BOILER

Definisi Boiler:
Boiler adalah bejana tertutup dimana air atau cairan lainnya dipanaskan. Cairan panas atau menguap keluar boiler untuk digunakan dalam berbagai proses atau aplikasi pemanas.

Jenis-Jenis Boiler: Superheated steam boilers

A superheated boiler on a steam locomotive. Most boilers produce steam to be used at saturation temperature; that is, saturated steam. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and then further heat the steam in a superheater. This provides steam at much higher temperature, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating plant because the higher steam temperature requires a higher flue gas exhaust temperature. There are several ways to circumvent this problem, typically by providing an economizer that heats the feed water, a combustion air heater in the hot flue gas exhaust path, or both. There are advantages to superheated steam that may, and often will, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its utilisation: gains in input temperature to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There may also be practical limitations in using wet steam, as entrained condensation droplets will damage turbine blades.

Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any system component fails and allows steam to escape, the high pressure and temperature can cause serious, instantaneous harm to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will initially be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the intense heat and sound from such a leak clearly indicates its presence. Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The steam piping is directed through the flue gas path in the boiler furnace. The temperature in this area is typically between 13001600 degrees Celsius (23722912 F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb heat by radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing heat from a fluid. Some are a combination of the two types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will also heat the superheater steam piping and the steam within. While the temperature of the steam in the superheater rises, the pressure of the steam does not and the pressure remains the same as that of the boiler.[6] Almost all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to prevent damage to the turbine blading and associated piping.

Supercritical steam generator

Steam generation power plant. Main article: Supercritical steam generator Supercritical steam generators are frequently used for the production of electric power. They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical

steam generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi/22.06 MPa or 3,200 psi/220.6 bar) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases to occur; the fluid is neither liquid nor water but a super-critical fluid. There is no generation of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which steam bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine stages, its thermodynamic state drops below the critical point as it does work turning the turbine which turns electrical generator from which power is ultimately extracted. The fluid at that point may be a mix of steam and liquid droplets as it passes into the condenser. This results in slightly less fuel use and therefore less greenhouse gas production. The term "boiler" should not be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" actually occurs in this device.

Hydronic boilers
Hydronic boilers are used in generating heat for residential and industrial purposes. They are the typical power plant for central heating systems fitted to houses in northern Europe (where they are commonly combined with domestic water heating), as opposed to the forced-air furnaces or wood burning stoves more common in North America. The hydronic boiler operates by way of heating water/fluid to a preset temperature (or sometimes in the case of single pipe systems, until it boils and turns to steam) and circulating that fluid throughout the home typically by way of radiators, baseboard heaters or through the floors. The fluid can be heated by any means...gas, wood, fuel oil, etc., but in built-up areas where piped gas is available, natural gas is currently the most economical and therefore the usual choice. The fluid is in an enclosed system and circulated throughout by means of a pump. The name "boiler" can be a misnomer in that, except for systems using steam radiators, the water in a properly functioning hydronic boiler never actually boils. Some new systems are fitted with condensing boilers for greater efficiency. These boilers are referred to as condensing boilers because they are designed to extract the heat of vaporization of the flue gas water vapor. As a result of the lower flue gas temperatures, flue gas water vapor condenses to liquid and with dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid. The carbonic acid would damage a typical boiler by corroding the flue and fireside boiler heating surfaces. Condensing boilers solve this problem by routing the carbonic acid down a drain and by making the flue exposed to the corrosive flue gas of stainless steel or PVC.

Although condensing boilers are becoming more popular, they are still less common than other types of hydronic boilers as they are more expensive. Hydronic systems are being used more and more in new construction in North America for several reasons. Among those are:

They are more efficient and more economical than forced-air systems (although initial installation can be more expensive, because of the cost of the copper and aluminum).

