!"!

#%$'&)(+*-,.0/1(32546287:9;$'2=<-(3>?,.0/@(32BA
CD(3/@E)&F*G$IHJ$'EK*MLN2=$*-&PORQ'.02S2UTWVX(3/3$IYZ/\[$*-(3.0>U]^>?E3_S(3/BH`$'EF*

acbIdebIf3g0hi?bkjmlnopbInfrq

stvw u tWaShxBbIy{z w| l w q}q

~ w sh@f bIo w| q}q}q

?}}k}}rI}k}}rS}@=}r=}`}'}v
S'}'

+}IpF}'{KI}F}}'r;}r?{0}r
rB@?'krmIrF+'r}rWk+k{m}}}rk
pI}X{mIrIIrkke?SF}r}FIkeX{BIG0I
k@+I+0'3}r}`kW3ek'0k'kek'0k?
}'krWk?`k`k@Ir}mI`kB`'k31k
r6}}r'G3FII0I}0kJ3'3r'}`I}
@I}`3BI}80k@}rmIprI}3S'J{kkS
=IS}'}}r}+I}}0I)3k@}rmkZrk}}kK}
F{IISS0I}0SJ}mI)3Ik0k
=I)kX}{r3{XmkrBSFI}})0I
60I})Z)0k}1?{}0'0}k'0k3I}
0mk'B}mIr`Sk}}rF}0`k}v}} J
Ik
}r1kk6}}3{?}keI}6{mI}1Z+I3}r
I}0}p}B}'}0'krmkr'pp'r-kKk{m}S}}r'}
=0}I})}e?I'13k}6'pIkrZI}}r
0k'Sk}JI63}r
I}'Ir1mIc3eIr
}3}}}}}r'0}}r3e?}@}ek3kB
'}-ev}rk}}B}Ic}'ceI}kkSr'Ikrm3IS}
I3'?kJ'}k}?}eB=}@}}3'3=eI3SkeII

=B@1
{?

d{l | delb3j w y{dByeb  bIf w jb w fey | noWbIf{tny w jtf d{loWy?l w b@bIb | zfetztyeb K tf w b
f{b t | d t |c tf bId w jmb yenf  bIyByebkb eh;l jbJoFn l)zfetf{bIyeyBl w y?bIb | o w b
{d t w f feb t |I| w bkyJn | bIf`yeo w jj w f w d t | y m| j ld |  w}w jvb}zfebIy{y t |6w|
zty{b`febIj w jbd{b l | nbIy tfWfeb t | d t | n | bIf6oWtfeb6b}def{bIoWb w f w d t | yFl w b
zf{t  b | bIjny  bh
| del y3z w zbkf`bFtnd{j m| b w6| bI w zzf{t w l tf w bFfeb t | d t | t | bFd{l w d y
| y{b | y d m bWd{tXb}defebkoWb w f w d t | y | j ld | w|Xw}w j`b}zf{bIyey t | y'hBgtdebpdel w d
j ld | w f w j d | jn bky | tdBt | j | d{b | y dnd w jy{t  feb d t |w|F| noFbIf?t

ce3B?I?p0B`eIJJBJkk'e{kk
e =
}k1?k'}F0 W`ek? ''8 X`ek?'Ik
{
kFBS;`eI`SJB`Ik}e{'}
ee `r}0I;?kF};  6I;= { ''' IBJ
`'k}{e'











 

1

}B

}8

`

}J


 '?ekc@}}B}'k='r@}rcII@kIIeI0krI}
}}}??})0k'}FIFek'}G'RW`IIkeIIp?{0}}r}
}}rW '

j
ld3yetnvf bIyh
1y0yebkb || h d{lbFy w oWb0zbIf{yet | deldelvbFy w opb w}w jSb}zf{bIy
y t | y{bIb |K feto d{lbBy w oWb  bIBzt | d kw|-w zzb w f f w o w d kw jj
 bIf{b | dJBlb | j ld
yetnf bIy jjno m|w deb`delvb w b feto  bIf{b | d  f{b d t | y'h
 nf w zzfet w l6det w b3feb t |v d t | b
zvjmt deyBd`ttyebIf w d t | y
h  tf ww oFbIf{d w| yenvf w bX deltndWy{bIj y{l w t m|  w jjt delvb o w bIyFt Kw
z w fed nj w f w b feto 
w  b F bIBzt | d? jmjvj b |Ww  ~j m| b w f?y{ny{z w b3t delb
l 
l   oWb | y t |w j o w bByez w bW
keh
vh8i=b Iw nyeb+t b}zfebkyey t | y'vfebI t | yBt yebIj yel w t | w| yezb nj w f dd{lb w t  b
tyebkf w d t |X tbIy | td0b} w d{j w zzj6det w bIyh | zf w d b bkfed w| febI t | y0t
d{lb w bo w Zl w b ww f w j d f{to o w bpdet o w bpdel w dFt d{b | b w d{bIy
f w y{d Iw jmj f{toDd{lbFj | b w f1yenvyez w b w| t | yeb nb | d{jm w feb)jbIyey+febIj w jb tf
f{b t | d t | h
XbBo !
w bBnvyeb@t d{lbIyeb3tyebIf w d t | y` || w j m| b w f?zvfet"}b d t | t delb w bIy
{f toRdelb3l l#  opb | y t |w j o w bBy{z w b0det w y |vIw| dejFjt`bIf  oWb | y t |w j b w 
denvfeb)yez w bBl l y | yeb | y d  b+tdeld{t w f w d t |pm| j ld |  feb d t |w|pw}w j
b}zf{bIyey t | h?Xb lttyeb6zfet"}b d t | f{b d t | yd{l w d w f{b | b w fejXtfedelvtt |w j=detdelb
del |  j w y{yWy Iw d{debIfBzfet "}b d m| w w w f w d t | y | j ld | w| w w j@b}zf{bIy
y t | Bl jb@o w| d w||  y f o |w j dh  nfBoWbkdelt $c yelbIf w bIy' w bkf w d m b@t
d &  )
~ (B *
+eo w o bIyd{lb@f w d t3t bId`bIb |  j w y{y
c yelbIf % y m| b w f?~ y f o |w| '
y kw ded{bIf3detFd{l w d`t del |  j w y{yJy Iw d{debIfh



Blb
b |
w bFopbIdelvt y w jmy{tW w yeb t | j | b w f{j-zvfet"}b d | d{lb o w b0yez w b
d{t w jt
opb | y t |w j b w d{nfeb3y{z w bF  * hxBt`b  bIf'd{lb
b |w b3oWbkdelt
l lnyebIy+zf |} z w j topzt | b | dey w|w jy y &a )( tf  oWb | y t |w j dFf{b n d t |
B
bIj y)zfet"b d t |
f{b d t | y)del w dFo w o b)delb6detd w jBy Iw dedebkf w f{tyey w jj j w yey{bIy'
h bh w jmj o w bIyFt w jmj w bIy'hB | lvtty | delbzvfet"}b d t | Bl l;o w o bkyd{td w j
y Iw d{debIfa %f{bId wm| yByetopb@t delvbn | w| d{b Fw f w d t | y nvb0det)j ld | w|)w}w j
b}zf{bIyey t | !
h 1y jjny{def w deb +| c h w| yed w deb  6tyebIy!
m|v w|
jjo w| ed{lb
w f w d t | y?bId`bIb | d{lb o w bIy?t delb3y w oWb w b nb3d{t jjno |w d t |w|F bI |
 f{b d t | w feb w joWtyed w j w y1j w febIf3del w| o w b w f w d t | y nbFdet l w| b |6w b
{eh BlnyBl jb0delbWa 5zfet "}b d t | y w feb)tzd o w j tf3feb t | y{def{n d t |
b | d d F
f{to w jt  oWb | y t |w j w y y'cdelbkZo w | td3bptzd o w j feto w6 y f o |w d t |
y{d w| zt | dh
Xb)yeltnj zt m| d0tnd0d{l w d c yelvbIf % y m| b w f~ y f o |w| d` +k y w j w y{y Iw j
d{b l | nb | z w d{debIf | feb t |v d t |  *del w dS w y b  bkjmtzb  BtbIf{d c yelvbIf | * 
tfd w t | to j w yey  Iw d t | h~1bIzb || 3nzt | d{lb b w denf{bIySb | 3ny{b dcl w ycbIb |
w zzj b 0|W  bIfeb | dB w y | toWzvndebIf  y t |Fw| b  b |pm|)w b1feb t | d t | h `lb |
zf{bIyeb | d{b Xw oWbId{lt del w d3nyeb 
 y{lbIf % y  y f o |w detf tf w bf{b t | d t |
Blbkfeb b w denf{bIyJ`bIf{btd w| b  w ztj w f n w| d 'w d t | t delb1yel w zb) h `t | d{bI$
o 
ztf w| bItnyS del)tnfS`tf ke `n Jbkdey' w| Xb | w zzj b 
e
y
v
l
I
b
f

