Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cluster 4
Relationships
Different types of relationship are the focus of this cluster. Some poems, such as Quickdraw and Hour, deal with the positive and/or negative emotions inherent in romantic relationships. Some deal with family relationships and the complex feelings that can be experienced by parents and children, or brothers and sisters, as in Nettles and Harmonium or Brothers and Sister Maude respectively. Some of the recurrent themes include conflict between couples, and the emotional vulnerability and pain that love can cause, whether it is between a father and his son or a couple at the start of a romantic love affair. When studying this cluster, it might be useful for students to focus on some of the following considerations: What form of relationship is the focus of this poem? Is it a romantic or familial relationship? Is the poet drawing attention to any universal experiences as they portray this relationship in particular? From whose perspective is the poem written? Is it first, second or third person address, and how does this affect meaning? Who does the poem address? Or is it about, rather than directed to, someone? Does the form of communication affect the meaning? Is the poet speaking directly, or does the poet use a persona to communicate their ideas? Consider the mood / tone of the poem. Is it light-hearted or serious in tone? Is it making a serious point in a light-hearted way and, if so, why might that be? Why has the poet written this poem? What feelings, attitudes and/or ideas is the poet considering through their presentation of these relationships? How has the poet communicated their ideas? What aspects of language, structure and/or form are particularly significant in this poem? What literary techniques is the poet using to achieve their effects?
The Manhunt
Simon Armitage Background and Context
This poem is taken from The Not Dead, a collection Armitage wrote for a Channel 4 documentary, Forgotten Heroes, commemorating the lives of ex-servicemen and examining the effects of their experiences on themselves and their families. In this programme, The Manhunt was read by Laura, the wife of Eddie Beddoes, a UN peacekeeper in the Bosnian conflict who was eventually discharged due to extreme stress and depression. The relationship is between a loving couple.
The Manhunt
After the first phase, after passionate nights and intimate days, only then would he let me trace the frozen river which ran through his face, only then would he let me explore the blown hinge of his lower jaw, and handle and hold the damaged, porcelain collar-bone, and mind and attend the fractured rudder of shoulder-blade,
Careful, tentative gestures
Introduces metaphor of war planes, linking to rudder, parachute, rungs and metal
and finger and thumb the parachute silk of his punctured lung. Only then could I bind the struts and climb the rungs of his broken ribs, and feel the hurt of his grazed heart.
Shortest second line, emphasises the cause of his pain Has connotations of vulnerability as well as the depth of his pain and suggests it is going to grow and develop
Skirting along, only then could I picture the scan, the foetus of metal beneath his chest where the bullet had finally come to rest.
Use of present participle suggests all his energy is focused on this aspect of himself and that it is live, still active. Third repetition of this phrase suggests that he is reluctant to allow her close
Then I widened the search, traced the scarring back to its source to a sweating, unexploded mine buried deep in his mind, around which
Internal half-rhyme with mine links to the idea of buried as if the rhyme echoes the emotional action
Ambiguous phrase could mean coming closer to him or close to finding a means of healing him
every nerve in his body had tightened and closed. Then, and only then, did I come close. Half-rhyme with closed using same root word suggests a drawing nearer
Targeting C How does Armitage use imagery to emphasise the theme of this poem? Ask students to identify and examine the use of different kinds of metaphor. Targeting A/A* Is it vital to know the original context of this poem in order to gain meaning from it? Students might want to consider whether reading the poem purely as a metaphor for the results of emotional damage is as valid as understanding the original source material.
Compares with
Nettles imagery of war / pain and protection In Paris with You emotional pain, repercussions of pain and trauma Quickdraw pain of romantic relationships
Hour
Carol Ann Duffy Background and Context
Hour, like Quickdraw, comes from Duffys collection Rapture which won the T. S. Eliot Prize for Poetry in 2005. Rapture charts the course of a love affair with an anonymous, possibly unspecific, lover. The poems explore the negative as well as positive aspects of love the contradictions, the passions and the heartbreak. Hour comes in the early stages of the relationship: the heady beginnings of a passionate love affair.
Hour
May suggest the luck associated with finding a coin as they have found this hour Traditional, clichd love tokens are rejected; richness is defined Alliteration emphasises the length of the moment as well as stressing kiss; also, novel way of referring to time not in hours or minutes, but seconds, to eke out and slow it down Simile feeds the extended metaphor of richness Introduces a shade of gloom to the dominant feeling of joy Single word emphasises importance of moment and slows down time / pace of reading; again, idea of stealing / cheating time Repetition suggests what they have is far more powerful and valuable than anything else
Loves times beggar, but even a single hour, bright as a dropped coin, makes love rich.
