List of Nobel laureates

List of Nobel laureates

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize. Adolf Hitler forbade three Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), and Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939), from accepting their Nobel Prizes, and the government of the Soviet Union pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature, 1964) and L c Th (Peace, 1973), declined the award; Sartre declined the award as he declined all official honors, and L declined the award due to the situation Vietnam was in at the time. Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[7] Among the 826 Nobel laureates, 43 have been women; the first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[8] She was also the first person (male or female) to win two Nobel Prizes, the second being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, awarded in 1911.[7] In years in which the Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events or a lack of nominations, the prize money is returned to the funds delegated to the relevant prize.[9] The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World WarII.[10]

Laureates
Year Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Emil Adolf von Behring Ronald Ross Literature Peace Economics

1901 Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz; Pieter Zeeman 1903 Henri Becquerel; Pierre Curie; Marie Curie 1904 Lord Rayleigh

Jacobus H. van 't Hoff Hermann Emil Fischer Svante Arrhenius

Sully Prudhomme

Henry Dunant; Frdric Passy

Theodor Mommsen lie Ducommun; Albert Gobat Bjrnstjerne Bjrnson Randal Cremer

Niels Ryberg Finsen

William Ramsay

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Robert Koch

Frdric Mistral; Jos Echegaray

Institut de Droit International

1905 Philipp Lenard

Adolf von Baeyer

Henryk Sienkiewicz Bertha von Suttner

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Henri Moissan Camillo Golgi; Santiago Ramn y Cajal Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov; Paul Ehrlich Emil Theodor Kocher Giosu Carducci Theodore Roosevelt

1906 J. J. Thomson

1907 Albert A. Michelson

Eduard Buchner

Rudyard Kipling

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta; Louis Renault Klas Pontus Arnoldson; Fredrik Bajer

1908 Gabriel Lippmann

Ernest Rutherford

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

1909 Ferdinand Braun; Guglielmo Marconi

Wilhelm Ostwald

Selma Lagerlf

Auguste Marie Franois Beernaert; Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant International Peace Bureau

1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals 1911 Wilhelm Wien

Otto Wallach

Albrecht Kossel

Paul Heyse

Marie Curie

Allvar Gullstrand

Maurice Maeterlinck

Tobias Michael Carel Asser; Alfred Hermann Fried

1912 Gustaf Daln

Victor Grignard; Paul Sabatier Alfred Werner

Alexis Carrel

Gerhart Hauptmann Elihu Root

1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 Max von Laue

Charles Richet

Rabindranath Tagore None

Henri La Fontaine

Theodore William Richards Richard Martin Willsttter

Robert Brny

None

1915 William Henry Bragg; William Lawrence Bragg 1916 None

None

Romain Rolland

None

None

None

Verner von Heidenstam

None

1917 Charles Glover Barkla

None

None

Karl Adolph International Committee of the Gjellerup; Red Cross Henrik Pontoppidan None Carl Spitteler Knut Hamsun None Woodrow Wilson Lon Bourgeois

1918 Max Planck 1919 Johannes Stark 1920 Charles douard Guillaume 1921 Albert Einstein

Fritz Haber None Walther Hermann Nernst Frederick Soddy

None Jules Bordet August Krogh

None

Anatole France

Hjalmar Branting; Christian Lous Lange Fridtjof Nansen

1922 Niels Bohr

Francis William Aston Fritz Pregl

Archibald Hill; Otto Fritz Meyerhof Frederick Banting; John James Richard Macleod Willem Einthoven

Jacinto Benavente

1923 Robert A. Millikan

William Butler Yeats

None

1924 Manne Siegbahn

None

Wadysaw Reymont George Bernard Shaw Grazia Deledda

None

1925 James Franck; Gustav Hertz 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Theodor Svedberg

None

Austen Chamberlain; Charles G. Dawes Aristide Briand; Gustav Stresemann

Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger

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Heinrich Otto Wieland Julius Wagner-Jauregg Henri Bergson Ferdinand Buisson; Ludwig Quidde

1927 Arthur H. Compton; Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1928 Owen Willans Richardson 1929 Louis de Broglie

