BTEC HNC - Analytical Methods - Calculus

Calculus
Analytical Methods for

Engineers
By Brendan Burr
Brendan Burr BTEC Higher National Certificate in Electronics
Calculus
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................... 2
TASK 1 ............................................................................... 6
1.1 Differentiate the following algebraic and trigonometric
functions using basic rules : ................................................ 6
(a) (b) ......................................................................... 6
Solution (a):- .................................................................................... 6
Check (a):- ....................................................................................... 6
Solution (b):- .................................................................................... 7
Check (b):- ....................................................................................... 7
1.2 Differentiate the following using the product rule : ......... 8
...................................................................................... 8
Solution:- ......................................................................................... 8
Check:- ............................................................................................. 9
1.3 Differentiate the following using the quotient rule : ...... 10
..................................................................................... 10
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 10
Check:- ........................................................................................... 11
1.4 Differentiate the following using the function of a
function rule : ................................................................... 12
................................................................................ 12
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 12
Check:- ........................................................................................... 13
TASK 2 .............................................................................. 14
2.1 Successive Differentiation ............................................ 14
If find : ............................................................................ 14
(a) (b) ......................................................................... 14
Solution (a):- .................................................................................. 14
Solution (b):- .................................................................................. 14
Check (a & b):- ............................................................................... 14
2.2 Logarithmic differentiation ........................................... 15
Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the
following :- ........................................................................ 15
................................................................................... 15
2
Calculus
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 15
Check:- ........................................................................................... 15
2.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
functions .......................................................................... 16
Differentiate the following with respect to the variable :- .... 16
(a) (b) .......................................................................... 16
Solution (a):- .................................................................................. 16
Check:- ........................................................................................... 16
Solution (b):- .................................................................................. 17
Check:- ........................................................................................... 17
TASK 3 .............................................................................. 18
3.1 Integrate the following indefinite integral using the basic
rules :- .............................................................................. 18
.................................................................................... 18
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 18
Check:- ........................................................................................... 19
3.2 Integrate the following definite integral correct to 2
decimal places:- ................................................................ 20
.................................................................................. 20
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 20
Check:- ........................................................................................... 20
3.3 Integrate the following function using algebraic
substitutions:- ................................................................... 21
.................................................................................... 21
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 21
Check:- ........................................................................................... 22
3.4 Integrate the following function using Partial Fractions:-
........................................................................................ 23
................................................................................... 23
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 23
Check:- ........................................................................................... 24
3.5 Integrate the following using integration by parts:- ....... 25
................................................................................... 25
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 25
Check:- ........................................................................................... 25
TASK 4 .............................................................................. 26
3
Calculus
4.1 A lidless box with square ends is to be made from a thin
sheet of metal. Determine the least area of the metal for
which the volume of the box is 3.5 cu. m. ........................... 26
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 26
4.2 The distance x moved by a body in t seconds is given by :-
........................................................................................ 28
........................................................................................ 28
Determine : ...................................................................... 28
(a) The velocity and acceleration at the start. ..................... 28
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 28
(b) The velocity and acceleration when t = 3 sec. ............... 29
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 29
(c) The values of time t when the body is at rest. ............... 29
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 29
Check:- ........................................................................................... 29
(d) The distance travelled in the third second of movement.
........................................................................................ 30
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 30
4.3 An alternating current is given by , where f is the
frequency in Hz and t is time in secs. ................................. 31
Determine the rate of change of current when t = 20 mS
given that f = 50 Hz. .......................................................... 31
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 31
Check:- ........................................................................................... 32
4.4 In an electrical circuit an alternating voltage is given by
volts. ............................................................................... 33
Determine the following each correct to 2 decimal places over
the range t = 0 to t = 10 mS. .............................................. 33
(a) Mean value (b) R.m.s value ....................................... 33
Solution (a):- .................................................................................. 33
Check:- ........................................................................................... 33
Solution (b):- .................................................................................. 34
Check:- ........................................................................................... 35
4.5 The speed of a car v in m/s is related to time t sec by the
following equation :- .......................................................... 36
........................................................................................ 36
Determine the maximum speed of the car in km/h ............... 36
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 36
4
Calculus
TASK 5 .............................................................................. 37
5.1 Use Maclaurin's series to find a power series for as far as
the term in ....................................................................... 37
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 37
Check:- ........................................................................................... 38
5.2 Show using Maclaurin's series that the first 4 terms of the
power series for is given by :- ........................................... 39
..................................................................................... 39
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 39
5.3 Find the first 4 terms of the series for by applying
Maclaurin's Theorem. ........................................................ 40
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 40
Check:- ........................................................................................... 40
5.4 Determine the following limiting values using LHopitals
Rule: ................................................................................. 41
..................................................................................... 41
Solution:- ....................................................................................... 41
EVALUATION ..................................................................... 42
CONCLUSION ..................................................................... 43
Books ............................................................................... 43
Catalogues ........................................................................ 43
Websites ........................................................................... 43
5
Calculus
TASK 1
1.1 Differentiate the following algebraic and trigonometric functions using
basic rules :
(a)
2
3x y (b)
x cos y 2 4
Solution (a):-
1
N
N
aNx
dx
dy
ax y
1 2
2
2 3
3
x
dx
dy
x y
x
dx
dy
6
Check (a):-
The Blue Line is: y=6*x ' deriv. of y=3x^2
6
Calculus
Solution (b):-
( )
( ) ax Sin a K
dx
dy
ax Cos K y
. .
.

