4 2008

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
, . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
, . .
2.6
, . . .
2.7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
4.1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3

2
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
13

1.1 W ) f1 , . . . , fn W ( . f1 , ..., fn
) (linearly independent:
a1 f1 + . . . + an fn = 0 a1 = . . . = an = 0

1.2 .f1 , . . . , fn W f W )
( f1 , . . . , fn f1 , . . . , fn W .W
1.3 } {f1 , . . . , fn ) (basis W
.dim(W ) = n

1.1

1.4 ) (inner product

W h, i : W W C . f, g W hf, gi:
hf, f i 0 .1
hf, f i = 0 f = 0 .2
haf + bg, hi = a hf, hi + b hg, hi .3
hf, gi = hg, f i .4
1.5 :
hf, ag + bhi = a hf, gi + b hf, hi .1
haf, af i = |a|2 hf, f i .2
h0, f i = 0 .3
) 1.6 ( W h, i:
| hf, gi |2 hf, f i hg, gi

1.2

W 1.7 . W
R || || : W R+:
,||f || 0 .1 ||f || = 0 f = 0
.2 ||af || = |a| ||f || f W ,a C
.3 ||f + g|| ||f || + ||g|| :
p
hf, f i 1.8 .
. :

1.3

f, g W 1.9 )( hf, gi = 0f 6= 0, g 6= 0
1.10 n) 1 , . . . , n W ( :
.1 } {1 , . . . , n hi , j i = 0 i 6= j
.2 } {1 , . . . , n )( :
hi , j i = 0 ) i 6= j (
hi , i i = 1 .i
:
(
0, i 6= j
= hi , j i = ij
1, i = j

1.11 } {1 , . . . n 1 , . . . , n ) n
(
1.12 } {1 , . . . n ai i
ai = hf, i i .1
Pn
||f ||2 = i=1 |ai |2 .2

Pn

i=1

=f

 : f1 , . . . , fn , 1 , . . . , n
} Span{1 , . . . , n } = Span{f1 , . . . , fn
f1
|| ||f1

= 1

f2 hf2 , 1 i 1
|| ||f2 hf2 , 1 i 1

= 2

.
.
.

hfi , i i i

Pk1

fk

|| hfi , i i i

Pk1

||fk

i=1

i=1

= k

v W : ) (best approximation
.||f v || = inf f W
} Pn{||f v|| : v W
)( ,f = i=1 hf, i i i : } {1 , . . . , n . f
v kf v k
):(Bessel
!1/2
2

|| ||f

| | hf, i i

n
X
i=1

1.4

= ) dim(W } {1 , 2 , . . .
):(Bessel
!1/2
| hf, i i |2

|| ||f

X
i=1

)) :(Parseval
(
!1/2
|| = ||f

| | hf, i i

X
i=1

 ) 1.13 ( f W limn hf, n i = 0

} {gn ) ( g W ,g
1.14 n=1
limn ||g gn || = 0
P
g
1.15 g, gn W
P i=1 ai gi
P
n
g = i=1 ai gi limn ||g i=1 ai gi || = 0

1.16 Pn
limn ||f i=1 hf, i i i || = 0

)(closed

f W

1.17 f W
:
!1/2
2

| | hf, i i

= || ||f

i=1

1.18 f W
hf, i i = 0 .f = 0 ,:
1.19 } {1 , 2 , . . .

E 2.1
][,
2.2
f (x)g(x)dx

1 , sin x, cos x, sin 2x, cos 2x, . . .

2

hf, gi = 1

2.3

hf, gi = 1 f (x)g(x)dx

n=

inx
e
2

hf, f i = 0 2.4 f = 0

2.1

2.5 .f E

a0 X
+
an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n=1
f

f (x) cos(nx)dx n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

f (x) sin(nx)dx n = 1, 2, 3 . . .