The baseboard copper pipes and aluminum fins take up less room and use less metal than the bulky steel ductwork required for forced-air systems. They provide more even, less fluctuating temperatures than forced-air systems. The copper baseboard pipes hold and release heat over a longer period of time than air does, so the furnace does not have to switch off and on as much. (Hydronic systems heat mostly through conduction and radiation, whereas forced-air heats mostly through forced convection. Air has much lower thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity than copper, so the conditioned space warms up and cools down more quickly than with hydronic. See also thermal mass.)

They tend to not dry out the interior air as much as forced air systems, but this is not always true. When forced air duct systems are air-sealed properly, and have return-air paths back to the furnace (thus reducing pressure differentials and therefore air movement between inside and outside the house), this is not an issue.

They do not introduce any dust, allergens, mold, or (in the case of a faulty heat exchanger) combustion byproducts into the living space.

Forced-air heating does have some advantages, however. See forced-air heating.

Secara garis besar Boiler dikelompokan dalam:

Boilers can be classified into the following configurations:

"Pot boiler" or "Haycock boiler": a primitive "kettle" where a fire heats a partiallyfilled water container from below. 18th century Haycock boilers generally produced and stored large volumes of very low-pressure steam, often hardly above that of the atmosphere. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.

Fire-tube boiler. Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume left above to accommodate the steam (steam space). This is the type of boiler used in nearly all steam locomotives. The heat source is inside a furnace or firebox that has to be kept permanently surrounded by the water in order to maintain the temperature of the heating surface just below boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which can be further increased by making the gases reverse direction through a second parallel tube or a bundle of multiple tubes (twopass or return flue boiler); alternatively the gases may be taken along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-pass boiler). In the case of a locomotivetype boiler, a boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a bundle of fire tubes inside the barrel which greatly increase the heating surface compared to a single tube and further improve heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers usually have a comparatively low rate of steam production, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers mostly burn solid fuels, but are readily adaptable to those of the liquid or gas variety.

Water-tube boiler. In this type, the water tubes are arranged inside a furnace in a number of possible configurations: often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing water and the upper ones, steam and water; in other cases, such as a monotube boiler, water is circulated by a pump through a succession of coils. This type generally gives high steam production rates, but less storage capacity than the above. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high pressure applications since the high pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall.

Flash boiler. A specialized type of water-tube boiler.

1950s design steam locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class

Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes the two above types have been combined in the following manner: the firebox contains an assembly of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases then pass through a conventional firetube boiler. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives, but have met with little success in other countries.

Sectional boiler. In a cast iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" the water is contained inside cast iron sections. These sections are assembled on site to create the finished boiler.

Terminologi Boiler:
Ashpan Sebuah wadah di bawah tungku untuk menangkap abu yang jatuh melalui firebars. Ashpan dapat terbuat dari bata untuk boiler stasioner, atau lembaran baja untuk lokomotif. Ashpans sering menjadi lokasi damper dan biasanya berbentuk hopper, untuk memudahkan pembersihan selama pembuangan. Blow-down cock katup yang dipasang rendah di atas boiler, biasanya di sekitar cincin fondasi, yang digunakan untuk secara berkala melampiaskan air dari boiler. Blower blower menyediakan dam buatan di atas api, mendorong pembakaran. Blower terdiri dari cincin berongga dipasang di dasar cerobong atau di atas blastpipe tersebut. Lubang dibor di bagian atas cincin blower, dan ketika uap dimasukkan ke dalam ring, jet uap keluar dari lubang sampai cerobong, merangsang dam buatan tersebut. Brick arch