( )
( ) x Sin
dx
dy
x Cos y
2 2 4
2 4

( ) x Sin
dx
dy
2 8
Check (b):-
The Blue Line is: y=8*sin (2*x) ' deriv. of y=-4*cos(2x)
7
Calculus
1.2 Differentiate the following using the product rule :
x ). x l n( y 2
Solution:-
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
v u y
+

( )
( ) x LN x y
x x LN y
2
2
5 . 0

( )
x dx
dv
x
dx
du
x LN v Let
x u Let
1
5 . 0
2 _
_
5 . 0
5 . 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

,
_

+
+
+
+
,
_
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0 1 5 . 0
5 . 0 5 . 0
5 . 0
2 5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
2 5 . 0
2 5 . 0
5 . 0 2
1
x
x LN x
x
x
x
dx
dy
x LN x x
dx
dy
x LN x x x
dx
dy
x x LN
x
x
dx
dy
dx
du
v
dx
dv
u
dx
dy
8
Calculus
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x LN x
dx
dy
x LN x
dx
dy
x LN
x
x
x
dx
dy
x LN
x
x
x
dx
dy
x LN
x
x
x
dx
dy
2 2 5 . 0
2 1 2 5 . 0
2 2 5 . 0
2
1
2
5 . 0
2
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
5 . 0
+
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
( ) ( ) x LN x
dx
dy
2 2 5 . 0
5 . 0
+

Check:-
The Blue Line is: y= (0.5x^-0.5)*(2+ln(2x)) ' deriv.of y=ln(2x)*(sqrt(x))
9
Calculus
1.3 Differentiate the following using the quotient rule :
t si n
e
y
t
4
3
Solution:-
2
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
dx
dy
v
u
y
( )
( ) t Cos
dx
dv
e
dx
du
t Sin v Let
e u Let
t
t
4 4
3
4 _
_
3
3
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
3
4
4 4 3 4
4
t Sin
t Cos e e t Sin
dx
dy
v
dx
dv
u
dx
du
v
dx
dy
t Sin
e
y
t t
t

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 3
4
4 4 4 3
t Sin
e t Cos e t Sin
dx
dy
t t

10
Calculus
Check:-
The Dark Blue Line is: y=(3*(sin (4*x))*e^(3*x) - 4*e^(3*x)*cos (4*x))/(sin
(4*x)^2) ' deriv. of y=(e^(3x))/(sin(4x))
11
Calculus
1.4 Differentiate the following using the function of a function rule :

( )
5
3
5 2 x x y
Solution:-
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
u y
N

