingvuri rogorc integracia/gancalkeveba. mexsiereba gancalkevebuli, arsebuli aRqmulia, magram ori

meore enis Semswavleli meore enaSi swavlobs sityva yovelTvis asocirdeba pirvel

urTierTkavSirSi

44

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

enaSi liTad,

arsebul rodesac

sityvasTan.

maga-

fad gadaTargmnis meore enidan pirvel enaze, mag: (house - saxli), vidre piriqiT. mniSvnelovania gaTvaliswineba, rom im garemoebis ganxiluli

qarTulenovani

moswavle swavlobs axal leqsikur erTeuls inglisurSi ,,House'', igi am cnebis TulSi Sesabamisad asocirebas arsebul ,,House'' qarTul moaxdens Zlieri qarxaziT SesatyvisTan, ,,saxls~.

modeli da warmodgenili susti da Zlieri SemaerTebeli isrebi icvleba, rodesac saubaria dabalansebuli, anu srulyofili bilingvalis mexsierebaze. procesi tualur rebuli. aseT dros Targmnis erTi enidan meoreze da ,,sacavTanac~ garda amisa, orive pirveli enis da

daukavSirdeba

mocemuli struqturis mixedviT Cans, rom meore enaSi arsebuli cnebebi daqvemdebarebulia bilingvalebi mnian pirveli amitom aris meore xdeba enis pirvel iSviaTad meore enaSi Targenaze, arsebul cnenebze (heredia, 1996). enidan

piriqiT ar gansxvavdeba da koncepleqsikoni erTnairad aris dakavSimeore ena ar unda gavigoT, rogorc aucileblad mSobliuri da ucxo ena, SesaZloa, rom pirveli ena iyos dominanturi ena, xolo meore, Tundac mSobliuri, magram dominanturi (heredia, 1996). naklebad

pirveli enidan gamomaSeswavlisas sityvebis ZiriTadad Seswavla,

vali xazi ufro susti da wyvetili. iseTi

romlebic

pirveli enis leqsikonSi martivad rom

ukve arsebobs, anu, kuri maragi

vTqvaT, meore enaSi arsebuli leqsidamokidebulia pirvel enaSi arsebul maragze, xolo piriqiT TiTqmis ar xdeba, swored es damokidebuleba enaSi erTi viZlia ,,sacavi~, arsebuli aris gamoxatuli Zlieri da susti isrebiT. garda or leqsikonebisa, bilingvuri mexsiereba Sedgeba kidev komponentisgan, romelsac SegvuwodoT konceptualuri reprean cnebebis maragi, sadac abstraqtuli

erTi enidan meoreze gadasvla da enebis Sereva


bilingvizmsa da or enas Soris sazRvrebisa dadgenisas, erTi farTo warmodgena. Serevis es sakiTxis da kavSirebis kidev da mniSvnelovania gaanalizeba movlena aseve

sazogadoebisaTvis cnobilia SegviZlia ,,koduri''

moTavsebulia

enebs Soris gadarTvebisa da enebis saxeliT. gamoviyenoT lingvistur termini kodi terminebi

zentaciebi samyaros Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli konceptualuri ,,sacavi~ dakavSirebulia orive enis leqsikur maragTan, Tumca kavSiri pirvel enasTan aris ufro Zlieri da myari meore enasTan SedarebiT, rac damakavSirebeli dinare, isrebidanac rom naTlad Targmanis Cans. logikuri msjelobidan gamomcxadia, SemTxvevaSi, bilingvali ufro swra-

gadarTva da ,,koduri'' areva. mravalferovnebaSi bunebrivad da

konceptualurad asocirdeba konkretul enasTan an dialeqtTan. romeini aRniSnavda: ,,kods~, ,,me gamoviyeneb Seexeba termin ara romelic