= an

= bn

a0 X
+
an cos nx + bn sin nx
2
n=1

)f (x

2.6
.1

a0
1
1
2 .2 a0 = f (x)dx 2 f (x)dx
f .3 ] .[, R 2
) 2.7 ( : f E:

|a0 |2 X
+
|an |2 + |bn |2
2
n=1

= |f (x)|2 dx

2.8 An cos nx + Bn sin nx

2.2

f (x) 2.9 )f (x) = f (x

f (x) 2.10 )f (x) = f (x
2.11 f n, bn = 0
6

PM

n=1

A0
2

= ) f (x

 2.12 f n, an = 0
2.13
)f (x) + f (x) f (x) f (x
+
2
2
|
{z
| }
{z
}
even

odd

2.3

= )f (x

2.14 f (x)g(x)dx


einx n= E

1
2

= .hf, gi

2.15

cn einx

n=

f (x)einx dx n Z

1
2

= cn

) f (x
cn einx

)f (x

n=

)(
) 2.16 (:

|cn |2

= |f (x)|2 dx

n=

2.4

1
2

E 0 2.17 E )(,

)(f E 0 f 0 E
) 2.18 ( : f E 0 ) x (, f
)(x
f (x+)+f ) f (x ) f (x+

2
)f (()+)+f (
. x =
2
7

2.19 {fm }m=1 f ][a, b

] x [a, b )limm fm (x) = f (x

2.20 {fm }m=1 f ] [a, b

> 0 ) M ( m > M |fm (x) f (x)| <
P f ) ( f :
] .x [a, b

f (x) = a20 + n=1 an cos nx + bn sin nx

2.21 f ] [, ) f () = f ( f 0 E
f f ][,
) 2.22 M ( : } {gm
Pk
P

|gm | < Cm
m=1 gm
P x m < m=1 Cm

m=1 gm

2.5

2.23 f ,f E 0 ] [, ) f () = f (

incn einx

= nan sin nx + nbn cos nx

n=

2.24

inx

X
n=1

n= cn e

= an cos nx + bn sin nx

n=1



bn
a0 (x + ) X an
+
)sin nx (cos nx cos n
2
n
n
n=1


cn inx
e
ein
in

2.6

)f 0 (x

a0
2

) f (x
x

f (t)dt

n=,6=0

2.25 f ][0,
:
(
f (x),
0x
= )f(x
f (x), x < 0

0<x
f (x),
f(x) = 0,
x=0

f (x), x < 0
).f(x
[0,
2.26 f

]P

a20 + n=1 an cos nx an = 2 0 f (x) cos nxdx

f ][0,
).f(x
2.27 f ][0,
P

bn = 2 0 f (x) sin nxdx

n=1 bn sin nx
f ][0,
2.28 f ] [a, b





a0 X
2n
2n
)f (x
+
x + bn sin
x
an cos
2
ba
ba
n=1
b


2n
x dx
ba
a


b
2
2n
= bn
x dx
f (x) sin
ba a
ba
f (x) cos

2.7

2
ba

= an

,
a0 = 2c0
an = cn + cn
) bn = i(cn cn
) cn = 21 (an ibn
) cn = 12 (an + ibn

) ( :
P
P2.29
f (x) a20 + n=1 an cos nx + bn sin nx = n= cn einx
P
P
g(x) A20 + n=1 An cos nx + Bn sin nx = n= Cn einx

a0 A0 X
1
= f (x)g(x)dx
+
an An + bn Bn

2
n=1
cn Cn

= f (x)g(x)dx

n=

1
2

3
3.1

3.1 G

.R
3.2
) (f( f G:

)(Fourier

f (x)eix dx

) f (x )) F (

1
2

= )F () = F [f (x)] (

) F [af (x) + bg(x)] () = aF () + bG() .1(
.2 ) f (x )F () = F (
.3 ) f (x ) F (
.4 ) f (x ) F (
b