4
2
5
3
5
5 6
_
5 2 _
u
du
dy
x
dx
du
u y Then
x x u Let

( ) ( ) 5 6 5
2 4

x u
dx
dy
dx
du
du
dy
dx
dy
( ) ( ) ( ) 5 6 5 2 5
2
4
3
x x x
dx
dy
12
Calculus
Check:-
The Blue Line is: y=5*(2*x^3 - 5*x)^4*(2*3*x^2 - 5) ' deriv. of
y=((2(x^3))-(5x))^5
13
Calculus
TASK 2
2.1 Successive Differentiation
If 2 3 2 3
3 4
+ + x x x y find :
(a)
dx
dy
(b)
2
2
dx
y d
Solution (a):-
2 3 2 3
3 4
+ + x x x y
3 6 12
2 3
+ x x
dx
dy
Solution (b):-
3 6 12
2 3
+ x x
dx
dy
x x
dx
y d
12 36
2
2
2
+
Check (a & b):-
The Green Line is: y=3x^4 + 2x^3 - 3x + 2
The Blue Line is: y=12*x^3 + 6*x^2 - 3 ' deriv. of
y=3x^4 + 2x^3 - 3x + 2
The Red Line is: y=36*x^2 + 12*x ' deriv. of y=12*x^3 + 6*x^2 - 3 '
deriv. of y=3x^4 + 2x^3 - 3x + 2
14
Calculus
2.2 Logarithmic differentiation
Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the following :-
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 1
1 2
+
+
x x
x x
y
Solution:-
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 1 2
: _ _ _
3 1
1 2
_
+ + +
+
+
x LN x LN x LN x LN y LN
states LOGs of Laws
x x
x x
y If
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1
+
+
+
+

3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1 1
x x x x
y
dx
dy
x x x x dx
dy
y
( )( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3 1
1 2
x x x x x x
x x
dx
dy
Check:-
The Blue Line is: y=((x-1)*(3+x)*(1+(x-2+x))-(x-2)*(1+x)*(3+(x-1+x))) /
(((x-1)*(3+x))^2) ' deriv. of y=((x-2)(x+1))/((x-1)(x+3))
15
Calculus
2.3 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic functions
Differentiate the following with respect to the variable :-
(a)
2
x
arcsi n y (b)
3
x
si nh ar y
Solution (a):-
2 2
1
1
x a
dx
dy
a
x
SIN y
,
_

2 2
1
2
1
2
x
dx
dy
x
SIN y
,
_

2
4
1
x
dx
dy
Check:-
The Blue Line is: y=1/sqr (1 - (x/2)^2)*1/2 ' deriv. of sin(y)=x/2
16
Calculus
Solution (b):-
2 2
1
1
x a
dx
dy
a
x
SINH y
+
,
_

2 2
1
3
1
3
x
dx
dy
x
SINH y
+
,
_

2
9
1
x
dx
dy
+
Check:-
The Blue Line is: x=3*cosh y ' deriv. of 3*sinh(y)=x
17
Calculus
TASK 3
3.1 Integrate the following indefinite integral using the basic rules :-
( )dx x x
+ 3 4
2
Solution:-
C
N
ax
dx y
ax y
N
N
+
+
1
.
1
c x
x x
+ + 3
2
4
3
2 3
C x x x +
,
_
+ 3 2
3
1
2 3
18
Calculus
Check:-
The Blue Line is: y=(x^2)-4x+3
The Red Line is: y=((1/3)*(x^3))-(2x^2)+3x

The Pink Line is: y=3 + (3*1/3*x^2 - 4*x) ' deriv. of y=((1/3)*(x^3))-
(2x^2)+3x
The Red Line is: y=((1/3)*(x^3))-(2x^2)+3x
19
Calculus
3.2 Integrate the following definite integral correct to 2 decimal places:-
dt e
t
1
0
3
3
Solution:-
C
a
Ke
dx y
Ke y
ax
ax
+
.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
08553692 . 19
3
0 3
0 3 1 3
1
0
3
3

1
]
1
e e
e e
t
e
09 . 19
UNITS
2
Check:-
20
Calculus
3.3 Integrate the following function using algebraic substitutions:-
( )dx x si n
+ 9 4 2
Solution:-
Let:
du dx
or
dx du
dx
du
x u
4
1
4
0 4
9 4
+
+
Differentiate
( )
( )
( )
( ) C u
du u
du u
du u
+
cos 5 . 0
sin 5 . 0
sin
4
1
2
4
1
sin 2
( ) C x + + 9 4 cos 5 . 0
21
Calculus
Check:-
The Red Line is: y=2sin(4x+9)
The Blue Line is: y=-0.5cos(4x+9)
The Pink Line is: y=2*sin (9 + 4*x) ' deriv. of y=-0.5cos(4x+9)
The Blue Line is: y=-0.5cos(4x+9)
22
Calculus
3.4 Integrate the following function using Partial Fractions:-
( )
dx
x
9
12
2
Solution:-
Expand : 9
2
x
( )( ) 3 3 + x x
Split the function into partial fractions, using linear factors:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 3 3 12
:
3 3 3 3
12
+ +
+
+
+
x B x A
So
x
B
x
A
x x
( ) ( )
( ) 6 12
3 3 3 3 12
3
:
B
B A
x
Let
+ +
( ) ( )
( ) 6 12
3 3 3 3 12
3
:

