X dG M

HGdGdG
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Y fBGdG jBG H dEG QTCG dG dG FG KEG EG Gk NCG dG UJ d

Xh ,dG j c dG dG GR dHh ,G Z AdG Qc Ggeh Q
. JQG h a T k VGh k L eCG
,eSEG jdG YG EG gGh JY fc e fEG jCG Yf fEa Gd
,bdG JM GOBGh FGdG g J EG Yfh ,HGOBGh eMCGh FGT Y dGh
. QdG GY e f dh ,Lh J G GVH Rd
Y LGdG e CG c ,SdG jGdGh G Uh G U gCG e EG

6
dh ,jGdGh EG Qf EG dGh OEGh ddG X e SdG PfEG Y j CG

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G jdGY H GY/QcdGG a
qdGh BGdG dG RYEd dG d dG eCG

dBG Yh fS SGh AfCG N Y dGh IdGh dG Q G

: Hh . jdG j EG MEH d HdGh Uh
L aBG T IUG dG OGhQ e Y HQCG e Y GQh a
fc AY e He IY HQCG j gh ,dG Gg AGq d ef ( G fEG ) jT
QTCG dG dG FG ae HG g e VdG c M ,dG
j CG fCGh ,aGh dG Y M SEG jO CG H e ,fBGdG jBG H dEG
. jdG dG FMh MdG H GU
FM hQj Gfc dh ,e Z HG J e jLCG jdG AdG ADgh
BGdG dEG QTCG b dEG GUJe CH gQNEG idh ,SGQdGh dG H dEG GUJ Y
gdH Hj Gfc a ,Y FHQCGh dCG e cCG e k J eEGh k jJ eEG dG

QGfEGh dG Sh Y G U SEG Sd hCG XdG fc

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: ddG dG ffEG d CG d f CG fh
,jO dJ JG Y hH a , bGh UG G bGh EG : dG CG jCG
CG ZQ ,jdG IdGh YGQdGh YdG QeCG AV gh ,h be gh
.... jNBG e H ibCG e CG J JfeEG
dH cfh ,c CN Gg EG ... jH dG AJ AdG G bGh j a
e EG G M j CG eCf fh !! LQ d c d jO e dj : SEG Y FdG
. G AT EG k jb dSQh G Vj
QGG Gg Y S dG jdG jT e f J CG YSG fEG : QdG NCG
HGH ,q dGh BGdG dG RYEd dG dG e dPh ,dG Gg J dG
. adGh jGdH d J e eSEG dG

8
gh ,IQdGh dH e AdG dhCG e HGh GQhG g UCa fTCG c
dG ILCG d aJ SdG e Gk c CG EG Igd dH k fH VhCGh Gk KCJ ibCG
. Sh Y G U SdG H JGOTh AdG aGYG Y hgj
eY a ZdGh dG e d HSGh ,gfh IFdG J e ZQh dd
dG Y aG e ,Y WGh dhGJ j c LGNEGh G J YW Y
k
dG jW EG Ue
k S j CGh G GH G j CG eBG ,dG bdG IYGeh
fCG dEGh cJ Y H EG aJeh SGe UEG EG jfeh ,G WGUh
. dG Q Gh G dEGh

dG BGdG Gg CG Y j hOj fCG EG ,dP JGJ Jh GSGh

SQ Sh Y G U Gk CH MGU YCG e e EG H . dG e j CG
U dh fGMdH Lh Y bCGh JOdH a G IOT T e eh ,G
G j fEa Gg dj dG IOb e gh ADg c GPEGh ,dSdH Sh Y G
k dG de g e Y dH
d j fEG ,eb AHCG e fhO Y a
WHCG J dHh ,dG Q H EG EG UG jdG d hh ,IUG GHCG
. dP Y AdG Sh ,G Vhh ,G b H EG Y VG
: ADg eCG J G b Uh

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10

hCG G
`dGh ```SEG
,Hh ... LCG Uh dBG Yh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q G
HZ M ,dGh jdG H eQY jb ce j GR HdG dG Ea
EG : J iQdG Y SG IGQdG C dP dGh jdG H Ad g j CG j CG
. IH OGORG e cCG CG H fEa ,aG IT g cCG e OBG e dG IdG
. edG e fb Ie QhJ HhQhCG NCG dd
! G Y gOJ CG G OH e eOdG fdG dG g J g
J IGQdG CH GdSGh ,hCG G fCH QGh dG g Y GM dG C
dd ,MQ e OWh Y G Zh ,IH OGORG IdG g e cCG eY OBG CH

13

12
.VGh L FG GhLh GPEG dP H hDLj dh ,dG e jO b He
AdG VGeCG PSCG gh S L QahdG GH GLa jdG ADg e
T ch H dG ,jeCG IG jdH ZT Sh Qf eL IOdGh
? `q dG U`f `g g ? BGdG Uf g g ! . . cCj CG jj ,eCG hCG
hCG MGG gQKBG J dGh KGQdH G UdG iCGQh f fCWG a
H j fEG EG Qj dG BGdG CG ch UhCG bO Yh ,f j eY G
ehRehdG g KGQdG efdG Qj dP Hh ,fEG N Qa dG CG
,G d ,dG d dj dG fEG UJ a eRehdG g ,BG ggf dG
gh ,Qe ehRehdG g fEa .g IQe fEG UJ e c ,dG d
. dG Me gh Qj fEG Ga Gk PEG ,dG Me ehRehdG

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L a ,JLCG L - hCG k ej HQCG N - k ej HQCG b Gh

.(1T) k YJ J fc EGh ,X b ILCG

k
Y dG IOb fG a ,SSCG e dG Gg GhQOUh Jh
L dG g GaQ
dP ah ,SSCG e jdG GhQOj CG GhOGQCa ,ce G cH GfG dG LQ
VCG dG M G M ce Gj CG LCG e AT c GYGh
. d IFGO
aj fC dPh ? J GPe : jh j dGh jdG Y HZ e J eY ddh
CG Y FG H OdG g AdG Lh ;AdGh dG c SEG CG aj ,SEG
: J db AL c G EG dEG
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fY dG CGh ,dG U g FG Y H OBG G q c dG dG CG j h

g dG EG ,Yh L G b GaM CG H IGQdG gY AL dG cJ dG BGdG
. dG BGdG Qj e Gg ,OW S OBG J S
be Yh jO He eCG Y K fCG GX dGh SEG Y KM GPEG ddh

15

14
FdG QdG M O hL USG jG jg e : S L
. k ej HQCG b d
jOMCG J YSH c . dG U KG b e dG g QJ iNCG Ieh
dG jOMCG YO b J dHh ,Iae fc dG dG aG c Y OJ CG jdG
. dEG dG J
GhfG Lf IOb dG Oj CG jdG eEH EG : j fEG : GfdG dG
. dG V jdG ,g
,Lf IOb dG Oj CG - SEG CG - jd : j jeCG QahdG Gg gh
G Y S fEa ddG GOTQEG jdh fG e k e NO GPEG fCG f
AY EGh .dH j j gh Nj dG eCG ,fdG e GOTQEG e C dH
. S L Qahd dG g f G
dG aG H N Lj fCG YCG Yh : S L QahdG
ahG jdG dG dG dSCG Yd MdG EG H ,MdG Hh
Y j dEG bJ Gk jDe hb IY b dG BGdG ALh ,M
. G c g dG BGdG CG

(1 T)
bh j 42 - 40 e Y IQU
RhH Xh YGH IQU aGWCG X
. dGh dG

j Gh ,h J ILCG CGH
Sh Y G U SdGh ,f Y k e
) : j

. (
HQCGh KG dH e GPEG ) : NBG jGh jG Gd S L QahdG VJ
iCGQ CG Hh ,H UdG Gh jG H Qj NCGh ,( gQa k n e dEG G H d
QahdG a VG Gg M jCGQ j GDG MCG bh UdGh FbdG g

16
dG Gdj CGh ,dG cG GhOj CG d : bCGh ,f : GfdG dG
k Ve j CGh ,dG de
Sd k beh Jh fS H EG Y dO

fdG G
G QGWCG
: Hh LCG Sh Uh dBG Yh fh fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G

QL eL jdG b dG c PSCG QL S. QahdG g Ga

: dCSh PSCG GH dG . TGh hJ
? QGWCG j G CG LCG Y jQJ cP g
G U SdG eR QGWCG g EG QTCG b e LCG H G dG e g gh
? hH H hCG Sh Y
? Y SdG dG e EG jo QGWCG EG dG Gg CG CG
e OY hM bh ,G SGQH ffdG e jY g fc d : dH HLCa

: FdG G Uh .Sh Y G U G





. ( : )

( : )

19

18
G e G QJ MGe e Me d edGh G MjEGh UdG
G MGG J b IjY hb EG eb UdG Gg Oj - L j G . dG jdG dG OQh dG dG G Qd
: GfdG dG
,k jM ch k Y c dG IgdG g M QL QahdG e dG Jh
. iQdG j c dG TEG jd fEG
? HCG g a CG e N b dG Y Y GP g g dj iQda
BGdG Y LCG bh . CG hH N g j CG hQj h TEG Gg hj
,OBH e d Vh d Hh dG

:

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: G e GfCG KK fEG

AdG d jf g EG ,Gg f f : d b ,a jeh d Qhje j CG

EG oJ QGWCG CG f fC ? Gk QGWCG g CG cP e g g dh ,Zh SQCG e
. jdG dG FGhCG EG J h ,Y SdG dG e
: b jW Tf a
BGdG OQh dG c QGWCG g Y WG e g g : b
? dG
. . . : b
? G QGWCG J dG G g jCGQ a : b
dG QGWCG g Y edG OdG dG DG dCGh k H b e jW be H
WCG dG G g bOh T Yh ,H jdG L Yh ,dG BGdG OQh
FM T I dCGh ILe GQH G GMC QGWCG g Y dG BGdG
. a Gg jCGQ Y j GP g K .SGh
: QL QahdG
k UCG CG EG eCG dG jJ e dG Qd Uh fEG
Gg EG ,jY c

21

20
. . . eCG Gg Y Kj QL QahdG GP g gh

. CG h CG hH OBG

: QL QahdG

. CG hH b AGM

FedGh jQadG fGG e d G Z dG Ea VG hd NBG f

edc jOe FSH hCG ,IHEH Ndc ,fe FSH J ,dG `jdGh
MGe EG dG jh ,G FdG OGG e OY CH Fc FSH hCG ,jQGG
. k W G QdG e dG Gg j ,SLCG H ee QJ

: GfdG dG
? iQdG Y Gk PEG TEG jCG
. CG hH CG e g j CG e dj
. H a SJ CG dG QeCG e dP jh ddG Gg jh
? dP H TEG Ca
k Vh ,dG WdG GG J G LCG d
d d H eDj g dG OBH e
k d b b G Ea ,CG hH CG e k b J fCG ,CG d dh CG
fCG k b e
. dG Y OBG gh ,CG hHh CG hH H eDJh faJ

. CG hH dG Y Y
CG e dG Y Y j CG Y QOb CGh CG hH dG Y OBG j CG Qb dGh
H M d j CG Jh fS G Ajh ,dOj iQdG Gj dP eh ,CG hH
. gH H k fgHh M
? iQdG jCG Gg J GP
. CG h CG H JCj CG k b Gk HCG if fC : Gdb
hH Jh dGJ BG FdG e Gk ch ,fdG fGG e Gk c CG j dH GPEa
. QcdG J
QcdG A J dG dGh ,QcdG A j H Y IQY QcP L : dG Ga
Y Ic eCG gh ,QcdGAe hH G H e b a QcdG eCG . fCG dT J
a FdG d dG H j CG fEG CG dG dG M d H ,dP
. cdG J EG LM hH dG g

