Professional Documents
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Deep drawing
Principle
punch, blankholder ring, blank, die ring
Deep drawing of metal sheet is used to form containers A flat blank is formed into a cup by forcing a punch against the center portion of a blank that rests on the die ring Tooling: punch, blankholder ring, blank, die ring
Redrawing
blankholder punch for redrawing
Final shape of a container can be reached by more drawing steps, these operations are called as redrawings
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Combined drawings
First drawing
Second drawing
More drawing operations can be combined into one tool using multiple ram system in a hydraulic press
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D d = + d1h 4 4
2 0 2 1
D0 = d + 4d1h
2 1
Do
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Drawing tool
Blyeg
punch blankholder
Rncgtl
workpiece
Hzgyr
Die ring
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Earing
Fracturing
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Deep Drawing
Example
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D0 = d + 4d n hn
2 n
D0 = 170,1 mm
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Results
Nr. of operations 0. blank 1. Cup drawing 2. Redrawing 3. Redrawing Height in mm 65,1 85,7 104,8 Diameter in mm 170,1 85,7 69,9 60,3 Drawing ratio 1,98 1,23 1,16
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Drawing force
Cup drawing (first drawing)
Diameter: Thickness: UTS: 85,7 mm 2 mm 320 MPa
Fluid forming uses only one solid die half. Forming pressure is applied by the action of hydraulic fluid, which forces the blank to assume the shape of the rigid tool Sometimes a flexibile membran is used to separate blank and the 18 fluid
Strech drawing
clamping
workpiece die
Used for drawing car body panels Blank is clamped, rigid die gives the shape of sheet metal Change in thickness: s1 < s0
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Representation of Strain
True or logarithmic strain: The integral of the incremental change in length dL, divided by the actual length L:
dL d = L
1 dL L1 = = ln L L0 L 0
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Equivalent strain
Strain in the direction of 3 axes: 1= L 2= w Equivalent strain:
e =
2 3 2 2
3= th
( ) + ( ) + ( ) 1 2 2 3 1 3
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if temperature (T) and strain rate, is constant. In general (n: strain hardening exponent; m: strain rate sensitivity)
d dt
& f = f (e ;e ; T )
n e n e
L= ln(L1/L0); w= ln(w1/w0); th = - (L + w)
( as L+ w + th = 0 )
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b = w; s = th
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Measure of anisotropy
Average normal anisotropy:
r0 + 2r45 + r90 rm = 4
Planar anisotropy:
r0 + r90 r = r45 2
The value rm determines the limiting drawing ratio, and r is in correlation with the extent of earing. A combination of high rm and low r provides optimal drawability.
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Failure
Safe Safe
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Specimen
Punch
Blankholder ring
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Die ring
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