%
y
y
f
o
c
 |w 
d{t)
f &nvy |
  bIf{b | d@debkfeo | tjtdelbI Iw jj dBdelb 6ty{d~ y f o |w d m|  b w denvfeb
~  ( |w oWbkdelt 1 tfSfeb t |I| 3l w| bIy{denf{bIy keh Bltnl | t opzjbIoWb | d w d t |
ySfebIztf{deb delbI w jy{ty{nbIyed`del w d?d{lbBoWbId{lt kw| b w zzj b det w bBf{b t | d t |
n | bIf w f w jb jjno |w d t | h

 









 

 








| d{lb0yeb d t | yd{t tjjt0`b0 jmj toWz w feb tnfBoWbkdelt y tf w b0f{b t | d t |
n 
| bIf w f w d t |0| j ld | w|w}w jb
zvfebIy{y t |  tfef{bIj w d t | w3w f w| dct delb1j | 
b w f@y{nyez w bFopbIdelt yenvbkyedeb Xked{lb
b |w bopbIdelt  * w|
d{lb c yelbkf w b3oWbId{lt b  bIjtzb lbIf{bh Blb topz w f y{t | y w feb t | b@t |Ww+w d w w yeb
t  ++ o w bIy feb w deb b}debkf |w jmjx w jj m|w|  I w|wXw d w w yebt
o w bIy feb w deb w d
w jbh BlbFf{bIyenvjmd{y0t delvbFdebIy{dey)t | tdel w d w w yebIy0y{ltBy3del w d
d{lb  y{lbIf w b0opbIdelvt zbkf tfeoWy`y | Iw| d{jmFbId{debIf1del w| w| Ft d{lb0tdelbIfBd{lfebkb
opbIdelt yh JbId | t j w o y0o w b w tnd0delvbWfebkj w d  b)zbIf tfeo w| bFt delbkyeb w j!
t 
f d{loWy=t | oFn lWj w f{bIf vw d w w y{bIy'h
XbSyeltnj 0w jy{tBzt m| dtndd{l w dcJb?l w bSo w b | t w dedebkoWzdd{t b w j del w f w d t |
h |w zzb w f w| b  w yeb opbIdelvt yen l w y)tnf{y Iw| bFb w y jb}deb | b det
| ztyeb
l w| jbFj o deb zty{b w f w d t | ny | Gb delbIf w oFnjd zvjmb   bI febIzf{bIyeb | d w d t | yen l
tl ww oZ w| d w f | bIf % y
nf w yeb
w y@ab | d{j w|
bI  w y{b
b | y{z w b  tf
w| g w w f % y @zzb w f w| b
w| tj yB keh  delvbIf w zzvfet w lbIyFdet w bWf{b t | d t |
d{l w d wI toWopt vw deb1ztyeb w f w d t |p| jn b)   h  nvfedelvbIfeoptfeb`b w yeyenvoWb3del w d
d{lb w b0l w y@bIb | jmt Iw deb Gw|w j | b del | delvb o w b w y1delbkfeb w feb | nvoWbIf{tny
opbIdelt y tf || w bIy | y b | bky   v v  * + keh

#"

$"

#&

% ) )

+-,%.1B'/

Blb+zfetjbIo

zbIfey{t | % y b |
y w oWbBfetnzWt
o w bIyh

!

 

'



10

kw| b0y opzjFyed w deb  m b |w yebId3t w b o w bkyJj w bIjb

d d &
( w |Fw| n | j w bkjmb yebkdBt  w b o w bIy

z
I
b

t

z

j
b
&
(k b | d )delb |w oWbBt b w 6
l zbIfey{t ||

| del yBy{b d t |
d{lb w b0feb t | d
nj w f | delvb w b3feb

3245678:9<;=9 >?)
3245@7?7 ?)

Jb3b} w o | b tnfBz w dedebkf |Z j w yey kw

t | zf{tjbIo toWz w f | )oWbId{lt yBdel
t | d t | j d{bIf w denf{b h bh tfef{bIj w d t |



d{l-d{lb
ef to d{lb
delvbd{bIyed

d t | deb l | nvbIy tfBy{tj m|

w d@l w b3b topb n d{b0ztz
 w|
b |w b@oWbkdelt y

 

  *ke del w jdebIf |w d  b)oWbId{lt y b  bkjmtzb Gdelb w ndeltfeyhXb w 

z zf{t w l
del yBv
z fetvjmbko5 del | d{lb3z w d{debIf | j w yey Iw d t | z w f w o t | y bIf m| Fb w 6
l t delb
z bIj w jnbIy m|w y w W
o zvjmb o w b w y wF ttf 
| w d{b |w l l  oWb | y t |w jyez 
w b$&


  (Ih

;  > ? % 7

 2%




 

  

acbIf{l w zydelb3y opzjbIyed j w yey Iw d t | y lbkoWb y w0| b w f{bIyed | b ltf j w yey  bkf | d{lb
o w b0y{z w bZ  eh | bIf)del y)y lbIopb w|X o w b | delvbWdebkyedFyebkd y0f{b t | b 
w yey || d{t dBd{lb3j w bkjt delb jtyebkyedBzt | d m| delb+jmb w f |vm| y{bId'vBlbIfeb  yed w| bIy
w febBoWb w yenvfeb )| delb o w b?yez w bh w jjt d{lb o w bIycl w bBbIb |p| tf{o w j b det0b
bkfetFoWb w|Ww| l w b@n | d w f w| bdelvb | del y`zfet b nfeb y`b n w jb | d`det lvtty |
d{lb o w b | d{lb)jmb w f |vm| FyebId3del w d3bkyed tf{febIj w debIy3 deld{lb)debIy{d o w bhi?b kw ny{b
t d{lb | tf{o w j 'w d t | zf{t bIyeydelvbf{bIyenjd y | bkzb | b | d3t j ldByetnvf b | deb | y d
w| d{lb0b  b d{yt w) bIt Iw opbIf w % y w ndeto w d w|6 t | def{tjh
Bl y)zfet b nfeb`Bl l jj`yeny{b nb | dejb-f{b bIf{feb det w y tfefebkj w d t | l w y
y{b  bIf w jB`bIjj  | t | y ww| d w bIy'h c f{yed d{lb o w bky | delb6jb w f || y{bId w|
d{bIyedpyebId w feb6 w delvbIfeb n | bIf w f{ | j ld | t | d t | y'Sd{lb | d{lb tf{febIy{zt | 
| Fzt | dey m| delb o w b3yez w b jj | td@b)d ldej jnyed{bIfeb h t | tf bkf tfBd{l y
opbIdelt detF`tf febIj w jFn | bIf w f w d t | y | j ld | `b0`tnj p| bIb Zw jb w f ||
y{bIdSBl l b | yebIj)y w opzjb delb t | d | nno%t ztyey vjmb`j ld | t | d t | y'h b t |
tfef{bIj w d t |W y toWznd w d t |w jj3b}zb | y  bh  tf`feb t | d t | Jb1oFnyed tfef{bIj w d{bd{lb
o w b0t delbpdebIy{d w bW delXb w l o w b m| d{lbWjb w f || GyebId Sm|w| b  tfedFd{tfeb 
n b0delvb topznd w d t | d oWb opzjbIoWb | d{tfey1 kt delvb w jtf delvo bIy f b | 
b  bIjtzb y{zb w jJzvnfezty{b

l w f w febh Bl f d3feb n f{bIyj w feb w optn | d{y@t
y{detf w b d{lb3jmb w f |vm| FyebIdBoFny{d t | d wm|6| nopbIfetny o w bky?t b w l6zbIfey{t | h

& 






 