22

:

( : )

ddG G
(CG) fEG N QGWCG

k d dG dGh dG dG Gg JCj CG Yh L G Ajh

Y dO H dO
Jh ,edG Qhe e dG dG Gg j Ggh ,dG BGdG H AL dG G H
k Adh fY AY HcC Jh ,JjBG
AdG e j dG dG a ,L H L
. FY Jh

k Sh Y G U Gk G SQCG d
: J b d SQ
( : )

d SQh ,fY JG AGQh `dp dG EG SQh ,AGdG hdG EG SQ a

EG Sj e SQ c c Sh Y G U b Sda ,QdG e Y SdG
UN eb
a Sh Y G U dSQ eCG ( : )
.b SdG H Y Sh Y G U uH G L ddh .k L Sd

LCG e gH AL eh d hUG gGj Sh Y G U b SdG a

( : )

25

24
. Jh fS G c dG dG

k G j K ,HQe
Sh Y G U Gk d ,IG Ojh jdG Oa Gk jL SQ

Yh dG Y dG BGdG J dh .fdG dG GbJ b fY fEG

? dG fc GPa ffEG dG

CG Gf hCG Oj e W a ,bH Je G a edG j EG G SdG g

AdG Qc MCG Qe EG c QahdG g Gg

CG e W (LCG Yh jdG) dG
dG fG e jCGQ AGHE k Y Gk Qe j
jdG jOMCGh fBGdG jBG H M
. J G

eeCG JG d Y MCG CG SCG h Se Y MCG CG SCG ,dP eCG

dG Ggh ,fEG N QGWCG (The Developing Human) : d dDe g M

,jEGh ,dJdGh ,djEGh ,dGh ,fCGh ,fHdGh ,ShdG : d H e
. aSZdGh
gfG jdG jOMCGh dG BGdG jBG e S a jCGQ j CG e W eYh
G j CG Y 1400 b Sh Y G U j c : bh g gO YCGh
YSh ? k eY KK e EG ae e AdG j dG bdG UdG Gg QGWCGh

: GdGh OdG e c d dGh IdG f Yh Y Y hCG Se Ie jj

. jQdG G EG a d d eCG Gg
BGdG Ie fEG : LC Sh Y G U Ie cCG Y S d G d
,ae Gj CG Sd jjCG H bH Ie fC dG

:




( : )

: J b c a dG dG dG Gg RYEG ge eh

( : )

Gj CG fEG dG IObh eG IJSCGh MdG e fY gC h

27

26
AL k M dOCG g CG jh jdG jGh dG BGdG G Y J

bh ,dG eG AGQBG g a ,idG Ggh dG GH YEG EG gO de

Ggh ,IY hb Hh k jM EG J eG g c C G Y e Sh Y G U

. dGh BGdG LCG Y He : GH IV

. G SQ Sh Y G U Gk CG j

dG eCGh k HS jdGY G eL je f Y H GY QcdG eb bh

AY ge e dG PSCG Gg db e eCJ :dH GfdG dG Y bh

: dH JV AdE k HS iQdG FQ Ffh k HS eSEG dG HGd

fEG : b GPe eCJ ,dG Gg UNG G jBG SQO eY LCG dG

bh ,GH fQJ eL LCGh jdG Y PSCG Qe EG c PSCG g dG fV

k l j CG H
. G Y e SQ

dG dG HjJ eL e : IjY eL JG g EG Uh M a QJ

G Hh H Qbh dG LJ dG dG Qe EG c QahdG gT eYh

: G S Y e dhdG G e jdG SCGQh ,S IY iMEG I g c M

j dG Me G EG : dP H b K ,KEG H Gk c HJ Lh dG Me

fG c ,iNCG jG dG OG h ,jeCGh Gc LCGh jdG AY L

,dG J dG dG d IQH dP H ALh - dG g Jh - k e dG g

OY AWCG Y VYh VJ T H Lh ,d iNCG IQU QGH Vhh
. (2T fCG) GDG e

AWC jeCG OGh ,jG d dhdG OcCGh ,GH G dG H Gk Y

g H ,dG e jdG dCG bh ,k jCG jdG jeCG OG Gk Yh ,jdG
,dG c d k Le J c fK dh ,LCG Yh jdG jdG dG
. dGh ,ffdGh ,fSEGh ,dJdGh ,fCGh ,djEG d S EG LJ bh
dG jOMCGh jBG g VJ QTCG CG Gk L SCG d :a Qe QcdG h