1 i a
|F [f (ax + b)] () = |a
e F ( a ) .5


) F eiax f (x) () = F ( a) .6 = (

.7 :
))(F ( a) + F ( + a
))(F ( a) F ( + a

1
2
1
2i

= )F [f (x) cos ax] (

= )F [f (x) sin ax] (

.8 :
)F [f 0 (x)] () = iF (
 ) (n
)F f (x) () = (i)n F (
d
) F [xf (x)] () = i d (
F () .9

.10 :
(
]1, x [a, a
F
= )a (x
a (x) sina
0, x
]/ [a, a
F

e|x|

1
) (1+ 2

1 2
1 e 2
2

e 2 x
10

 3.3
F () .1 R
F () .2
lim F () = 0 .3
F () .4

3.2

) 3.4 ( : ) f (x :

= )f (x
F ()eix d

:
M

)f (x+) + f (x
= lim
M
2

F ()eix dx
M

) 3.5 (:

1
)2 f (x

= )F [F [f (x)]] (x

) 3.6 (:
2

= |f (x)| dx

|F ()| d

= f (x)g(x)dx

F ()G()d

3.3

1
2

1
2

3.7 , ):(convolution

= )(f g)(x

f (y)g(x y)dy

3.8
(f g)(x) = (g f )(x) .1
.2 f, g ) (f g)(x
F [f g] () = 2F ()G() .3
11

:(Laplace) f (t) G[0, ) 4.1

L [f (t)] (s) =
f (t)est dt
0

s
s > a L [f (t)] (s) t > 0 | f (t)| < Keat 4.2

( )L [af (t) + bg(t)] (s) = aL [f (t)] (s) + bL [g(t)] (s) .1
L [f (t)] (s) = 2F [f (x)] (is) t < 0 f (t) = 0 .2
: .3
L [f 0 (t)] (s) = sL [f (t)] (s) f (0)


L f (n) (t) (s) = sn L [f (t)] (s)f (n1) (0)sf (n2) (0). . .sn1 f (0)
: .4
d
L [tf (t)] (s) = ds
L [f (t)] (s)
n

d
L [tn f (t)] (s) = (1)n ds
n L [f (t)] (s)

L [eat f (t)] (s) = L [f (t)] (s a) .5

L [uc (t)f (t c)] (s) = ecs L [f (t)] (s) .6
L [f (at)] (s) = a1 L [f (t)] ( as ) .7
lims L [f (t)] (s) = 0 .8
: .9
L

u(t) 1s , s > 0
L

1
sa ,

s>a

a
s2 +a2 ,

s>0

cos at

s
s2 +a2 ,

s>0

n!
sn+1 ,

s>0

ecs
s ,

s>0

eat
sin at

tn
uc (t)

12

4.1

) :(Heaviside c 0:
(
0, 0 t < c
= )uc (t
1, c t
) u(t c = 0
) :(Dirac-Delta ) c (x) = (x c
, . :
(
b
)f (c), c (a, b
= (x c)f (x)dx
0,
c
]/ [a, b
a
)(s c)ds = uc (t

4.2

4.3

L [c ] (s) = ecs

= )(f g)(t

f (y)g(t y)dy
0

)L [f g] (s) = L [f ] (s) L [g] (s

)
( . :
)P (x
) R(x) = Q(x ) P (x )Q(x

) deg(Q Q :
) Q deg(P
) Q(x) = i (xxi )ki (ai x2 +bi x+ci ai x2 +bi x+ci
. (x xi )ki
Aiki
Ai2
Ai1
2
xx ) (ai x + bi x + ci
+ (xx
2 + . . . + (xx )ki
i
)i
i
x+Di
. ai xC2i+b :
i x+ci


P (x) X Ai1
Ai2
Aiki
Ci x + Di
=
+
+ ... +
+
2
ki
2+b x+c
)Q(x
x

x
(x

x
)
(x

x
)
a
x
i
i
i
i
i
i
i

) Q(x ,
) P (x
,A, C, D
13