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Arthur Harden; Hans von Euler-Chelpin Hans Fischer

Charles Nicolle

Sigrid Undset

None

Christiaan Eijkman; Frederick Gowland Hopkins Karl Landsteiner

Thomas Mann

Frank B. Kellogg

1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman 1931 None

Sinclair Lewis

Nathan Sderblom

Carl Bosch; Friedrich Bergius Irving Langmuir

Otto Heinrich Warburg Charles Scott Sherrington; Edgar Douglas Adrian Thomas Hunt Morgan George Whipple; George Minot; William P. Murphy Hans Spemann

Erik Axel Karlfeldt

Jane Addams; Nicholas Murray Butler None

1932 Werner Heisenberg

John Galsworthy

1933 Erwin Schrdinger; Paul A.M. Dirac 1934 None

None

Ivan Bunin

Norman Angell

Harold Clayton Urey

Luigi Pirandello

Arthur Henderson

1935 James Chadwick

Frdric Joliot-Curie; Irne Joliot-Curie Peter Debye

None

Carl von Ossietzky

1936 Victor F. Hess; Carl D. Anderson 1937 Clinton Davisson; George Paget Thomson 1938 Enrico Fermi

Henry Hallett Dale; Otto Loewi

Eugene O'Neill

Carlos Saavedra Lamas

Walter Haworth; Paul Karrer

Albert Szent-Gyrgyi Roger Martin du Gard

Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount

Richard Kuhn[A]

Corneille Heymans

Pearl S. Buck

Nansen International Office For Refugees None

1939 Ernest Lawrence

Adolf Butenandt;[A] Gerhard Domagk[A] Lavoslav Ruika None None None George de Hevesy None None None Henrik Dam; Edward Adelbert Doisy Joseph Erlanger; Herbert Spencer Gasser Alexander Fleming; Ernst Boris Chain; Howard Walter Florey

Frans Eemil Sillanp None None None None

1940 1941 1942

None None None

None None None None

1943 Otto Stern

1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi

Otto Hahn

Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

International Committee of the Red Cross

1945 Wolfgang Pauli

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

Gabriela Mistral

Cordell Hull

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James B. Sumner; John Howard Northrop; Wendell Meredith Stanley Robert Robinson Hermann Joseph Muller Hermann Hesse Emily Greene Balch; John Mott

1946 Percy W. Bridgman

1947 Edward V. Appleton

Carl Ferdinand Cori; Gerty Theresa Cori; Bernardo Houssay Paul Hermann Mller Walter Rudolf Hess; Antnio Egas Moniz Philip Showalter Hench; Edward Calvin Kendall; Tadeus Reichstein Max Theiler

Andr Gide

Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee None[B] John Boyd Orr

1948 Patrick M.S. Blackett Arne Tiselius

T. S. Eliot

1949 Hideki Yukawa

William Giauque

William Faulkner

1950 Cecil Powell

Otto Diels; Kurt Alder

Bertrand Russell

Ralph Bunche

1951 John Cockcroft; Ernest T.S. Walton 1952 Felix Bloch; Edward M. Purcell

Edwin McMillan; Glenn T. Seaborg Archer John Porter Martin; Richard Laurence Millington Synge Hermann Staudinger Linus Pauling

Pr Lagerkvist

Lon Jouhaux

Selman Waksman

Franois Mauriac

Albert Schweitzer

1953 Frits Zernike

Hans Adolf Krebs; Winston Churchill Fritz Albert Lipmann John Franklin Enders; Frederick Chapman Robbins; Thomas Huckle Weller Hugo Theorell Ernest Hemingway

George Marshall

1954 Max Born; Walther Bothe

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1955 Willis E. Lamb; Polykarp Kusch

Vincent du Vigneaud

Halldr Laxness

None

1956 John Bardeen; Cyril Norman Walter H. Brattain; Hinshelwood; William B. Shockley Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov 1957 Chen Ning Yang; Tsung-Dao Lee 1958 Pavel A. Cherenkov; Ilja M. Frank; Igor Y. Tamm Lord (Alexander R.) Todd Frederick Sanger