29

28
(3T fCG) eCG MQ k e j dG Me G CG k jCG Qe c QahdG Hh

dG IOhd SQ -CG

Y e 24 dG k fL Gk e j SQ `

UG dG SGH MdG fH j M dG Me G (3) T

e j dPh FdG G ch eCG jdG W FH k W jh
. BGdG dG z Y { d IOQGdG G

. dG Gh (IOhdG) dG H HdG LhCG Vj SQ (2) T

31

30
.(5 T) G j G EG : bh KEG H Qbh k ej 28 Y IQH AL
IQU (5) T
````Y ```d
`N k `ej 28
``G `M`e
```dG `jh
````Y k ``````e
``K````j ````T
IO````e A`````fG
I``H ```cd
`````J ```jh
`````dG Rh```````H
. dH

Gk NCGh .Qe c QahdG jJ e Gk c jdG dG H f dh

b dG BGdG cP e H aGdG Y dG jdG M K Qe c b
. edG Gg dG Y c eh Y1400
: GDdG Gg d Lh dP KEG Yh

G CG Qe c QadG cP bh .G dG J dG d dG Ea dch
Hh G H IQhdG J CG b jedG hdG S a AedG J dG Me
(4 T) .G dG c G T a G
G
IOQhCG

jGdG

FdG
eCG

ZdG
G
HfCG
dG
IOQhCGh jGdG
G c

jGdG
IOQhCGh
ju`tdG
G c

jedG YhCG Jh G Y e jdG dG G IQhdG j SQ (4) T

. IeL O b T dH G NCjh dG f b a SG AedH e

.? GH Sh Y G U Gk NCG a G UhCG L (dG) c J Ggh

K H eh dG dG e H ALh ,G Y Qe c QadG K

32
? G c dG BGdG CH eDJ fCG dP e Qe PSCG j
. Gg b HU LCG :LCa

HGdG G
( ) fEG N QGWCG

? H eDJ fCGh eDJ c :d a

. IMGh SQe e fCG YCG : LCa
: J b c G H f b dG Gg CG Gj CG fY dG Ad Ggh

:Hh Uh dBGh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q G

( : )

. G SQ Sh Y G U Gk CG Gk PEG a

(fEG N QGWCG) (The Developing Human) c Ga

fCG EG g fh ,Qe c QahdG g dDe ,d H e Y Y Le gh
g dG Gg c MGh dDe dCG dG c MCG QN jeCG T eY
jOMCGh jBG e Gk c Y VYh H dG dG Gg MU - dG J Y FdG
. Y VY ba ,LCG Y J G
d J a j hdG g EG bh SdG hdG Hc cP fEG :d bh
,fY j dG BGdG c cY QdG g h ,dG AdG EG a j H LCG

( : )

34
j c G hCG dc k Z k T j MG g G e jh
. e dG SCG QKBG a Cch IQdG hJ H .(6 T)

ah Jh fS G Y e AL dG idG SdG j Sh Y G U ch
Jh J GPa Y LQ fCGh .fG N QGWCh fEG bdG UdG
? FG g Hc
Va k YT k Y dc g a a d geb Y dh cY G :a
. ddG dG aVEG
: SdG QdG GY Hc Qe c QahdG j

``G h```jh ```fdG ``LCG `````J `` IQ```U (6) ```T

. SCG eY Y e Z IOe T Y a

h ,dG AdG EG LCG Y Y f h ,k H SdG QdG dG J c

e GRGaEG e je e j fEG CG OQh G id SG dG dG BGdG
dG CG k jCG Hh ,G e f e j fEG CH GQTEG IY OQh bh ,fCGh cdG
CGH b J CG H G dG CG hGh ,jCG S H IQc ICGG J dG
(G) dG EG :k jCG dG BGdG jh ,NEG e jCG S H dG CGJ fG
fG CGH b J CG H G dG CGh (Y) eL O e b d QJ
h ,dG J CG k FJ G G hCG fH CGH dG G dG CG hCG
SdG f M .(2T) Ve g c dG j fEG . MG J G e jDhQ
. AedG Ue hCG dG T Y j fCG

37

36

:



e M KK NGO Qj G CG Y jBG g J . ( : )
: EG j b Ggh

j h ,k ej HQCGh KEG hCG HQCG Y e GPEG fG dG G YG dh

g c MG g fEG G cH CGj dG G C . GG L gH
.(7 T) e

. ICGd LQG dG QGL `1

. MdG QGL `2
. ITe H j dG NGdG AdG `3

QH Jh dG BGdG OQh be iNCG e YVe b G j h

. JOh be Me fEG
dG Y eCG e g G h dG dG Gk e UCGh Qe c .O c dG Gg
eCG H G QGWCG dEG J dG dG CH k jCG Qe c PSCG bG d . dG
j fC dP ,G QJ MGe a j h e Z U J c dG BG
.Ggh 5 bQ MG hCG 4, 3, 2 ,1 MG CG k bQ k J MGG
IG TCG Y j H bQCG Y j dG BGdG AL dG dGh
dG Ac ,Y ,e ,Y ,f G c dG fa Me c G


: . NBG k N ICdG ,dH
*

``bh k ej 46-44 e ````Y `` IQ``U (7) ``T

. `fEG `dG ``e ``NCG

39

38
INCG HQCG GdG N jdG jGh dG BGd G SGQdG c d
a OG H HdG dG S M ,k ge j dG jdG LCG J RL
jdG LCG Jh QJ Y AT j j fCG LCG Y jQJ e e g j
dG BGdG jdG LCG UhCG Ea dG Gdh ,jdG dG M M
g CG g G MdG Sa ,ee J PEG HdG d dG aG Y gDhH
g e j CG MC c e PEG ,G e Sh Y G U EG MhCG b UhCG
.k Y k jQJ f b j Gdh k eCG c fC ,UdG
:GfdG dG
dG FM e Y VY bCG dh U b dG Gg EG : Qe Qcd b gh
dG jOMCGh jBG L d G Jh k e J a ,LCG Y dGh
? UNG G IG dGh dG BGdG OQh
k Qe c LCa
,e Y c SG G SG QdG c d :Fb
dG jOMCGh jBG L a eSEG aVEG Hc EG J CG d SCG dh
LhCG Jh J dP Hh ,Gg Hc e SG VGe Jh gbfh Y K
ee Qe c /QcdG Vhh : GfdG dG j Gdh . dP a ,dG g RYEG

. e c Jhe UJ gh ( -: )

b ,NBG dG Y Gh OG dG Y J dG fBGdG dG g Yh
MCG bhh ,afh eeh S Jh ,bO Y J g : Qe c QahdG
: a Gg j GDG
W hCG MCG KK CG MQ G j
G ZCG

MdG QGG

dG QGG

fEa Y CGJ dG IG GdG H dPh ,Ie dG G QJ MGe C

gcP OQh dG gGh MUG GSH dG jL f J eEH j
efG EG aVEG bdGh WdH jG dG jh ,IG dGh dG BGdG
. G LCG Y e

41

40

eG G
dG BGdG G QGWCG Uh

aVEG e Qe c QahdG MbG dG g dG g a eSEG aVEG g

Y FM a dG dG e U c EG LQ d .jj H QdG Gj c eSEG
. RYEG Lh J dG jdG jOMCGh jBG He Va LCG Y
. G jdG d jL a SEG e Ye Y J G PEH dG fEG

dBG Yh Sh Y G U fh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q G
: Hh LCG Uh

SeJ eH fGO e jeh jdG b FQ fL TQe QahdG g Ga

OdG dG DG H dG d ,jeCG IG jdH dOH SL
H da dGh BGdG dG QYEG Ve J d N bh ,edG
. dG g V dG e hCG

? g Ve ge : a GDdH CGH M
,Y1400 b jdG dGh dG BGdG cPe H bdG SGQO g YVe : LCa
. jG dG JcPeh

( : )

43

42
? GPe e : a
k : b
,Y 1400 b QGWCG g dG BGdG cPh ,QGWCG j fEG CG dG cP e
. , , j ba k dL ch
! ! . . QcO j LG : d a
? dJ dG dG Gg e ,LCG : b
(8 T)
dP AWCG SQ dG Gg
j fEG CG Y Gdd dG
k
,G GG Gg ec
k N
Z i``d O``````YG G``g SGh
. Y edG dG EG G

cG b AWCG CG j jeCG jQG AdG MCG gh Y Gg KCG Qf c

fEG CG hj Gfc - Y HdG dG GWh - Y SOdG dG ShG
k k N j
.(8 T) c LdG f CG G GG ec
k k N j fEG CG Y Gdd dG dP AWCG SQ dG Ggh
Gg ec
. Y edG dG EG G Z id OYG Gg SGh ,G GG
EG : Gda gAGQBG k L AdG Z Y edG dG dG cG H dh
k k N j fEG
dG gCG CG H LdG QhO gCGh ,cCG fC ICGG H ec
fEG CG j AdG CGH a Y SdG dG e h ,ICGG QhO Y HdG
. QGWCG j

45

44
? aU Gg jCG ,ASCH

, Y1400 b dG BGdG Qce Gg fL TQe Qahd b dd

. : a

, G d ebh dEG a . . . . . , , : j bh

? H GPa : b

: fS db Y fCGbh . . . CGbEG J : d bh

. V HShe Y Gk EG : j CG dG : b

( : * )

QGWCG g UJ e dG aY eh UdGh FbdGh QGWCG g e CG J fCG : b

HShG g Y dGh ,Gk L V HSh EG j Gg ,dc dG BGdG cPh
j CG H h ,Sh HMh HGTh eW Y J Gk L dY J jd j CG H dG
. H dG d jh ,b dG G e Gg
! . . . dP H a
e cCG j fCG dG NG She hCG VQG e Ve jCGQ d : bh
HShe h ILCG Y j . VGh IQdG j CG j h ,Ge Y
G HCG g J dP H K ,G Y e SQ g : f CG EG H a
. G QGWCG Y KHCG H cQh ,dG RYEH
g H j NCG gdG dG Y j IJcdG e Zh Qe c QcdG c a

: Jh fS G b Y fCGb K ,jEG dH jBG e LJ CGbh

( : )

: GJ KK d j CG Gg d : bh a
. aU j CG : hCG

. jj H gVhh k f jYh N e cCG d a

? aU J b UdG g c : bh
dGh ,Y H dGh ,f Gg : ASCG QGWCG d YCG b dG BGdG EG K
QGWCG g S fEG. dH dG Ac H dGh ,dG H dGh ,e H

47

46
. NGdG Jcdh LQG G d bdG dG BGdG Uh Y
: fL TQe QahdG db ch
G NGO dG MGG k jCG cDj dh ,LQG MGG T bGdG dG BGdG
. hUG AdG Y J FQ GMCG Y Gk cDe . QJh N AKCG
: GfdG GY dG

( 9 ) T

. a j dG AG Y S Ggh
.dG BGdG H Uh dG UdH NGdG cJ G f CG d H a : b
: dG BGdG b c a

( : )

LQG dG J H SGh eb dG ATCG V d Gf dG dG Gg

Md SCG W fCch QKBG SdG Gg jf jh ,if c k Se j fEG ,d
G g ,G fG j k Le k S ifh ,jONCGh NfG ifh ,G H
. S1 dW
c J b ILCG e S NGdG AGLCG f Lh e k Yb Vh fCG d
J b jG e Gk AL CG BG eeCG gdG dG Gg iSh ,(9T) VGh g
fL QahdG dje Gg - G g f CG fOQCG GPEG . H j NBG Gk ALh
? Z f CG ,J dG AG Y j Ggh ? g f g ? f GPe -

49

48
: GfdG dG
eCG H fGh ,gh hCG e b k aGQ CGH dG fL TQe QahdG g Gg
. GDG e jY HCG d k ue
AL jJ e dG ce IgX - IgdG g J jCGQ Y S eY
: dH LCG - dGh BGdG

. MdG fEG f
U EG MhCG b G CH AdG ADg j c J CG EG jdG eCG jW f
Y dje gS GW J CG gS AKCG jdG Yhh ,H dfCG k Hc Sh Y G
: J b c G Y e dG BGdG Gg CG

( : )
( : )

: a Gg d AL K
: fL TQe QahdG
gGQCG CG SCG ATCG e eJCG CG a SCG c c fEG
SCG AMCG Y QJh LCG Y aCG CG SCG ,jdH
d HV c dG BGdG e LJ dG dG aCG CG
edG IdG d f f fCG VaG GPEG . b e eCG
k
UCG CG SG d ATCG k UGhh dG M J Y
k
dO
iQCG ,k S iQCG ,k T iQCG fEG . Uh dG ATCG
Sh Y G U OdG Gg e J M Y
fEa ddh ,e e e eG g j fCGh H dG
k
c a e
c dEG NdG CG e e Qj k T iQCG
. j CG YSH

50

:


( : )

SOdG G
HQCGh dG dG H G

: OSH QahdG

.jdG VY EG Ob Mh hCG dEG dEG Gg CG H aGhCG CG HU LCG fEG

: GfdG dG
. . . OSH .. QahdG g Ggh
QcdG bh ,Qe c QcdG Y VY ,GH HJ dG H jdG b FQ
dDe OSH a QahdG gMCG Ggh ,G Y dG j QGMCG AY g : Qe
e H dG g : k jCG VCGh ,AdG VGeCG Y dCG dG e OY d Qe
e Gk OY bh c jOMCGh jBG g EG QTCGh ,jdG dGh dG BGdG AL

( : )

52
G U G SQ jM M eb e KHCG V e ch ,GDG e OY dG
) : Sh Y G U G SQ b gh e GhQ dG Sh Y

Oe HG Y 3 jM 1 H QdG e hGQ

IQU a Of KdGh eG dG d IQU ddG IQdG iS c

j c BG EG k e HQCGh dG dG d IQU g gGf dG IQdG gh ,fEG
HdG SCG N h .(-10T) a fEG dG j OSH . . . QahdG
. (Qj-10T) gGf c IQdG J k e k ej HQCGh KG H
(10) T
M ( Qj ) HQCGh dG dG Hh ( ) HQCGh dG dG b LC IQU