+ +

A
B A
x
Let
2 A 2 B
( ) ( )
6 6 12
6 2 6 2 12
3 2 3 2 12
:
+
+ + +
+ +
x x
x x
So
(So values for A and B are correct)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

dx
x
dx
x
dx
x x
3
2
3
2
3 3
12
( )
( ) ( )
+ +
C x LN x LN dx
x
3 2 3 2
9
12
2
23
Calculus
Check:-
The Red Line is: y=(2ln(x-3))-(2ln(x+3))
The Blue Line is: y=12/((x^2)-9)
The Pink Line is: y=2*1/(x - 3) - 2*1/(3 + x) ' deriv. of y=(2ln(x-3))-(2ln(x+3))
The Red Line is: y=(2ln(x-3))-(2ln(x+3))
24
Calculus
3.5 Integrate the following using integration by parts:-
dx xe
x
2
Solution:-

du v v u dv u . . .
dx e dv
dx du
C e v
x u
x
x
2
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
.
. . .
. . .
. . . .
.
. .
K K e e x
K x C K e C x e x
K x C K e C x e x
dx C dx e C x e x
dx C e C e x dx e x
du v uv dv u
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x

+
+ + +
+
+ +

( ) C x e
x
t 1
2
Check:-
( ) 0 1
.
2 2 2
2 2
+ +
t
x x x
x x
e x e e
dx
dy
C e x e y
x x
e x x e
dx
dy
2 2
.
25
Calculus
TASK 4
4.1 A lidless box with square ends is to be made from a thin sheet of metal.
Determine the least area of the metal for which the volume of the box
is 3.5 cu. m.
Solution:-
2 Ends Area =
2
2y
2 Sides Area =
yx 2
1 Bottom Area =
yx
Total Area = xy y 3 2
2
+
Volume, V= Height x Length x Breadth
2
2
2
5 . 3
5 . 3
y
x
xy
x y V
x y y V

2
1 2
2
2
2
2
5 . 10 4
5 . 10 2
5 . 10
2
5 . 3
3 2
5 . 3
3 2

+
+
+
+
y y
dy
dA
y y A
y
y A
y
y A
y
y
y A
26
Calculus
0
dy
dA
(For the minimum area)
625 . 2
5 . 10 4
5 . 10 4
5 . 10
4
5 . 10 4
0 5 . 10 4
3
3
2
2
2
2
y
y
y y
y
y
y y
y y
379462088 . 1 y
2
5 . 3
y
x
839282784 . 1 x
So the minimum area of material required is:
( ) ( ) ( )
41749391 . 11
839282784 . 1 379462088 . 1 3 379462088 . 1 2
3 2
2
2
+
+
A
A
yx y A
2
4175 . 11 m A
27
Calculus
4.2 The distance x moved by a body in t seconds is given by :-
5 6
2
23
3
20
2 3
+ + t
t t
x
Determine :
(a) The velocity and acceleration at the start.
Solution:-
dt
dx
v for velocity in m/s
6 23 20
0 6
2
46
3
60
2
2
+
+ +
t t
dt
dx
t t
dt
dx
2
2
dt
x d
a for acceleration in m/s^2
23 40
2
2
t
dt
x d
So if t = 0 seconds then:
( ) ( ) 6 0 23 0 20
6 23 20
2
2
+
+
v
t t v
s m v / 6
( ) 23 0 40
23 40

a
t a
2
/ 23 s m a
28
Calculus
(b) The velocity and acceleration when t = 3 sec.
Solution:-
( ) ( ) 6 3 23 3 20
6 23 20
2
2
+
+
v
t t v
s m v / 117
( ) 23 3 40
23 40

a
t a
2
/ 97 s m a
(c) The values of time t when the body is at rest.
Solution:-
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 6 23 20 3 4 2 5
6 3 2
8 4 2
15 3 5
20 4 5
3 4 2 5
0
0 6 23 20
2
2
2
2
+