mxolod romelime gansxvavebul enas,

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

45

aramed vavebul mkvlevari

calkeul stilebs ar

enebs da (romeini,

SigniT gansx1995). bevri moce-

logikuri

azrovnebis

Sedegia. enaa Tu enas

arsebul saxesxvaobebs lingvisturi

bilingvalisTvis gramatikul winadadebis

erT-erTi

mTavari ena, romelzec sworad agebs konstruqciebs wyobas; am

TvalsazrisiT, iTvaliswinebs

mul ganmartebas kodTan dakavSirebiT. lingvisturi ,,kodi~'' SeiZleba aRniSnavdes aramed romelic patara, ara konkretul iyos an enas, ufro iseTi verbalur SeiZleba vidre morfema, rogoric komponents,

matricul enasac uwodeben. Zalian cota bilingvali axerxebs ori enis gancalkevebiT gamoyenebas, xolo Tu ra gzebiT xdeba enebis areva, Zalian rTuli da gansxvavebulia. grosenma (1992) gamijna `monolingvuri reJimi~ (roca bilingvali iyenebs erT enas monolingval TanamosaubresTan) reJimi~ (roca da `bilingvuri bilin-

kompleqsuri,

mTlianad erTda mier areva. da

enobrivi sistema. bilingvizmis xSirad ori ayeneben aris enis ganxilvisas mSoblebi bavSvis erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, rasac maswavleblebi,

gvali aris bilingvalebis garemocvaSi da SeuZlia erTi enidan meore enaze reJimis~ xSirad enidan arsebuli winaswari gadarTva). drosac ki `monolingvuri bilingvalebi meore gareSe. enaze erTi unari, konteqsti, urTierTo-

erTmaneTSi (espanuri

`hinglisuri~ (hindi da inglisuri), `espinglisuri~ meqsikuri) (uelsuri enis erTi da da inglisuri), `tex-mesi~ (texasuri da `uelinglisuri~ inglisuri) xazgasasmelad. rom enebis meoreze xSirad Tumca, Tu

gadaerTvebian ganzraxvis meore enaze

gadarTvas

ganapirobebs

enobrivi da

situacia

gamoiyeneba frazebad bavSvebis mier arevis enidan da aRsaniSnavia, areva

mosaubresTan arsebuli

bebi da mosaubreTa statusi (beikeri, 2010), Sesabamisad, enobrivi kodebis Secvla visturi ar aris mxolod aramed lingasaxavs sakiTxi,

gadarTva iyos. aqvT

SesaZlebelia garkveul situaciebSi misaRebi uaryofiTi normaluri rom aRsaniSnavia, monolingvalebs

mniSvnelovan socialur urTierTobebsa da Zalauflebis gadanawilebis process.

damokidebuleba

erTi enidan meore enaze gadarTvis procesisadmi da isini amas aRiqvamen naklad da orive enis arcodnad. arc bilingvalebi aRiqvamen bolomde daskvnis masTan romelic msoflioSi romlebsac saxiT warmogidgenT fenomens da magaliTebs, miuTiTebs Semoqmedebi, daweron pozitiurad am process da xSirad bodiSsac ixdian erTi enidan meore enaze aris gadasvlisTvis, rom es da enebis procesi mniSvnelovani Tumca gadarTva ar aris da aRsaniSnavia, instrumenti. SemTxveviTi ,,translingvizmis'' dakavSirebul calsaxad arseboben aqvT unari,

daskvna /diskusia.

bi/multilingvizmis

upiratesobaze.

lingvisturi

gaazrebuli

nawarmoebebi erTze met enaze. isini

46

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

SeiZleba literaturis Semoqmedebs

CaiTvalon ZaluZT, rom

msoflio aseT sakuTari

am

romans

me-20

saukunis dabadebulma wevrebi da sam ingliigi enaze xeli

saocrebebad.

umniSvnelovanes nawarmoebs. aristokratiul da surad ojaxSi nabokovma ruseTSi gaatara bavSvoba yrmoba, ojaxis rusulad, bavSvobidan metyvelebas. frangulad mieCvia

Semoqmedeba gamoxaton mravalferovani verbaluri sistemis saSualebiT, isini Tavisuflebi arian im kulturisa da Zevs. sakiTxis TviTmyofadobisagan, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, msoflio (me-17 rom donis saukune, sanam mas yvela

saubrobdnen,

amitom

romelic maT kulturaSi TavisTavad warmogidgenT Semoqmedebs.

