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    68 views211 pages

    博弈论基础（吉本斯 著）

    Uploaded by

    Pan Xuesong

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    rrr ETT ys Tire yok hel 4K BF SS eH HB M A PRIMER IN GAME THEORY it Si (21S - SA A B i i MER VRRAMES ae (mR) PEF 0305 AF: 01-1999-0959 & BB teMaeB (CIP) ate PEARSE / (98) AAEM (Gibbons, R.) #; PGE deat: FEAL S AE HAL, 1999.3 CHRP ABE) ISRN 7-5004-2454-X Li UO Ge Mate W.0225 "PIRAER Hit Clip BAERS (1999) 4B 13099 + “Trandation Copyright © 1998 by China Social Sciences Pub- lishing House” Copyright © 1992 All Rights Reserved. Published by atrangerent with the original publisher, Prentice Hall Esrope, a Simon & Schuster emnpany. 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TERI RE A Wi Sass Seats Sie Seed eS) Sony os Seo 18 Sees hs Sa) (1.4.4) Het BOT ed A SP aT BR oe AR TE AR AC 5q, 7, ema Siete Sy ABATE HF TRS A RRR sf oe sf shane crs sa a PRA NBR, TP CHE 114) ws (st or sP ae See Serie SA) aise sist Siero asa) + (LES) SAA si = 55 CBN sf Res, HO" a HARM), MY 1.1.5 13 A (SSCA RM sot Es) RRR Tea HEAR 7 ESC PERE 55 0 URE, CER SER C114) ACL. 1S), SP FA st As BET 5: Als} GOR RI. UK, MR sf = sf ER, SN, PT PET ALA aR. AEs ABS, SHER BBR AAR, XE HE A EE) RR — eA HE 1.2 MERA hl 1.2.8 HHRMA JEST ORM, (1838) RE PSS RT at SE KA CE REE EY SL AP dE 2G AR LAR i PR AI SR 2, A A A HE GB, BEATE 2 BE A, SP a Be Bk — AI YAS HS BAT SLT «(SATE NGG SE TE RAE PE AL y — BIE RARER FOB (by Sea AAT BL Ht SO A TE BY PATTIE (c) RRP RE ® qisq2 WHMNAGE EA 1.2 AEH fed Bo Pa TA SER Q=a1t a2. % PCQ)=a- Q RATA MBA BAM HEME YQ a Ht, P(Q)=0). Raab i 12 __ PERE iG et FY gs BU BAGAR CC. Cg,) = cg; BNE Ab 8 ee Td EAR A, a FR RAR A IK cB RMR cM. RE RE, Pt BET ARO, SAR AL aT BBE PAE HD 3, ATT SS A te ME oR 9 BOW CEE, PPAR HY SME RR ETE BP EK 1) EEA GA, (2) FE BE ATTA PAAR, (3) Eb RE ETT A A A TR -#5A\NKR. RLM PHRR AW TSS A, ADP Pwr, Ce Ar eA REL Af — WY A SY AR RP PATS Bh REET SrA EP Sy EY fh, 28 — a A WRAH S,=[0, 0), MS Bi WAE HH, HAPTER so, BIE TEMES TB, 9:20. WUE OY BERT HE Me PCA LE AS OT BB A, BATE ARTY 6 CEA eS, AL, A Qc WY, P(Q) = 0, eae MRAA gq >a WS BAH RIA AIP RIS RR, EAE i A EAR BE heh Ff AL ae PR A 9 FRAT A Se Cs MO ok HE, RIT BS MERA, BTA eat a Cs, 5, AT He rCaeg)= gl plata; —cl=qla-Catq}—el]- ABR ATTRL, TEP RHE ALES OLA VREFE t, URE ot, sot) AES, UTE PBA i, of RA wi(si sf \eu(ss,s7) . (NE) EA S; HAE LAs; ARR, KB SAT METER Hi, sf BAUS RC Be. Tmax 4, asp )e magica sf) DR MARAE tis Wie RR tr sw a 1883), BAA EIA 2.2. BRETT vik, PEEP LPB A Sek, FE eB Re RE A LA HL (1934) BDA ZE HE 2.1 B. WIR, UGE, AES 2.3, CH ARATE RANE HB AEB ( Pricdman, 1971) AAD, Fo Be AEE PS ‘Pe Wen IR D RRNA TNE, GD ay, 5 RTE aC sy, 57), OP BRRBS BF i ORCS RT Ay te Ee Na A PL, JT EPR APSE) TIE AT PRO EA B1e semua 13 FETE EEA IL Sk EB A Tb OR EA ER 7 Cat ad RAAB II BE ARE i, g 7 SO PT RRA A OE: mage a7) = max ala- (ata? del - Be gf dat 8 39 J-PARC Ee SLE 1.2.1, SR cede 1 HOP REY g,,/2 BY, fake 2 PORE RF FRE Om 12). TE ENTS OGRE REAR BE, BY PR SE A ES A, 1 SE on PRL AB, PDT AE Me — A As SP ah, A a BA, RY API A Ee AS Lf] SS BG YS 1d GR a BRAN a ARIE RE A St SR ME BP PRT FERRE TET, SER. 21 AFR AT ae ja Ae 7 Bd ADs AS HR OSE RE, VRE AY Dy ae PR ATT TB dh St ch 1 AER — SEE 2 ATRL, ANE RP a 2 EE RO 1 AAR fea 1 ASR 1 AE op 0, Con a) Dalam +2. 