Introduces central conceit of richness Full rhyme with We find an hour together, spend it not on flowers rich creates a or wine, but the whole of the summer sky and a grass ditch. strong bond between these two ideas the richness For thousands of seconds we kiss; your hair of simple pleasures like treasure on the ground; the Midas light Mythological character links
turning your limbs to gold. Time slows, for here we are millionaires, backhanding the night so nothing dark will end our shining hour, no jewel hold a candle to the cuckoo spit hung from the blade of grass at your ear, no chandelier or spotlight see you better lit than here. Now. Time hates love, wants love poor, but love spins gold, gold, gold from straw.
with gold image as well as possibly having a darker significance The gesture is easy for now they are safe, not being approached by anything dark Plays with words compare with as well as light up Enjambment extends the focus of the spotlight
Ambiguous ending is real love illusory or is it a kind of alchemy able to turn everyday materials into gold?
Targeting C How does Duffy evoke the value of the hour spent with her lover? Students could examine the ways in which imagery and semantic fields add to the themes and ideas. Targeting A/A* Is Duffy using ideas from myths and fairytales to suggest anything darker about the nature of these kinds of feelings at the start of a romance? Students might want to explore the darker significance of the Midas and Rumpelstilkskin stories. Is there a suggestion that love is nothing more than a myth or fairytale or that this hour cant last?
Compares with
To His Coy Mistress carpe diem In Paris with You enjoyment of the moment
Targeting C How does the persona really feel in this poem? Ask students to explain how the persona reveals their true feelings in spite of trying to do the opposite. Targeting A/A* How does the poet juxtapose irony and romance in this poem? Students could explore the purpose and effect of this juxtaposition.
Compares with
Hour love and romance Quickdraw the pain of love
Quickdraw
Carol Ann Duffy Background and Context
Quickdraw comes from the collection Rapture which won the T.S. Eliot Prize for Poetry in 2005. Duffy was awarded an OBE for services to literature in 1995, a CBE in 2001 and became the first female Poet Laureate in 2009.
Rapture is an exploration of love of the ways in which pain and joy can be inextricably woven into the feelings experienced during a romantic relationship. Duffy comments that it is a collection about deep feeling. Quickdraw comes from the middle of the collection, which as a whole takes a narrative journey through an experience of love. In this poem the first shadows of pain are being cast over the relationship.
Quickdraw
Short phrase to emphasise her vulnerability; alone highlighted by use of rhyme and enjambment Metaphorical description of conversation First break of sonnet structure
I wear the two, the mobile and the landline phones, like guns, slung from the pockets on my hips. Im all alone. You ring, quickdraw, your voice a pellet in my ear, and hear me groan. Youve wounded me. Next time, you speak after the tone. I twirl the phone, then squeeze the trigger of my tongue, wide of the mark. You choose your spot, then blast me through the heart. And this is love, high noon, calamity, hard liquor
Suggests physical and emotional pain as well as possibly pleasure
All suggest a critical moment in the relationship Becomes more Shakespearean in form with strengthened iambic metre towards the end, before fragmenting again still retaining an incomplete sonnet rhythm Rhyme of kiss with this gives an aural suggestion of kisses
in the old Last Chance saloon. I show the mobile to the Sheriff; in my boot, another ones concealed. You text them both at once. I reel. Down on my knees, I fumble for the phone, read the silver bullets of your kiss. Take this and this and this and this and this
Alliteration of f intensifies effect of the speaker becoming weaker
Targeting C How does the poet use an extended metaphor to examine the pain of an argument? Students could trace the development of the metaphor through the poem, examining how it reflects the feelings being described. Targeting A/A* How does Duffy use structure to emphasise the themes of love, pain and conflict? Exploring the manipulation of the sonnet sequence and use of rhyme should enable students to interpret her intention.
Compares with
Manhunt and In Paris With You use of imagery, emotional pain
Ghazal
Mimi Khalvati Background and Context
Mimi Khalvati was born in Tehran in 1944 and grew up on the Isle of Wight. Her poetry reflects this dual heritage, mixing Persian and British elements. She has been an actor and director in Iran and the UK and is founder of a womens experimental theatre group. Khalvati was nominated for the prestigious T.S. Eliot Prize in 2007. Ghazal uses a traditional Persian form to explore the romantic relationship between two lovers.