1y

t fefebkj w d t | opbIdelt y w feb toWzvnd w d t |w jjm=b}zb | y  b w| f{b n feb?feb w d w optn | d{y

t y{detf w b d y |w d{nf w jdet0zvnfey{nb  opb | y t |w j d@f{b n d t | y lbkoWbIyh ;d{b l | nb
| t toWoWt | j)ny{b p tf  oWb | y t |w j d)feb n d t || toWzvndebIf  y t |F z w fed n#
j w f{j |3w bBf{b t | d t | ySzf m|} z w j toWzt | b | d{y w|w jy y &a )(B  v  
*k ha %deb l | nbIy w jmy{t | t |6w y@ w f{ln | b |   tb  b0oWbkdelt y ltty{b w) oWb | 
y t |w j dWf{b n m| -j | b w f3zfet"b d t | d{l w d3o w o bIy1delb)y Iw ded{bIf0t Bw jjSzfet"b deb
y w oWzvjmbky'h
6tfeb tfeo w jjm}jbIdSny t | y bkf w yebkdJt ! y w oWzjb o w bIy#"%$&(')$*
'++(+)')$,.-8d w! 
| w jmnvbIy |w0
| /   oWb | y t |w j b w denvfeb`yez w b w|3w yeyenvoWb?d{l w db w l o w bbIjt | y
d{tFt | b3t 2
y "4 & '4 * '+(++'54768-h  bId@nvy w jyet t | y bIf w j | b w f`def w| y tfeo w d t |
13 j w yey{bI3
o w zz | 6d{lbtf |w j /   oWb | y t |w j b w denf{b-y{z w b | d{t w:
| 9   oWb | y t |w j b w 
d{nfeb0y{z w bBlbIf{b 9<;=/ h~1b | td | F?
>A@Z CBEDF w o w def W d{ltf{delt | tf{o w j
y G
HI@ JF w feb b | b delvb tjjt | Fj m| b w f
tjno | yd{lb | bI b w denf{b  b detfe0
d{f w| y tfeo w d t | 
G
HLKM>ONP$ HC'
QRK S'T '(++(+5' ! +
U
b b | b w y
 bId@d{lb3detd w jcy Iw ded{bIf@o w def V



 

Blbkfeb

[ @- B

N ,
U N K W Y& $ HJZ\[ ( &Y$ HJZ\[ ( N
HX &

yBdelvb0oWb w|F o w bBt ?w

gBtdeb0d{l w d w debkf w zvzj | )delvb0j m| b w
y "%G & ']G * '(++(+)')G ,
tfeopb + b w denf{b  b d{tfe.
d t | >`_ba(c y lvtyeb | d{tWo w o b1delb
d{lb3zfet"b deb y w oWzvjmbky' h bh
> _ac K w fe=o w > N

jjy w W
o zjbIyh
fBd{f w| y tfeo w d t | d{lb0y kw ded{bIf3t delvb0def w| y 
- ^
y > N U#>^h | a )delvbtzd o w jzf{t"}b 
b d{td w jy Iw d{debIf+o w d{f Wt
bId{bIfeo |w| dBt d{l

U N > K  f & f * +(++ f F

e

& (

BlbIf{bO" f


K S'T'(+++ ' 9 - ypdelbyebIdGt /   oWb | y t |w jBb b | b detfeyt U N
t fefebkyezt || e Fd{t0delvb@yebkdJt b feb w y | Fb b |w jnbIyh | b1delbIy{b3b b | b detfey`l w b
delvby w opb  opb | y t |w yJd{lb3tf m|w j o w bIy'delbI w feb1feb bkfefeb det w y b | z d{nfebky
| k w|
b |w bIy | * h
f w B w t d{l y w zzfet w l y`del w dJd{lb@y Iw d{debIf1b m| o w o m b 3 y | td`t | j

n
G
b
detXdelvb-bId`bIb |  j w y{y6y Iw dedebkfWdel w d yFnyeb nj tf j w y{y Iw d t | Snd w jy{tXdelb

del |  j w y{yy Iw d{debIfpdel w d' tf j w y{y  Iw d t | znf{ztyebIy yn | w| d{b m|
tf{o w d t | h
Bb Iw jjd{lb topoWb | d 6ty{bIy' |w|
jjo w| 
{  6n l)t delvb w f w d t | feto
t | b o w bBd{tFdelb | b}d y nb3det jjno |w d t | l w| bky'h Blny a yBzfebIy{b | deb
del o w bIySt w bkyJn | bIf w fe | jjmnvo |w d t | Id{lb@zf{t "}b d t | o w d{f > _bac jmj
t | d w| zf |} z w j toWzt | b | dey & h bh b |w bIy (pBl lf{bId wm| | delvbzfet "}b d{b
b w denf{by{z w bdelvb w f w d t |- nvbj ld | h `t | y{b nb | dejd{lbzt | dey | zfet "}b d{b
yez w b1 jj | td?bB`bIjj jny{debIf{b w| `tf{yebdelvb j w yey{bIy`o w @bByeopb w f{b detbId{lbIfh







%

d3l w ybIb | y{nbIyed{b del w d3delf{t | Wtnd3delb  fey{d0yeb  bIf w j`zf |} z w j to 
zt | b | d{y'Sdelvb w f w d t |Z nbWd{tj ld | y3feb n b h BlbFltzb y0d{l w d delvb  fey{d
zf m|} z w j toWzt | b | d{y Iw zvdenf{b0delb w f w d t |- nvbd{tFj ld | delb | bId{debIf jnyed{bIf
| 0t zfet"b deb y w opzjbIy y w l b  b  | tf m| d{lbIoh JbId d y?n | j bIj0del w d`delb
 f{yed0y{b  bIf w j?zvf |} z w j toWzt | b | dey tfef{bIyezt | yetjbIj-d{t w f w d t || j ld | w y
wF t | yeb nb | b | tfeo w d t | d{l w d y`nyeb nj tf  y f o |w d t | o w )b+jmtyedh




2  T
2  


"

i=tdel tf{febIj w d t |w| delb

b |
w bFopbIdelvt w f{bWb}zb d{b dety{n  bkfn | bIf w f 
w d t |m| j ld m|  feb d t | hSgBb d{lbIf0opbIdelt b}zjt dey+delbFtyebIf w d t | d{l w d tf w
w oFbkfed w| y{nf w b@ d{ltnd=yebIj yel w t | d{lb o w bIySt w z w fed nj w f w bBj b |
w$ e~ j | b w fBy{ny{z w bh
`t | y bIf w zt | 
d |w w oFbIf{d w| y{nf w b w|w tjj o w deb j ld0y{tnf b
f  @- yen lWd{l w d=delb  feb d t | t   bky?delb  feb d t |
l w f w d{bIf b  w3 b det
t delb)j ldBf w y w|
   m bIy@d{lb m| d{b | y d6t delb)j ldByetnvf bh Blb f{f w
w| b
d y`  b | 
w dBd{lb0zt | 

& (2K & ( ;:/ & ( '

&(

/ & ( y@d{lbn | d | w f 6| tfeo w j  b detfd{tWd{lby{nf w b w d1delb)zt | d w|

yFd{lb w jb tt d{lby{nf w b w d h Bl yFy{ltByFdel w d)delb f{f w
w| b w d
delvb-zt | d c w| lb | bdelbpf w Zjb  bIjJy{bIb |  wIw oWbIf w y+j | b w f0t | I@ h
BlbIf{b tfeb m| delb w yeb | b0t y{bIj yel w t |   b | delf{bIb o w bIySt ?w cw oFbIfed w|
yenvf w b feto d{lb@y w opb  bIBzt | d?d w! b | n | bIfBd{lfebkb | t | j m| b w f{jm | bIzb | b | d
j ldByetnf b
f{b d t | y'd{lb w jb t w| yenf w b | tfeo w j Iw| b)feb t  bIf{b  d{l y y
delvbJbkjmj | t | oWbId{lt t zltdetoWbId{f y{debIf{bIt  +eh @jdebIf |w d  bIjt | b Iw|
feb t | y{def{n d)delb o w b3t d{lby{nf w b)n | bkf w| w fe d{f w f{6j ld |  feb d t |  w
j | b w f toF |w d t | t delb0d{lfebkb0tf |w j o w bIy'yebkbWkeh
 tf j w y{y Iw d t | d{l y w d0l w y+feb w d opztfed w| b d)yelvtBy0del w d tf w  b
o 
 bIBzt | d w jj o w bIyBt 8w cw oFbIfed w| yenf w bFj b |Zw  e~ j m| b w f1yeny{z w bFbI$
b  b p| delvb@l #
l   opb | y t |w j o w b?y{z w bh Bl yJtyebIf w d t | yenbIy{dey w y oWzjb
j w y{y  Iw d t |Fw jtf d{lo%det3feb t | b w oFbIf{d w| yenf w bky 0m|w f w| dn | bIf?j ld 
| t | d t | y'h
BlbIf{b