4, IER 9; 220 BRI, EMMY RR Q=g, +249, mL (a ~ C/A yg RHERAE 0 BMCa 69/2 ZIRE og, MABE, EBLE (EGE, a= 254 [REO — | A mG ~g [2G 2 [PEO tea]? = milan a2 [256+ 2- a] . iL VE AE NR RE tl aE a a SEI] ABT Ca — 0/4 Bia — c)/2 ZAG PR Tia), ESS be Da ASE AE YE Ae a ae DR Hea AS BRR ALY, 3 ARERR — PR gf =a — 0/30 EEE SB ERR Se eC He a OTA PY PR SS 3K BE Pe TB ned Hy HE CBE 1, A A PIG) BARNS PEG RIN, TBS PE A SCALP EDT, (0 SE — Rs ky JB I US PE Poe eae, PA a, TAT Ak AE AIL BA EEAT g, PT g, ROAR NE i RETR EAR, g, I NRE RR RO. ee Foam = Ca 0)/2 KPA SRL. BEAT LL AL 2 BH SK PRUE ENIX — 4 EPA 22 PY 9) = 0 MH, Raq) FF ga A oy OS DUTT ER. BER AY 9/220, MUAY i ABC MEL 5 HERE HE g,, teak a it SELB BR RANE REF ans RAPTOR 5, (8 i SRE RRL ome 9 WICH MUA WE (2G enya te a]Pp 2] =n G8 g)-2[2gh+e-4] RE 16_ PH ae Se, DAltlk j REE, RTA A SP ae A Qa —0)/2, WA RC 9) (4 ~ 0) /4, OR 1.2.2 Brae 2 BA mE? h (a -0)/2,0) (@-¢,0) 1.2.2 FOL SATA, BEX — BR St EB BP Eg? = (a —)/30 Fa GA PLE, BOTH A He BE a BR AY BET RBA. RMA, Rete Lis A RH PRE SH, RTE SR RT Ie KL ET Sa He RRQ MR AER RET IEFIT. BRK, Yew a TT Ey, AE SB BR FS As PER SSE SH dL ST te 7S SAR it TE PAP GRASPR 1.1.4 AB BOSAL, Ae BB SL — Hy AE SUPRER ESTER RE.) WPL, RMR STEM. & Q_ RRR ZI EME ZAM, IES (qi. Q-D=ala-g-Q-i-e), Hat Q ix a NER gi + Q- 2a, Wx, QQ.) = — c4,), ABBY HH ge = (a — 0 )/2 PRP EAT SE BRE x > 0, mi (dne Q-5) > xia +x, Q_RtBPAT Q_;>0 BBRLIE, TAR EMH PP A 2b fl. Pit, PR i SHAT EL, TT g, Hg, WHE O F(a ~c)/2Z G1, RIC Q_ ARRETE ASHE FEAR 0 A a c ZIRT RAE fede ie AOE, FEAT gO HAS EPH ARM, I ATE OB (@ — c)/2 AY TERE g., OFF TE AAD OH ZE 0 Fl a — ¢ A Q-; CRE RIN, Q-, =a ~~ D RALEMRA— SIAR, AARNE SO 1 RAG, RRR. Ae i RNG, WAG, OBA EG, BA Cag) F ¢, REM MA Fae FAA gy MOR ET EE EAE WF ERE EC, NLT REE 8H at. MBL FER PASTOR 17 Dau )s lH g, BRITA 2 EDM Q ARDELL ARR, MG BRIGHT SE A AR Re SS] aE 0, BARR aah i AY Pa Ace ef PTR TC WRB BLAIR SE BNE, A RE lh fe a, Foe Ak RSMO, MHP RRA EM. MS URI, RAKE 6 <2 Bt (i AAS) TS Oa A eA, A 9 ERAS, FARRAR c, (x0 $10 ,)/2, HUEHE wo, LIT 1.2.3. CHP a = Caoy + eo,)/2 AUTOR A Ui, do BRIO — PB TE, ARI AE A HL FRA ABA, ATT 2 SBP OLE, FEB A BOM CD, USHA SE MY Coe), HE BRAC RL AR FT I MLE REN A BEATS HH wy Alo, BBA LIT HEE wy BEALE ABER Prob | wp WE Al ww, BE PE Prob!) w, Wi a MRA, Prob way BRE] = Probl 2< 2S He) pc WEE ey Probl wy SHE} =~ FCM My | ee, SOLO LEAR wo/*Prob} wy Wei! + wy*Probl toy B61 = ey POSE) owe [i ROE], BR AUT ABESE oe M649 Dp Re AR I TE A eb BR Te FERK Hh ARATE EY Cw 7 5 ws) aE — te ET Se TEE ES 0b ON SEER a REDE AoA RC) EB SPS EA TRE Cat da WF Pie * Re ~ ER, BR ERE BAT OS (Sd. EH, Re > eh Ce SFC), PRET 2, 2) 205 20 ER aL i, w 7] BTL.” row POSE) + wos [1 BLE | Awl Datel maxwo) CEES we [1 ES] AA TIE, BUDE AT TE BEE A Eo Cee fee De A TR RB SRY, Cd = wp) CEG = RCE BR Cw dw php PEE!) = [ye PEEME)] CATER FEED PE EAD APB A SB 52 GAD, SOG Ih WLR, 3 OR repeat, (1.2.2) SN, IR BE Ge ES Le EF IR IT Dy RAE. HECL.2. 2ARALE BA BSR re — a . . 