Sebuah penyekat horizontal batu bata tahan api dalam tungku, biasanya dari boiler lokomotif. Brick arch ini memaksa pembakaran gas dari bagian depan tungku mengalir lebih jauh, mendorong pembakaran yang efisien. Carryover kondisi yang merusak di mana tetesan air dilakukan boiler bersama dengan uap kering. Ini dapat menyebabkan penggosokan dalam turbin atau mengunci hidrolik pada silinder. Risiko ini disebabkan oleh air umpan kotor. Check valve or clack valve, sebuah katup non-return dimana air umpan masuk drum boiler. Mereka biasanya dipasang di tengah jalan sepanjang drum boiler, atau sebagai top feed, tetapi jauh dari tungku, sehingga untuk menghindari stressing dari air dingin. Cladding Lapisan isolasi dan pembungkus luar sekitar shell boiler, terutama yang dari lokomotif uap. Dalam praktek awalnya cladding biasanya merupakan strip kayu ditahan oleh pita-pita kuningan. Kemudian praktek modern adalah dengan menggunakan anyaman asbes isolasi (atau lainnya, kurang berbahaya, serat) ditutup dengan lembaran baja gulungan. Bentuk luar kelongsong sering merupakan penyederhanaan dari shell boiler yang mendasarinya. Juga disebut "pakaian" dalam praktek LMS. Crinolines Kerangka lingkaran digunakan untuk mensuport cladding pada boiler. Crown sheet Lembar di bagian atas dari firebox bagian dalam pada boiler lokomotif. Crown sheet merupakan bagian terpanas dari tungku, dan terkadang beresiko menimbulkan ledakan boiler. Bila tingkat air drop dan lembar mahkota terkena dengan demikian dapat menyebabkan overheat. Damper Sebuah flap yang dapat disesuaikan untuk mengendalikan udara di bawah fire-bed. Biasanya bagian dari ashpan tersebut.

Dome

lokasi yang dibesarkan di bagian atas drum boiler utama, menyediakan titik tinggi untuk mengumpulkan uap kering, mengurangi risiko priming. Downcomer pipa eksternal yang besar di banyak tube-water boiller, membawa air dingin tanpa pemanas dari drum uap turun ke drum air sebagai bagian dari jalur sirkulasi. Drowned tube Merupakan fire-tube atau water-tube yang sepenuhnya di bawah water-level dari boiler yang beroperasi. Hal ini mengurangi keausan dan kebutuhan pemeliharaan, pada korosi dan scaling yang paling aktif di wilayah tingkat air. Exhaust injector sebuah injektor air umpan yang irit konsumsi uap nya karna menggunakan uap limbah, seperti knalpot mesin. Field-tube Suatu bentuk single-ended thimble tabung air dengan tabung internal untuk mendorong sirkulasi. Firebar Bar besi replace-able yang membentuk dasar tungku dan mendukung api. Firebar ini sering aus, sehingga dirancang untuk mudah diganti. Fire-tube boiler Sebuah boiler di mana pemanas utama adalah tabung dengan gas panas yang mengalir di dalam dan air di luar. Flue Sebuah tabung api besar yang digunakan sebagai pemanasan permukaan utama dalam boiler flued, atau digunakan sebagai firetubes yang diperbesar dalam boiler bergaya lokomotif dimana mengandung unsur-unsur superheater. Foundation ring Dasar tungku, di mana kerangka dalam dan luar bergabung.

Fusible plug

Sebuah alat pengaman yang menunjukkan jika tingkat air menjadi sangat rendah. Plug ini meleleh ketika terlalu panas, melepaskan jet uap ke dalam tungku dan mengingatkan kru Galloway tubes Tabung termis yang meruncing menyedot air untuk dimasukkan ke dalam tungku boiler Lancashire. Gauge glass bagian dari alat pengukur tingkat air, yang biasanya terdiri dari tabung gelas vertikal terhubung atas dan bawah dengan backplate boiler. Ketinggian air harus terlihat di dalam kaca setiap saat. Handhole Manhole kecil yang berguna untuk inspeksi dan pencucian boiler. Injector Pompa air umpan yang tidak bergerak menggunakan tekanan uap dan efek Bernoulli untuk mendorong air masuk sebagai umpan dalam boiller. Klinger gauge glass Berbentuk seperti gauge glass dimana water level dapat terlihat melalui jendela kaca dengan frame metal yang kuat. Klinger gauge glass ini digunakan untuk boiler yang memakai operator dan boiler tekanan tinggi. Manhole pintu oval akses ke shell boiler, digunakan untuk pemeliharaan dan pembersihan. Manholes disegel dengan pintu removeable dari dalam. Karena mereka oval, pintu ini dapat berbalik dan diangkat keluar melalui lubang tersebut. Pintu ini dijepit di tempat dari luar dengan satu atau dua klem jembatan. Karna potongan pada manhole ini melemahkan shell boiler, daerah sekitarnya diperkuat dengan patch. Mud Merupakan lumpur partikel skala boiler, endapan dan kotoran umum yang menumpuk di bagian bawah boiler. Lumpur mengurangi sirkulasi air dan penumpukan lokal dapat mengakibatkan overheating lokal dan mungkin ledakan.