.ffEG IQdG jQdG Gg H G j

G H d HQCGh K dH e GPEG ) : Sh Y G U SdG j ,jG h

. ( . . . eYh h gLh gHh S Nh ,gQa k n e dEG

55

54

HdG G
MdG QH LhCGh VGeCG QX
V e ch ,jG dH dGh BGdG bY M Ic k KHCG OSH QahdG b
: j dG Sh Y G U G SQ jM e eb e KHCG

(Uh 540/4 cGh ,4019 jM 22 H dG Le HG GhQ)

. H e AG Gg d j OSH QahdG GP g g

: OSH QahdG
H U d MdG Y G GdG g CG SGh f Y BG H G e

( : )

57

56
. Gk g fc J dG VGeCG g GYCH dP H X M H GYGPCGh
J VGeCGh ,a YW ,IjL VGeCG fEG Sh Y G U G SQ Uh
. ( aSCG J dG LhCGh YdG a a EG ) faj gh SdG H Jh
dG IgdG g jCGQ Y S eYh ,dG Gg Qe L d OSH QahdG
: OSH QadG b a KHCH QTh Y H WG
k c Sh Y G U Gk CG g H T dG jdG
j h ,Gk L k jOY LQ
k S 1400 e c fEG Y f fh ,k eCG bGdG c H ,j j h CGj
k eCG LQ

HhCG Y SGQdG e OY XCG bh .IOdG Ge OYh ,G Ge OYh ,AdG

VdG WdGh ,IOG G bd VdG H eg dOe bY g CG VH
. dY LQH hG G
cP b ,aG G SQGh ,YdG Z G bdG Wh Ff EG
. z RjCG Ve EG Gk e { k e cCG CG LQCGh S1400 e jG Gg
J dG LhCGh YdG a a EG H Gj M b b MdG X eh )
. ( aSCG e

SCG k T fCGh ,Y W GPh ,ge IQH bOh Y jH j

,iNCG G bdG ch ,gdGh G Z G PhdGh fG : MdG

VG bdG IjL VGeC VGh eCc RjEGh HdG f CG G JG e dh

QcdG e fCa dHh bO Ic ATCG g PEG ,aOe O Gg j CH iQCG CG

.d dG jd d dGh

. dG EG Ob Mh hCG dEG dEG Gg CG H aGhCG CG HU LCG Qe c

: GfdG dG
f dG MdG Gg Sh Y G U EG G Y e AL dG MdG fEG f
. G H

: GfdG dG
b b MdG X e ) Sh Y G U SdG b H HdG Gg EG GhfG
YCG e Hh ( aSCG e J dG LhCGh YdG a a EG H Gj M
Gg GYCG EG e fCG Mf dTCH QdGh fdG MHEGh PhdG MHEG e jeCGh HhQhCG

58
( : )

edG G
G CH SMEG cGe H BGdGRYEG
f M G IOH SLJ JLJ QcdG QGbEG e a M G g J
k H
. : Fb
. JOdG j fEG : dH GfdG dG Yh
JLJ QahdG fEG `g1404 Y VjdH edG OdG dG DG Gg c d
.H dG c Y BGh ,fjH e jT eL LCGh jdG b FQ SLJ
jdG jOMCGh jBG H Y VY eY SLJ JLJ QahdH U CGH
dc fh :d b Y LCG eYh ,jdG Y J G
. G QGWC bO UhCG jPdG SG c jd LJ

b EG jjCG H bdG G gh ,Y dG gh ,ddG gh ,dG gh ,idG a

. YdG

( : )

61

60
G j G j eY fCGh ,L QdG GH jadG Y EG S FHQCGh dCG
c G YCG GWCG M EG j QdH dG Gbhj M iNCG Gk OL d
: g jBG fh ,(11 T) a

( : )


EG dH G YCG GWCG gCG EG IQTEG g CG Y aGJ g
? S1400 e SMEG
b jW eR e aY SMEG Y ae g CG Y aGhCG f :JLJ QcdG
jh Gk jL Gk L G j L H bYh N MCG JQG GPEG fCG Qce fC dP
. CG hj
e EG . S1400 e G Y k ahe c fCG j Gg ,iNCG Ie
. Gk jL Gk L d G j ddh G j CGh H CH SMEG
M GPEa CH SMEG e g G dG jdG EG : GfdG dG

. dG g ce Y f CG jfh UhCG g f d H f : d a
Y H jdGY G eL dG d k LQN k IL je EG AL eYh
. HdG W Y dCS
fCG Lh Y H h ,eCG Gd JG CG hO LCG b c : bh d QYa
. d JcP dG UdG LJ
LCG Y He { IVG GY ch Qe c Qcd He IV d eb FY
? aJ g Qe c PSCG Y dCSh z q dGh BGdG
. G Gg jQG dG AY Qc e LQ fEG :b
J SCG e Gk OY dCSh .k jCG gfG IVG g Y WG CG Hh
: JBG GDdG eh H je e c
? CH SMEG Ga Y QdH G M KDj g
. CH SMEG Y eOh k Y G c GPEG f : SLJ JLJ QcdG
e IQTEG (dG BGdG) SG dG Gg fCG J CG j : bG/LG

63
c Ie H Ie G IOYEH edG j QdG G bj dd ,SMEG a fh G
: J b

( : )


: dP H dCSh ,jOMCGh jBG e Gk OY d fcP Ggh
? H Qe e EG AL b jBG g J CG g
. dP j CG :LCa
? AL jCG a :b
? dG g J jCG e fCG dCSCG dh ,H Qe e J CG :b
. Jh fS G Y e :d b
? G g eh :d a
jCGQ GPEGh ,G Y J a ,G jCGQ GPEG ,OLdG Gd dG fEG :d b

SMEG J dG dG jdG OLh j G W e (11) T

.G W IQGGh CH

65

64
! W EG LCa ,fjJ d
fEGh ,JSGQO YCG dG jdG Gg GhJ CG h
j CG H S 1400 e dG BGdG cP AT c CG ehCG
G U dG EG Mh ,dG FSdH JKEG h ,k U
U Gk CG H a HdGh IAGdG j j Sh Y
l
jW Y Gg dEG H d ,G H AL SQ
Sh Y G
,G g j CG H dG Gg ,T H Y dN e Mh

. C bdG M fCG YCG fEa ddh

.dG e dY LQO Y c dGh TdG Gg OGYE cL Y cTCG CG j Gk NCG
gG d ,Gk L U fc fCGh H G Gg ( DG Gd ) YCG dG GdG EG
jJh AdG IQjR dG dG eCH dh a dG fH d Gk c
( G SQ G EG dEG ) g IdG g YH cG AT KCG EG .IjL bGU
. k e UCa

dO bG g jJ IG jCGQ GPEGh ,dG U e fCG Y dO OLdG Gg dG

GPEG Ggh ,MdG U e fCG Y d T MdG jCGQ GPEGh . G U e fCG Y
MGdG dG U e fCG Y dP dO ,G HGdGh ,OLdG Gg MGdG dG jCGQ
. Jh fS
gBGQ dG IgdG g Y GVG e Gk OY dCGh OH EG OY K be Y aGa
.HW e N JGV H SCG fCG Hh ,Y WGh
RYEd N dG idG ddG SGh edG OdG dG DG Ye AL K
Kj G Zh G e IJSCG e Od jCG HQCG GW dGh BGdG dG
. dGh BGdG dG RYEG : IgdG g Y
: dG g j SLJ JLJ QahdG bh G g N h
BGdG e LH k e UCG INCG dG GdG
,HdG AdG GfdG GY dG YCG dG dG
GfdG dG e W dG Qe c QahdG GVh
GVG H a dCG CGh jfjdG dG EG LJCG CG

66
: FdG G Uh :GfdG dG

SdG G
fBGdG QNCG e fdG dG H HJ
: GRc OTj QahdG
. dG BGdG G cH Gk L KCe fEG
: GfdG dG
cW Ue je GRc OTj QahdG fEG fHdG dG UCG H j fEG
VQCG bHh ,AdG UHh G jGH UH G jBG e Gk OY Y VY dG
. AdH
e f fCG fNCG ,dhf eR Yh dG BGdG Y n dn CSh jBG g e CGb a
c H ch LCa . jBG g d VJ dG FG g Y f n dr CSh . Y 1400

( : )

( : )

68
: a gO Y Y dd . BGdG dG Y Vf H j HLEG
dG EG ,e eeCG AT a OLdG f YCG e dG j dG BGdG Gg EG
. Y N b AT g a ,dG Gg AT c ij ,dG BGdG Gg b
: LCa iNCG IQU fc CG j AdG H e dG edG IdG Y dCS
AdG k e BG if Gk ge k Fe k T BG UCGh Mh dOCG aJ d
.(12T) if c ,dG UCG g dG NdG Gg e J
: Yh L G b gh jBG Y VYh

( : )

( 12 ) T
e j gh dG e k QJ fEG .AdG S GWG CG H Gk NCG AdG Y M IQdG g
TG dG SdG EGh ,dGh dG jGH dG Nd AGG GWCG EG GhfCG .NdG
.k fNO c dG ch ,k fNO dP b fc G dG Ggh ,k e k T UCa SJh IOG H

OTj QahdG a ,V fEG da NdG Gg Y j AdG H EG

Gg eCGh ,Gk OQH j dG C ,NdG Gg Uh e Sj dG d CG GRc
.U OGe a J GRZ Y IQY NdG f . IQGG e k T a Ea dG NdG
Y IQY c dG J CG b ,dG e CGH dG NdG Uh Ggh ,k e jh

71

70
G jBG gh ,dG BGdG CGb CG H aY bh ,G Gg fCS fEG : b h
e JSG dG edG IdG g Y KHCG NCS fCG : CG e aY dH
. G c
: GRc OTj QahdG

Uh Y j a ,Gk QM c dch :b ,k e ch U OGe a J GRZ

. NO g f CG g Uh OCG EG H ,dG
. jBG e Y VY a j NCG Ggh
QGSCG eH j dG ,H jCGQ dG IgdG g jCGQ e : dCS Gk NCGh

IdG dG J SQj hUG dG ADg c bh

g IG dG cP hCG dG BGdG cP b QGSCG g e H GPEa ,dG

f fC IdG AGLCG g d fO fcQ d ,AdG

g if c ? H Qe e Sh Y G U EG AL dG BGdG Gg CG J
. k e IQhG

ddh ,AdG FdG AGLCG c if CG dG GSH

CG SCG fCG SCG HLEHh dG BGdG IAGH fCG YG
. dG d G k jW LCG
. . . Qj fS
k G ShDhQ j dG AYh dG AY g g fS
. dG dG Gd LE
IG g g ,IOG bdG Je g g ,Sh Y G U M g
. jdG j EG LCG Jh G Zh G J dG G

: GfdG GY dG
. H Qe e j CG ... : jCGQ c b
fEa dG BGdG CGj e eCG ,SGQO U AL Y cf AdG f fEG : bh
. dG Gd SGh IQU ij
f CG eT If dEG f CG H dG SGQO Gk jL k e aY fEG : b h
. IOhG FG dG dG g e dEG

72
( : )

ITdG G
GLCG jJh LdG
GLCG Jh LdG Y fBGdG GQTEG CH fhc QahdG jJ Jh
: fhc jdG QahdG j M
dh ,JKEG G e j bdG dP VhG jdG e Gk c EG
U db e J CG a J Vh BG jG dG FSdG
. S1400 e Sh Y G
dG AY TCG e fhc jdG QahdG g Gg :GfdG GY dG
H dG .LdG Y dG AY HcCG jd H AdG H TG LdG
. a bfh Y LCa Sh Y G U G SQ jOMCGh jBG e Gk OY Y VYh

( : )

( : )

75

74
. Y jdG eG e j CG h Sh
k fhc QahdG HJ H
: Fb
j CG -jCGQ - d c e ,S 1400 e k T jhdG AjdG Y j Th
FG e Gk c hCG UCG f d fc GdGh VQCG CG g H a j Vh
. g gbf dG iNCG
: GfGdG GY dG
k cPCS ,a EG e j CG Ua d j fhc QahdG c d
dP Y e
,k HS dG OH dM fc c e bf fh
. f :LCa ? Gk QfCGh JH dG OH fc g :d a
? Gg c e :a
dG G dG cGj G CG dPh VQCH e dG G dG : b
OH Jh ,dG J W k f k Hb dG IjL e bG GPEa G f Mj K
.Gk QfCGh JH dG OH cCG e dG

G e fCG f j ,GLCG ICfh LdG Fe e c dG EG :a

dP GcCG AdG C Y Q hCG H aY b Sh Y G U j CG
jCG a ,LdJ Gk L eeh Gk L Ie FSH VG dG GdG N - a ? H AL
:GfdG GY dG
k fhc QadG QNG d
e AL b j CG dG BGdG Gg CG Y dd e
jGd dG BGdG UH G g G dP ,Sh Y G U eCG dG Y
: J db dG Gd IMGdG

( : )
: e EG M

V.n p o `a e hCG be fc Y G VQ gZh gh SY HG b c

k fhc QahdG
Y G U Y e j CG Gg CG d jBG H e

77

76
. ehdG : QdG Y LCa
. NBG GDk S d Lf Gk PEG : a ,RBG e dG Y JQb ca
? Gk QfCGh k Lhe OS fCH NCG eh :d a
. MGH jCGQ jh k YT j G Lh GPEG dh ,Ua Lhh MCG GPEG j c d
. YCG e MH EG j CG Gg EG : b ddh
: g H bG g Y Y e be Hh
: fhc QahdG
H dG jdG g c Lh ATCG g c L d fCG YCG
k jgL ,eY dGh VQCG jJh VQCH J dGh dG BGdG
gcCJ BG h ,IjY H U g VhG jdG EG J CG
Ld G dG c g BGdG EG f CG e M EG h ,Y FSH
G e j bdG dP a VhG jdG e Gk c EGh ,dG

. Y M g f : b ? Gk QfCGh JH dG OH OS gh : d b
? GP :dCa ,H J dCe gh Y M g j c a
fK Ie dG G dG e MJ dG a ,CGH b G dG C :b
. dG OH e jdG WG e d jW gh G f
J dG dG UGdG e Y J e dP Y dOCG e EG : b K
fEG Ic dOCG d dP Y AdG dOCG e g .jeCGh HQhCG ddG G AT c
. Y M
acG e jW M H EG AdG dEG j fCG cJ dG Gg EG : d a
d Y Gk Qce Gg fLh b d SGQdG g e d j bO BG GNG Hh