Andr Frdric Cournand; Werner Forssmann; Dickinson W. Richards Daniel Bovet

Juan Ramn Jimnez

None

Albert Camus

Lester B. Pearson

George Wells Beadle; Edward Lawrie Tatum; Joshua Lederberg

Boris Pasternak[C]

Georges Pire

1959 Emilio Segr; Owen Chamberlain 1960 Donald A. Glaser

Jaroslav Heyrovsk Arthur Kornberg; Severo Ochoa Willard Libby Frank Macfarlane Burnet; Peter Medawar

Salvatore Quasimodo Saint-John Perse

Philip J. Noel-Baker

Albert Lutuli

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Melvin Calvin Georg von Bksy Ivo Andri Dag Hammarskjld

1961 Robert Hofstadter; Rudolf Mssbauer 1962 Lev Landau

Max Perutz; John Kendrew

Francis Crick; James D. Watson; Maurice Wilkins

John Steinbeck

Linus Pauling

1963 Eugene Wigner; Maria Goeppert-Mayer; J. Hans D. Jensen 1964 Charles H. Townes; Nicolay G. Basov; Aleksandr M. Prokhorov 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga; Julian Schwinger; Richard P. Feynman 1966 Alfred Kastler

Karl Ziegler; Giulio Natta

John Carew Eccles; Giorgos Seferis Alan Lloyd Hodgkin; Andrew Huxley

International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

Konrad Emil Bloch; Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen

Jean-Paul Sartre[D]

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Robert Burns Woodward

Franois Jacob; Michail Andr Michel Lwoff; Aleksandrovich Jacques Monod Sholokhov Francis Peyton Rous; Shmuel Yosef Charles Brenton Agnon; Huggins Nelly Sachs Ragnar Granit; Haldan Keffer Hartline; George Wald Robert W. Holley; Har Gobind Khorana; Marshall Warren Nirenberg Max Delbrck; Alfred Hershey; Salvador Luria Julius Axelrod; Ulf von Euler; Bernard Katz Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. Gerald Edelman; Rodney Robert Porter Miguel ngel Asturias

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) None

Robert S. Mulliken

1967 Hans Bethe

Manfred Eigen; Ronald George Wreyford Norrish; George Porter Lars Onsager

None

1968 Luis Alvarez

Yasunari Kawabata

Ren Cassin

1969 Murray Gell-Mann

Derek Barton; Odd Hassel

Samuel Beckett

International Labour Organization

Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch; Jan Tinbergen Paul Samuelson

1970 Hannes Alfvn; Louis Nel

Luis F. Leloir

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Norman Borlaug

1971 Dennis Gabor

Gerhard Herzberg

Pablo Neruda

Willy Brandt

Simon Kuznets

1972 John Bardeen; Leon Neil Cooper; Robert Schrieffer

Christian B. Anfinsen; Stanford Moore; William Howard Stein Ernst Otto Fischer; Geoffrey Wilkinson

Heinrich Bll

None

John Hicks; Kenneth Arrow

1973 Leo Esaki; Ivar Giaever; Brian David Josephson 1974 Martin Ryle; Antony Hewish

Karl von Frisch; Konrad Lorenz; Nikolaas Tinbergen

Patrick White

Henry Kissinger; L c Th[E]

Wassily Leontief

Paul Flory

Albert Claude; Christian de Duve; George Emil Palade David Baltimore; Renato Dulbecco; Howard Martin Temin

Eyvind Johnson; Harry Martinson

Sen MacBride; Eisaku Sat

Gunnar Myrdal; Friedrich Hayek

1975 Aage Bohr; Ben R. Mottelson; James Rainwater

John Cornforth; Vladimir Prelog

Eugenio Montale

Andrei Sakharov

Leonid Kantorovich; Tjalling Koopmans

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William Lipscomb Baruch Samuel Blumberg; Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Roger Guillemin; Andrew Schally; Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Werner Arber; Daniel Nathans; Hamilton O. Smith Saul Bellow Betty Williams; Mairead Corrigan Milton Friedman