Dwarmatebis

miRwevaSi

bi\multilingvizms

misTvis

namdvilad ar SeuSlia. SeuZlebelia, rom translingvizmis konteqstSi ar ganvixiloT cnobili irlandieli mwerali, poeti da dramaturgi, qmnida raTia ambobdnen,

jon
inglisi)

miltonze

mxedvelobas evropisTvis

dakargavda, xelmisawvdomi

samuel beketi (1906frangul dawerili da in-

wigni waukiTxavs yvela enaze rac ki gamocemula im epoqaSi. CvenTvis aseve cnobilia, rom is werda ara mxolod inglisurad, 12 aramed laTinurad, berZnulad da ebraul enazec. ,,rac wlis gavxdi, mere ar maxsovs vmecadineobdi~...''aseTi lingvisturi man Seiswavla niWis laTinuri wyasrulda SuaRamemde davwoliliyavi loginSi, erTTavad rebuli lobiT yofilad franguli, qaldeuri moixsenieben, bejiTi mecadineobisa da gansakuTpataraobaSive

1989), romelic paralelur reJimSi Sedevrebs 1952 wels glisur enaze. Bbeketis savizito bapiesa ,,godos molodinSi~. 1969 wels beketi nobelis premias iRebs literaturaSi. ingliseli mwerali da inglisuri literaturis klasikosi jozef ko-

nradi (1857-1924) warmoSobiT poloneli iyo, Tumca, polonuris garda, Tavisuflad flobda inglisur, frangul da rusul enebs. gadmovinacvloT saqarTveloSi da gavixsenoT saxelganTqmuli poeti

berZnuli, xolo cota xnis Semdeg italiuri, da rogorc ebrauli, mas udides rusi siriuli.

ieTim gurji (1875-1940), romelic iyo


saxalxo meleqse da lotbari, Zveli Tbilisis aSuRuri poeziis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli. ieTim gurji leqsebs Txzavda qarTul, somxur da azerbaijanul enebze. saqarTveloSi moRvaweobda eTnikurad iyo somexi poeti da da meleqse kamanCeze

inglisel avtorsa da polemikoss.

vladimer
amerikeli 1899-1977 moebebi

nabokovi
mwerali,

moRvaweobda nawarTumca

wlebSi, dawera

pirveli rusulad,

sayovelTao romanebma sayovelTaod

aRiareba, rogorc promoutana. cnobili nabokovis namuSevari

zaikoss, inglisur enaze dawerilma

saiaTnova (1712-1795); is
Tavisi leqsebiT

ganTqmuli

inglisur enaze

aris ,,lolita~'

dakvriT. saiaTnova gaxldaT erekle II-is karis musikosi da momRerali.

(1955), kritikosebi xSirad uwodeben

bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

47

dRemde moRweulia saiaTnovas

Seqm-

cxovelTa jiSebis gadarCenaze, ratom ar SeiZleba, rom enebis xelSewyoba moxdes. mravalenovneba aris Zala da resursi. amitom mSoblebs da maswavleblebs ar unda eSinodeT mravalenovani ganaTlebis, Tundac Cven mier CamoTvlili da met enaze ganaTleba mwerlebis ara Tu

nili daaxloebiT 200 simRera, Tumca mas aTasobiT simRera unda hqonoda Seqmnili. Mmisi simRerebis umravlesoba qarTul, somxur da sparsul enebzea Seqmnili. globaluri ro. Tumca enis samyaro SegviZlia yvewarmovidginoT, rogorc enaTa samyamniSvneloba lasTvis erTnairi ar aris. Tu enas ganvixilavT, saSualebas, rogorc romelic komunikaciis gamoiyeneba