4 6 9
1516 If I rise in the east as you die in the west, / die for my sake, my love, every night renew me. innuendo and reciprocity; the lovers complete one another 18 Shamsuddin to my Rumi Rumi was a 13th-century poet and Sufi mystic famous for his ghazals. Shamsuddin was Rumis great friend and muse. Some stories suggest Shamsuddin was murdered by other followers of Rumi who were jealous of their close relationship.
Targeting C How does the speaker attempt to seduce her beloved? Which arguments do you find most persuasive and why? Targeting A/A* How does the form and structure of the ghazal lend itself to the poetry of persuasion and seduction?
Compares with
The Manhunt couplet form To His Coy Mistress seduction In Paris with You addressed to lover
Brothers
Andrew Forster Background and Context
Andrew Forster (1964) was born and raised in South Yorkshire. Brothers resonates with a strong sense of place, rooted firmly as it is in the childhood home which forms the setting for a group of poems examining autobiographical moments from the poets childhood. Forster has been described as a very visual poet, and himself refers to the stimulus for this poem as a visual memory from his childhood of his younger brother holding up a coin. The difficult relationships between siblings is the focus for this very reflective, personal poem, which focuses on the beginnings of an emotional distance between brothers.
First word introduces the poets resentful attitude towards his brother Self-conscious attempt to look older
Brothers
Saddled with you for the afternoon, me and Paul ambled across the threadbare field to the bus stop, talking over Sheffield Wednesdays chances in the Cup while you skipped beside us in your ridiculous tank-top, spouting six-year-old views on Rotherham United. Suddenly you froze, said you hadnt any bus fare.
Descriptions highlight embarrassment his brother causes Colloquial phrasing creates realistic tone
I sighed, said you should go and ask Mum and while you windmilled home I looked at Paul. His smile, like mine, said I was nine and he was ten and we must stroll the town, doing what grown-ups do. As a bus crested the hill we chased Olympic Gold. Looking back I saw you spring towards the gate, your hand holding out what must have been a coin. I ran on, unable to close the distance Id set in motion.
Poignant sense of self-mocking irony
Could this phrase have metaphorical significance? Indicates the little boys desire for connection with his older brother
Use of metaphor suggests the older boys are just as imaginative and youthful as the little brother Becomes metaphorical in last line
Targeting C How does the poet use language to describe the differences between the poet and his little brother? Students could examine in particular the verbs used to describe the actions and movements of each boy. Targeting A/A* How does the poet use irony to condemn his own behaviour? Students could analyse the ways in which he mocks his younger self and explore his reasons for doing this. Is he suggesting that his own immaturity was one reason for his selfish behaviour?
Compares with
Sister Maude sibling relationships Les Grands Seigneurs and The Hunchback in the Park regret and unspoken emotion
Targeting C How does Nichols show her admiration and love for her mother? Targeting A/A* How does the structure of the poem help to show the influence and importance of Nichols mother?
Compares with
Nettles parent and child relationship Ghazal ancient poetic form Harmonium tribute to parent
Harmonium
Simon Armitage Background and Context
Marsden in West Yorkshire is Armitages family home. Although he moved to Portsmouth to study for his degree, he returned to Marsden later and lives there now. As a young boy he was a choirboy at Marsden church and his father also had links with the church, using it as a venue for his musical productions. In Harmonium, Armitage explores the relationship with his father that has been a recurring theme in his personal poems, and which he also writes about extensively in All Points North, a collection of personal essays. Harmonium
The Farrand Chapelette was gathering dust
Suggests entrances/exits and links with nave later in the poem; shadowy also suggests that it is no longer in the limelight it is past its prime
No longer wanted
in the shadowy porch of Marsden Church. And was due to be bundled off to the skip. Or was mine, for a song, if I wanted it. Sunlight, through stained glass, which day to day could beatify saints and raise the dead, had aged the harmoniums softwood case and yellowed the fingernails of its keys. And one of its notes had lost its tongue, and holes were worn in both the treadles where the organists feet, in grey, woollen socks and leather-soled shoes, had pedalled and pedalled. But its hummed harmonics still struck a chord: for a hundred years that organ had stood by the choristers stalls, where father and son, each in their time, had opened their throats and gilded finches like high notes had streamed out. Through his own blue cloud of tobacco smog, with smokers fingers and dottled thumbs, he comes to help me cart it away. And we carry it flat, laid on its back. And he, being him, cant help but say that the next box Ill shoulder through this nave will bear the freight of his own dead weight. And I, being me, then mouth in reply some shallow or sorry phrase or word too starved of breath to make itself heard.