. Y1400 b Sh Y G U eCG dG
: 60 jM18 H IcdG e GhQ dG jG dGh IdG Y b
. Gk QfCGh JH CG ( )
? Gk QfCGh JH fc dG OH EG Sh Y G U b e :d a

78
J CG a J Vh BG jG dG FSdH dh ,JKEG
. S1400 e Sh Y G U dbe
: Hc FdG G Uh :GfdG dG

IY jOG G
dG BGdG G Uh

*
( : )

Sh Uh dBG Yh Y G U fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G

: Hh LCG
,e k Yb h jNBG AdG H Y j AdG e P e dG a
. GjhS QahdG fEG
gG AdG e gh ,HdG QdG LdL AY TCG e GjhS QahdG
. dG dc
M d ,jOCG c Yh ,jdG Y Th jH SCGQ e b ,GjhS QahdG
,Y j dG jOCG FS Y j SEG C ,SEG EG c jOCG Y j a

( : )

81

80
ib SGH fJ G G H ,ZV ib SGH fJ jQdG G ,fcH
,G Yd Gk QhL d CG : g G e YdG H cG dG dh ,jO
,Qc VQCG G J dG adG dG G IOG Ea jQdG G dM
G dM dh ,Qhc G YJ N IOe k jCG g G G dM h
jH I fEa ddh ,NS dh G cd Se G JOe Ea G
e Ea ddh ,G YO gh ,G f jODJ fEa adG f Lh e dh ,bQ
.( dG ) STQG fb ah G YO g QhG
: GfdG dG
b hCG GQdG HdG Y c AGS L c T GjhS QahdG d T d
Sh Y G U SdG eR dG Gg j MCG c g dh ,Jh T fEG ,G
d VQCG S Y V c Y IQY Gf dG G Gg CG fEG Qj CG g ?
aGG Y J dG dG e Gk c EG . AdG Y QH j eh ,VQCG WH OGeG
c e Gg dh ,a YCG AG e EG G J dG Gg J gY dh

: Uh G Y j J Gh ,dG
( : )

GJ CG j ,Gk HCG jdG gCG j GKJ CG j : d b Ie hCG e dG eY

.c fdG
? GP ? QahH j GP : d a
. c dG SdG H G TCG J EG fC : b
SCG e FdG fSdG g hj GP WCG Mh SQGh Mh : d a
... a ? jO dCG ? Gg GP ? VQCG h VQCG Yh QdG h AdG jhdG
J fCG W jf dh ,c jdG e k be J fCG f f M iCG Y : d b
k G J CG SEG g e
, , , Y e if CGh hC
J J dG jOMCGh jBG Yh ,J SCG e Gk OY d La
g e dCS ,G Ve j CG e W e e ch ,Y j dG gGdG
? Jh T g g ? G T
k GjhS QahdG LCa
: Fb
. Se OGe e J G Gh jQdG G
QU e fe G G H ,SGQ OGe e k jgL fe jQdG a

83

82
OcCG FQ BG gh ,SH fGa g c jdG MCG ,dG eG e c Y
Gg j GPe ,JQc eR jeCG Fd dG QG dP b ch ,jeCG dG
if c ( 413 ) U dch ,Jdc fCGh G T H ( 488 ) U fEG ?
(13 T)

? VQCG IdG J QhO n dn CG G Xh Y - GjhS QahdG - dCS eYh

LdG AY e Gk c fLa Cfh f fNCa ,Gg dG j BG EG : a
Le gh z VQCG { ; dG Gg UCG ADg eh ,dG EG GG H Y j

dG Gg h ,dG dG FZ QG h ,dG Gg c U AL G
: j G Xh Y c b Gf KKh Nh FHQCG U Vh dG
. VQCG Ib J Gk c Gk QhO d EG
: J b Y 1400 b dG BGdG Qb dG Ggh
( : )
( : )

( : )

:



? GH Sh Y G U Gk NCG a

e jCGQ dG Gg jCGQ e PSCG j : d bh GjhS QahdG EG GDdH LJ K

( 13 ) T
AGh VQCG S a RQdG g e UCG AG j M G T j SQ
.k e Jdc VQCG WH FdG g e cCG

84
dG eCG ,QGSCG e dG Gg Y IG jdG dGh dG BGdG jM IgX
? edG Gg EG dG j
: dH dGDS Y LCa

IY fdG G
aGLh fc QNCG

b e c EG M YCG fEG ,k jJ e Z Gk L Gk L k eZ hj fCG YG

.aGhCG fEG ,MH Gk L jL dG Gg Ea ,k U
: GfdG dG

Uh dBGh Sh Y G U fh fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G

: H eCG LCG
ZdG RYEG aj h dG H j jdG Y jdG GH G J a
? eY Gjh HdG dG Gj CG Y j g . . . ? edG Gg
j e iNCG dOCG e bCa c LCG MQh MQ b Jh fS G CG CG
. gQYh eRCGh Jdh SLCG NG Y c jd
QH QahdG G g e
Y aTCG dG dG FQ c ,jeCG IG jdG LdG AY TCG e

U Y G dfCG dG dG Gg Gj CG ,Gdj CG AdG j GPe

L Ea ,dG dP Y L EG hCG ,iH Qe EG dG Gg Sh Y G
. QGSCG g Y k T j Gfc e AdG
Gdj CG EG Gk J Ghj CG fEG ,dP Y k T J c jdG EG
EG H MhCG ,Jh fS G e Mh fEG f ,dG Gg AGQh g iNCG L e Gg
jdG e J FGO bH Ie Lh ,Sh Y G U eCG dG Y
. YdG b EG

86
VQCG G
0

31 e T
45 `dG
71 So H
86 G OGh

100

116 G dG
q e
133 IQ`dG
150 Y IH
154 aQJ e

200

209 jW IH

RYEG LhCG Y VYh e dG eY ,jeCG LdG d G MG

! . . gj c ,dGh BGd dG
VQCG e NCG cj dG BGdG EG d b eY e CGH d b cPCGh
dP EG IQTEG AL c .hdGh SdG H cG QGO M ,SG H b fCGh
: J db

*




*
( - : )

NCG JCJh ,bCG JCJ fOCGh

300
395 G dG

400

,dG IjL EG VQCG bCG CG ( VQCG fOCG ) e EG GgP Y G GVQ hGh

. Ic e j e MGdG dG ,dG BGdG Ggh ,Oe k jCG dG G dh
QG a QGO dG G f g fCG fLh VQCG e NCG SQO eYh
. . . QH Qahd Gg b a .( VQCG fOCG , hdG Z )

dG S ie QeCH dG

(14) T

HhQhCG We d cj NCGh ,G g e NCG g Ic We .. : b

. jeCG Weh

89

88
: dH Gg H N K ,LdG Y RYEG M IgdG k H b
QOCG h ,Sh Y G U eR SdG Y c dG dG iG YCG fCG
VGG dG iGh dhCG GMCG Y f c eCG c GPEa ,Gfc Y ie CG
BGdG BG Dhf dG dG Gg CG T a ,feEG g a d dGh Y Gfc dG
H j GP g gh ,Sh Y G U EG H MhCG b dEG dG e Qf g dG
: dG jdH
d G IQG jQJ H b d : QH QahdG
GPEG ,c IOL AfCG OQh b bGdG c GPEG YC ShCG
OYG j Gg Ea dG BGdG dG Gc S g j
V jOe Sh Y G U N e SQCG b G CH
QGM EG f fEG ,jG eRCG a gcG Y e
.VQCG Y dG BGdG dG Ve V e
IG jdG UG Y LdG YCG e n Yn Gg f : GfdG dG
TY d ,G d Vj e EG LH dh jh jh j CG OOj jeCG
jOCG c C ,cG g CG H ch ,dGh jdG H ce bdG dch HdG

YJQG a GL Qe e a dP e fcCJ b f QcO j : d a

IdG QGOCa ,e NCG d j G g Gg ,H eCG Gk PEG : a ,VfGh
ij H GPEa SG H b gh IOG G Y f Lhh - G - H VQCG
. . . VQCG Lh Y e NCG Y k He jG J e N b k S
g Y jh jG j NCG K ,U c Gg : bh YH dP H K
.(14T) c dG e NCG fEG jW IH J dG G
. G dG fH dG e NCG : j bGdG Gg EG : QH QahdG
VG j dG BGdG Lh eY QH QahdG gfG d : GfdG dG
SQCG c,VQCG WH e G LN c ,AdG N ,CGH c VQCG N ,CGH c
dG VQCG S j c K ,GMCG g KM c ,JdG LN c ,G
M c ,VQCG H dG GMCG j K ,gGX e Y e jh G jh
VQCG M Y S eh ,dG OH M Y S e jh H ,dG Ij dH
. . . G d jh ,VG d jh ,VG d j Y dG Gg : a
dh ,hj e j dP H K eCG hCG jOOe j ,AdG e c dh

90
. SdG aCG e d EG SEH Sh Y G U Gk G H eh auMo b
: jh Fe AS

IY ddG G
Gh QdG dG FG
Hh LCG Uh dBG Yh f Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G
. . . g QahdG g Gg
Y e KHCG V G jdG gGdG H jd jH MQ e LN
. dGh BGdG dG RYEG
. jeCG QdG AY TCG e : g Qahda
H UdG H J dGh ,dG H J dG jdG gGdG e c Y dCS
. QdG LdLh QdG H k jCG J b dGh ,dG dG Hh dG dG
H FG LGG Yh ,G QdG H FG LGG Y dCSh ,c Gg Y dCS

? jO Y H fh J fh SdG ADg e S ch
UQ EG ,QdG EG hj h FG EG hj fEG ,gCG FH j dG EG : bCG
k G SCGQ j dG Gg Ea ,dG dGh dG Gg g dG SEG
J G d LE
e EG J Y SdG G a dG IdG EG K ,Sh Y G U G SQ Sh
J dG gCG H j dG jG g EG K . Vh b EG hH SdG EG . EG
. M Cq G j h dj gh ,fhj dG dG Gdj CG Y gAY
G fBGdG IH ajh hQj ,G g e c gS c g gh
. YdG b EG IOG

93

92

,jje jCGQ hCG e eCG j jBG g d Vj gh hG c d

: J db J dj Gfc jG QL
( : )

dG c X b c d ,QdG H J dG B G RGdG g jCG Q c

: GRQH jCG Q

LGG d VJ eYh ,H j ch ,c Gg Y dCS ,QfCGh QdG e

QH fEG ,Gk MGh Gk H dG ggJ c d G QdG CG d Vh G QdG H
. jdG g if c .adGh MGh ,IQGG LQO J ,

jH c H j LM ch ,jdG dG H LGG k WN a if M
g ,cCG HhP Hbh FG AMCGh ,adGh MGh IQGG ,H a
FG G e AdG bCG CG H dG GH 1942 Y aY e hCG IQdG
k
G Hh SG HCG dG H Ua
Gk M VJ gh ,QdG FN SGQd QdG
a if QW L e gh ,QW L Y g e IQdG dG SdG ,WCG
gJ eCG Gg ,H j FG dG H dH e gh ,UdG G Lj c
e gQSGh SGQOh YdG QbCG QHh ,VGh M BG UCG dh ,QHCG
dG H jdG OhGh ,jdG WG g QJ CG YdG QbCG g Ho
. (15T) G

200
400
600

800

10.00

1000

11.50

1200

10.00

1400

,jQGG UH YdG QbCH dG dG dG Gg if c ( 15 ) T

b QRCG H Hh a QRCG H H if c , GdCH QdG a
a dG ,G GdCG g ,NCG EG H Hh OSCG H Hh
Ae
k EG iJ dG S Y bh d dh ,QdG S Y IQGG LQO NG
. jG dHh SGQdH EG iJ LGM fEG ,Gh QdG g c k bQRCG

95

94
. RYEG jBG Jh ,fEG Y jh ,dG JCJ c eCa
Lh jdG K ,gZh jBG g Yh ,gGdG g Y g QahdG e J
: dG GDdG d
dG ,jdGh G FbO J Y1400 b df Uf ? IgdG g jCGQ e
?jCGQ g a Fbd k e H Gk gT dG dG ALh ,edG dP aj CG d
. KOG g e a
BGdG jBG OLe eG e dG Gg CG Gk L G e LCG fEG : g QahdG
fCG jd G e fCG YCG dh ,AL jCG e H YCG jW d
q dh ,dG
. GdG H e d e dG CGh ,a IOLe
UCG OYG JCj PEG ,H Qe e fCG k e fCG a PEG : LG
? eG g Qe hCG
. G e j CG H h fCG YCG : g QahdG
: GfdG dG
G U G SQ b dh ,Sh Y G U Gk H G jCG dG dEG dG fEG k M

( : )

: J db QG CGQ gh : hCG CGdG

dG Gg N : ge e Gdb

. jh H e H j CG : j jdG e
. NBG Y gMCG j : CG z j { LM CG : RH H
CG : dJh ? j fCH Uj ch ? RH H j c : Gdb dG CGdG
.NBG Y gMCG H Yh L G f bh ? RH Hh j c ,N ge e
,G Y j dG e d NBG e Y GHh , j NG Gk PEG : Gda
. U Z dSG CH QG Y OQ dh
a ,jCGQ c H e H J QdG f ,FbdG g ch dG g Aa
,HCG dG e NJ G eh ,WCG G e NJ HCG dG
dG EG jdG e c Ae a j RdG Gg : Fe LQH Fe RH Hh
Ae NO GPEa ,a Nj dG dG e fjh FN j dfG AKCG dh ,NBG
HCG dG Ae EG G Ae NO GPEGh ,G U NCG G Ae EG HCG dG
.NBG Y gMCG j a ,HCG dG U RdG Gg jQdH NCG

96
) : Sh Y

IY HGdG G
Gh QdG YCG

. (

BGdG Fa QdG GhQ) YdG b EG jd dG ah ,IG a Mh fEG

. ( Ijg HCG Y4981 jM 1 H dG

Uh dBG Yh fh fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G

: Hh LCG
NG Y SdG aj ,YdG b EG IOe bH Ie fBGdG IG Ea
PSCG a ijh ,j e AGdG hdG a ij ,gQY NG Yh ,JaK