magaliTidanac kargad Cans, rom or zRudavs enis Semswavlels, aramed

mravalmxriv aviTarebs da umdidrebs msoflmxedvelobas. zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebis ganxilva kidev erTxel miuTiTebs im aTviseba da Sesfaqtze, rom ena zogadad urTulesi fenomenia da enis wavla ufro metia, vidre mxolod sityvebis da winadadebebis daswavla. enobriv ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva socialuri, biologiuri da individualuri faqtorebis ganxilva individis moTvlil seburebani mniSvnelovania, radgan Seferxebas enobrivi veZioT Carodesac adgili aqvs moswavlis an TvalsazrisiT, mizezebi

telefonis, internetis, video konferenciebisTvis, maSin enobrivi mravalferovneba aqtualurobas kargavs, radgan enis, rogorc enebi. komunikaciis Tu enas saSualebad warmodgenilia erTeuli globaluri magram warmovidgenT, rogorc specifikur

sistemas, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba kulturis gadmocema, cxovrebis asaxva, maSin ena ufro met datvirTvas iZens. zogierTi mkvlevari varaudos, rom msoflioSi gavrcelebuli 6000 enidan 21 saukuneSi naxevari ver gadarCeba (anderhili, 2009). aseTi prognozebis gamo lingvistikaSi terminic ki damkvidrda romelic ,,ekolingvistikis~''saxeliT aris cnobili, zrunaven marTlac garkveul Tu mecnierebi da mcenareTa

faqtorebSi, gaviTvalisTavidarRmxoda lingvisturi

winoT bilingvuri mexsierebis vevebis mizezad ar aRviqvaT lod bilingvizmi.

literatura
anderhili, 2009 _ Underhill, J.W. Humboldt, worldview and language. beikeri, 2010 _ k. beikeri, bilingvizmisa da bilingvuri ganaTlebis safuZvlebi. ,,samoqalaqo integraciisa da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebis centris'' 2010 wlis qarTuli versiis gamocema. gleitmani, 1984 _ Gleitman, L., Newport, M., & Gleitman, H. (1984). The current status of the motherese hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 11, 43-79.

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bilingvuri ganaTleba, #4, 2010

endriu, 2008 _ Andreou, G.,Andreou, E., Vlachos, P.(2008), Individual Differences in Second Language Learning among University Students. In : Language Development:Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.145-162. eigsti, 2008 _ Child Maltreatment: Effectson Gramatical and Lexical Aspects of Language acquisition. In: Language Development: Learning and Dsorders. 2008, pp.99-117. kelmani, 2003 _ Kellman, S.G., Switching languages: translingual writers reflect on their craft. ouensi, 1996 _ Owens, R. 1996. Language Development. USA: Macmillan heredia, 1996 _ Heredia , R.R. Bilingual Memory: A Re-Revised Version of the Hierarchical Model of Bilingual Memory; www.wikipedia.org <http://www.wikipedia.org> hofi-ginsbergi, 1991 _ Hoff-Ginsberg, E. 1991. Mother-child conversation in different social classesand communicative settings. Child development, 62(4), 782-96.

Irina Bagauri

Bilingual Memory and Factors, which Influence the Language Develompent Processes
ABSTRACT

The present article aims to introduce to the readers social, biological, cultural and other factors, which influence childs and adults language development. The second part of the article describes the issue of ,,Bilingual Memory and the relationship between first and second languages in this context. The issue of ,,code- switching and ,,code- mixing processes is analysed in the third part of the article. The final part of the article is devoted to the worldwide phenomenon ,,Translingualism. The multilingual writers are presented and discussed in the context of ,,Translingualism in this part of the article.

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