Use of clich suggests his fathers nearness to death as well as skimming over the reality of the fact, creating a light-hearted tone; dead weight also suggest uselessness Use of sibilance suggests whispering of the phrase, contained in rhyming couplet which creates a regretful tone perhaps Armitage cannot bring himself to speak
HarperCollins Publishers 2010
Connection with last line where it is Armitage who has lost his tongue
Reference to fathers and sons generally, highlights his own shared past with his father (never specifically named) Reversal of simile creates internal rhyme with throats, as well as suggesting the singing was more poetic, more beautiful, than the simile itself Shift to present tense, possibly marking the passage of time Personified: like a body Internal rhyme with freight intensifies image of father as a burden Use of parallel phrasing highlights the connection between father and son
Still a strong connection between them Contrasts with later starved of breath to highlight the difference between past and present Contrasts with box in next stanza, possibly highlighting the freedom and strength that his father no longer has
Targeting C How does the poet demonstrate his feelings for his father? Ask students to highlight and comment on the positive and the negative images presented. Targeting A/A* What does the use of imagery add to this poem? Ask students to explore the ways in which imagery allows the poet to examine some complex and difficult personal feelings.
Compares with
Nettles parent and child relationships Brothers regret and missed opportunities
Sonnet 116
William Shakespeare Background and Context
Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets. The first 126 were addressed to an unknown youth. The next 26 were addressed to a mysterious dark lady. There has been much speculation as to the identity of the possible addressees and Shakespeares real-life relationships with them; however, this may be missing the point. It is dangerous to associate Shakespeare too closely with the speaker in any of the sonnets. The speaker can often be seen as a persona or rhetorical device allowing Shakespeare to explore ideas from different perspectives.
Sonnet 116
Double meaning let in or recognise
Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments; love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds,
Phrasing of opening suggests marriage ceremony, particularly impediments; marriage in its legal sense also suggested in writ in the final couplet
See also bending sickle suggesting times ability to change people and their relationships As in jester; perhaps the rosy lips and cheeks reflect the fools make-up, making them illusory Reflects shape of sickle and its ability to change things
Linked to mark and star through rhyme/assonance, O no it is an ever-fixed mark, perhaps to show how the bark needs guidance; the bark is That looks on tempests and is never shaken; linked to the speaker/humanity, It is the star to every wandring bark, the mark and star to love Whose worths unknown, although his height be taken.
Loves not Times fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickles compass come; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
Time is compared to the grim reaper: it brings death Human life is short The last judgement which comes at the end of time (cf brief above)
GLOSSARY
bark a small sailing ship mark a beacon or lighthouse
Targeting C How does the speaker present love as something which remains constant in the face of time? Targeting A/A* How does Shakespeare present the speaker as having doubts and uncertainties about the nature of love?
Compares with
Sonnet 43 sonnets defining love In Paris with You not wanting to define love
Sonnet 43
Elizabeth Barrett Browning Background and Context
Elizabeth Barrett was born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall in County Durham. Her familys wealth came from plantations in Jamaica which used slave labour. She suffered from an undiagnosed illness from the age of 20. When her brother Edward drowned in a sailing accident in 1840, she returned to the family home in Wimpole Street where she lived as a recluse for the next five years. She began to correspond with Robert Browning in 1844 and they met for the first time in 1845. Her father strongly disapproved of the relationship and the couple eloped to Italy in 1846. Barrett Browning was disinherited. Sonnets from the Portuguese (which includes Sonnet 43) was published in 1850. Sonnet 43 differs from Sonnet 116 and To His Coy Mistress in the sense that there is little, if any, distance between the speaker and the poet. Sonnets from the Portuguese was only published at Robert Brownings insistence. The sonnets are from Barrett Browning, whose pet name was the Portuguese, to her future husband. According to the Oxford Companion to English Literature, the title may well have been an attempt to disguise the personal nature of the sonnets by suggesting that they are translations. Like Shakespeares speaker in Sonnet 116, Barrett Browning attempts to define love but in a more personal way.
