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of tongue rolling among UPSI students in between FSMT, FSKIK and FBK. The research was done on 120 students from these three faculties. 40 students are from faculty of Science and Mathematics, 40 students are from faculty of Language and Communication, 40 students are from Faculty of Art, Computer and Creative Industry. Each respondents were provided with a questionnaire that ask them regarding speed test, pronunciation, ability of respondent to roll tongue, ability of parents to roll tongue as well as the number of their siblings that were able to roll tongue as well as not able to roll tongue. After we collected the entire questionnaire, the number of students that were able to roll their tongue and the number of students that were unable to roll their tongue were counted and interpreted in table. The total number of respondents can roll tongue are 95 while respondents cannot roll their tongue is 25. FSKIK has the highest number of respondents who can roll tongue. According to the speed test result, respondents from FSMT and FBK show around 30< x 40 second while respondents from FSKIK show highest time taken around 20< x 30. Ability of respondents father roll their tongue show highest for faculty FBK, ability of respondents mother roll their tongue show highest tongue for faculty FSMT. Some of the respondents have siblings cannot roll their tongue while the respondent able to roll tongue. Besides, the distribution of male and female between siblings can or cannot is not significant. This is not affected by sex-linked but assort randomly.
INTRODUCTION: The tongue-rolling trait is frequently used in Biology lessons to demonstrate the basic principles of genetics. Tongue-rolling is commonly thought to be controlled by one gene with two different forms, or alleles. Simple traits like these are called Mendelian, after Gregor Mendel, a biologist who lived in the 1800s.Mendelian inheritance is a scientific description of how hereditary characteristics are passed from parent organisms to their offspring, it underlies much of genetics. Published data suggests that around 65-80% of people can roll their tongues. Some studies have shown that northern England has fewer tongue-rollers than southern England, right-handers are more likely to be able to roll their tongues, and more men than women can tongue-roll. Thus, this investigation is needed to find out does tongue rolling is affected by genes or environment and affect the ability of a person.
OBJECTIVE: 1. To find out whether tongue rolling affected the ability of a person.
METHODOLOGY: 1. Prepare a questionnaire and distribute to respondents. 2. Observe whether the respondents have the ability to roll tongue.
Results
FSMT
32
FSKIK
35
FBK
28
12
TOTAL
95
25
Ability of respondent to say alphabet R and S correctly Faculty YES NO EXCEPTED CHINESE AND INDIAN
FSMT
33
FSKIK
35
FBK
31
TOTAL
99
13
Time taken to read tongue twister (s) 20<x30 30<x40 40<x50 50<x60
60<x
FSMT
31
62
FSKIK
13
10
FBK
13
TOTAL
57
78
11
10
13
Time taken to read text (s) Faculty 0<x10 10<x20 20<x30 30<x40 40<x50 50<x60 60<x
FSMT
21
13
FSKIK
13
10
FBK
17
10
TOTAL
19
48
29
13
FSMT
26
14
FSKIK
25
15
FBK
32
TOTAL
83
37
FSMT
33
FSKIK
27
13
FBK
29
11
TOTAL
89
31
Faculty 0<x1
1<x2
2<x3
3<x4
FSMT
13
18
FSKIK
10
11
10
FBK
18
15
TOTAL
41
44
26
Faculty 0<x1
1<x2
2<x3
3<x4
FSMT
19
14
FSKIK
10
11
10
FBK
11
22
TOTAL
28
52
29
11
Number of siblings
1<x2
2<x3
3<x4
FSMT
16
15
FSKIK
13
FBK
22
12
TOTAL
47
30
22
Number of siblings
Number of female sibling ability to roll tongue Faculty 0<x1 1<x2 2<x3 3<x4
FSMT
20
FSKIK
12
10
FBK
15
21
TOTAL
32
51
21
LEGEND: R = can roll tongue r = can not roll tongue (1) Cross A Mother Parental genotype : RR Homozygous dominant X X Father RR Homozygous dominant
Gametes:
Gametes:
RR
Rr 1 RR : 2 Rr : 1rr 3 R_ : 1 rr
Rr
rr
Mother
Father
Parental genotype :
RR Homozygous dominant
rr Homozygous recessive
Gametes:
r r
F1 generation :
Rr Heterozygous offspring
Phenotype ratio: Genotype ratio : (4) Cross D Mother Parental genotype: rr Homozygous recessive
X X
Gametes:
r r
F1 generation:
DISCUSSION: In order to properly explain the different patterns of inheritance, it is all about genetics. DNA is present in each of our cells, and it contains all of the information that makes us human. Humans have thousands of genes encoded in their DNA, each of which plays an important role in life. Everyone has two copies of every gene; one inherited from the mother, and one inherited from the father. In this report, we are investigating whether the ability of a person to roll tongue affect the ability of a person in speaking. As we know that, tongue rolling is a simple two alleles character with the allele for rolling, for the symbol R, being dominant over the allele for non-rolling, for the symbol r. Tongue rolling was demonstrated according to Mendelian genetics. It was based on first Mendelian law that is Law of Segregation. This law states that during gamete formation, the paired factors segregate randomly so that half of the gametes received each of it respectively. From the studied of inheritance, the process of passing characteristics to the next generation, it