& (

 tf`b
d t | yBdet
 b detfeyBl

w l w bnvyeb0d{lfebIb+tf`oWtf{b o w bIy=d w! b | n | bkf  bIfeb | d1j ld |  feb 

t | yed{fen d w  e~ w y y tf`delb0j | b w fJy{ny{z w bhgtd{bd{l w dBd{lb3delf{bIb0 w y y
b d{f wm|vm| o w bky w|FIw| b@delvtnld
w bBdelb1y w opb
opb | y t |w j d w y?d{l@

t 8
w y1 w y y o w bIyh StWzbIf tfeoUfeb t | d t | `b)y oWzj topzndeb+delb  yed w| b)t
wK| bI o w b3d{t-b w lZj | b w f3yeny{z w b w| lttyebFdelvb w b tfefebkyezt || 6d{t-d{lb
y{ltf{debIy{d  yed w| bhXb Iw jjdel y`feb t | d t | y lvbIoWb3delvb | b w f nvyez w b0oWbkdelt h
XbBy{ltnj zt m| d?tnd`del w dJd{l y?oWbId{lt ) y w+w f w| dt delb3zlvtdetoWbId{f Bw j | oWb | d
opbIdelt zfetztyeb :| k w| w jdeltnl d y | td+bId | zf{bIyey?d{lb | b w f
n
y{z w bBopbIdelvt +Iw| bJd{ltnvldSt w ySyezb }w j Iw yebBt delbBoptfeb=bIj w tf w debBf{b t | d t |
opbIdelt p bIy f b 6| k h



d{lbIfeb y | t | t y{b0tf1yebIj yel w t | d{lb | b w f nvyez w b w jtf delo5`tnvj
l
w b  b3bIfef{tf febIb j w yey Iw d t | n | bkf
j ld | t | d t | y'zvfet  b delb+yenf 

w bIyptbI;delvb cw oFbIfed w| f{bb d w| boWt bkjh?gb  bkfedelvbIjbIyey@d{lbIfeb w f{bZy{b  bkf w j
toWzbIjj m| @feb w yet | y`det0jtt bIjyebIBlvbIfebh c f{yed nvb@det+yebIj yel w t | yezb nj w f d bIy'
w|Gw w jSb}zfebIy{y t | y'SyetoWbFf{bI t | y0t delb w bFl w b w f w j d6del w d tbIy | td
w febkb0 del6delb3j | b w fByeny{z w bopt bIjh  b | b | tnvl o w bIy`t Sw bIy'vJb0y{ltnvj
b w jbFd{t-jb w f | Bl lXfebk t | y w febFtt tff{b t | d t |w| Bl lfebI t | y w feb
| td'h b t | det)feb t | b w debIy{d o w b`Jb3oFny{dJopb w y{nfeb1delb
y{d w| b3det)delb+j | 
b w f3yeny{z w b tf1b w lXzbIfey{t | hl jmb+del y |Zw| opzfet  bIoWb | d`t  bIf w6 tfefebkj w d t |
y lvbIoWb)del w d | bIb y w j w feb | noFbIf1t B o w bIy tf3b w l j w yey d y3y{d jjd{tt to$
znvd w d t |w jmj0b
zb | y  bh |w jjm f{to w yed{tf w b3y{d w| zt | ddelb m| b w f ny{z w b
w jmtf d{lo oFnyed bkbIz6delf{bIb o w bIy | oWbkoWtf{ tf`b  bIf{6zbIf{yet | h

9
0

%




C 7 

Blb | b w f nvyez w b w jtf delo d w bIy ww| d w b`t delvb w dSd{l w d?n | bIf b w j t | 
 d t | y3delb j w yey{bIy w febFj | b w fejyebkz w f w jbh JbIdt | b Iw| zbIf tf{o  oWb | y t |w j d
f{b n d t | ny | +j | b w f`zfet"b d t | w| y{d jjzvfebIy{bIf  b0j m| b w f`yebIz w f w j d bIfef{tf f{bIb
j w yey kw d t | n | bkf w| 6j ld | t | d t | y y3yed jjSztyey vjmb | delvbFjmt`bIf  oWb | 
y t |w j b w denf{b0yez w b0nvy | )j | b w f b } y t | tn |w f bIy'h Bl y y w yed{fet | w f{nopb | d
|pw tfBt ny m| Wj | b w fBopbIdelvt y tf  oWb | y t |w j d)feb n d t |Z| delb w b0feb t 
| d t | zf{tjbIo w dJjb w yedBBlb | t | b3y{bIb y | y{b | y d m dWd{tj ld m| t | d t | yh
xBbkfeb0`b w fenvbd{l w d`ny m| j w yeyByezb } j | b w f`oWbId{lt y tf  oWb | y t |w j d3feb 
n d t |Ww| y opzjb j w y{y   bIf{y m| delvb@feb n b K b w denvfeb@y{z w b@t | b@bkdey?bIded{bIfBfeb t 
| d t | f w d{bIy | yenvyed w| d w jjjbIyey+d oWb)del w| deldelb | b w f ny{z w bWoWbkdelt h
| bd{lb3jb w f || y{bId yBj w bIjb d`o w bIy`yeb | yeb0d{tFnyeb3del y | tfeo w d t | d{tvn j
w optfebpfebIj w vjmbpoWbId{lt : tfFf{b n }| delb  opb | y t |w j dZt d{lb b w denf{byez w bh
~ (B +k y w| b} w oWzjb?t w 
c yelbkf % y | b w fJ~ y f o |w| d &   )

 


| delvb-y{b | y{b-d{l w d d0def bIyFdet ey{l w zb delbpy Iw dedebkf | tf bIfFdetGo !
w b d0oWtfebFfeb 
j w jb tf j w yey  kw d t | h Bl yWopbIdelt yebIjb d{?
y >
| yen l w w d{l w dFd{lbf w d t
t delb)bIdJbkb |  j w yey+y Iw dedebkf w| delvb del m|  j w yey@y Iw d{debIf y3o w o m b h  bkdd{lb
bId`bIb |  j w y{y@y kw ded{bIf3o w def Fb b | b w y

"

<

!

6 ?7? ? % :;

:

U  K W


X & e

 2

& [ Z?[ ( & [ Z [ ( N

e

w| d{lb0 del |  j w y{yJy Iw d{debIf3o w def b b 

 | b w y

U d K W

& $ H^Z?[ ( &Y$ H^Z [ ( N

X & 
 j w yey#4

Blbkfeb [ y?delvbBoWb w|0 o w b?t

w| 4
ySdelb | noFbIfSt y w oWzjbIy m |F j w y{y
4 h U d y | t | y | nj w f' d{lbFtzd o w jczfet"}b e d e t | > _ac y ltyeb |w 0
y d{l w d+B
l l
o w o m bIy@d{lF
b f w d tt delvb bId{bIfeo |
w | d3t delbpbkdJbIb |  j w yeyFy Iw d{deIb f)o w def t

feature 2

PCA

0
class 1
class 2
FLD
0




feature 1




}Irkr{?3'@kr S ?k6v}} `k@r

}r1k  `'B)r+emk@'}?}Ie+BII{W{mI}II@Ik
k}'




delvbFzfet"b ed b y w W
o zjbIy1det6delvb bIdebkfeo |w| d@t delvb ed l m |  j w yey3y Iw ded{bIfo w {d f -t
delvb0zfet "}b d{b y w oW
z jbIy h bh

> N U  >
& (
e K^ f & f *++(+ f F
N U d >
BlbIf{b " f

K
'}'+(++' 9 - yJd{lb0e yebkdBt b | e bIf w j b b b | b detf{y@t U  w| U d

K
}' '++(+5' 9 -
tfefebkyezt |e | pdet)yebIdBt b feb w y | pb | bkf w j b b b |w jnbIy^"
e
h bh
U  f

K  U d f '

K
}' '+(++' 9 +
gBtdeb`del w d w| nzzbIf?tn | t | 9 y 1 Z `BlbIf{b ?
1 y?d{lb | nvoFbIfSt j w yeyebky'h bIb*keh
> _ac2K

w fe?o w

e>

St jjnyed{f w debdelbb | b  d{yZt delb j w yeyy{zb } j m| b w f6zf{t"}b d t | yBJb t | 
yed{fen deb w jt
opb | y t |w j w|w jtnb0d{tWd{lb j w yey Iw d t | zf{tjbIo | Bl ldelb
y w oWzjbIy fetob w l j w yey3j b | b w f w j | b w f@y{nyez w bh c nf{b y wp topz w f yet | t
a w|$ ~ tf w d`t! j w y{y?zf{tjbIo | Bl lWd{lb@y w opzjbIy f{to b w l j w y{y w feb
f w| toWj3zbIf{denf{b W|Fw0 feb d t | zbIf{zb | nj w f`det0d{lbBj | b w f=yeny{z w bh  tfSdel y
b} w opzjb ! K 
+v / K^ w| 9 K h tWd{lby w opzjbIy feto b w l j w yey3j b | b w f w
j | b | delb3 e~ b w denf{b@yez w bhi=td{l-a w|   ~;l w bBbIb | nvyeb det0zf{t"}b dBdelb
zt | dey f{to  e~ t | det  ~+h `topz w f m| @delvbBdJt3zf{t"}b d t | y | d{lb  nvfeba
w den w jmj0y{oWb w fey?d{lb j w y{yebIy`detbId{lbIf`yet0d{l w d=delbI w f{b | t3jt | bIf?j | b w fej0y{bIz w f w jb
| delb3zf{t "}b d{b yez w bhd y jb w fBdel w d w jdelvtnl-a w l b  bIy1j w febIfBdetd w jy Iw d 
debkf'  ~ w l b  bIy1f{b w d{bIf3bId`bIb |  j w yey3y Iw ded{bIf' w|- t | y{b nb | dej j w yey  kw d t |
b topbIy@b w y bIfh
| d{lb w b1feb t |v d t | zf{tjbIo t | b y t | f{t | deb delFd{lb  - nvjmd)del w d`delb
del |  j w y{yBy Iw ded{bIf@o w def V
U d @ CBED B y w j w y`y | nj w f'h Bl y`yed{bIoWy feto delb
w dJd{l w d`delvb@f w
| t U d y?jbIy{yBdel w| ! Z 1 w|)| b | bkf w jdelb | noFbIf?t z bIjy
| b w l o w b & / ( yFoFn lXj w f{bIfFd{l w| delvb | noFbIfFt o w bIy | delbjb w f ||
yebkd & ! (kh Bl yopb w| y+del w d d y)ztyey jbWdet lty{b6delb6o w def >
yen ldel w d)delb
del |  j w y{yBy Iw ded{bIf@t d{lb3zfet "}b d{b y w oWzjbIy Iw| b3o w b1b} w d{jm bIf{th
| tf bIf`det0t  bIf toWb`delb toWzvj Iw d t | t w y | nj w f U d `bBzfetztyeb w|Fw jdebIf 
|w d  b0d{tFdelb f debkf t ||
h  h Bl yBoWbId{lt Bl l`b Iw jj  y{lbIf w bIy w t y