+ +
+
t t t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
c bx ax
t t
5
2
0 2 5

t
t
4
3
0 3 4

t
t
Secs t 4 . 0 Secs t 75 . 0
Check:-
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 6 75 . 0 23 75 . 0 20
0 6 4 . 0 23 4 . 0 20
2
2
+
+
v
v
29
Calculus
(d) The distance travelled in the third second of movement.
Solution:-
At t = 3:
( ) 5 3 6
2
3 23
3
3 20
2 3
3
+ +
,
_
,
_

x
5 . 99
3
x
At t = 2:
( ) 5 2 6
2
2 23
3
2 20
2 3
2
+ +
,
_
,
_

x
3
73
2
x
3
73
5 . 99
2 3

x
x x x
m x 17 . 75
30
Calculus
4.3 An alternating current is given by ft si n i 2 10 , where f is the
frequency in Hz and t is time in secs.
Determine the rate of change of current when t = 20 mS given that f = 50
Hz.
Solution:-
( )
( ) ax Cos a K
dx
dy
ax Sin K y
. .
.
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

1000
10 20 100 000 , 1
100 000 , 1
50 2 50 2 10
3
dt
di
Cos
dt
di
t Cos
dt
di
t Cos
dt
di
1416 . 3
dt
di
kA
31
Calculus
Check:-
The Blue Line is: y=10*sin(2*pi*50x)
The Red Line is: y=1000*(cos (2*p*50*x))*p ' deriv. of
y=10*sin(2*pi*50x)
32
Calculus
4.4 In an electrical circuit an alternating voltage is given by t si n v 100 25
volts.
Determine the following each correct to 2 decimal places over the range t = 0
to t = 10 mS.
(a) Mean value (b) R.m.s value
Solution (a):-
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
[ ]
91549431 . 15
24 0063661977 . 0 2500
62 0031830988 . 0 2 0031830988 . 0 2500
100
0 100
100
10 10 100
2500
100
100
2500
100 2500
100
10 10
25
100 25
0 10 10
1
10
0
3
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
3
10 10
0
3
3
3
3
3

1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
]
1
v
v
v
COS COS
v
t COS
v
dt t SIN v
dt t SIN v
dt t SIN v
ms t
to
t
Volts v 9 . 15
Check:-
91549431 . 15
25 _ _ % 66197724 . 63
Volts of
33
Calculus
Solution (b):-
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )dt t SIN v
dt t SIN v
dt t SIN v
RMS
RMS
RMS
3
3
3
10 10
0
2
10 10
0
2
3
10 10
0
2
3
100 625 2500
100 625
10 10
25
100 25
0 10 10
1
From Trigonometry: ( ) ( ) 2 1
2
1
2
COS SIN
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
( )
1
]
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
1
]
1
1
]
1
0
200
2
10 10 31250
200
0 200
200
10 10 200
0 10 10 31250
200
200
31250
200 1 31250
200 1 31250
200 1
2
625 2500
100 2 1
2
1
625 2500
3
3
3
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
10 10
0
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
SIN
v
SIN SIN
v
t SIN
t v
dt t COS dt v
dt t COS v
dt t COS v
dt t COS v
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
34
Calculus
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
67766953 . 17
3125
10 10 31250
0 10 10 31250
200
2
10 10 31250
3
3
3

1
]
1
,
_
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
RMS
v
v
v
v
SIN
v
Volts v
RMS
7 . 17
Check:-
67766953 . 17
2
2
25
35
Calculus
4.5 The speed of a car v in m/s is related to time t sec by the following
equation :-
2
3 12 3 t t v +
Determine the maximum speed of the car in km/h
Solution:-
1
N
N
aNx
dx
dy
ax y
12 6
3 12 3
2
+
+ +
t
dt
dy
t t y
Maximum speed is when the
dt
dv
=0
t
t
6
12
12 6 0
2 t (Maximum Speed is when time=2 seconds.
( ) ( )
s m v
v
v
/ 15
3 24 12
3 2 12 2 3
2
+ +
+ +