. je eG
hGQ OSH LQO QahdG g Gg
dG ,IH jdGY G eH BG PSCGh ,QdG LdL Y PSCG fEG
S gfa ,dGh BGdG dG RYEH G jBG e Gk OY Y VYh H

( : )

AGG TCG

FG TCG

VJ c .dd G dG H dG BGdG jBG e CGj gh ,iCGQ h

jOGdG Le

13-2 GdG

83-14 GdG

jdG Le

jdG Le

&jhjG
QGOGdG

AGG TCG

FG TCG

dG a TCG

eL TCG
cEG TCG

fdG TCG

dG a TCG

98

: G`M`dG

: J G b g Md

dG S

dG

UdG e Gh ,UGdG GSG CG H BG AdG aY dG g f : b

( AGLCG 10 e Se Y ) LG GWCG EG adG f

( : )

%100 f G G
dG Y dG bdG e

H
QRCG
NCG
UCG
JH
MCG

jdG ,Gk e KK EG jY e cCG dBG hH Uj CG j fEa ,QdG YCG

GPEa . dG Gg Y jJ jb We Uj G We DdDdG LCG e Uj

GNEG jH e %45 a
dG d AdG

,k M j CG Gk HCG e200 Y Y dG Lj M IjT YCG EG fEG UZ

GNEG jH e %16 a
dG d AdG

GNEG jH e %1 a
dG d AdG

: J b ddh ,dG QdG LJ IgX Y J jBG gh

( 16 ) T

fCH dG g Uh a ,H CG d

dG QdG cGJ dGh cGG dGh ,H a H cGe cGe

101

100

AdG dG LGG f : dG dG

: H CJ

,H Jh ,H dG a dG e j g Gf dG FdG da
G dG S EG FdG dG f GPEa ,hCG dG g ,dG X Ca
Y Gk jT dG c dG e M GPEG if ddh ,k f YCa G S Y fG
FdG dG j K X j CG ,TCd k Y j Gk PEG a ,G S e M
: b j g dG h ,SCG EG

. W H W GdCG ANG f : hCG dG

Y b

S b

GdCG EG RJ AG EG FdG dG f GPEa ,GdCG S e e FdG da

MCG dG a ,AG YCG FdG dG j M ( 16 ) T if c ,dG
Nh L Lh Gk e KK Y Y Uj k UGZ CG dh ,dG dG IdG QeCG
dG Hh . IOLe Z AGG TCG C MCG dG ij a Gj CG OGQCGh dG
. HdG dG if c ,JdG

. IQGGh AdG a Lj dG : a dG eCG

UCG dG UeG CGj Gk e 50 ae Y

. IOhdGh dG a Lj dG : a dG eCGh

NCG dG UeG j e 100 Y Yh

dG dG H Ua e Lj dh ,JUh FN GdG jh
.dG dGh

. QRCG dG UeG j e 200 Y Yh

M jdG H j dG ,dG G 1900 Y EG j NGdG G Gg

Qe d H ,YCH iJ WG g SCG EG M dG CGjh ,dG dG Lj

Gk e 50 Y Y J UCG Xh ,e100 Y Y NCG dG X GPEa

. H a H X a ,JdG dG Xh ,MCG dG X bh

103

102
BGdG dG RYEG IgX ; IgdG d hGQ PSCG j J g e : d b K
? Y1400 e FG H Sh Y G U NCG c dGh
: hGQ QahdG: a
dP Gk OLe c aG e dG Gg CG Vf CG dG e
Ia hJ ATCG H dh - jg S 1400 e bdG
ddh ,Gk L U eCG c H ATCG g Uh C- eY
OdG fEG j ,k H k jH k Y d Gg CG cDG a
a a ddh ,dG e QdG dH gGdG g j CG
Qe e eG AL d fEG QN d bQN Ib
.d QN
dG ie d L e dG Gg Qe j CG H f : GfdG dG
. jdG bdG a dG a fEG ,gAGQh fEG ,hGQ PSCG j c dG ie h
dG c fEG k M ,dG GOLe e OLe c e Gg j CG j CG jj fEG

. a QGSCG jh dG Gg jh dG g j

gcP AL dGh H a H cGJ dG dG g L e Qj Ad

: J db
( : )

. . .

dG dG H j dG hCG G ba ifh dG if dG SCG ff GPEGh

,NBG e G Gg a e CG . . . . dG dGh
a H X , ba ..
. . dG S Y j dG gh

H a H W GdCG Xh LGG g X ,H
.
,k T i``J a aG ``g EG J UGdGh ,jT ``X WG ``g
Y G U Gk NCG a .jW iJ M IAVEGh Ad Qe Jh
? jBG g Y Sh

QdH G jBG e Gk c e VSG K ,hGQ QahdG Y KM Gg c

. J h

105

104
( : )

IY eG G
``dG ``dG H j``dG gG``dG
fBGdG jBGh

: d IOT H IOT AdG GOT aJ Ggh ,Jh fS G Y e fEG

IOG dG gh G gh idG a a bU gH j QdG Gg EGh ,idG Gg EG
. YdG b EG

BGdG dje cDj G dG CG GfdG dG fGQCG d : QjhT QahdG

. dG AdG j e M g dG e jY e dG BGdG OQh eh ,dG
: GfdG dG
LCG Sh Uh dBG Yh fh fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G
, Hh
QdG Ad Ihf H dG HdG fG QdG AY e QjhT QahdG g Ga
H jdG gGdG Y IV dCG CG e Wh IH jdGY G eL f
. fBGdG jBGh dG dG

( : )

107

106
EG J CG c Ihd dH G e fCG YCG ,dG AdG j e M g dG
H bdG cCG f fh fWhCG EG OS k L fCG KGh fEGh ,CG L e AdG
. NBG fL jOh ,fL Y g d QdG Yh jdG
: GfdG dG
e Af CG dh . Y1400 b dG BGdG cP b dG AdG j e CG j
? H dEG MhCG dG e ? H Sh Y G U Gk NCG dG
e hCG QdG AY e hCG dG AY e Gfc AGS fY AY aj dG dG fEG
e dG fY AY aj dG dG e CG e hCG LdG AY
QjhT QahdG EG . IG jdG dG dEG QTCG hCG dG BGdG gcP dG G
. eCG Gg Y j Se S CG H K H
: QjhT QahdG a
,NBG fL jOh ,fL Y g d ,dG H EG j SfCG g d
; Gk L Y ``n `o H , ``n `o H dG f dj fEG ,MGh G hj k L dh
. dG Y Y c jBG ```H ,Gk L IO ```H

. IVG g Y j dG dG QjhT QahdG bh IVG dCG CG Hh

: QjhT QahdG db a
QbCG fEG bCG CG OhCGh ,eCH GfdG dG Y gdCG dG IVG Y YCG CG OhCG
c dH M ,k e j CG AG j Gc Y LG QWEG IVG g
CG jdH HbCGh ShCG IQH GQCG CG k jCG dh ,Y g c a d dG iQCG CG G e
. jdG QWEG GQCG CG
: GfdG dG
H FdG IdG J Y j fEG ,dGh jOCG H bdG j QjhT QahdG NCG K
gfG dh ,fdG dG IObh jdG dG IOb H VGh aJ a ,dG Hh c jOCG
. Y1400 b dG dG Gg gcP dG FG Sh ,dG BGdG jBG S eY
: QjhT QahdG
dG c GPEa ,jdG e k T NCj CG j dG EG j IOdG CG Ic jOCG
CG GfdG dG GQCG d ;k e hJ jd g ,j CG jdG Y Ea j
BGdG dG e jY e dH OQh eh ,dG BGdG dj e cDj G dG

109

108
: GfdG dG
e UN Adh ,k L Sdh k L d Gg sj CG VHh k L dj fEG
. dGh jdG H G bdG d dh IgdG g Gd Jd Hh dG
j CG H h ,j CG H k U j dG dGh ,jdG e S dG jdG EG f
. SEG eCG g c dG dG Y dG jdG


) ( :



) ( :




) ( :





*

) ( - :
. dM e dG f CG feCjh . . . dG Y j jdG
k G SCGQ j dGh
. . . G jdG Gd LE
jdG H adG H ,dGh jdG H AdG Y ,G PEH jL Y f Ggh
. dG Gg gCG j H edG Gg Odh dG d ,dG dGh G

) ( :

110

IY SOdG G
dG Y FM
Sh Uh dBG Yh Y G U fS Y SCGh UCGh dG Q G
: Hh LCG
: J b d MQ dfCG b dG BGdG dG Gg CG d H Jh fS G Ea

* ) ( :

BGdG Ga ,edG Qhe e Oj e AfCG e ah ,YdG b EG c jd l cP a

: J b c ,G H df a jBG ch ,G H f dG

) ( :

113

112
. . e c hH f e g b K , Ge HQCG dG
! a j h VQCG EG ah jZ Y jG CG AdG j ddh : b
: J G b fca
( : )

? Th ha AdG g g dCS K
. . : b

AdG aY e dG dG Gg ,dG dG SG AdG Y ha e a Y J fEG

aG H ch G EG e ae ch AdG f NCG d ,Gk NCG EG
J CG a fe dG g C ,hm e gG c dG Rh CG Ld NBG G
d GJG Gg j dh ,dc J CG j dGh . jhe fL c e Y dG
. Th J a Mh dG
: GfdG dG

: Yh L G b ca

Y ie EG dG JQG GPEa ,Jj dGh ,G n r Yp jBG a ,Y ah : CG

AL b jBG g CG GY ,jBG J dEG QTCG dG dEG G Gg Gj CG e G
cCG GeJ GPEa ,iNCG jBGh ac GhLh dP e cCG dG J GPEG K ,G Y e
Y e dG BGdG CG d cDj e hj dG Gj Ggh ,iNCG jBG e GdG cCGh
. Jh fS G
. . . heQBG QahdG g Gg
ge e gh ,Sf jeCG AdG dch j ,jeCG dG AY ge MCG
. dG J G fdG jBG e OY Y dCSh H dG ,FY
? sJ c jG Y dCS
e Gk OY bCG d H ,gcG d ,VQCG Y UdG c fJ c KMCS : a
fhdEG e G G a G UdG EG .d bCG e KE QdG
bd HM Yh ,bW EG j Y c IQP G g J d , fJhHh
HQCG dG YG bc J CG j eRdG bdG CG fLh jG IQP jd eRdG
YG g c ,G h MR h OQY h dG h dG h VQCG bW d ,Ge
YG bW e bW EG H ,jM IQP jd bW J cCH dG

115

114
Va ,Ic ae H RhJ CG J h Y dG hCG AdG J dG jdG
NGO dR dh ,IjL ae fLa S HH jdG HdG g Y
: Yh L G b ca . OhG

( :)

. dG aM EG UdG Jh AdG OL Y dc e Kh
? dG aM EG GUh g

*


( : )

. dP Y aGj gh jBG d fcP M d cP c ,jBG jf fh Gg c

fEG SG CG H jG dG Y FM H jCGQ b GP fCG g : d b K
jCGQ K jCGQ b GP fCG g ,eG g cGh AdG Sh jQGdGh ILCG g
: LCa ? Gg jCGQ a Y1400 b dG BGdG Uf AL c
: heQCG QahdG

. dG aM EG Ud ce f : b
dG g NGH dR e fCG fh k e a dN e f K ILCG f fEG
? aG EG f
: J db e YCG fCGh
( : )

KBe fEGh ,g bJ CG e a aCG ```X U GDS Gg

f ,aG EG f : d j gh ,fdG Ad jR g dG g c EG
. jdG EG

dG Y e He hJ dG HdG H CG c Gk L
H jdG jQJ k aGh k Y d ,QfCd e IQH jG

e ATCGh QdG Gg j M AdG HdG ebEG f f ddh : b

HdG EG ,jDhdG g Hh H dG FGdG e VQCG Y IOLG jG gGdG

IFS fc b hX Y j IQU Y dG

117

116
,jL Y GHCG Y AdG ADg e G GAdG e jCGQ ch fgT c fEG
H j CG PEG .G jdGh G dG dh ,dGh jdG fJ Y dG Gg
Gk HCG ,hdG Y G AY Qb e Ggh ,VQJ H j CG h ,bJ
dj Gfc GPEG ,ge h dO b YT M e b Y M bJ CG
e gCG Gk Y sdh ,U Gg : f f da ,IQdG Y h AdG Y f
dG dG H EG dP j h ,jdGh dG H JG Y g Y j CG Tj dP
. jh jJ c e G M dG eSEG jdGh

jL jCGQe CG Y jRCG CG OhCG cCdH dh ,S1400 e

k
g j b . dG d
j b dP eh ,MH
,gjCGQ dG HdG d jOY jH Ic a AGQh a T
HLEG bCG CG dG g Y Vh j hCG f d dh
Y dH YG CG hO XCG e Y Ic c b d ,dP Y
k
Fe Y e
XCG CG c LGh e fEG .Y YCG CG JOQCG
bCG f Y Lh aCG Y bJ b GH fCG YCGh ,e
k
? a ZJ b dG HLEG FYEG e b

: GfdG dG
EG AL b Y1400 b G c f dG dG Gg CG Qsn`jo CG U eCG f
. AdG ADg J AGQh Gk Qe g CG H ,H Qe e Sh Y G U

( : )

119

118

Y e AL k M dOCG g CG j
. . . . . G SQ Gk CG j Ggh ,G
( Qe EG c )
Ggh ,G Y e AL k M dOCG g CG j
( Qe EG c ) . . G SQ Gk CG j
. . . G SQ Gk CGh G EG dEG CG TCG C bdG M
( SLJ JLJ )
J CG J Vh BG jG dG FSdG dh
( fhc ) . . . . S1400 e db e
c dEG NdG CG e e Qj k T iQCG EG ddh
k
( fL TQe ). . . . j CG YSH c a e
OTj ) . . . . BGdG G cH Gk L KCe fEG
( GRc

CGh G EG dEG CG TCG C bdG M

( SLJ JLJ ) . . . G SQ Gk
Vh BG jG dG FSdG dh
S1400 e db e J CG J
( fhc ) . . . .
CG e e Qj k T iQCG EG ddh
k
YSH c a e
c dEG NdG
( fL TQe ). . . . j CG
. . BGdG G cH Gk L KCe fEG
( GRc OTj ) . .