1 wire, =o (2.2.3) pees, EAR AT TE ZL AR TE AT D7 RL AR EH SESE MSA EOE ETSI — EPRI, TERR AE Rh Fo Bb RARE TERED mn 0? OTE SA BO % L 41. Foad= Fhsgenol 3p ay}. EM 9, RAC SHY DLE WE SY BY PT I SD A) EARS Ai TE Ee AL A AY a, I BMA me. KBE (1.2.2) BRA i EA UR ps Pa Bat ea a BPE ET ge RA JOG RUS IESE AT WE. PL BREA 21 wi swe om HL(1.2.3) OM wi wi) = Fy = Vine? Pe, ES a wroms [ae mn tam - [ee whem [tS . SEMEL, BUD 91 BEY PA AP PE Ded FO SS BEAL CB) 9 ERT, EL Eh FEIT i BE A ECD o? ) ESA, PSK EG PGS AR Oy TLE EAA TE, PSE RE TA, AAMT tt (WL Se Ay Be OR fee APT i) — Be ae aa PRE ey A ARE AE Eh EA a, Pe 9) A PEE Se YE AR ESS 3 Be 1 es oe Pra Re Fe TE eB AB DB ER EA ft PARR IR EU Re, (LAR RE OLS) RMR TARE FE ARASH KE PLES I CAD? BE AL, LT WE Pt TA FE Oe BIE, J A HERS Or AS OP RA OAT Dy TRE A HE BBY BT ABE NT. AIR, BUS TL FAR ETE FE Aa PS SE PE, BRS AB AS BA TF ch — Ah SS RE ft SE, aR ER me BORO AAT AB HEAR KS 1.2.D Ast AI BIBI (1739) FF Hh, EMA ER BVA A SET AMAL, AIC SR Se Le, PKA SA KAR A — PT he RY PR, MR ee Bk eT (Hardin, 1968)" 95 FAL AD #2 3 (SSK ~~ TD Dak IE Be EE Hes, BRAS A ARTA n PHRMA, BERR, PAW REA ES SE Wan DBO. Ag, RMA Re EMS, UAE BE BR OG Sait + go RAMA —HE MRA coe HMPA RMAF MRA SOB, ab Ae Gat, — PAR OR WOM u(G). HF HERE, SBR ER Se, TL 22 ae aa BONEN BBA —P ER Gag 4 OX Gayl. 0(G) >0:18 C2 Gault, v(G)=0. EA, AT RY — Bee Fe AY 2, FE — Rt BEY EPO AE ACR Bn, (EL sb BRE AY RE Bt aE A SE AE APTA (BD G SRE SEF G oo Qit ), BEDS — FL Se ft EE FORIAE . SAAR RIM, G< Gam v(G) <0, A 0 (G)<0, IN 1.2.4 ime Gmox G B24 SRM A RNR RH Oe, PRE ESET NY, AY BRB — 4 Rie J PRY EAS Eh EEE, oo RULE WEI) (0, oo), Ee fee TAT EAA AT RAPS ie ob ST FT HEE 5 (0, Gras) HSB EBT . RAT R FRE CE Cry gens Bint ts LS ATER TR g; RRR A gular te t+ git at Biri tot ee) ome (1.2.4) GPE, Cel oe aT PE, RD ATR ec, ERAT RHE Bi Bie ee, ge RE. 2.4) RE. Tk AC A rata ule, tet) + gio'let ei) e=0. (1.2.5) BB g Ral tet ia tahi te tes gl RAC.2.S), BEATA ROY —~ BTA APOE, UG BREL n A o(G") +46" e(G")-e=0 ’ (1.2.6) SR, CORR gi te ten. HE, SHE RE ID Oo Ron, XE mex Grv(G)—Gre . enue 2B RA WG" 4G" 0(G")-~c=0. (1.2.7) ¥8(1.2.6) 51.2.7) RET BI, GO > G™ AALS A a RAR 1, tT HT TE EG BARE. (1.2.5) BAR RAR FE SEE g: FRAT ER SFE — FE i 8 CRE Pa — UE FE SUL" A AUKGE)o GSB RE OM oles + 2), AE co OE BHR BSH SAH WERE 0 (a + oti), RSW gw’ (a + ad. AIPA), ee TAR Ap ARI Co lak, SF FTCA Dy AE TE AAT DR A ER, BEE HT (1.2.6) RY EG 0 (G"), HEARG 2.79) G0 CE™ Do 1.3 BERR: RARBAHDSNGEH 1.3.4 REALMS 4E1.1.C PARE S,; LBS HM 2 TY Ae Pas eR, FF LT POSH ins? WHMIS an —1 PBS ER ATR, MA CsT 5 aA tsa, BP wise ey STi ey Senne ty Se MCSE oe Sas Sie Soa Te Se) (NE) Xt 5, AMR — s, BBRLL. HEI aL, FR as SR” APE AS PETER TST 0 BA2 Re BEAL rai “i o1 aod ° am | oun] ma we O WERT OSG" BANF v' <0, G*)> 0G" le FAM, HF 0 <0, O> VG IE (Go HEE GG MUM (1.2 6) ERNE AF L277 Zed, SEARBL AOS, A BRUT ABST 00 24 fea ie aR TEE IE PR — BAG A AY AR We 3S Te A HE CT GD, FP UT). Sy Be Be Es Wy Bs SA A ae, A AE — A OT — TED, SE oD BER EB) EE. eB A 9 (BE eT EXS MAHAL) MBSA 2 MBBS A 1 EM OR eT A (ER) SSA1RESRA 2 IMD, ERP, RA 2 fe AL CONE 1 2A, By oR BS WB — BA EM) aH, WT) — ABSA 1 A OE RS RS “5 oR — I CE, PL) CP, EA )——- MBSA 2 Ht 7s HEL A BCE A Fa PETE RSE PE FE PEE Se A A ARR. IX AS PETE TD Be AER ARS OBI A PE Pt Ze BE. TEED BR ERS TOF AY PE, ASAD FE Sf He RE VEY KE OO RAR AB AG4 2 TERME YESS, TB FE AST AS A eR AL 0 EB A TR TAM (LIK SE i BRR ST A TP 93, WER RL & AE Fi TEPER LSE, ERE BE PY EA DBL PER, SL YG ot a RER, HS 2 oe BRP GB itt tt CE fel SSR A GA He bs EA ot Be RE