1976 Burton Richter; Samuel C.C. Ting

1977 Philip Warren Anderson; Sir Nevill F. Mott; John H. van Vleck 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa; Arno Penzias; Robert Woodrow Wilson 1979 Sheldon Glashow; Abdus Salam; Steven Weinberg 1980 James Cronin; Val Fitch

Ilya Prigogine

Vicente Aleixandre

Amnesty International

Bertil Ohlin; James Meade

Peter D. Mitchell

Isaac Bashevis Singer

Anwar El Sadat; Menachem Begin

Herbert Simon

Herbert C. Brown; Georg Wittig

Allan McLeod Cormack; Godfrey Hounsfield Baruj Benacerraf; Jean Dausset; George Davis Snell Roger W. Sperry; David H. Hubel; Torsten N. Wiesel

Odysseas Elytis

Mother Teresa

Theodore Schultz; Arthur Lewis Lawrence Klein

Paul Berg; Walter Gilbert; Frederick Sanger

Czesaw Miosz

Adolfo Prez Esquivel

1981 Nicolaas Kenichi Fukui; Bloembergen; Roald Hoffmann Arthur L. Schawlow; Kai M. Siegbahn 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson Aaron Klug

Elias Canetti

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

James Tobin

Sune Bergstrm; Gabriel Garca Bengt I. Samuelsson; Mrquez John Robert Vane Barbara McClintock William Golding

Alva Myrdal; Alfonso Garca Robles

George Stigler

1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar; William A. Fowler 1984 Carlo Rubbia; Simon van der Meer

Henry Taube

Lech Wasa

Grard Debreu

Robert Bruce Merrifield

Niels Kaj Jerne; Jaroslav Seifert Georges J. F. Khler; Csar Milstein Michael Stuart Brown; Joseph L. Goldstein Claude Simon

Desmond Tutu

Richard Stone

1985 Klaus von Klitzing

Herbert A. Hauptman; Jerome Karle Dudley R. Herschbach; Yuan T. Lee; John C. Polanyi

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

Franco Modigliani

1986 Ernst Ruska; Gerd Binnig; Heinrich Rohrer

Stanley Cohen; Wole Soyinka Rita Levi-Montalcini

Elie Wiesel

James M. Buchanan

1987 J. Georg Bednorz; K. Alex Mller

Donald J. Cram; Susumu Tonegawa Jean-Marie Lehn; Charles J. Pedersen Johann Deisenhofer; Robert Huber; Hartmut Michel Sidney Altman; Thomas Cech James W. Black; Gertrude B. Elion; George H. Hitchings

Joseph Brodsky

scar Arias

Robert Solow

1988 Leon M. Lederman; Melvin Schwartz; Jack Steinberger

Naguib Mahfouz

United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces

Maurice Allais

1989 Norman F. Ramsey; Hans G. Dehmelt; Wolfgang Paul

J. Michael Bishop; Harold E. Varmus

Camilo Jos Cela

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama

Trygve Haavelmo

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Elias James Corey Joseph Murray; E. Donnall Thomas Octavio Paz Mikhail Gorbachev Harry Markowitz; Merton Miller; William Forsyth Sharpe Ronald Coase

1990 Jerome I. Friedman; Henry W. Kendall; Richard E. Taylor

1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1992 Georges Charpak

Richard R. Ernst

Erwin Neher; Bert Sakmann

Nadine Gordimer

Aung San Suu Kyi

Rudolph A. Marcus Edmond H. Fischer; Edwin G. Krebs Kary Mullis; Michael Smith George Andrew Olah Richard J. Roberts; Phillip Allen Sharp Alfred G. Gilman; Martin Rodbell

Derek Walcott

Rigoberta Mench

Gary Becker

1993 Russell A. Hulse; Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse; Clifford G. Shull

Toni Morrison

Nelson Mandela; Frederik Willem de Klerk Yasser Arafat; Shimon Peres; Yitzhak Rabin

Robert Fogel; Douglass North John Harsanyi; John Forbes Nash; Reinhard Selten Robert Lucas, Jr.