hr km Velocity
hr m Velocity
/
1000
000 , 54
/ 60 60 15

hr km Velocity / 54
36
Calculus
TASK 5
5.1 Use Maclaurin's series to find a power series for (2x) cos .
e
3x
as far as
the term in
x
2
Solution:-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 0 2 Cos f x Cos x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 2 0 2 2 Sin f x Sin x f
I I
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 0 4 0 2 4 Cos f x Cos x f
II II
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 8 0 2 8 Sin f x Sin x f
III III
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 0 16 0 2 16 Cos f x Cos x f
IV IV
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 0 32 0 2 32
V V
f x Sin x f
Using Maclaurins Theorem we get:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
4 2
4 2
5 4 3 2
5 4 3 2
3
2
2 1
! 4
16
! 2
4
1
! 5
0
! 4
16
! 3
0
! 2
4
0 1
! 5
0
! 4
0
! 3
0
! 2
0
0 0
x x x f
x x x f
x x x x
x x f
x f x f x f x f
x f f x f
V IV III II
I
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + +
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 x x Cos x f
37
Calculus
( ) ( ) 1 0
0 3
e f e x f
x
( ) ( ) 3 3 0 3
0 3
e f e x f
I x I
( ) ( ) 9 9 0 9
0 3
e f e x f
II x II
( )
! 2
9
3 1
2
3
x
x e x f
x
+ +
Therefore multiplying these two answers together gives:
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x Cos e
x x x x x x Cos e
x x x x x x x x Cos e
x x x x Cos e
x
x
x
x
3 2 5 . 4 1 2
9 5 . 4 6 3 2 1 2
2 5 . 4 1 5 . 4 2 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 2
2 1 5 . 4 3 1 2
2 2 3
4 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 3
2 2 3
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ +
( )
2 3
5 . 2 3 1 2 x x x Cos e
x
+ +
Check:-
Because this answer is only as far as
2
x , there isnt a feasible check.
The only way to do it would be to keep expanding to
x , then the two

equations would equal an identical figure and proof of correctness can
be achieved.
38
Calculus
5.2 Show using Maclaurin's series that the first 4 terms of the power
series for 2x SINH is given by :-
...... +
5!
(2x)
+
3!
(2x)
+ 2x
5 3
Solution:-
( )
.......
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
1
2
2
4 3 2
2 2
x x x
x e
e e
x SINH
x
x x
+ + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
......
! 7
2
! 6
2
! 5
2
! 4
2
! 3
2
! 2
2
2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2
2
x x x x x x
x e
x
+ + + + + + +
......
5040
128
720
64
120
32
24
16
6
8
2
4
2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2
2
x x x x x x
x e
x
+ + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
......
! 7
2
! 6
2
! 5
2
! 4
2
! 3
2
! 2
2
2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2
2
x x x x x x
x e
x
+ + +
......
5040
128
720
64
120
32
24
16
6
8
2
4
2 1
7 6 5 4 3 2
2
x x x x x x
x e
x
+ + +
( ) ( )
( )

,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
+ +
7 5 3 2 2
7 7 6 6 5 5
4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
315
16
15
8
3
8
4
5040
128
5040
128
720
64
720
64
120
32
120
32
24
16
24
16
6
8
6
8
2
4
2
4
2 2 1 1
x x x x e e
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x e e
x x
x x
2
315
16
15
8
3
8
4
2
7 5 3
2 2
x x x x
e e
x x
+ + +

( )
7 5 3
315
8
15
4
3
4
2 2 x x x x x SINH + + +
39
Calculus
5.3 Find the first 4 terms of the series for ) 3x + (2
4
by applying
Maclaurin's Theorem.
Solution:-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 0 3 2 0 3 2
4 4 4
+ + f x x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 96 0 3 12 2 12 0 3 3 2 4
3 3 3
+ +
I I
f x x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 432 0 3 108 2 108 0 3 3 3 2 4 3
2 2 2
+ +
II II
f x x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1296 0 3 648 2 648 0 3 3 3 3 2 4 3 2
1 1 1
+ +
III III
f x x f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1944 0 3 1944 2 1944 0 3 3 3 3 1 4 3 2 1
0 0
+
IV IV
f x f
Substituting into Maclaurins Theorem we get:
( )
4 3 2 4
! 4
1944
! 3
1296
! 2
432
96 16 3 2 x x x x x + + + + +
( )
4 3 2 4
81 216 216 96 16 3 2 x x x x x + + + + +
Check:-
Check by multiplying out:
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) x x x x x 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
4
+ + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 3 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
81 108 36 108 144 48 36 48 16
9 9 9 12 9 4
12 9 12 12 12 4 4 9 4 12 4 4
9 12 4 9 12 4
9 12 4
3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x Expanding
x x
x x x x
+ + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
( )
4 3 2 4
81 216 216 96 16 3 2 x x x x x + + + + +
40
Calculus
5.4 Determine the following limiting values using LHopitals Rule:
'
+
+
5 3 2
1 2
3
3
1
x x
x x
l i m
x
Solution:-
'
+
+
5 3 2
1 2
3
3
1
lim
x x
x x
x
Firstly, let x=1
0 5 3 2
0 1 2
3
3
+
+
x x
x x
Differentiate the Numerator and Denominator, leaving:
'
3 6
2 3
2
2
1
lim
x
x
x
Let x=1
( )
( ) 9
1
3 1 6
2 1 3
2
2
+