<

d{l yzvfetvjmbko Gzfet"b d | 6d{lb o w

{d lb3febIy{njd | F del |  j w y{yJy Iw d{debIf3o
ny | a detfeb n bdelvb
opb | y t
w zzj m| d{lby{d w|w f  ~ b | b
6tfeb tfeo w jjmS
>`_bac yB  b | 



b3yebId0d{t
w def U d
| t delb

h 

j y{z w bFyet6del w d
w j tJbkf
opb | y t |w 
y | t | y m| nj w fh Bl y y 
w l b  b 
b w denf{b6yez w bdet ! Z 1W
w | d{lb |
detWf{b n bFdelb
opb | y t | ed t 1 Z h

(

> _ac2K >




&r (

> a
6

Blbkfeb

> a
6 K

w fe=o w

>

w fe=o w




e
e

> N U N
> N >
e> >
N

>

e
Na%6 U  >
a 6 >
e+

Na 6  U d > %a 6 >

e

gtdebBd{l w d m|W toWzvnd | .> a

6 Jb1l w bBd{lfet |Ww w 0t | j0delb1yeo w jjbIyed 1 zf |} z w j
toWzt | b | d{y'h
BlbIf{b w feb bIf{d w| jtd{lbIf6 w ypt f{b n m| d{lb del m|  j w yeyWy Iw d{debIfGBl jmb
zf{bIyebkf | ZbId`bIb |  j w y{yFy Iw ded{bIf'h  tf3b} w opzjb w yeb t | opbIdelt Bl lXJb w feb
nvfefeb | d{j | bkyed w d | ltty{bIyR> d{tWo w o b@d{lb0bId`bIb |  j w y{yy Iw d{debIf3t d{lb
zf{t "}b deb y w opzjbIy w debkfl w|  f{yed0f{b n b d{lbF del |  j w y{yy Iw d{debIfh w b | det
w| b}defebkoWbJb kw| o w o b`delvbBbId`bIb |  j w yeyBy kw ded{bIfBt d{lb@zvfet"}b deb y w oWzjbIy
y{n
"}b d1detFd{lb t | y{def w| dBdel w dBdelb0 d{l |  j w yey`y Iw ded{bIf y bIfet h bh

Blbkfeb 

yBd{lb3yebId1t P/

,

 

w f{Wo w >ON7U^>
d  e
e
o w def bky t | d 
w | b p| delvb

&(

>`_bacPK
9

,= , / %/

bIf | bIjSt

U d
h

| del y?y{b d t | JbB jjzfebkyeb | d w|F y nyey`b w lFt d{lb w tfebkoWb | d t | b 1w bBfeb t 
| d t | d{b l | nbIy`ny | +dJt
 bIf{b | d w d w w y{bIy'hi=b Iw nyeb3t d{lb@y{zb } lztdelb 

y{bIyWd{l w dpJb6 w| deb detXdebkyed w tndFd{lbf{bIj w d  b-zbIf tf{o w| b6t delb t | y bIfeb
w jmtf d{loWyo w| Xt delbyed w|w f ;vw d w w y{bIy6Jbkfeb m|w zzf{tzf w debh t Jbl w b
ny{b wGw d w w yeb fetoUdelb6x w f w f Bttd y w tf w d{tfe | Bl lXj ld | Wl w y
bIb | yeyed{bIo w d Iw jj w f b h b t | j`bWl w b t | yed{fen deb ww d w w yeb w d
w jmb
d{l w d | jn bIy w f w d t |F| tdel w}w jb}zfebkyey t |Zw| j ld | h 





 

"

 2
  

Blb  fey{dFb}zbkf oWb | dF w y bIy | b detdebkyedFdelvb-lztdelvbIy yFdel w dFn | bIf w f w jb

jjno |w d t | w b0f{b t | d t |w jmtf d{loWy= jjzbIf tfeo bId{debIf delbI6b}zjt dBd{lb
w d@d{l w d o w bIy1t 8w w oFbIf{d w| yenf w b)j b |Zw j | b w f1yenvyez w bh 6tf{by{zb 
Iw jmjdelbFf{b t | d t | bIf{fetf0f w debIy tf w jj tnf w jtf d{loWy bky f b | b d t |
jjb toWz w feb ny | w|6 o w b w d w w yeb t | y{def{n deb -x w jj |w|6w dBdelvbx w f
w f ttd y w tf w d{tfe6  IehS | b w l o w b m| del y w d w w y{b w y{n"}b d
lbkj l ylbkflb w y{deb w XBl jbFb m| jjno |w d{b  w to |w| d1j ld+yetnvf bh
BlbFy{z w bWt j ld3yetnf b  feb d t | y'cBl l kw| bWz w f w opbIdebkf b yezlbkf Iw j
w| jbIyS w yd{lb | y w oWzjb :m|  | febIopb | dey'h  feto w yeny{bIdWt  o w bIy0t
 b0zbItzjb | del y w d w w yebvJb+b}def w deb  b3yenvyebId{y0det n w| d Fd{lb0b  b d{y0t
h h
w fe | 0j ld | h w oWzjb o w bIy f{to5b w l-y{ny{bId w feb0y{lt |6m| c 

=BBkekk@`}'mI0k`+'%I{   }v

 t | d w| y  + o w bIy tfJBl lFtdelpt d{lb@jt | den

m|w j w| j w d d{n |w j


j
I
b
B
y
t
w|
j ld`yetnvf b
f{b d t |w feb3 del m|   t delb kw oWbkf w)w y'h

P80
t | d w| yB o w bIy tfBBl l6delb3feb w debIf1t d{lb0jt | den
m|w j w| j w d
d{n |w j w| jbIyBt j ld?y{tnf b  feb d t |w feb  +  feto5delvb Iw opbIf w)w y'h

P8 
t | d w| y  o w bIy tfBBl l6delb3feb w debIf1t d{lb0jt | den
m|w j w| j w d
d {n |w j w| jbIyBt j ld?y{tnf b  feb d t |w feb0  feto5delvb Iw opbIf w)w y'h

P8 
t | d w| y  o w bIy tfBBl l6delb3feb w debIf1t d{lb0jt | den
m|w j w| j w d
d{n |w j w| jbIyBt j ld?y{tnf b  feb d t |w feb +  feto5delvb Iw opbIf w)w y'h

P8
t | d w| y + o w bIy tfFBl ldelvbf{b w d{bIfWt d{lbjt | den
m|w j w|
j w d den
m|w j w| jmbkyBt j ld`yetnf b  feb d t |w f{b   feto delb Iw oWbIf ww yh

P8 



'