Kenzaburo Oe

1995 Martin L. Perl; Frederick Reines

Paul J. Crutzen; Mario J. Molina; Frank Sherwood Rowland

Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nsslein-Volhard; Eric F. Wieschaus Peter C. Doherty; Rolf M. Zinkernagel

Seamus Heaney

Joseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

1996 David M. Lee; Robert F. Curl Jr.; Douglas D. Osheroff; Harold Kroto; Robert Coleman Richard Smalley Richardson 1997 Steven Chu; Claude Cohen-Tannoudji; William D. Phillips 1998 Robert B. Laughlin; Horst L. Strmer; Daniel C. Tsui 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft; Martinus J.G. Veltman 2000 Zhores I. Alferov; Herbert Kroemer; Jack Kilby

Wisawa Szymborska

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; Jos Ramos-Horta

James Mirrlees; William Vickrey

Paul D. Boyer; Stanley B. Prusiner John E. Walker; Jens Christian Skou

Dario Fo

International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Jody Williams

Robert C. Merton; Myron Scholes

Walter Kohn; John Pople

Robert F. Furchgott; Louis J. Ignarro; Ferid Murad Gnter Blobel

Jos Saramago

John Hume; David Trimble

Amartya Sen

Ahmed Zewail

Gnter Grass

Mdecins Sans Frontires

Robert Mundell

Alan J. Heeger; Alan MacDiarmid; Hideki Shirakawa

Arvid Carlsson; Paul Greengard; Eric Kandel

Gao Xingjian

Kim Dae Jung

James Heckman; Daniel McFadden George Akerlof; Michael Spence; Joseph E. Stiglitz Daniel Kahneman; Vernon L. Smith Robert F. Engle; Clive Granger

2001 Eric A. Cornell; Wolfgang Ketterle; Carl E. Wieman

William S. Knowles; Ryji Noyori; Karl Barry Sharpless

Leland H. Hartwell; Tim Hunt; Paul Nurse

V. S. Naipaul

United Nations; Kofi Annan

2002 Raymond Davis, Jr.; Masatoshi Koshiba; Riccardo Giacconi

John Bennett Fenn; Sydney Brenner; Koichi Tanaka; H. Robert Horvitz; Kurt Wthrich John E. Sulston

Imre Kertsz

Jimmy Carter

2003 Alexei A. Abrikosov; Peter Agre; Vitaly L. Ginzburg; Roderick Anthony J. Leggett MacKinnon

Paul Lauterbur; Peter Mansfield

J. M. Coetzee

Shirin Ebadi

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Aaron Ciechanover; Avram Hershko; Irwin Rose Richard Axel; Linda B. Buck Elfriede Jelinek Wangari Maathai Finn E. Kydland; Edward C. Prescott Robert Aumann; Thomas Schelling Edmund Phelps

2004 David J. Gross; H. David Politzer; Frank Wilczek

2005 Roy J. Glauber; John L. Hall; Theodor W. Hnsch

Yves Chauvin; Barry Marshall; Robert H. Grubbs; Robin Warren Richard R. Schrock

Harold Pinter

International Atomic Energy Agency; Mohamed ElBaradei

2006 John C. Mather; George F. Smoot 2007 Albert Fert; Peter Grnberg

Roger D. Kornberg Andrew Fire; Craig Mello Gerhard Ertl Mario Capecchi; Martin Evans; Oliver Smithies

Orhan Pamuk

Muhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Al Gore

Doris Lessing

Leonid Hurwicz; Eric Maskin; Roger Myerson Paul Krugman

2008 Yoichiro Nambu; Makoto Kobayashi; Toshihide Maskawa

Osamu Shimomura; Martin Chalfie; Roger Y. Tsien Venkatraman Ramakrishnan; Thomas A. Steitz; Ada E. Yonath Richard Heck; Ei-ichi Negishi; Akira Suzuki

Harald zur Hausen; Franoise Barr-Sinoussi; Luc Montagnier

Jean-Marie Gustave Martti Ahtisaari Le Clzio

2009 Charles K. Kao; Willard S. Boyle; George E. Smith

Elizabeth Blackburn; Herta Mller Carol W. Greider; Jack W. Szostak

Barack Obama

Elinor Ostrom; Oliver E. Williamson

2010 Andre Geim; Konstantin Novoselov

Robert G. Edwards

Mario Vargas Llosa Liu Xiaobo[F]