Sonnet 43
Caesura creates pause to reflect speaker pausing for thought
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways! I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and Ideal Grace. I love thee to the level of everydays Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight I love thee freely, as men strive for Right, I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise; I love thee with the passion, put to use In my old griefs, and with my childhoods faith:
Another pause for thought Words linked through assonance and consonance and emphasised through metrical stress on the nouns Her love is everyday as well as deeply spiritual
Comma in each line creates caesura splitting initial statement from simile which explains it; the perfect echo of these lines is suggestive of repetition found in a prayer
Ellipsis suggests that now is not the time to dwell on old griefs
Perhaps a reference to the Saints she believed in as a child; first person pronoun adds intensity
I love thee with the love I seemed to lose With my lost Saints, I love thee with the breath, Smiles, tears, of all my life! and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.
Rhyme of breath with death suggests ability of love to overcome death the sonnets final message; halfrhyme with faith perhaps suggests that this is how death can be defeated
Targeting C In what ways does Barrett Browning love her future husband? Choose the three most powerful definitions and explain them in detail. Targeting A/A* How does the form and structure of the sonnet help Barrett Browning to express her emotions?
Compares with
Sonnet 116, Hour sonnet form Ghazal expression of love with male subject In Paris with You personal expression of love
Targeting C How does the speaker use flattery to persuade his mistress?
What other techniques does the speaker use?
Targeting A/A* How does the structure of the poem help to develop the speakers argument?
What does Marvell achieve through the use of a persona as the poems speaker?
Compares with
Hour and Sonnet 116 battle between love and time Ghazal seduction by poetry The Manhunt use of blazon
Perhaps ironic she is still a maid at the end of the poem The farmer had no time for romance or did not take time to see whether the marriage would be a good one for him as well as her Perhaps suggests something supernatural about the bride or that she seems that way to the farmer who cannot understand her
Suggests he knows what is right and proper. Perhaps it is significant that she runs away at bedtime Onomatopoeia Isolates fast at end of stanza and suggests turning of key; suggests farmer sees wife as his property Suggests more timid animal than earlier fay and hare Emphasises farmers loneliness and resentment that his bride thinks more of the animals than him She isolated by commas to suggest him lingering on the word; perhaps reflects growing obsession
Out mong the sheep, her be, they said, Should properly have been abed; But sure enough she wasnt there Lying awake with her wide brown stare. So over seven-acre field and up-along across the down We chased her, flying like a hare Bride is coursed like a hare Before our lanterns. To Church-Town His home, not hers All in a shiver and a scare Cold colours suggest winter, We caught her, fetched her home at last red suggests warmth that And turned the key upon her, fast. should be present at Christmas The short days shorten and the oaks are brown, The blue smoke rises to the low grey sky, One leaf in the still air falls slowly down, A magpies spotted feathers lie On the black earth spread white with rime, The berries redden up to Christmas-time. Whats Christmas-time without there be Enjambment Some other in the house than we! and comma emphasise alone; She sleeps up in the attic there perhaps reflects his Alone, poor maid. Tis but a stair feelings rather than sympathy for Betwixt us. Oh! my God! the down, his bride The soft young down of her, the brown, The brown of her her eyes, her hair, her hair!
She does the work about the house As well as most, but like a mouse: Happy enough to chat and play With birds and rabbits and such as they, So long as men-folk keep away. Not near, not near! her eyes beseech When one of us comes within reach. The women say that beasts in stall Look round like children at her call. Ive hardly heard her speak at all. Shy as a leveret, swift as he, Straight and slight as a young larch tree, Sweet as the first wild violets, she, To her wild self. But what to me?
Targeting C How does Mew portray both partners as unhappy? Targeting A/A* How does Mew use natural imagery to explore the marriage?
Compares with
Sister Maude firstperson monologue, unhappy relationship Harmonium lack of communication, regret
Sister Maude
Christina Rossetti Background and Context
Christina Rossetti was born in London in 1830. She came from a famous literary and artistic family. Her father was an Italian poet and her brother Dante Gabriel Rossetti was a famous Pre-Raphaelite painter. Sister Maude explores the ideas of a ballad popular in Victorian times from the point of view of one of the main protagonists. Sister Maude
Repetition of told highlights Maudes crime
Who told my mother of my shame, Who told my father of my dear? Oh who but Maude, my sister Maude, Who lurked to spy and peer. Cold he lies, as cold as stone, With his clotted curls about his face: The comeliest corpse in all the world And worthy of a queens embrace. You might have spared his soul, sister, Have spared my soul, your own soul too: Though I had not been born at all, Hed never have looked at you. My father may sleep in Paradise, My mother at Heaven-gate: But sister Maude shall get no sleep Either early or late.