HS FER, RSH, CER BRE OT AB TE PAD BC a a ( BR a BE 2, Hoan" Bi SRK AS” ERR, Ay TT LD A FES A Ble EL, FE ETE 8 i OY BUSH Bh RY TEE Fe FERS, — BR 5 FA DO BS Se AR ETE, RE CEE BORE 1.1. URE RATE), A Bea ERR TT a EAD EE OY, TAT NTE 8 GR a RE BI EE. BLES AGR-2 BUBBLE, 22 (71 8) DOE FL RFE — FB SAR BS AT ABE YE) GX — SE BRERA IB CHarsanyi, 1973) 881k, TE 98 3.2.4 FE BEDE Ae BN) AB RATT SH SSRIS, AED RY LL Sr aE a SS TPN GL PRR Be Ne BA BO A ETE. UHM AR, SE eH Ae CE AR IS, (ek SAB ARI OS BERS) A aT RAT RS, Fa ARS Oy 7 A SEAR BC pure strate- ies) o ACHE AS UT RU SES AS TS Oh ABE ED, — BO EAE AL FT A UE PEAS AS LT oh, dn PE HEE, 8, A Pe, SPB ETA TA, XW BAG AE AY I RS AK SD A (g, BD, Be g AHIR LAR, 1-9 Wy eR, OSG <1, RAO, DRAB SA: PHAR, BNF OO ALE, SS fp Sth, Hee eS Bik SPAR 25 (1, 0-98 a FA FH AE TED EASE ER FEHR ROLE, VER 1.107 APR MSE, Ba 2S FARR Ae AIRS BESTA Cg, or, Ba 1) HP g FRM, r RAR TOBE, 1 g — r REAR ATA 3K, ANTAL, OS <1, HR BMI O2q- 2b, WW g 1/2 BY AMA q@=1/20 SSH 1 ARBRE. FORE BH 1 AREA Sm ee, Ar 1 RRBSH 1 SMS IE MR ERO Fl ZB ¢, BECERRA v TK, A er * (q) Hem, ARC 1 Ee AGH 2 WRG, 1- DNS SS 1 WAR, BRAT ea 1.3.3. BBG A 2 WC ¢,1- git. SSH 1 BRC, 1— rR: ras(- 1) t r= g)eb+ A -r)qelt =r) g)(-1) = (2g +1) +7r(2-4¢) (L351) SER, rq PEGE, ETE) G5 BES, CL — g ECE, PU) AY THEA, dn CT Sa 1 RAM HE 2 —4q > 0 ATPL y Ms HE 2 - 4g <0 ABE vB, MUI g < 1/2, BA 1 RR 7 = 1 BH ET) 5s ME g > 1/2, BAH 1 BAR yor = OC Bs ATT), MEH 1.3.3 BEAR rr * Cg) BE DUR BEE A HB) = FOR CA) ROR B) NBER A AEB RRROLIN. BBL, EHD ry Fea D HEAT 2 A EME, AAC BAST ARSE 1 A 2 HEL MT, A SE a ROMER, SANK (1974) TMEV EX, CRF SS AAMT LATCH, CPR GB ak FEM ZH — LA A PENT HH) 28 ee ay PRP HER GARE EGE wat Se Be A LP ARE A SO RT) URS, FPR g << 1/2, ER WIR RACAL. MIE g > 1/2, Wo WRAL ARS 5 TX BR (117 RT AD SAR a A TR A, DDR 2 BR g << 1/2, LE SEITE A (4h AR A TEE SSR) REE, OR g > 1/2, HY Bi RR PRA» GE) 1 Crm) 2 1 q CRM) CEM) A 1.3.3 49-12, S58 (gi - QRRREMERAMB I. WH BBR 7 g= 1/2 SIF 1 RRR ERA RRS. OT A, BASS S t 1.3.1) Pa Pee g = 1/2 FO, IE ARREARS RA. RE hg = 1/2 Bt, EF OB 1 IID EDT HER Mr 1 — ABE (g, 1 - RE. BA, (4/2 BELO, LTDA EPR TH), BOP 1.3.3 Rr * Cg) HIB) EERE, TE $61.2. AST Ty ROS RAI rig) WPL i RAR HR. TE BOWL, FETE og WOMB, BE Cg) ATR IE PE, BRR or (qQ) BR 1 (YAR ME tt Bi (best-response correspondence) » AEEA-BHRA TERS SS 2 MBH A RO BE REL A a ERE, RNAS BE, A OT AS ERA, Sy REAR Sy Pt ae WAT BL, K BEARS. A AE TH, Sy = fous ory sip S25 lsat Sox}, RAL 51,40 so. Ft RA S1.S. HER TL, WRB SH 1 PTB SA 2A Cars o> bon) A EAE PEE (sa, Pon), UB SH 1 RST AR sO aE BLE BHGRMBEK 29 5 Dd) brmi(sys soe) (1.3.2) HB GH 1 BPR AEE Py (pn, pry) BT SURE OW ee vi(Pu Pa) = Sm [ 3) paealey, sa) 1 = 34D) Pu Pawrtsys sa) - 1.3.3) a FU, pi, § be RRB DHMH, HBG 2 TEE so, GER ALE (1.3.3), BSF 1 eR SREP, OMe, BPH 1.3.2) oa ASTRA sans ooo vag} ONSEN BE OAR A, FAR A AP Bl Cus pn ) BS, SSS 1 OR pus py) BRASS 2 ARR Po ARRAR RAL, BEAT 0 09 ps, TAT AR A x « Dy Pants (Size Son) SD) Pawer(sy » see) Rt S, PEE 8, ABR KH, — RARER P, ER, TRA RT F 0 BY SEAR SH RET Pe A RR BE IR DLIRUE, RRS A Aon PA BP BY BEST, WS RE A RB SNES BAY FE RL a A C1 A A A EA AAR yO) TE BE] PE BBG UM P, ARR. Sh A a AAT i TEE M, RSH SSH M2 MBER A RES PAP, WBS 2 OS a RS SH 2 MS HEAT BEL Cpa os ay) PERG sare os say USA 2 Srl WEB pais +, Pax) TEPRARIE (sar. 0+, soe) BLAS RS BE eo vat Pr. P2) = 3) paul D) pysea suse) ] a = Seay + Pasta (siye see) » FERN (Pi, Pa) Hor Pi Po) i, BATT EN TH a BD — BABII SE 3 — GR RI FRRE (PS, Pl) RBIS, Pr BR wy (PT, PZ) oC Pyy Po) (hd) Ot Sy "PRR aE FT REAR) ATP, ARI, IRL PS eA AE 30 Aes Ie aba uC Pi PI) 0 Pr. Pa) » (1.3.5) FS. BUR STA PT AR 5) AP. ABR. EN LATSS HERR C= 1S, Sasa woth, A (PT PP RATHI RH RRA Y.