Peter A. Diamond; Dale T. Mortensen; Christopher A. Pissarides Thomas J. Sargent; Christopher A. Sims Economics

2011 Saul Perlmutter; Adam G. Riess; Brian P. Schmidt

Dan Shechtman

Bruce Beutler; Jules A. Hoffmann; Ralph M. Steinman

Tomas Transtrmer Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; Leymah Gbowee; Tawakel Karman

Year

Physics

Chemistry

Physiology or Medicine

Literature

Peace

Notes

In 1938 and 1939, the government of Germany did not allow three German Nobel Laureates to accept their Nobel Prizes. The three were Richard Kuhn, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1938; Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1939; and Gerhard Domagk, Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1939. They were later awarded the Nobel Prize diploma and medal, but not the money.[7] B In 1948, the Nobel Prize in Peace was not awarded. The Nobel Foundation's website suggests that it would have been awarded to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, however, due to his assassination earlier that year, it was left unassigned in his honor.[11] C In 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak, under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union, was forced to decline the Nobel Prize in Literature.[7] D In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre refused to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, as he had consistently refused all official honors in the past.[7] E In 1973, L c Th declined the Nobel Peace Prize. His reason was that he felt he did not deserve it because although he helped negotiate the Paris Peace Accords (a cease-fire in the Vietnam War), there had been no actual

List of Nobel laureates peace agreement.[7][10] F In 2010, Liu Xiaobo was unable to receive the Nobel Peace Prize as he was sentenced to eleven years of imprisonment by the Chinese authority.[12]

References
General "All Nobel Laureates in Physics" [13]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25. "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry" [14]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25. "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine" [15]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25. "All Nobel Laureates in Literature" [16]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25. "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates" [17]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25. "All Laureates in Economics" [18]. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-25.

Specific
[1] "Alfred Nobel The Man Behind the Nobel Prize" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ alfred_nobel/ ). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [2] "The Nobel Prize" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ ). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [3] "The Nobel Prize Awarders" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ prize_awarders/ ). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [4] "The Nobel Prize Amounts" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080731233358/ http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ amounts. html). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ amounts. html) on 2008-07-31. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [5] "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080822184717/ http:/ / nobelprize. org/ award_ceremonies/ ). Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ award_ceremonies/ ) on 2008-08-22. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [6] "Frequently Asked Questions - Nobel Laureates" (http:/ / www. nobelprize. org/ faq/ nobel_laureates. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2011-10-14. [7] "Nobel Laureates Facts" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ nobelprize_facts. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-27. [8] "Women Nobel Laureates" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ lists/ women. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2011-10-11. [9] "List of All Nobel Laureates 1942" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ lists/ 1942. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-30. [10] Lundestad, Geir (2001-03-15). "The Nobel Peace Prize 1901-2000" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ articles/ lundestad-review/ index. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved 2008-11-30. [11] Tnnesson, yvind (December 1, 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureates" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ articles/ gandhi/ index. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved January 3, 2010. "Later, there have been speculations that the committee members could have had another deceased peace worker than Gandhi in mind when they declared that there was "no suitable living candidate", namely the Swedish UN envoy to Palestine, Count Bernadotte, who was murdered in September 1948. Today, this can be ruled out; Bernadotte had not been nominated in 1948. Thus it seems reasonable to assume that Gandhi would have been invited to Oslo to receive the Nobel Peace Prize had he been alive one more year." [12] "The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Presentation Speech" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ laureates/ 2010/ presentation-speech. html). Nobel Foundation. . Retrieved October 10, 2011. [13] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ physics/ laureates/ [14] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ chemistry/ laureates/ [15] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ medicine/ laureates/ [16] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ literature/ laureates/ [17] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ laureates/ [18] http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ economics/ laureates/

External links
Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (http://www.kva.se/en/) Official website of the Nobel Foundation (http://nobelprize.org/) Downloadable Database of Nobel Laureates (http://www.aggdata.com/awards/nobel_prize_winners)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