5

 tf w jjJb}zbIf opb | dey' j w yey Iw d t | w y)zbkf tfeoWb ny m| wG| b w febIy{d | b ltf
j w {y y   bIfh @jj`def w|| o w bIy3t w|X| n w j?`bIf{bWzf{t"}b d{b | d{tdelvb b w d{nfeb
yez w bh Blb o w bIySJbkfeb f{tzzb del | d{lb w b3y{td{l w d`delb t | detnvfBt delvblvb w
w y`b} jn b h  tfJd{lb b |w b w|F tf{febIj w d t | d{bIyed{y'd{lb o w bky`bIf{b | tfeo w j
b detFl w b bIf{t6oWb w|-w| n | d w f w| b w y@d{l y oWzf{t  b delb+zbIf tf{o w| b0t
delvbIyeb0opbIdelvt y'h  tf`delb
b |w b@oWbkdelt febIy{njdey w feb3y{lt | Blb | d{b | zf | z w j
toWzt | b | d{y w f{bnvyeb h | b d@l w y@bIb | yenvbkyedeb del w d@delvb  f{yed3delvfebIb)zf | z w j
toWzt | b | d{y w f{bJzvf o w f j nvbJd{t@j ld | w f w d t |3w| del w dfeb t | d t | f w d{bIy Iw|
b oWzf{t  b Wbkj o m|w d | 3d{lbIoZbkfefetf@f w debky w feb w jyet)zfebkyeb | deb ny | Fzf | z w j
toWzt | b | d{y tnf?d{lfetnlpdel fed{bIb | h m| b@d{lbIfeb w feb  + o w bky | d{lb@d{f w|| +yebId
*1zf m|} z w j toWzt | b | d{y'h
tfefebkj w d t |) ySb n w jb | dSdet@d{lb b |w bJopbIdelt ny | 3
XbBzbIf tfeopb d`t0b}zbIf opb | dey`t | d{lbx w f w f ~ w d w w y{
b b}def w ztj w d t |Ww|
| debIf{ztj w d t | hI | delb`b}def w ztj w d t | b}zbIf oWb | d'b w lopbIdelt w ycdef w| b t | y w o 
zjbIy feto nvyebId w| delvb | d{bIyed{b ny | 1y w opzjbIy feto nvyebId{y  w|  h  nfeb
 yelvtByBdelb0f{bIyenvjmd feto del yBb}zbIf oWb | dh
| delvb | d{bIfeztj w d t | b}zbIf oWb | d'vb w lopbIdelvt w yBdef w| b t | ny{bIdey w|
 w| delvb | debkyedeb delb3opbIdelt y`t | nvyebId{yv w| h  nfeb3)yeltByBd{lb0febkyenjd
f{toRdel y`b}zbIf oWb | d'h
Blbkyeb0d`tb
zbIf opb | deyBf{b  b w j w)| noFbIf`t | debkfebIy{d | Wzt | dey

<









'

%



h 1jjt

d{lb w jmtf d{loWyczbkf tfeo zbkf b dejWBlb | j ld | y | b w f{j f{t | d w jhxBt 
b  bIf w ySj ld | yopt  b t -w y'delbkfeb y w y |Iw| dSzbIf tfeo w| b  bIf{b | b
bId`bIb | d{lb0d`t j w yey y{zb  opbIdelt y w| d{lb

b |
w b+oWbId{lt h
vhJd3l w y w jy{t-bIb |X| tdeb del w d0delb
b |w b)oWbId{lt y3b n w jb | d3det tfefebkj w 
d t | Blb | delb | nvoFbIf1t b |w bIy3b n w jy@d{lb0y m bt d{lb)def w|| FyebId3ke
w| y m| bzbIf tf{o w| b | f{b w y{bIy0 deld{lb  oWb | y t | t delvb
b | yez w bdelb
b |w bFoWbkdelt y{ltnj t | t6bkdedebkfd{l w| tfef{bIj w d t |  eh Bl y y3bIoWz f 
kw jj bIoWt | yed{f w deb 6w yB`bIjjh
 hJ | d{lb b |w b0oWbId{lt febkoWt | 0delvb  fey{d3delf{bIb0zf m|} z w j topzt | b | deyBf{b 
y{njdey | bkdedebkf@zbIf tfeo w| b3n | bIf w f w vjmbBj ld m| t | d t | y'h
hJl jmb`delvb | b w f
nyez w b1oWbId{lt l w y?bIf{fetf=f w d{bIy`del w d w feb toWzbId d m bJ d{l
d{lb c yelvbIf w bWopbIdelvt d0feb n f{bIyFyed{tf | GoWtf{bd{l w| d{lfebkb-d oWbIy w y+oFn l
| tfeo w d t |w| d w bIyBd{lfebIb+d oWbIy w yBjt | h

!





W`}J}}IS`}'Sek}JI`}}3?}3}??+`
{}k3S}}1 kv=';I{'=IS}'}}}}
}r})S'B?}FBkep'kr}
Bc`3SSk30k'=' `k0k'B?k}3I ;
e})} SB}3I}WrI}I{Fek}'



45
Eigenface (10)
40

Eigenface (10)

E 35
r
r 30
o
r 25
r
a
t
e

Eigenface (10) w/o first 3

Correlation

Correlation

Eigenface (10)
w/o first 3

Linear Subspace

20

Fisherface

15
10

Linear
Subspace

Fisherface

(%)

0
Subset 1

Subset 2

Subset 3

Lighting Direction Subset


 
}I

 }II{ZkJ)3}e}X60I}0SII
e}1krm }@ {BeIWIF}'Fek1Ie`{mIr
}r'0k}@}?}}3BJ}1r'}



35

30

E 25
r
r
o 20
r
r
a
t
e

Eigenface (10)

15
Eigenface (10)
w/o first 3
10
Correlation
5

(%)

Fisherface

0
Subset 2

Linear
Subspace
Subset 4

Subset 3

Lighting Direction Subset


 


cZII{ZkB)}30e}X60I}0




ke}k3}}=r }`JI {?ekk0}}3ek

IB}}emkr}r'0k}@=}3mI1rF}r}

h





Blb c y{lbIf w b1oWbId{lt l w bIf{fetf`f

opbIdelt pw| feb n f{b jbIy{y topznd w

 

 t y | yed{ fen w

w debIy`o w| d oWbIySjtJbkf?del w| delb

d t | d oWbh

'

b |w b

   T 7

     3   2 ( 

" &

yeb t |Xw d w w y{b t | yed{fen deb Xw dd{lb

w jb
y t |Zw| Bttd y w `b
|
deb debIy{deyd{t bId{bIfeo m| bltRdelbopbIdelvt y toWz w feb n | bIf w  bIf{b | d
f w| bt 8 t | d t | yh  tf3y debkb | y{n"}b dey'cdeb |Z o w bIyB`bIf{b wI n feb Z nvf | Wt | b
y{bIyey t ||X fet | d)t w y oWzvjmb) w fetn | h n"b dey | jmn b bIo w jmbky w| o w jmbky
&ryetopbF del w}w j=l w f (k w| yetoWbF`tfebpj w y{yebIyh c nfeb)y{ltBy)deb | o w bIy3t
t | bByen"b d'h Blvb  fey{d o w b? w y=d w! b | n | bIf w oF b | dj ld | |Ww3| bInd{f w j w}w j
b}zf{bIyey t | w| d{lb@zbIf{yet | Jtfeb1l y lvbIf?j w yeyebkyJBlb |-w zvzfetzf w d{bh | delbBy{b t |
o w bvdelbFj w yey{bIy0`bIfebpfebIopt  b j w yeyebky0Jbkfeb | td | tf{o w jmjpJtf | tdelbkfe yeb

"

C

Blb w jb
| n w jySd w b |
j ld | t | b6 del
j ldJy{tnf bIy w|

w d w w y{b t | d w| y + fet |

n 
| bkfJd{b |- bIfeb | d t | d t |
tf) deltndj w yey{bIy'Sd{lfebkb
 b  bIfeb | d w w jb
zvfebIy{y t

d w j w b o w bIy t  bIf m| y debkb |

y | tf{o w j o w b`n | bIf w oF b | d
o w bIy3d w b | del  bIf{b | dFzt | d
| yh

35

30

E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e

25

Eigenface
20

15

Eigenface w/o first

three components

10

Fisherface (7.3%)
5

(%)
0
0

50

100

150

Number of Principal Components


 `@3ek}Z+`Iekk)'krmIrGr0IFkJ
}k130}}?')`1Skr{}'3}?}e}}?
?}@IIkJ13k'1}rk}
w z w f`t tfef{tJb j w y{yebIyB`bIfeb+Jtf | ho w bky   +Jbkfeb wI n f{b  jmjno |w d m|
delvb w b m|Ww| bInd{f w jb
zvfebIy{y t | del w ntj w oWz | delf{bIb3zty d t | h Blb3j w yed  b
o w bIy`Jbkfeb wI n feb n | bIf w oF b | d`j ld | 0 del  bIfeb | d3b}zf{bIyey t | y&rl w zvz
y w ? || SyejbIbIz w| yenf{zf y{b (Ih  tfFd{lb
b |w b w| tfef{bIj w d t | d{bIyed{y'
delvb o w bIy3`bIfeb | tfeo w j m b detl w b bIfetoWb w|Xw| n | d w f w| b w y)del y o 
zf{t  b delb)zbIf tfeo w| b+t d{lbIyebFopbIdelvt y'h Blb o w bIyB`bIf{bFo w| n w jjm b | d{bIfeb
w|W f{tzzb d{t0d`t  bkfeb | dBy kw jbIy BlvbBj w febIf o w bky | jmn b delvb