-S SSNRARMBBA BSH ERM A ZY, B13. 4) A435) OT TP BR AFD GX SECS AT SAA PET A ARES, rate, 2 1 PL 1.3.3 PHM WBS MSS; WAH RE ATR. ASEAN 1.3.3 PR, EA RY g 1A, A g(r) Bem, JAMME(g,1- QO RABSH INS SH 1 ML RRA. Stu A 1.3.4 RAR, UR < 1/2, 2 RE, Eg (7) = 0s ARB, WR r > 1/2, SW 2 84 BC EE TL, FB g Cr) = Le MAR r= 1/2, OU ASL gH 2 TE aE A PS GB HS, 1 SE TA (q. 1 ¢)thab se SAL, FE 9° (1/2) SEF EMILO, 11. q 7) Gem) 1 4 HH) 1/2 Tor (am) CEI) 1.3.4 SEAL 1.3.4 AREA BE RE EHS, REIN 1.3.5. REA SSR IMSS 1 MARMARA, 1.3.5 OB 1.3.4 Be MW, (EW SH 1.3.3 S96 1.3.6. 1.3.6 1.2.8 HT MIO 1.2.1 A, TER RK rr. (a1) Hori (a2) ROZCR Be TET, A BURR Or" (q) Ag” Cr) AOR hs TPE PE A IR os TS RB A i ER Wed (1/2, 1/2), WUT 7 RM 1/2, 1/2), EAT Bi® BSERPSON 31 RA ER, GEM 7 qt(r) 1/2 (Rm) T 7 (Rm) GER) 1.3.5 GE ti) 2 (PH) (Fm) GET} 1.3.6 SAE, PEA a SE EE UOTE IG PERF SRI th MLE Ts EA RATT BS HF OO Cr ARE Do B25 ae i EBT 7H Se ep CA) OE EH ‘Ee HERR Ee BES, BRR FAIR REP UA EER OY RD Re Ee PEEL RR AUS UTR ET RE BOER FJ aT PRAY LE HEE SUA VA EB DD, HS Ze BRE BA HY HE SHE OT BL RF a Be A HL aly EE BRAT RE CELA SF AD. SUL RR ATA aE RR FO HEB Ae He OLR ERE A WE C1/2, 1/2), ES RF RES RETA TATE ER — PR, 88. WO — RHEE, SRA PY Lie ej BURT Oh LAB, 32__ heer ie sah FET HOT AY BB, BA fp GLEE T EPRI ABE ASEM. BL, PBS ERED | OR AE, 2 PAAR ey WE, FET Fj BSG ARB ae OOK PPA EE, TE 3.2. AW, BR a BH SATU Aa SURE OH BE Oy TE Bee TEN TE SS OTT Ss BH BO A, BB CP AE TEI, @ Ca, Log) WONT T FR aE EB HR a. H® (Cr, tor) WIE BMAF AR, Ft Ae A ro BUFR EAP ES AME Ig Cg, L— 7), UE Sal BIT ce PR 9 JOT Be a Og x 2 +(1~ 9) 0-29, RBG HB ty g XO+(L—Gg)X1=1- ge BR WH, 4E @ > 1/3 BY, So ATE RR Be By HR Cr = 1) 9 < 1/3 WY, Se MRR ABCA r= O)iq= 1/3 IM, FETT ATA r RR. OE APU Ht, SOU SR ek HELIO AAD ABB AS Cory Lor), OU EE Fae He A a HB i er XT +(e) XO= r, HRP ary aE or x OF (1-7) x 2= 21 -1r)o SAME, 1 > 2/3 FE, WAS CA te OL BOI OC g = a < 2/3 WY UR TER PSE CA g =O), = 2/3 HE ETT EY og ARE EE 1.3.7 DRAB, RAE BR OY BR Re, BY ME OH RR Cg Pg = (1/3, 2/3) 55 76 BSG TR ES RE r,t — 7) = (2/3, 173) TERRE — ATS. Ck) 1 4 qtr) 273 |r (Pd) V3 1 q Bt) CK) 1.37 APPA 1.3.6 WDAZ Mh CED, Jes By ee A eR OI ATER, AL .3.7 Br (gg (AEP RAG = 0, = 0) Ca = L, r= 1) Rg =1/3, 7 =2/3). BING PRD BARRE SR 11 RL TOBA A mS 8 OB a a) ACR, A). Bie SPARES 33 EET AEBS Pf PB (£0 Sa A A HER AS ie) HB BR SSAARLLAMMM— TRA, ERR NSS SERA L, aT HRS MESH AAT L AAR, RUB. HT EAMRAKSSHCA RRS eR, CALM ete BAA A AR AA RSE. PT aR ATP as PH TE HE TAR A AE FREE AT SE CY ELT) BSAD 4 # SAL 13.8 AFR 1.3.8 WBS 1 MURIEL. 2 zy Aw SE SR AA GRE AR P,P TL POW AT SE A Ce >eHy>w, (i) 2ez Hy 1.3.10 AEA (iii) ALAR Gv) Ht, ERT PR EE PE BZ a g 1, Me LR RY, Eg HE PR. Sg = Cw — y)/ (a7 et wy), BS ARE i) Bg > gH EERE, g BAT A, TEESE EF AEE a, P16 OT BE FY BE LETTE TEE — A, RAT AE I A He a LT BUTTE BY AB A BLY RL «(1 HE FS SE ON FE A (2 EB AU ARTIS BE, (3) PS CR IS BT — TR RR ES AT TE BIR AC RPRSH 35 SEAT 1.3.6 By 55 TE i ER — Bh P,P 13.7 BE PERE BR — TP BT 5 (ANG A A PR A, Eo * COO ORG) g* OHO RG) BSP HERP CE) 2 re) oF) oF T 4 1.3.12 AHL RIS, RATE te A — AA BE a A A eee. ER EDS FB A REE 9 2 EA BO PF Pa, TY LAs FF — SSE Ea a PR AY on ARES 2 (AIT, 1950). 