DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

ABHISHEK KUMAR (MBA/4511/2011)

HYPOTHESIS
``HYPOTHESIS IS A TENTATIVE PROPOSITION RELATING TO CERTAIN PHENOMENON WHICH THE RESEARCHER WANTS TO VERIFY WHEN REQUIRED.``
SO IT
Is the prediction for the outcome of the experiment.

States the relationship between the independent and

dependent variable!

CRITERIA FOR HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

SHOULD NOT BE FORMULATED IN THE FORM OF

QUESTION
SHOULD BE SPECIFIC AND PRECISE

SHOULD BE EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE

STATEMENTS IN THE HYPOTHESIS SHOULD NOT

BE CONTRADICTORY
SHOULD DESCRIBE ONE ISSUE ONLY
SHOULD SPECIFY THE VARIABLES BETWEEN

WHICH THE RELATIONSHIP IS TO BE ESTABLISHED

NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
A SCIENTIFICALLY JUSTIFIED HYPOTHESIS MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA:
IT MUST CONSIDER THE EXPERIENCES OF OTHER

RESEARCHERS
IT MUST NOT BE IN CONTRADICTION WITH APPROVED

RELEVANT STATEMENTS OF OTHER SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES

IT MUST ACCURATELY REFLECT THE RELEVANT FACT

NEED FOR DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS

HYPOTHESIS GIVES A DEFINITE POINT TO THE

INVESTIGATION AND IT GUIDES THE DIRECTION OF THE STUDY

IT SPECIFIES THE SOURCES OF DATA WHICH SHALL BE

STUDIED AND HOW THEY WILL BE STUDIED

IT DETERMINE THE DATA NEEDS DETERMINES THE MOST APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES OF

ANALYSIS
IT CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD HYPOTHESIS

CONCEPTUAL CLARITY
SPECIFICITY TESTABILITY

AVAILABILITY OF TECHNIQUES
CONSISTENCY THEORETICAL RELEVANCE OBJECTIVITY SIMPLICITY

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
BASICALLY THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS:

DESCRIPTIVE HYPOTHESIS

RELATIONAL HYPOTHESIS

DESCRIPTIVE HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLES: STUDENTS FROM AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTIONS ARE

PLACED FASTER THAN OTHER INSTITUTIONS

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM IN

OUR COUNTRY IS NOT INTEGRATED

WHY YOUNGSTERS PREFER X SOFTDRINKS? DECENTRALIZATION OF DECISION MAKING IS MORE

EFFECTIVE

RELATIONAL HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLES:
WHY HIGH INCOME GROUP PEOPLE SHOP AT LIFE

STYLE? THEY HAVE HIGH INCOME AND THEY WANT HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING AND ATTIRES
RATE OF ATTRITION IS HIGH IN THOSE JOBS WHERE

THERE IS NIGHT SHIFT WORKING

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PERFORMANCE OF

STUDENTS PASSING FROM ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOLS AND THOSE OF OTHERS

NULL HYPOTHESIS(H0) vs ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHEIS(H1)

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS IS USUALLY THE ONE THAT WISHES

TO PROVE SOME STATEMENT WHERE AS NULL HYPOTHESIS WISHES TO DISPROVE.

NULL HYPOTHESIS IS THE ONE WE TRY TO REJECT WHERE AS

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS IS THE OTHER BEST POSSIBILTY. EXAMPLE:

IF WE HAVE TO COMPARE PEPSODENT AND COLGATES SUPERIORITY AND WE SAY THAT BOTH ARE EQUALLY GOOD THEN IT IS NULL HYPOTHESIS(H0). BUT IF WE SAYCOLGATE IS SUPERIOR THAN PEPSODENT THEN IT IS ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS(H1).

SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS CAN BE DERIVED FROM MANY SOURCES. THEORY OBSERVATION PAST EXPERIENCE CASE STUDIES

CONTD. WITH EXAMPLES

THEORY PROVIDING EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITY IS AN INDICATOR OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILTY OF A GOVT. ENTERPRISE. IT SHOWS THAT: 1. PUBLIC ENTERPRISE HAS GREATER SOCIAL CONCERN THAN OTHER ENTERPRISES. 2. PEOPLES PERCEPTION OF GOVT. ENTERPRISE IS SOCIAL CONCERN. 3. GOVT. ENTERPRISES HELP IN IMPROVING THE LIFE OF LESS PRIVILEGED PEOPLE.

CONTD
OBSERVATION
A SHOPPER IN A SUPERMARKET MAY BE DISGUISED TO WATCH CUSTOMER IN STORES. FOLLOWING MAY BE OBSERVED: 1. HOW THE CUSTOMER APPROACHES THE PRODUCT CATEGORY? 2. WHETHER THE CUSTOMER HAVE THE DIFFICULTY IN LOCATING THE PRODUCT? 3. HOW LONG HE/SHE SPENDS IN FRONT OF DISPLAY? COLLECT ALL THESE DATA AND FORMULATE THE HYPOTHESISREGARDING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE CUSTOMER TOWARDSTHE PRODUCT.

CONTD
PAST EXPERIENCES A DEALER MAY STATE THAT FASTEST MOVING KIDS APPARELL IS SKIRT. THIS CAN BE FURTHER VERIFIED. CASE STUDIES DRESS, FOOD HABITS OR ANY OTHER ACTIVITIES FOUND IN HUMANS LIVING IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE.

ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS
TYPE 1 ERROR AND TYPE 2 ERROR EXAMPLE: SUPPOSE A MARKETING COMPANY HAS TWO DISTRIBUTORS WITH VARYING CAPABILITIES. ON THE BASIS OF CAPABILITIES THE COMPANY HAS GROUPED THEM INTO TWO CATEGORIES. 1. COMPETENT RETAILER(R1) 2. INCOMPETENT RETAILER(R2) THE FIRM WISHES TO AWARD A PERFORMANCE BONUS(AS A PART OF TRADE PROMOTION) TO ENCOURAGE GOOD RETAILERSHIP, ASSUMED THAT TWO ACTIONS A1 AND A2 REPRESENT WHETHER THE BONUS OR TRADE INCENTIVE IS GIVEN OR NOT GIVEN.

CONTD
ACTION A1-PERFORMANCE BONUS AWARDED A2-PERFORMANCE BONUS NOT AWRDED (R1) COMPETENT RETAILER CORRECT DECISION INCORRECT DECISION ERROR(TYPE 2) (R2) INCOMPETENT RETAILER INCORRECT DECISION ERROR(TYPE 1) CORRECT DECISION

WHEN THE FIRM HAS FAILED TO REWARD A COMPETENT RETAILER IT HASCOMMITTED TYPE 2 ERROR. ON THE OTHER HAND WHEN IT WAS REWARDED TO AN INCOMPETENT RETAILER IT HAS COMMITTED TYPE 1 ERROR.

SIMPLE EXAMPLE

THANK YOU