 =w|
z w fed0t delbF w fetn | Bl jbd{lb 
 
  t | bky | jn b | debkf |w j?yed{fen 
denvfebIy)yen l w y0delbFvfet0bIbky' | ty{boptnd{l w|Z l | nd G| td3b}d{b | detGdelb
t I jn | t | detnf'h

=  7

 ?)  8 %

| del y0d{bIyedSbIfef{tf0f w d{bIy`bIf{b bId{bIfeo | b delvb ejb w| t | b tnd Wyed{f w debI
*  t j w y{y w|W o w bBt w zbIf{yet | del w d o w bB w yJf{bIoWt  b ) f{to delvb vw d w yebkd
w y toWznvdeb h @jj o w bIy | delb
w| delvb  oWb | y t |w j d-f{b n d t | o w d{f \>
w d w w yebb jmn | Fdelb+debIy{d o w b`bIfeb+delb | zfet"b deb Z t |Gm| d{td{lbf{b n b
yez w bpdetbFnyeb G tf j w yey Iw d t | h b t | d t | w y0zbkf tfeoWb ny | w6| b w febIy{d
| b ltf j w yey bIfh@gBtdebdel w d tf6del ypdebIy{d'1b w l zbkfeyet |%| delbXjb w f || yebId y
febkzfebIy{b | deb GdelbFzf{t"}b d t | t deb |X o w bky'b} bIzd tf3delvbFdebIy{dzbIfey{t | Blt y
febkzfebIy{b | deb pt | j || bh
| b | bIf w jdelb1zbkf tfeo w| b1t delvb b |w b@oWbkdelt )w f bIy? delpdelb | nvoFbIf
t zf | z w j toWzt | b | d{y'h tb tfeb topz w f | 0delvb | b w f nvyez w b w| c yelbIf 



25

Close Crop
Full Face

20

E
r
r
o
r
R
a
t
e

15

10

(%)
0

Eigenface(30)

Correlation

Linear
Subspace

Eigenface(30)
w/o first 3

Fisherface

Recognition Algorithm
=BeIWI}Fek@IB{mIr@}r'0k}@k@'k
rS?}I}WBJS}BIekkB?e0}e}J'krmkr')3k{m}}r
k+'r






w b)oWbId{lt y@ delGdelb
b |
w b)oWbkdelt vJb  fey{d0zbIf tfeopb w| b}zbIf oWb | d3det
b
k
d
e
b
I
f
{
o
b
0
d
{
l

b
n

o
F


b
k
f
@
t

|
|
zf |} z w j topzt | b | dey1del w df{bIyenvjmd{y | d{lb)jmt`bIy{dbkfefetf
f w debh c nf{b
y{ltBy w zjtd?t bIf{fetfBf w d{b  y'hd{lb | noFbIf?t zf | z w j topzt | b | dey
Blb | delb | d w jd{lfebkbzf |} z w j topzt | b | dey1Jbkfeb0f{bId wm| b Zw| Blb | delbkJbkfeb
f{tzzb h
BlbfebIj w d  bzbIf tf{o w| bZt delvb w jmtf d{loWy ypyebIj b  b | d | c h h Blb
c yelbkf w b0oWbkdelt l w bIfef{tf@f w d{bIy3del w d@`bIfeb0bId{debIf0d{l w| l w j d{l w d1t Jw| ptdelvbIf
opbIdelt hd?yebIbkoWy`del w dJd{lb c yelbkf w b@opbIdelt jb w f | y`delb1yebId`t zvfet"}b d t | yBBl l
zbIf tfeopyJ`bIjjt  bkf w f w| b3t j ld | w f w d t | w}w jb
zvfebIy{y t |w f w d t | w|
zf{bIyeb | b)t j w yey{bIy'h



gBtdebpdel w dd{lb | b w f nvyez w b6oWbId{lt Gw f{b  toWz w f w d  bIj6`tfey{b m| d{l y
b}zbIf opb | dd{l w| m| delb6j ld | Gb}zbIf oWb | dey | d{lb6zfeb  tnvyFyeb d t | h`i?b kw ny{b
t 8w f w d t ||w}w jSb}zf{bIyey t | cdelb o w bky | tjt | bIf3j b |Xw j | b w f3yenvyez w bh
| bd{lb c yelbkf w b3oWbId{lt d{b | yBd{t  y tn | dBdeltyeb0ztf{d t | yBt d{lb o w b`del w d
f
e
w b | tdpy |vIw| d tfFfeb t |I| w|m| n w jd{lbf{bIyenjd m| Xzfet"b d t | y?>
d{b | d{tWo w y d{lbf{bI t | y@t d{lb w b+del w d w f{b0l lvjm w f w jbh  tf@b w oWzjbd{lb
w feb w w fetn | d{lboWtnvdel y  y tn | deb y | b d w f bIy n d{b w d tf  bIf{b | d
w}w jBb}zf{bIyey t | yh  | d{lbZtdelbkf-l w| =delb | tyeb lbIb y w| f{t w f{byed w jb
t  bIfSdelbB del m|  j w yey w f w d t |w|w febBoWtfeb`y |vIw| d tfSf{b t | d t | h Blny'`b
t | "}b denf{b-d{l w d  y{lbIf w bpoWbId{lt y'cBl lXdeb | detf{b n b- d{l |  j w yey0y Iw d{debIf
tf w jj j w yey{bIy'yelvtnj zfet n b@zf{t"}b d t |F feb d t | y?d{l w d w febBtt tff{b t |I|
tdelbIf w bIyWbIy bkyWdelvbdef w|| Xyebkd'h Blny`t | bGdelb6zf{t"}b d t | f{b d t | y w feb
bkdebIf{o | b b w l6zbIf{yet |ZIw| b3oWt bkjmb  w y | jmb o w bh

@jjSt delb w jmtf d{loWy`zbIf tfeopb bId{debIf0t | d{lb o w bIyBt d{lb njj w bhgBtdeb
d{l w d`delbkfeb y w) f w o w d ` opzfet  bIoWb | d | d{lb c y{lbIf w b+oWbId{lt BlbIf{b3delb0bkfefetf
f w deb3 w yBf{b n b p feto h 
d{t +h 
h;lb | delvb0oWbId{lt F y`def w| b t | delvbb | d feb
w bd{lb@z bIjy tf{febIy{zt || Fdet)delvbt I jmn | t | d{tnfBt delb w b w feb lvtyeb | w y
tt b w denf{bIy tf  y f o |w d | pbId`bIb | | n w jy'h h bhdelvbFt  bIf w jj?yel w zbWt
d{lb w b y w zt`bIf nj b w d{nfeb |Fw b b | d kw d t | h 1y w zf w d kw j | tdeb3lt`b  bIf
d y)b}zb deb d{l w d+feb t | d t | f w debkyFJtnj l w bFbIb | oFn lXjtJbkf tf+delb njj
w b o w bIy delb3 w fetn | tfBl w feyedjbIyBl wpw f b 6w| o w )b  b | l w b1bIb |
`tf{yeb3del w| delb jmtyebIj f{tzzb 6 o w bky'h


Z?@ {'/e?
Blb0b
zbIf opb | deyBy{nbIyed w0| noFbIf`t J t | jny t | y
h 1jjopbIdelt y=zbIf tf{o5`bIjj zf{bIyeb | d{b del w|F o w b m| delb1debIy{dByebIdBBl l y
y o j w fSdet w|- o w b | delb0d{f wm|vm| y{bId'h
vh Blvb c yelbIf w b@oWbkdelt Fw zvzb w feyBd{t0b1delb1bkyed w d=b}def w ztj w d | w|)| debIf{zt 
j w d | Ft  bkf w f w d t |6| j ld |  w jmd{ltnvlWd{lb | b w f nvyez w bopbIdelvt p y w
jmtyeb3yeb t | h
 h bIoWt | pdelb m|v d w jSdelf{bIb6zf | z w j toWzt | b | d{y tbIy oWzf{t  b)delbpzbIf tf 
o w| bWt delb
b |w b6oWbId{lt X| d{lb6zfebIy{b | bXt j ld | w f w d t | nd
tbky | td w jmjb w d{b@d{lb0zf{tjbIoh
hJ | d{lbBj o d w ySoWtfeb`zf | z w j toWzt | b | d{y w febBnvyeb )| delb b |w bBopbIdelt
zbIf tf{o w| b w zzf{t w lbky0del w d3t 8 tfef{bIj w d t | h o j w f{jBlb | delb  feyed+delf{bIb
zvf |} z w j toWzt | b | dey@l w b0bIb | f{bIoWt  b zbIf tf{o w| b opzfet  bIy w y3delvb  
opb | y t |w j dt delb b w denf{bWy{z w b y m| feb w yeb hJgBtdeb6lt`b  bkf'Sdel w d)zbIf tf 
o w| bFyebIbIopy0detjb  bkjJt  w d w tnvd0 6zvf |} z w j toWzt | b | d{y'h fet  d l w|
fe tn |Ww y o j w fzt | d?t  o | yel | 1febId{nf | yBBlb | nvy |
b |w bIy`det
f{bIzf{bIyeb | d w b o w bIyB keh
vh Blvb  y{lbIf w bFopbIdelt w zzb w fey0d{tbFd{lbFbIyed w d3y oFnjd w| bItnyej6l w| j |
w f w d t |@| j ld | w| b}zfebkyey t | h @yb
zb d{b d{lb | b w f nvyez w b?opbIdelt
y{n  bIfey3Blb | t | f{t | deb del w f w d t |F|Fw}w jb}zf{bIyey t | h