4 n TES AMER = 1S 0 Sse, DA 2 y= we DOS RE A RTT EO PM. IZ, Be SRE SNM 3 APA OL DE, AUTRE AE EE TO A A Nh AH aR A a LA AD RATE 36__ 1 HIE ae ve bP IE no RR, ET i, S, GRY, EE A Eo - aN TFS BE, HIBS BB HE 1.3.13 SOT se PE 9) ES BU AS A ER PO Roe A FABRE fx RR PME A A EEO, 11S Va eK, A AR Bk IMR T FFE RP SAY —— BIEL 0, LEE "Jar". Al.3.134hT~TAF. 5 SE FE EW AN A Be RC) ER aE AT PA EEA AB 8 AE A (2) 0 9 SE GA SEA TOR BLS. JSAP BR RA ne Ae OD BZ, BR A PAAR A he FE" VDF AA CKakutani, 1941), eA Se OR ee A a HE B(AA -ZRA AM B. n ABRAM TERPS SAM RE RO a PR RE RA —TRE RAS (p10 by) MBPS SS FORA PPT HRS SAAR BE pa Pinte Peete Pn IO REIZ. LR—SSH—T LER RMT A EAS RS CEA WR, A B55 AO A Ot, RE n TAS ARS TA eR BCE RRA)). —MRARBEA Cpl, pt FIR RS BO BME Cpr pr AP BSE Cal pl OTRO AGORA. MME i, ps ORBAN pli, ble Phere Ps TRAE Z— ) IX RAE AES TS AR, BC ph on FE TTI. TER SBD. C2) He AE BR Bh —- BG BE ES PE BL — HR, AAT RY A PE Se 9 HE EA 1.3.13 He Af) BR (2 RRB FARRER. AMER Bie sam emmpee a7 fled 1.3.14 1.3.14 FBP , et ee’, f(r) <2. CRRA 1.3.14 HEY f(x ABSA Re ERT AY AS PR Zh, A 1.3.10 MRR CID). 4 g= ght, rg) MT OL RRP RET EARS APE, Br (qd Tg AA USE g’ It, Cg RRR, UR @ DANSE g Wh, "(Gg AUR PR, FFA atk PS A BPA or HD. MURAL 1.3.14 fC RAB ONS SH 1 RIE or" Cg"), SU fC!) LANL BY fe Se NS AB AS), A ak BR DOL, REIN fC 2 RHE x’ A — PAB BRA BO Be AI BY, 1.03.10 PRE Cg) AGRE AEE HES AR EA) AF A EAB BBA A A BD ABR BAT fi. HRA HRATES SOP SE. MRES Hi An PERI BE BSE He fh 5 Ye AR, a a A SRL OY FE RE BEAE OY RTE CSF S SCE A EE OO) BOG A PARBSH HORRY. HFR-SSHORERAM NBR SX REE, nn JOE A BAK PE A TO BE, Bn ARAREMRA-THON. SALT REDE RAE TAB 4 IIE BS PE 9 PEE, (ES 12 FEAL ITSP A Ee SGI AAR eH CCB hy Sg — Be 5 Pk EH AB Se: FC RY) SC AT SA aE BM A (I SES FE ETE OY FE RE, AAS BER SEAT SPR, BAT AL ae BAL ee A, AO LD Ze — PRS a Be D fCe MINE ABE, BRE Ce VLA MB TA RR oe = 2, BY AR BANG At rk 7 PL AE A Re a I AE A A 38__ PRE eRe 1.4 HDR ET SL AA We EB A GA BR SE, BH TPE BO, BWA EA (1992). FET A) A ee FOU OF 2G) a a Hh A AE] YY SE, Se A (Scheikrnan, 1983), fth((7iiE FA 4E E28 Fe FF, lb TE itt A 7 2 BY $4 RP CAB MA ERI AB TL, BEDE At) a ARR ARE EE PA), DS RE ENB MR, SPR, BS ALAM (Gibbons, 1988), Hei STE SRS BS AP BR AR A RT CT DT A FB A] FR eH BE HE PRL 04 Re, SPN I UU FE, A EA FES BR, ASSIA ey IRA WS (Dasgupta & Maskin, 1986). 1.5 BPMSHS Bi 1.1 {PARRA ARE? AEP SED RAE SL, tt EPS aR? th 2 FE — AAR 8 2B? 1.2 CELA PSE AER AE SR Ht, MIB BEAR Bs 75 a EES BB BIR? Aes Oh Py LBA A? L c R A 3,0 1.3 BED A Bean SP — FOR ETT RA, WL BEG A RL COB, BU s, A so, LOSs,, spe Bost sot, ASP RUE AB PBT BEA — 18 UR sy + sy > 1, INDE ABS — FOB. OR ALE AG SE Ag BS. Bie BEEP REE 3s 1.2 1.4 (RAE AT OP on PPL, & og; FRAG HB Q=a.t- +4, RRB AOR, p Raith oe, FRE RE RMA pCQ)=a- Q BGR Qa + 1, BHR RLATA ZEAL? 1.7 4650 1.2.B 4, RATS TP eA LE TA AE, Fad A AOR PF PRET APB MBE py < py PL. EO At HE i PGA BIE RY a — pi, p> p, YAO, pi =p, PY (a ~ pr)/20 FAT ABR APEMERA, AUMRS AH ce Ke -~, AMS TS 1 WMT A EA TH, ROSSA 2 MS 9 a AA, TF ANAT SIT Aaa A PIER, SH 2 BT. 46 EST AEA BEES BG Se BP A I AEE Th ESA Ss HS a PRES LY UE FR AT TES 1.1.0 PA, RSS AP AAT ELT — Tar EE STHRG. RIAD SHREBe. SRPMS a WHE HPS SA 1 HART 1. SSA LR L RR ASL RARER SSH 1H LAE “GH 2 A RE Os 2. BSA 2 WMS 1 ATE, ME 1 ER, 2 ER aR’, LP LASTEST, PA BY aI 1; 3. SAA 1 WM 2 ECF AZ eT Ee), FRAT TABT RESET I RAL, WW OGRE LB R”, te a TRAERR, 1° Ay 1 CRE 3, 2 eRe O, MT RR” PLA UM ae SP ld AOA 2. EARTH RET HF A GRIT RR 3B, BOVHETESS 2.4 WHET ERNIE), REE L RA PU, LH RRB SH 1 OR, FRET A 2 HUB. a Hie — Ph BE a, RMS OT BS Se 1 ATH) IT RA. BG 1 MURA PEPER. LOT RU ah 3, ROP WC He OO, PE VERN. RACBKE, BSA 2 WWD —ASRHAD RS Bree, WS Sa 1 SH, RSM 2 aH OO, WMS SA 2 EO PUP «LOY FRE ae 1, ROOT a de 0, PAL LR. IRE, EB Bor Be, SA 1 BB Bh SR EEE A BSS — BE, 2 RE 1, EL BSW He 1, AB SA 1 ETS — BREE: La 2, ROW A 1, TRL ERE. 2M BRAM 47 AeA Ht PSE By Be De, BT fe — BE LM ABLE 2a, BS ay 0 aH Ee RR, EL YE BEARS ALES 1S SR IE Ah AE — BY Be RIN] AE AE ATOR. LE SBR, BAGH 2 HMM IE PEA SSS PT BR, M1 eae OL”, GXHY 2 SE LAS FETEOS . ERP ATE 1 LE 7 ESE 9 ae Se, Of a 2 FRAT BD, MEAL 2 Rb 1 AS A ABE A et Oy, Wk HES — BE FES R,RAR— PER 2 AEE LORE TEM 7. (DR RR Weg SUE 1 CESS RPE TR MUP SRS a SE (A RT BSE AUR GAY 1 OAT Eee CES BSE R, NR 2 at 1 PE 5° — Pha fede BSA | AEA” SE SII, (B45 2 HE B” AD ACL SE Tel SU SL TAY 2 BT A REY, 1 ee AB eS — BR, 2 ROM RHR’, AMF USER H AE L, BOWES SH 2 RAE RM, ASA 1 ABE 9” ANAS EE DA 1 EY , EH 2 BREA Oe 1 ERE, Ge Wh 1 A) AREER “BREE R.A 2 PUA 1 SAE EAT EB det RWIS 1 MEMS MRR. MAA APT 1 ERR PER (BRE OT nO AS RR. A, OS 1 ET RR OE BEE 1 SEE. FE, BR ae PASM AG FE ETT Hy TO Bh Se AE 4) PEF, TEAR TE RE AR He A He — fa FEAR BRE AR DS TS 8 PRES S789 ARS 8 2.1.B SRS EAR RR ES SU HE BE A TA C1934 ) BE th — Ph BB AY AS BRA, SB NECA) ETT BI, PIS a ot GBA FT. He aE Se CE Ph BIR Se fy HEE YB, i AD EL ak Fh ES 8 fe, GK — BE MRR BAA Rik ~-T iG PEL, aE FEST BSE). LEI RE SAR EBLE ABE , BAR Py dl a eR A TA — By CARRE AM SE PS TY, ie PRT). PE BALL I FE SB Et ADC) BS) A BE, SB a ACL FPR AA, RG EB a. AAR FRAC a 3 No ef at AE 1118 8), Sa SE AR, THES Se ME OD, I LES AST EES PA BS FRESH AIER H ES Aa REEDS, MU FE EY 48__ GRIER RH ‘PALS Gg TMB Ses (1 ta 1 BPR at g 20 5 (2) ak 2 MS gy, PRA EFE bh og. 05 (3) fe aL i ADE a oP Ta te BB nang) =al(Q) el]. EE 9(Q) =a - QE LH Ih Q = 91+ go NATE, c Fie Pde aa AR, ya a CIB ACY 0). Sa fi Hk — AEE HMA, SCAT ET GT a wk 2 td 1 FEE BRI, Rol qi) max m(91, 92) = max gaia — qi-q2—e] « “0 aoe BS Rig) = 9 , Bal ai max ale - qi- Rela - 6) = gg a, SES Hy Et YA ~ are aw=45 BR Rigi) =*F FSC SE BRE ET HA SE a 1 Ha HO VEU TES 1 RE AR 0 BTS ot, Bh PBR Ca — 6/3, LS LETHE, SOE He AS LS RE a ty OS TR Ca — 0/4, Hee EP AN Tt Sy BEALL Pek 2 (a — 6/3 BE, MATSUI Be AR UL PB A A CTT Te fer A A a TE Be” TT A OB SR DSR — RETRO SR, PUA. aM — RRL OD RT DRAM SA STR TR Re RAE Ee, DE SEE OR OLE a” eH TR ML, MA SOE IE SFT AMA, SALE HE TS OE PE ORES, HEL ELGAR 49 STAT tea LOBE. ARETE SE SEAR OLE Ts, ok 1 he BT eS BU AR (a — c)/3, SY EM 2 A eS EE FA CI EE A EPS de eS OA KO a BAK, MAIER T HA BA eh 1 TET FE AR UL I oh Oa RET TE Ta PRE PO Alt. CELTS ed BT PART , BATE Sh ADH ABS FE A As BR eS 2m UU BLAS SE HP, fol, 1 A) fH SD a OA ah 2 EE, Ae BE EA LL MOTH a A