``````e

121

120

d jOY jH Ic a AGQh a T g j b
( heQCG ) . . . . gjCGQ dG HdG

EG H ,MdG Hh dG aG H N Lj fCG YCG

( S L ) . . . dG dG dSCG Yd MdG

b G CH OYG j Gg a Gc S g j GPEG
eRCG a gcG Y e jOe N e SQCG
BGdG dG Ve V e QGM EG f fEG ,jG
( QH ) . . . . LdG S

YCG ....dG BGdG jBG OLe eG e dG Gg EG

( `g ) . . . . G e j CGh H fCG

M g dG BGdG GdG e jY e dH be
c Ihd dH G e fCG YCG ,dG AdG j e
CG . Ic jOCG CG L e AdG EG Gg j CG
c GPEa jdG e k T NCj CG j dG CG j IOdG
hJ jd g . j CG jdG Y Ea j dG
( QjhT ) . . . . k e

dEG dEG Gg CG Y aGhCG CG HU LCG fEG

( OSH ) . . . . jdG VY EG Ob Mh hCG
dP Gk OLe c aG e dG Gg CG Vf CG dG e
,k jH k Y d Gg CG cDG a ,jg S 1400 e bdG
AL d ,fG QN d bQN Ib a a dd
( hGQ ) . . . jdG dG QN QOe e eG

123

122
Uh dh ,eY Ia hJ ATCG H dh ,jg S1400 e
d Gg CG cDG a ddh ,Gk L U eCG c H ATCG g

G aVEG

. k H k jH k Y

: GfdG dG

e j CG dG Gg EG : b e eh : GfdG dG

H FGdG IG g g ,bdG G IOG dG g g EG

. dG Gg AGQh
Ic a AGQh a T g j b : heQCG QahdG

La Y1400 b AGdG hdG a f .YdG b EG jjCG

Y G U dSQ H d Th HH aY k dEG k Y a

. gjCGQ dG HdG d jOY jH

ha fdG G T fY AY dG a jh ,Sh

fEG QN d Ib a a ddh : hGQ LQhO QahdG

. d QN Qe e eG AL d

,dG dN Y e fCH d jh ,dc dj ,dEG dG dP

. Sh Y G U SdG H dc d jh

dG Gg CH Qd Lh hH J e eh : GfdG dG

dG Gg CG j jCGQ e a AdG ADg e FW jCGQ bh

. dG Gg dN G e EG j CG

. H Qe e j CG

? eG g Qe hCG UCG OYG JCj Gk PEG : bG

: hGQ LQhO QahdG

. G e j CG H h fCG YCG : ig QahdG

bdG dP Gk OLe c aG e dG Gg CG Vf CG dG e

125

124
e AL k M dOCG g CG jh : Qe c QahdG
Ggh ,IY hb Hh k jM EG J eG g c C G Y

J Vh BG jG dG FSdG dh : fhc QahdG

. G SQ Gk CG j

: fL TQe QahdG

: a SEG IOT YCG e eh : GfdG dG

k
e
c dEG NdG CG e e Qj k T iQCG fEG ddh

TCG C BG bdG M fCG YG : SLJ JLJ QahdG

. G SQ Gk CGh G EG dEG CG

. j CG YSH c a

: GfdG dG

j e M g dG BGdG hdG e jY e dH b e

: Yh L G j ,jjCG H bdG IG fEG f

. dG AdG

( : )

. S1400 e db e J CG a

: QjhT QahdG

: OSH QahdG
Ob Mh hCG dEG dEG Gg CG ,Y aGhCG CG HU LCG fEG

,QGfEG jh IOdG j k jCG a dG BGdG Gg dEG H eh

. jdG VY EG

c jBG c J dG dG IOdG J g IOdG g Wh

: a JOT cCG e eh : GfdG dG

127

126
: J b c M H dh bh N d CG ,M Cf

.(230/2) c HG J fGh ( : )
,S Gg CH BGdG OYh e hG a e g jCGQ idG Gg
Sh Y G U G SQ jM j QdG a M HG Ggh
: dGh IdG Y a b dG

eY ej hdG Y AdGh ,k dEG k Y jBG a ,G

Gk OLe Gk jL k Y gCG jh EG Y e a ,G T
. dG Gg
:
( : )
. Sj Y c gC OJ dG IG fEG
:
( : )
: jBG g J dG jL HG j

jM 1 H dG BGdG Fa QdG GhQ) (

M a dEG j jfh Y j QGb j e N d

. ( Ijg HCG Y4981

.WHh Hc e bUh

j EG Ie BGdG Ieh : jG Gg T M HG b

cNCG e H HG jCG J Sh : j ( J Sh )

Y a ,H QNEGh ZHh HSCG IOd bNh edG

. (723/7 dG J) H

U Y j ,S fCG H NCG T a jh EG QYCG e

d CG : MGh Zh SY HG b : jBG g J k jCG c HG bh

129

128
. (157/4 c HG J) aBG LQN FH

. LS eh Lh eh Z eh M e f a : b K GYO

G jBG QXEG e OYG Gg CG eh : J dG bh

: Yh L G j

Y
p jJ BGdG CG dP Y a fhgjh fhS fCG h aBG
JOTh Z Y j eh e CG ,T T c Y g dG dG
k dP a
.(396/3 dG fG) Y e fCGh M fCG Y dO

( : )

ij CG a dG jdG eCGh : ihdG J HG SdG HCG bh

dG Gg IOG IG g CH Jh fS G e Yh Gg
Gg H J aBG L H IgX Sd k FGO S dG

SdG rsH dG MdG CG d j e dGh aCG jBG e OdG

. Jh fS G Y e fCGh G g fCG Jh ,dG BGdG

: J b c ,M G Y

a ,HQj hCG G H jBG g J hG U

cdG
O U jS : b

(189/14 J HG SEG T iha fCG)

g IOG dG BGdG H e Y c jh dG Ga
G bjh ,hG ah dG ah dG BGdG H fYh e

fCG h aBG G Y e fc eYh dG BGdG U

.(523/4 jdG a)

J db c HG bh
d S CG :
k k M dG BGdG c Y Mh JO
G SQ Y G Y e e

131

130
. dG eh fEG e Y dP a j : ddG
VG j ,AGS c dG Y Gh VGh VG Yp C

dG BGdG Gg H CGh dG BGdG Gg Ie CG bG LCGh

k ,eR H k eR OJ
.Y eh VQCG G j CG EG L H Lh

fCG ch ,c Gg Y TG Ha ,Jh fS Gh VGh

fY dG dG IG gh ,Le d QeCG a

FG H Y a fOGLCGh fDhHBG j c e BG fY jCGQ

hG c h fj G j H Le dCe d

*
( : )

: G Yd be Aa hG ah

jdG H RdG Y j Gfc ,fdG

Sh Y G U SdG H Yhh ,H dG BGdG Yh H ,fbj

k eYh eh Y g CG j ,fhgj h k NRH g CG j

h dG QdG X g CG j ,faj h G N

:LhCG KK J fdG QeCG g Y dG BGdG QNEGh

. H j dG BGdG c ,ghgj
a jo c ,ijo k H c d dG dG c ch
.Gk geh d k Fe dG UCa G c
edG j EG MdG e UGjh ,G N Y j dG f

bh dG eCH j dG BGdG Gg CG g : hCG

. VG G jGH
Y Jh dG Y j dG QGSCH j : dG
. BG bG

133

132
. QdG QdG gCG Nj CG EGh ,G G gCG Nj CG EG
: H e dG fEG N b Yh L G j



G jGH OBG

hCG
BG j dG G Gg

gfh

) ( - :