List of Nobel laureates Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=483410685 Contributors: -Majestic-, 119, 1969, 831mmm, 8thstar, A. Carty, Absynthetics, Aditya, Aecis, Ahoerstemeier, Akriasas, Alansohn, Aleph-4, Ancheta Wis, Anonymous101, Anthon.Eff, Apoorv.sharma, Arievoorman, Avala, Avenue, Avitya, Ayush Awasthi, Bart Versieck, Bartemovych, Batmanand, Bdentremont, Bduke, Betacommand, Bignoter, BillFlis, Biruitorul, Brennhaut, Brian0918, Bunyip69, Bwsmith1, C.Fred, CT Cooper, Caiaffa, Camerong, Camptown, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carl Daniels, Challenger440, Chalst, Chick Bowen, ChrisfromHouston, Chrishmt0423, Cocu, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Cornellrockey, Courcelles, Coutasji, DRHagen, DaL33T, Darkspots, Davshul, Dawnseeker2000, Dekisugi, Denisutku, Dina, Dissident, Dom Kaos, DoubleBlue, Dresdnhope, Dwab3, Easter Monkey, Eleazar, Emerson7, Epbr123, Erickarros743, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, Eskildalenius, Esoltas, Esuzu, Eustress, Evil Monkey, Fastfission, Favonian, Federationdrumer, Fibonacci, Flo98, Fram, Frarmy88, Fredhater11, Freelance Intellectual, Frelke, Funandtrvl, GMMarques, GVU, GabrielF, Gamaliel, Giftlite, Gilesgate, GirasoleDE, Gogo Dodo, GrahamHardy, Hans Dunkelberg, Hapsala, Hardy01, Harryedwards, Iankap99, Icairns, Infrogmation, Iohannes Animosus, Itinerant1, Jackl, Jackycwong, Jafeluv, James Gunasekera, JamesAM, Jan.Kamenicek, Jarszick, Jayen466, Jeancey, Jeltz, Jim Douglas, Jon Harald Sby, Jshkabatur, Jujutacular, JustAGal, Jxp313, Kappa, Keith Edkins, Kevin Rector, King Hildebrand, King of Hearts, KingKlutch, Koavf, Kpalion, Lambiam, Lampman, Lana Banana, Lando Calrissian, LarRan, Largoplazo, Lectonar, Liftarn, Lightmouse, MAG1, Mabuhelwa, Male1979, Matthewedwards, Mcshadypl, Mikehelms, Mitch Ames, Mkyanksfan, Moorlock, Mortense, Mxn, NHRHS2010, Naddy, NordhornerII, OCNative, Ockid95, Ornithologician, Orphan Wiki, PDH, Panda, PantsB, PatriceNeff, Pear1234567890, Pecher, Pepe512671, PeterCanthropus, PeterSymonds, Peterbr, Petiatil, Phantomsteve, Phils, Phoenix74x, PiRSquared17, Piano non troppo, Piotrek54321, Pip2andahalf, Pointillist, Pontificalibus, Postoak, Pra1998, Primerakis, Pristino, Proteus, Pufferfish101, Qxz, Qzwsx, Radagast, Rambo's Revenge, Rangoon11, Ratemonth, Ravenonawritingdesk, Reedy, RicardaHuch, Rich Farmbrough, RossPatterson, Rtlee9, RuiSp, Russoc4, SGBailey, Saga City, SandyGeorgia, Savidan, Sayeth, Scorpion0422, SemperBlotto, Sephiroth BCR, Setanta747 (locked), Shanes, SirWoland, Sj, Sluj, Spikethedog, SpuriousQ, Srleffler, Stadtpark, Star Garnet, Steinbach, Stephenb, Steveprutz, Stone, Synchronism, TFTD, TGilmour, Taibah U, The Gnome, The wub, The1bigbear, Thechouster, Thetruthnow2012, Thingg, Thirdeyerevo, Thuppayath, Timmymalletwtf, Tired time, Tullanad, Ufinne, Valip, Vclaw, Vegaswikian, Velho, Vision Thing, Vivekuno, Volunteer Marek, Wilsonater23456, Wsidell, Yerpo, Zariane, Zezimuh, Zrem, Zvika, 395 anonymous edits

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