Mud drum

Drum air, terutama yang dipasang rendah pada boiler yang berfungsi terutama untuk mencegah lumpur dari peredaran. Mudhole Manhole kecil berguna untuk pembersihan boiler dari lumpur. Rocking grate Bentuk lanjutan dari firebar, di mana bagian dari grate yang dapat untuk memecah klinker dalam api, atau untuk memadamkan api setelah satu hari kerja. Safety valve Katup otomatis yang digunakan untuk mengeluarkan kelebihan tekanan pada boiller. Scale Mineral terlarut dari air yang mengeras dan mengendap dalam ruang uap sekitar level air. Bila scale ini jatuh ke bagian bawah boiler dan bercampur dengan kontaminan lain, hal ini disebut lumpur. Scum valve Sebuah katup blow-down yang dipasang pada tingkat air dari boiler, digunakan untuk mengalirkan minyak atau busa dalam boiler yang mengapung pada tingkat air. Smokebox Ruang tertutup pada fire-tube boiller dimana gas keluar dari tabung digabungkan dan dilewatkan ke lorong. Steam drum Katup silinder dipasang pada tempat yang tinggi pada water-tube boiller dimana dry-steam dapat berpusah diatas water-level sehingga dapat ditarik tanpa resiko priming. Steam drum ini mirip dengan fungsi dome pada fire-tube boiller. Steam & water drum Drum uap yang mengandung campuran turbulent antara uap dan air dengan sebagian substansialnya air. Steam drier bentuk superheater ringan yang menambah panas tambahan untuk uap basah atau jenuh, sehingga memastikan bahwa semua air dalam uap air telah menguap, untuk menghindari masalah dengan tetesan air dalam silinder atau turbin. Tidak seperti superheater, steam drier tidak berusaha untuk menaikkan suhu uap secara signifikan melampaui titik didih.

Suction valve katup non-return otomatis, yang akan terbuka bila tekanan boiler kurang dari tekanan atmosfir. Hal ini untuk menghindari risiko vakum kolaps, ketika boiler panas teralu mendingin Throatplate piring membentuk bagian depan bawah dari tungku luar boiler lokomotif, di bawah laras. Top-feed dalam boiler lokomotif, sebuah air umpan check valve ditempatkan pada bagian atas drum boiler. Hal ini mendorong kecepatan pengadukan dari air umpan dingin dengan uap panas, mengurangi risiko sengatan panas untuk bagian panas dari boiler. Tubeplate piring di laras fire-tube boiller, mengandung lubang kecil untuk menerima fire-tube. Sebuah boiler lokomotif memiliki dua tubeplates: satu di bagian depan tungku dalam (tubeplate tungku) dan satu di bagian depan boiler, berdekatan dengan smokebox (smokebox tubeplate). Water-wall tungku atau dinding lain dalam lingkup boiler yang terdiri dari banyak set water-tube. Tabung-tabung tersebut bisa gundul atau ditutupi oleh semen mineral. Water-tube boiler Boiler dimana pemanas utama adalah permukaan yang terdiri dari tabung kecil, diisi dengan air. Tabung berdiameter 3 inci keatas disebut "large-tube" boiler. Belakangan desain water-tube yang digunakan lebih kecil "small-tube" 2 inci atau kurang.