came to conclusion: The characteristics of an organism are passed along from parent to child by pieces of information called genes. Every gene represents a single of information containing one characteristic. Alleles are two or more genes that carry a piece of information about a single characteristic, for example: one of the allele pair may be for roll tongue and the other may be for non-roll tongue. Alleles are usually found in pairs, one of which is dominant, or over powering, and one recessive which is masked by the dominant. In reproduction each gamete, or reproductive cell, (sperm or egg), has only one of the pair present. If a dominant and recessive allele are both present, the individual will be affected by the dominant allele. So, the phenotypic expression of a gene is determined by dominance, the allele for tongue rolling R. For example, for the tongue rolling, if a parent had even one R in the pair, the R trait will be expressed. This means that the person can roll their tongue. Only in the case of entirely recessive inheritance, where both parents give their offspring the rr gene combination, the offspring will not express the tongue rolling. According to the Law of Segregation, the F2 generation phenotype ratio will give a ratio 3:1. This means that there are
three in four chances that the dominant R gene will be expressed in the offspring, leaving a one in four chance that the offspring will not be able to roll their tongue. The respondent is divided into two categories that can do tongue rolling and cannot do tongue rolling. According to our research, from 120 respondents we had obtained that 95 respondents can roll their tongues, only 25 respondents cannot roll their tongue. FSKIK show the highest number of respondents ability to roll tongue which are 35. While followed with respondents from FSMT and FBK, 32 and 28 respondents. This result had been shown that the phenotype ratio is 3:1 and it followed Mendel Law of Segregation. The numbers of respondent that can roll tongue are many rather than the number of respondent that cannot roll tongue. This result shows that the ability to roll tongue is caused by a dominant gene (R) and not able to roll tongue or known as non-roller is caused by homozygous recessive (rr). Therefore, the respondents can roll their tongue are inherited the dominant gene (R) from their parents either in an allele or in a pair. For question (2), the number of respondents able to say alphabet R and S are almost the same among all respondent. The ability of respondents to say R and S of FSMT, FSKIK and FBK are 33, 35, and 31. The number is almost same with respondents can roll their tongue. For question (3), most respondents from all faculties take time from 20s to 40s to finish the text given. This does not show the ability of respondents to roll tongue affect the ability of a person. Since that respondent take the shortest time is from FSKIK, which is around 10 < x 20 second. Besides, if the either one of respondents parents can roll their tongue. The respondent also can roll their tongue too. Since, the tongue rolling is controlled by dominant R gene. If there is one R gene in the genotype, it will show phenotype roll tongue. But, if the parents are heterozygous, there will be 1 child cannot roll tongue with rr gene. But if either one of the parents is homozygous dominant, all of her children can roll tongue either RR or Rr. From the result we analysis, we can conclude that ability of tongue rolling person to read and speak does not affected by genetic inheritance tongue rolling. This is because reading and speaking can be practices based on individual knowledge. It does not show that FBK have the shortest time taken in speed reading text and also tongue twister. Speaking and reading is affected by environment.
CONCLUSION: As the conclusion for this experiment an example of Mendel's laws with two traits can be illustrated in the human trait of tongue rolling. Tongue rolling is the simple genetics characters and it is influences the genetics of their both parents. This tongue rolling is establishing the Mendelian First Law. According to the result from respondent that we have, all the ratio will be obey Law of Segregation that produced 3:1 ratio. This means that, 3/4 from the offspring can rolls their tongue. This is proved by many respondent can rolls their tongue compared to respondent that cannot rolls their tongue. Based on that, we can know that dominant allele will suppress the recessive allele and show its characteristics through the appearances of the offspring. Then, we can conclude that tongue rolling is the one that can be inherited from their parent through genetics from one generation to the other generations.
REFERENCES 1. Principles Of Genetics, D.Peter Snustad And Michael J.Simmons, (5th edition), Wiley United State 2. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/traits/activities/pdfs/inherited%20human%20
traits%20quick%20reference_public.pdf
GENETICS SBU3033
TITLE: MINI PROJECT- TONGUE ROLLING Prepared By: NAME PHUA WAN JIEN SALMIZA ZAINAL ABIDIN NORHARYAN ERDAYU BT SAHAR SITI MARDIAH BT MOHD BAHARI ID NUMBER D20091035127 D20091035074 D20091035078 D20091035103