(


!



 b | del)del y?b
d{b | y m b@b}zbIf opb | d w d t | | debkfebIy{d | nbIy{d t | yJf{bIo wm| xt
`bIjj tbIypdelb c yelvbIf w bopbIdelt b}deb | detXj w feb w d w w y{bIy'h w|w f w d t | |
j ld | t | d t | yb wI toWoWt w deb y{topb?t delvb | n w jmy w feb`t | j1ty{bIf  b
n | bIf3t | b3j ld | t | d t | h bhlt Iw|| tf{o w d t |Ww tndBdelb j w yey1t Sw bIy
b0b}zjt deb 

 d t |w jj nf{feb | d w b bkdeb d t | opbIdelt y w f{b3j bIjFdet)feb w - t | n | bkf

b}def{bIoWb1j ld | t | d t | y`yen l w y ny{bIdey1 w|  | c h  w| yet | bI bkdeb 
d t | oWbId{lt y? jjb | bIb b det0y{nzztfed`del y w jtf deloh |w jjmIBlvb | y{l w t |
to |w d{bIy'vzbkf tfeo w| b bIf w bIy tf w jjSt delb)zfebkyeb | deb feb t | d t | opbIdelvt y'
w| deb l | nvbIyBdel w dJb d{lbIf`oWt bIjvtf`o w y delvby{l w tJb f{bI t | yJo w 0b | bIb b h
Xb w feb nfef{b | dej | bkyed w d | 6opt bIjy tff{bIzf{bIyeb | d m| Zd{lbFyebId+t B o w bIy@t w|
t
"b d@n | bIf


 ` jjno |w d t | t | d t | y  bId w jyB jj w zzb w f | { h

= ?7?:; 6

     R  
\ % Xb3Jtnj j b3detFd{l w| acbIdebIf3x w jmj |w|F tfBzfet | )delb

"

x w f
 w f ~ w d w w yeb w| @j 
w | `n jmjb w| ~ w
y t | 'y h


no 
t f
tf=o w| 0nvyeb nvj  y ny

, :,<,@, /

 c{3}@k6B `r0Iv?ZI=`@}?k0I}BIkF}?@
'r0rp}'r r  "!$#$% "&(')+*-,/. 021$03"!54"!7684"*9*-,!
:,;<!703*-03"!I'
8
c}3}k`}}'rF}S'I3 r=
(> "!$#$  "&(')+*-,?.@0A1$0B"!
4"!6C4"*9*-,!8:,;<!703*-03"!IkB''I'k
8`c{?IFB 'IJI}1}'r'E
DII}J?}3mk}}F
HGI4"!+1J
4"*9*-,!CKL!4 M2ENO4"P$!*-,QMBM20R;",>!7,{I I D k}I'
8`S{mk8Gk  }=0kk30I{=}'r')kI}}$ D
}'S
,,6"03!"; 1%T#L*2P,F' D'kI'
V
U1S}WvkX
Wpke3k}@}}r-+I
Y$Y}Fk}W0I{ r
$!*-( "!$#J "!Z "&[')I*-,\.@0A1J03"!k'}Je''

 





`@S} 1
 k3@

kI^B`P=0II}X}}'r
3Fk}F'FBeIrrI3{I0eI31r2Y}' r@ $!*-,$M
M20R;",!* : "*31F4"!6/@"&[')I*-,> . 0A1J03"!
K M ;""03*2P& 1%4"!765G+,P! k'}B''I
 eSe}BBeIF@c}}}v+I} Ik}} r
(> ()I'7,4"!5 "!$#$
"!Z "&(')I*9, . 0A1J03"!k'}J}I'
`@S0B S}}k
W} vIIkk}^I%r'%}}'r^r
`  vT Wp 5
$!*-( "!$#J "!Z "&[')I*-,8. 021$03"!k'}B'{'I'
B`?k `I} 4"*-*9,!  M24 11J0 (4"*90B"! 4"!76,>!7, K !74 M>1J0A1{ G}8=
I'
IB`v}}@?@1IS@r)Ik}`Wek@+}3} KL!! ) ;<,!0BQ1e
" D I'I'
'`@``I8
ckm?=}13? Y}?kI}}30I}}
$& 4;<,%4"!65. 021$03"!
 "&(')I*90B!";I" D'kI'k
I =}I SIW^S3Wk}S}}'r } ?r-S'
8 `k?I r/
,,6"03!"; 1T#=" 1 P'="! @"&[')I*-,>@K P03*-,*-)+,$1I#$"
NO4"P0B!, (,,'*-03"!'I}8}I'
I JkS6ISr3}r}}}eIr3I0II}}'IeI'r
}'r} rC
"  "!$#J"!8@"&['.@0A1J03"!?4"!76S4"*9*-":(,;" ek'}S'}'
k
} Jk5
KV,9#J"& 4 $M2,?N56",$MI#$"4", :(,;"!03*-03"! !6",%KL>0B*94"@0R;P*90B!";
 "!76"03*-03"!+1e }r}Jk'k=}rI'
I =I {}}I- `r}'0kJ}k}B}v}rI}}$ DS}}'k
rWr3{mI`{BIkJI}}r'vS}}c' }3 e}3'S}
?'}rr k''=}J'}S'
WF}K'
IB=
='v  "&(')+*-,8.@0A1J03"!
W r }}?k@r'
WFk}
I`@kr}`}'}k)BS'}} }WII{F@}k+}r
3k}`k} rO
$!*-( "!$#$ "!Z@"&[')I*-,>C.@0A1$0B"!kB'
I`Bv}
Wp
crk }'Sv0k}{}}F}}}?r3mk{}
eI^eI0ke rO
$!*- "!$#J "! @"&[')I*-,> . 0A1J03"!'k`'}k'I'
I 17
WFk?`v
=@e?k
?krJ'0krF}'r' I`0I
I{m}r'} 5
$!*- "!$#$ "!Z "&(')I*9, . 0A1J03"!'I}8''I'
L
W)'kI k }rmI krFSkFJ}B}}r r
$!*-( "!J#$ "!Z "&(')+*-,8.@0A1$0B"!k'}B'}'
'`@
W)'}}@`I
kJk}J}}'r
D?`} I}'3}ekr
3Sek}?+1krW}}r r
()I'7,4"!5 "!$#$"!Z "&[')I*-,\.@0A1J03"!
k'}B''I'k
BB
W)ek k `}I}
=@IkIX}'r'I })
Ik}}F
$!*-!"( "&(')I*9, . 0A1J03"!} I {
`@ rmkv=7
W)'Ikk ek}}
?}Srk6I6mk@{k}
'1I})}r r ? "!$#J? "&(')+*-,Z. 0A1J03"!Z4"!76 4"*-*9,!Z:(,;"!03*-03"!
k'}BIkk
k`@ kI r'}k}J'0kr@}}'r-kFkrBI0k)k}}JI
I{m}r'$ D'} 4"*-*-,>!8:,;"!03*-03"!''<
D }I'
`@ k#
"%,"& ,*-54"!65@P"*9"& ,*-503!$  .@0A1J)+4 M:(,;"!0B*90B"!  }r}
W I'
` }}%
L,*-,>& 03!03!";&IP4'7,(4"!6L:(,('%,*-4"!,)1$0B!";SN5)"M2*-0 'M2,$&?4;",$1e }r}
W
?k@r W)@I'
 I{I =7
WpvISr3}r}BJ{keI}}r2 YIIrWk
0k)k}}}%
"&*E'*-034 M+ T#%KL&?,034VK<
D 'kI'
L
Wp k @ rmkv }k}K )}'r'v,
" T# @;"!0B*90.->,0/V,)+1
1J03,!,} {I''
L
Wpk01 }rmk?I}`}rFr3{I}}} r5
I "!$#$
"!Z "&('L. 0A1J03"! 4"!6C(4"*-*- :,;<k'}B'I''
B`WI)`rkSk}}0rk}}
KL*-0 >0B4 M $!*-,QMBM20R;",>!7,{'I"
D 'I