9
1
5 3 2
1 2
3
3
1
lim

'
+
+
x x
x x
x
41
Calculus
Evaluation
For Task 1 I had to differentiate algebraic and trigonometric functions using
the product, quotient and function of a function rules. By using the examples
that we had covered in class, I was able to get an answer for each of these
Sub-Tasks.
After working out the answers for Task 1, I used Graphmatica to check my
answers. This was fairly straight forward as it simply required me to enter the
task equation to produce a waveform, you can then find the derivative of that
curve, which creates another formula. This formula should be the same as
my answer, which it was on all occasions.
Moving onto Task 2, I had to determine higher order derivatives for multiple
functions. I used the same process as before to work out the answers and
then check them. When checking Task 2.2, I noticed that the formula that
was produced from the check was different to my answer. I decided to enter
my answer into the equation bar and see if my waveform fitted over the top of
the derivative waveform. Fortunately for me it fitted precisely which meant my
answer was correct, even though there were two different formulas.
I had a similar problem with Task 2.3, where the formula given to me from
Graphmatica was different from my answer, however entering my answer the
two equations presented an identical waveform.
I also had a problem with the check for Task 2.3 and 2.4 because of the
inverse function on the formula. It was difficult to enter the equation into
Graphmatica, I found out how to rearrange the formula to get the output I
required for Task 2.3. However for Task 2.4, I couldnt work out how to enter
a hyperbolic sin into the equation. I gave up checking these two answers in
the end due to the amount of time that was being wasted, so they are kind of
irrelevant but I have left them in this assignment anyway.
I then had to integrate functions using basic rules. I found these straight
forward and ran through this Task quite quickly. I checked Task 3.1 by
comparing two graphs, one with the question equation and the other with my
answer, both the waveforms are identical and therefore proves that my
answer is correct.
I worked out the answer to Task 3.2 and then checked it on Graphmatica by
finding the area under the curve between 0 and 1. The check worked out to
be slightly different from my answer, but close enough to be considered
correct.
I used the same principles for the check for Tasks 3.3 and 3.4 as I did in 3.1,
the answers compared to the other graph appeared identical and therefore my
answers seem to be correct.
My check for Task 3.5 was simply by differentiating my answer to get the
question equation again. This shows that unless I have integrated and
differentiated incorrectly, then the answer is correct.
Task 4 required me to make use of my knowledge of calculus and apply it to
solve engineering problems. Using the examples we had in class, I found this
very straight forward, however I did find that it was difficult to check my
answers, theoretically.
Task 5 asked me to use power series methods to determine engineering
variables. I checked my answers for this and all seems correct.
42
Calculus
Conclusion
I was fortunate to realise that this assignment was going to take a long time,
so began it early in March. I used the notes gathered in class to do each
Task after we had covered it every weekend, this helped significantly a couple
of months down the line as there were a number of assignments due in then.
I felt this assignment is an example of the effort I put into all of my
assignments, with regards to my presentation and accuracy.
This unit has taken a lot of effort to get right. There is so much detail required
in the answers that it is very easy to make a simple mistake and result in
having an incorrect answer. Even so, I feel that I have put in the extra hours
to ensure that I am correct rather than handing an assignment in and hoping it
is correct.
Bibliography
Through guidance from my lecturer, the following text books, catalogues and
websites I was able to complete this assignment:
Books
BTEC National Engineering (Mike Tooley & Lloyd Dingle)
ISBN: 978-0-7506-8521-4
Success in Electronics (Tom Duncan & John Murray)
ISBN: 0-7195-4015-1
Higher Engineering Mathematics (John Bird)
ISBN: 0-7506-8152-7
Catalogues
N/A
Websites
N/A
43

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Calculus

Analytical Methods for

x , then the two

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