Sibilance creates hissing accusatory tone Alliteration of hard c suggests coldness and hardness
Rhyme with gown suggests togetherness of father and mother, unlike Maude who will remain alone Reinforces togetherness in spite of Maude
My father may wear a golden gown, My mother a crown may win; If my dear and I knocked at Heaven-gate Perhaps theyd let us in: But sister Maude, oh sister Maude, Bide you with death and sin.
Spitting / hissing sibilance again Suggests lovers will always be together in spite of Mauds actions
Targeting C How does Rossetti portray the anger felt by the speaker towards Sister Maude? Targeting A/A* Why do you think Rossetti has omitted so many narrative details from the poem? What effect does this have on our reading of the speakers character?
Compares with
Brothers sibling relationships The Farmers Bride unhappy relationship Sonnets 43 and 116, To His Coy Mistress and The Farmers Bride rhythm, rhyme
Nettles
Vernon Scannell Background and Context
Vernon Scannell (19222007) was originally from West Yorkshire. He achieved a great deal of acclaim in his lifetime for his writing, including some prestigious poetry awards. His name was originally Bain, but he changed it shortly after World War II as he had deserted from the army. His negative feelings about the effects of war have been a prevailing influence on his work he was awarded the Wilfred Owen Association award for significant contributions to war poetry.
Nettles
First line sums up event as well as highlighting sons age Understated tone contrast with emotive word spite in next line
My son aged three fell in the nettle bed. Bed seemed a curious name for those green spears, That regiment of spite behind the shed: It was no place for rest. With sobs and tears The boy came seeking comfort and I saw White blisters beaded on his tender skin. We soothed him till his pain was not so raw. At last he offered us a watery grin, And then I took my hook and honed the blade And went outside and slashed in fury with it Till not a nettle in that fierce parade
Extended metaphor Extension of rhythm pattern in this line, possibly suggesting futility of fathers battle Military image Personification of nettles, another military image
Alliteration intensifies reality of the detailed description; plosive b sounds suggest eruption of blisters Language highlights strength of fathers passion
Caesura highlights brief pause in ongoing battle to protect child Military imagery again Last line sums up fathers realisation of his impotence to protect son from lifes pain
Stood upright any more. Next task: I lit A funeral pyre to burn the fallen dead. But in two weeks the busy sun and rain Had called up tall recruits behind the shed: My son would often feel sharp wounds again.
This detail from the description suggests that battle is futile
Targeting C Why has the poet used an extended metaphor of war to describe not only the nettles but the fathers relationship with them? Ask students to identify all the words associated with this extended metaphor. What difference does it make to the mood and feelings in the poem? Targeting A/A* How does this account of one intensely personal experience relate to a wider context? Students may want to consider whether Scannell is exploring the wider issue of human suffering.
Compares with
Born Yesterday protection of children Praise Song for my Mother parents and children Harmonium parents and children
Born Yesterday
Phillip Larkin Background and Context
Phillip Larkin was born in Coventry in 1922. He was librarian at the University of Hull for more than 30 years. Larkin was offered the position of Poet Laureate on the death of John Betjeman in 1984 but declined, not least because he felt he had long since ceased to be a writer of poetry in a meaningful sense. Born Yesterday was written for Kingsley Amiss daughter Sally who was born in 1954. It was published in Larkins 1955 collection The Less Deceived; there is a clear link between the theme and title of the poem and the title of the collection. As here, form often reflects and enhances content in Larkins poetry.
Targeting C What does Larkin wish for the young Sally Amis, and why?
How does Larkin build tension towards the surprise ending?
Targeting A/A* What significance can you find in the title Born Yesterday?
What can we learn about general ideas of happiness through Larkins wishes for Sally Amis?
Compares with
To His Coy Mistress developing an argument Ghazal form reflecting content
Traditional forms
Romantic love
Family
Emotional pain
Conflict
Protection
Imagery
Unusual attitudes
Time
Born Yesterday
Brothers
Ghazal
Harmonium
Hour
Relationships
The Manhunt
Nettles
Comparison Grid
Quickdraw
Sister Maude
Sonnet 43
Sonnet 116