ECG 315

SURVEY ENGINEERING LAB.

LAB REPORT

THEODOLITE TRAVERSE SURVEY

PREPARED BY:
SITI AISHAH BT TALIB (2006125315) MOHD ZUHAIR BIN ZOLKEFLI(2006153767) MOHAMMAD MUNSHIR ALI BIN (200646) SITI AISHAH BINTI SAHUL HAMID ( 2006125317 ) MOHAMMAD DZILAL B. MOHAMMAD JAAFAR (2006123513)

PREPARED FOR: MR. AB HALIM BIN YUSOF MISS JUWITA BT ASFAR DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 24 FEBRUARY 2009 GROUP: ECD5Be DATE OF SUBMISSION: 03 MARCH 2009

C.
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Equipment :
Equipments Compass And Tripod Tapes Ranging poles Arrows Peg Plumbob Theodolite and Tripod Quantities 1 1 4 10 6 2 1

D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Procedure : A suitable position to establish survey stations (A, B, C, D) are selected. The Traverse is being sketch. Compass at station A are being set up, the ranging poles at station F are placed. Make sure the bubbles of the compass are centered. Using the plumbob centered the compass on the survey station A. The ranging poles are view until the cross hair is coinciding with the ranging pole at station F. The bearing is taken and the bearing is noted as face left of line AF. The compass are replaced with a theodolite and set on station A. The telescope is being swing and station F is viewed. Set the theodolite bearing obtain from compass reading of line AF for face left. Swing the telescope to station B and the reading is taken. Note the bearing line AB in face left column of line AF. Transit the telescope and swing to station F. Set the bearing of line AF on the Face right. Swing the telescope to station and read the bearing. The bearing is being noted as face right for line AB. The distance is measured of line AB and AF. The mean bearing is calculated of line AB for face left. Move the theodolite to station B and set for face left position. Station A is viewed. Set the bearing of line BA from the mean bearing of line AB. The telescope to station c is swing. The bearing is read of line BC and note as Face left bearing. Transit the telescope and swing back to station A. Set the Face right reading of line BA. Swing telescope to station c and the reading are taken. The procedures are repeated for the rest of the station. The final bearing by using are being calculated, the mean angle method. The coordinates of each survey station are calculated using Bowditch method. The traverses are plotted.

DISSCUSION
During our site surveying, we counter several error that may lead to our result. 1. Systematic Errors
A systematic error is an error that will always have the same magnitude and the same algebraic sign under the same conditions. In most cases, systematic errors are caused by physical and natural conditions that vary in accordance with known mathematical or physical laws. Systematic errors are caused by:

Equipment out of calibration Use of insufficiently accurate computation equations (too few terms in a series.) Failure to apply necessary geometric reductions of measurements. Failure to apply necessary reductions of measurements due to weather related conditions. Personal biases of the observer. Use of incorrect units (feet instead of meters.)

2. Accuracy
Accuracy is the degree of conformity with a standard or accepted value. Accuracy relates to the quality of the result. It is distinguished from precision that relates to the quality of the operation used to obtain the result. The standard used to determine accuracy can be: A. An exact known value, such as the sum of the three interior angles of a plane triangle is 180. B. A value of a conventional unit as defined by a physical representation thereof, such as the international meter. C. A survey or map value determined by superior methods and deemed sufficiently near the ideal or true value to be held constant for the control of dependent operations. Although they are known to be not exact, higher order NGS control points are deemed of sufficient accuracy to be the control for all other less exact surveys.

3. Taping

Wherever feasible, distances over 30 meters (100 feet) should be measured with an electronic measuring device. Accurate distances under 30 meters can be obtained with a calibrated steel tape.

4. Blunders

Misplacing decimal point. Incorrect reading (i.e. the foot value on a levelling rod.) Inadvertently altering set instrument constants in the middle of a project. Placing sighting device or the instrument at a wrong point. Misunderstanding verbal instructions or reading announcements (call out). Neglecting to level an instrument. Using the incorrect coordinates or benchmark values.

Blunders are caused by carelessness, misunderstanding, confusion, or poor judgment. They are, for the most part, avoided by alertness, common sense, and good judgment. Blunders are detected and eliminated by using proper procedures, such as:

Checking each recorded and calculated value. Making independent and redundant measure check observations and measurements. Making redundant measurements that allow closure computation of sections of the entire survey.

5. Differential Temperatures Bright sunlight striking certain parts of the instrument may cause differential expansion of the metal components of the instrument, resulting in small errors. To minimize this error, it is recommended to work under a parasol. 6 . Diffraction If a line of sight passes very near a solid object such as a pole, light rays from a
distant target may bend or diffract around the object, causing the object to appear in the wrong place. The closer the obstacle is to the instrument, the greater the diffraction. Diffraction can occur in either horizontal or vertical observations. To detect diffraction, move the focusing knob slowly back and forth while watching the target. If the target appears to move relative to the obstacle and the cross hairs, the obstacle is causing diffraction. Offset the line to correct this condition.

7. Refraction When light waves pass from a medium of one density into a medium of a different
density, the rays change in direction (bend). The change in direction is called refraction. Since sight lines are light rays, they are refracted, or bent, by changes in the atmosphere, causing small errors in angular measurement. Normally, the lateral refraction is insignificant in most surveys, but its effects can be further minimized by understanding and avoiding situations that generate the largest refraction of line of sight.

CONCLUSION
To conclude our report, we can say that we have achieve our main objective, which is : 1.) Setup control survey stations. 2.) Setup compass and theodolite equipment on the survey station correctly. 3.) Take face right and face left bearing of the bearing. 4.) Perform angles of correction using included angles 5.) Calculate the coordinate of the traverse stations using Bowditch method 6.) Plot traverse From data we collected, we found that : Theodolite ( method of correction using include angle method ) The error we obtained in the calculation are 0 3110 The correction for first station is 0511.67, second station is 01023.34, third station is 01535.01, fourth station is 02046.68, fifth station is 02558.35 six station is - 031 10.02. Corrected bearing are mentioned in the result. Theodolite ( method of correction using Bowdicth method ) Total distance 174.6m Error for latitude is -4.154m and error for departure is 2.766m Final latitude and departure are mentioned in the result.

due to our low experience on handling theodolite and compass there are possibility error that we counter, and that have been discuss in the discussion. We learned that a simple mistakes of measuring and calculating distance or bearing during plotting the traverse on the graph can lead to setting of wrong distances or bearing on the field, and it may end up, that our survey are not very accurate but still can be acceptable by the authority. Finally team work means everything in doing and completing these experiments.

REFERENCES
1.) SURVEYING / SEVENTH EDITION / ARTHUR BANNISTER / STANLEY RAYMOND / RAYMOND BAKER 2.) LABORATORY SHEET / UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA / FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING / SURVEY PRACTICAL. 3.) WIKIPEDIA THE FREE ENCYIPLOPEDIA 4.) SURVEY MANUAL CHAPTER THREE SURVEYING MEASUREMENT.