MdG Qhj e aj SdG ,J dG dG QeCG e c Gg

GJ H G Gg Y J jBG d ,gjCGQh fY a
*

) ( :

jCGQh ,iJ J dG G jCGQh ,iJ fc e dG dG jCGQ a

e eOdG QGWCG iS ,ggj MCG c eh ,QGWCG g c

,k M dG jCGQ c ,k M QGWCG J jCGQ c k M gGS ,JM b

QdGh ,k M G iS ,k M c Gg jCGQ c ,M dGh ,k M Gh
: Jh fS G b c dP iSh k M dG iSh ,k M




*

*
*


)(- :

? HdH CG IQTEHCG ? geh ? S dP H JCjh Y f

? h dH fEG


) ( :

MQ Q e

135

134
GMCG hcGj G G gCG j eYh ,G gCG M g Gg
: Fb a fdG *

*
*


) ( - :
: J b c e f e a e hCGQh G G gCG NO GPEG
* *
*
*
*

*

) ( - :

).(jQG CG : HGJCG YGc

H NCG dG dG f fCG dG H NCG dG FG g iS

.fY AY d YPCG dG GG
aBG d jh ,edG LGM jdH Rhj dG dG fEG

fJ dG dG Gg jBG g iS ,hj dEG dG e

,fCGh fc Y fJ dG dG Gg jBG jCGQ c ,k M e Y
.k M gjCGQ c
*


G dG gCG G gCG



) ( :

) ( - :

. . . k M Gg iS Gh EG
hj a QdG gCG eCGh ,k M hdG Y dG Gg jBG jCGQ c
: J b c ,k M QdG dc

137

136








) ( :

b ,dG f fGSh ,Qj fdG EG LQG : aj BG

) ( :

G M c iNCG jBG Gdbh ,Gej CG j ,dP j ,sjCG

? GdG Gg e MJj g

. Y Yh L

) ( :

) ( :

G UCG Oa QdG UCGh G UCG iOj FYh

dYh p r S e fSGh ,a e f hCG BGdG Gg f c d CG

: J b c QdG UCG

. GYG j M HfH GaYa ,dM Gg c e fQHCGh

. dG UC k a : GG a

) ( :

: Y G jh

e dG BGdG Gg G H fj c dG jCGQ b Gh f

139

138
. jFdG e G gCG e d ,H dh d

Lh g QdG gCG j fCa . . . k M jCGQ b fh G UhCG

: dG J IgT Fb H a

? k M dG Gg H NCG e Lh g ? k M HQ Yh e

( : )

d Sh Y G U Gk H G jCG idG dG g gh

( : )

: J b c ,dGh G SdH

Yh L G hjh bdG g fC eDG j FYh f

: djh

( : )

Yh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q Gh
. LCG Uh dBG

( : )
,dG GH edG LCG a
.edG LCG a ,IdG ,dG ,FdG ,edG LCG a
dG Gg EG gh ,fe fh Hfh Dhf dG Gg EG a

141

140

e Dh`J
hGh dG a c ,DhJ H g dG a : FdG
? fdG dH G jBG g
. BGdG Jh BGdG jhCJ Y BG CJ fCG : GfdG dG
: BGdG AL jhCdG
cGJ ah ,dCG GOe a CG ,dG : hCG G
SdG AYO j dP c c ,a HY d g C G
Yh jdG a dG { : b eY SY H Sh Y G U
c QdG U e hCG Gh 266/1 G MCG GhQ) z jhCdG
. (143 jM AVdG
,dG BGdG H f dG G ae jhCJ CG : jhCdG r uY e
: dj Zh dG jL Ha ,dG Y dG dG f g Ggh

143

142
? CdG Gg g a

dd NCd VGh ge jBa .dG gCG CG z jhCdG gCG jh {

k
: J G b e

.dG Y Sj b c dG g : g OG jhCdGh g OG CdG

fGNEGh HCGh eCG iCGQh a HCG Y bh ee jDhQ Sj iCGQ PEG
: b TY j H

*

( : )

( : )

j CG( j ) LM H CG ( RH H ) VGh ( j )

G Gk PEa .t`nn J JCJ jhCJ ch .jDhdG g CG ( jhCJ )

HY cGHh dCH dEG AL fBGdG

. ( : )

,e he G g J ,jBG g J ,jBG g e

,gha bh EG dG BGdG jBG e jBG g d jG L Ea ddh

,d Jge Y EG SdG j jBGh ,edG gS jBG g d
: J b c edG j hCG fdG AGS



( : )

dG AG Y O dG WCG GPEG e ( jdG ) N j ( e )

jG Y ee XdCGh cGH G g ,NBG Y gMCG
gh ,bGdG c ,M : gh NBG AT g d ,dG Yh
. jhCd dG G
c edG Qhe e EG FMh c J fdG FG e c
: J b
( : )

: Y J b e eh ,c H JCj CG

( : )

145

144
( : ) : QdG gC

G g UCa e af c G g g

. ( : )

da.dGh dG Nj dGh ,dG aeh dG ae GPEG

IQe Gk OL jd Ea dP eh . ee J dG g g UdGh
dG a GhLG jBG g e e gVQCGh Y G VQ
dG FG e OY jJ EG GUa gY Y H SCG dG
. acG b
k

: J db Qj Y G VQ SY HG : e

( : )

j CG b db eCG M c Gg n p o `an e e fc Qj
. Y FHQCGh dCH FG g SdG

AdG be Ea ddh dGh dG ae fEG . ? g e g aa

: e fh dG f ee G U CG g eCG Gg G

. ( : )

,ee dCGh a dG dh ,AGSG e f f

GaYh ,G GaY Y G GVQ HdG hGh ddG dGh
FG g `J eYh ,dG g f eh ,dCG GaYh cGdG
: J b c Jh G J J



( : )

gh ,cGdGh dG dG a : JCj jhCdG Gk PEa

a j e jBG H : dGh .L VGh dG Y ee
fCG h fCG Jch FM f dG BGdG jBG g H Ybhh
f ,YdG b EG VQCG Lh Y Lj e c h ,BG FY g e h
G fYh e Gg G Gdb G G gCG NO GPEG EG

G gCG jh dP hj QdGh ( : )

147

146

J e dG G g J e dG g e Gk PEG : FdG
? acEG
: GfdG dG
. SdG e c dCj k FGO GDS Gg
g Z e J iNCG Y c JCJ bh ,Y c AL BG
dG EG f . dGh G jdG UNh j dGh ,dJ dG
: Jh fS G c OLe
( : )

,dG a Gk ge k Fe UCG GPEG eCG ,k e IgGh jDhdH dP Hn a

k ,Jgeh jDhQ dG
: e
YdG QbCH Qsn jo Gk ge k Fe BG UCG jdG H dG RdG
j CG d dh ,FU J IgGh jDhda dG J a , Sjh
fCG gh G Gg H ,BG NCG fCa ! . . OLe Z RdG CH

jH dh j e jG e CG s`bn h ,Y L d c Gk PEa
gCG Gfc fC Gg j e Gk QOf ,edG Gg dG Y ce EG jb
eCG gh ,FGR AT fY UCG a BG f eCGh ,H gCGh L
aCG g H . . . ,e aCG fCG dP e dh AdG je CG Ige
. a fgT f dh ,dG g f Yh , YCGh e
J K G Gg k eX g ij e EG Nj T JCj CG e
b H K ,aUhCG e k H j CG ha ,G Gg U d
Gg U d a W JCj K ,d a G Gg GAJ
. dP d j M dG Uh dG hCG e MCG a G
, , , Gg d J a
Sh fbhS fC ,BG e QdG H YCG fS QdG H
d fG EGh aCH Gd , ? BG e aCG g a ,fe
. k ce

149

148

G j GP ,NBG DhJ g dG a : FdG

cG H EG dGh BGdG IQcG fdG FG Y
? d GZ
: GfdG dG
. dG dh ,SEG dh G Y Gg f
dG G CG S ,k Y S c EG LQ GPEG jG EG d b
Y g
p j ,N fCch dG FM Y j dG dG hCG hCG
. dG dG GH G jBG g H d e g e c pah ,Y
. dGh dH je aUhCG dG e Gk c iJh
,dG Gg gCG g Gfc G H jdGh dG IOjdG fc ea
. . dH dG BGdG geCj Gh ,GJ G f dh



( : )

d Gg GcJ GdG e Ia AL . jh j e MCG h

Gg CG jh dG j CG NCG fCa j H e Gg eeCG GP

Hc d G V Sa ,Gk ge UCG . . e fEG . k e d
: dG

( : )



( : )

Yh H f dG g dG dG dOCH FG M hCG k Fe c a
.dG jdG Y dG dG FG Y f a Gg

151

150
? jBG H SdG Y M j Gg g dh ,f fY dCG Gk PEa
d CG cG GPEG - G Z - adG C ibCG J G EG . : f
,H ALh gQU g QdG H k NRH g CGh ,OJhCc G CGh Gk QhL
Z dG g b dG C YCG dGh ,ibCG d G a
dH a dG BGdG GPe j h dG BGdG GPe Qj e
. VhCGh LCG IOdG
fEG SdG H b d Gg jJ Sh Gg Qb dG g k e CG d
J G Ea QdG cG EG dh ,Se d ZU ,Hg ,dsY
d a QdG Y J G CG G e C EG H ,Fb
: j G C FG

dG BGdG CG d j jdG EG CG

G g

( : )

? FG S dG a . eCjh hj QdG e gZh , jPGh

. H gZ a ,dH geCj G ? ij dG CG j dG
BG G f G QH GPEG dh ,G Fc f Gg a
. G AT EG S fCG ba
eh G AWCG e gh jeCG VdG MCG QcdG dP Y e h
G ) Sh Y G U G SQ jM CGb ,jQG dG AWCG
. dG eh dG QdG GhQ Y e ( AGO c e AT AGOdG
dG dP g a VGeCG H bY d T Y j jG Gk PEG : a
? YG RL : d ? VGeCG H bY d dG
GPEGh JSGQOh HQH a .YG RL Y AOGdG G KCJ a Gk PEG
fG IYb ,jeCG QdG e Z H jh ,d LJ dH
Sh Y GU G SQ gcP IOe g : jh AGQh jh j
AdG e Qb Ca - AdG c J - ATh . YG RL jJ QhO d
k hCG Gk c c AGS Qb CG ,jG Gg OG a j
Ra ,b
. AGOdG G e jb IFa j Gk PEG YG

153

152
MVhh fHh FG d QdG ot`n `n`a ,G g BGdG Gg EG CG
Y e dG BGdG Gg CH IOdG H j gjJh dG G c
bH a ,e Z cG CG e cG ;j e j G
. Fb Gh
Yh fS Y dGh IdGh dG Q Gh
. LCG Uh dBG

jG
85
91
97
105
111
119
122
141

aGLh fc QNCG IY fdG G

Gh QdG dG FG IY ddG G
Gh QdG YCG IY HGdG G
fBGdG jBGh ``dG ``dG H j``dG gG``dG IY eG G
dG Y FM IY SOdG G
``````e
G aVEG
e Dh`J

7
11
17
23
33
41
51
55
59
67
73
79

ee
`dGh `` SEG hCG G
G QGWCG fdG G
(CG) fEG N QGWCG ddG G
( ) fEG N QGWCG HGdG G
dG BGdG G QGWCG Uh eG G
HQCGh dG dG H G SOdG G
MdG QH LhCGh VGeCG QX HdG G
G CH SMEG cGe H BGdGRYEG edG G
fBGdG QNCG e fdG dG H HJ SdG G
GLCG jJh LdG ITdG G
dG BGdG G Uh IY jOG G