tek 2 KER, Hos HAREM SARA —P REDD SA. EMA, AEB EAR SE OA A, MER, Tee BS CNC A BEBE, FELL LS nt RI — “A SE & fe A ALAR —TB SHR iR. TESTIS TE 8 OU BLESS, FF CEA 8S {PE by teh th 2 SBE gn, Fe ECHR AOE fied 1 it eak 2 SB gq, EE A, PRAT TELE RGT Sas RE PA PEK, (RRL 1 FER 1, Sadek 2 EF an, {ARTIF REA LST g1. Rk 2 AM ae LP TT a as TOR at =(a—c)/2, Web 2 AAR BU RS Cat )= (a0) /4. (HE, WA 1 DM fb 2 Ak — HEP PR, ce 1 RS PER Ca - 0)/4 AAR Bll 3 (a — c)/8 HA A HHH He SUPE Ba — 0/2, FBZ Mb 2 RA SEAR AR EME 1 EER TEE Fe AR LB PA AFIT A CT BY TT Ba EO HE RE, EE Te BR FERC a — 6 )/3-—S TE EE 39 Be, pa PF a HY TRB, Gab 1 SOIL, fe 2 UIE g) tek 2 WET HA. 2.4.0 ALARA TR TEMPE (1946) A, He TA TC TE Ds Ae 3 BD THE ER LI) HD KAR LAM TRA ARH, AA BARAT TT LA A ERE ae AEA SE RP, PLA LIK FT OE OT, H EBe e , EA aE ED TRRALAR I). Lea BOY UCw, b), St we BA Ae A LI AAT, Rae 1 EU I REIT, BAR EAM Hem, BRIER G HAART a RE A EE CATT A TE A RRECT. RTK Hwee DH 2.4.0, $0 PRE aay TROKY, L SRL AR. HER U Ge, DE we AL A. AY PRO xCw,. DL ROL) ~ wh FOP RCL) At RL PLA FRE A TERR DY EA ah TR FP), BOE RCL) ea, IF A PY] BRAK (concave) » EAR Pg 1) Se aS OTE A we 5 (2) oY OPE) we, WEP ROA REL (OK RB Ce, LT lw, Ld RE RA IBLE U Cee, LAT RCL RS LR RRG SR MATTE AH AE LH BE PEW Eh PAE ACL PRATT AT A Be AED Se BE ERE TT IID. 5, LAE PER — TP LEA we, RAE BE BER tL RY, Ce ARR. FRE wo, EEE Cw HR ee tpaxn( w, 1.) = maxR(L) wh, “BRIE R(L)-w=0. FARIE “Wak tE RCL) — w = 0 Fifi, (RE R“(0) = =, FL R’(oe) = 0, 2.1.1 Bram. L*(w) 2.1.1 PA 21.2 APL ECan AEA BD A ata CAA pe EE A EE Ae OUCH AB LGR), TREATED ME PAVIA T IU Fa ~ A AREAL Ce NE RAT AR, PP ED ww, Cae IE a LK Fe PERNT. 2ST wo’ RIM wo = ae HY AOP REEL TEN EE AEE LARA BD AG SLB Ba PATS MEL CL, wo” AAPA A GER ee = co ATA 2A TES AEH 51 LARGE ARE, cw PARAM it be Ad 8 ak Ze BR eS REAR) SM he AR AE TRA. A 2.1.3 GR SA AMA, BS LORE, ve See HL ee HU, TY eT BOAR. L* wy 6 ‘tb fy A eR 2.1.2 Leth He de Fh 2.1.3 FM RUSE BT Ze ee — BLASTN, a FL Ze A el ET AA =O BE OT, Tee RM se AT ACE wy, AS EIR AROSE” Cao do WB, Le SB — BT BE Lf PigemW . magU (0, L* (20)) - POOLE0 2.7.3 9 5628 Pm RL RR, Sea AE S2_ aie Rit vw, HAS BAIR (we, 2” Cee )) REY FY BIS BY Sk OT SR RL Rw" PORE LS at (wb Ce") FGF AL Cw AE Bo, OP 2.1.4 Be. MT, CW, LE Cay )) BEER — TS ae AY PS Oy ey Leth REG MR L* w") L 214 SEE — He AT BPA CL Cn) EY, AE 2.1.5 HH, SUR wy FOL BF PA BE BS EAD, Bb AT. Sete KYB So SO PIER Be TR A TA ek RS ES ha AR TE CFE ALA A Me BR TEAL TEP, AE ak Ot A Si 2 i), CRB A AACE ARE) HEMT PA BE AB (Espinosa & Rhee, 1989) EPP BRA RAT PMA SBR RET WSR AR ae SEY RF EE EEK), FEI EE, WRB CE — 35 LE we EAR AB ETS 2.1.5 BT TR PABA BRAY VA PY, BILGE FEE — OE RP GR RR we AL ROR A EY ie. BL 2.3 PPRT BRM MT, RH 2.16 SHR RE A AA BY A 2.1.D FARA FQ FES HI — TS RP, CR TE 21D Tt AE BE Bl, SOT BRAT ot ee (1982 ) A, Ho RE Hy CEE) BB Fy. CENT TN AB YE ALR FLSA SR A HY TE AR AGB). SIA, TE UR MBE (Sobel & Takahashi 1983)2644E Se ek ES OF BE ise SRR) pe, BR es TE FE THE OM TTL BT BZ Ht, BL 4.3. BAT, 2 SRR SEH 53 fie Mb 5 a BR L* (wo) Ls et) 2.1.5 SSAIM2A—-BCHGRAA RA MTR RRMA SR: SS SA 1B TOMER, SSA 2 WWE IE RSS A 2 ME, MHSTA 2 GAN, BA A 1 PER HE es — TF &, TR BR, CA TET DSR SE Fe BET AHR. TRAM TRE BSAA AEBS Ha Te Bt AE NS Me AE ETT EL, fA MRA 8, zk O 5), UH Se), BL aH ak — aE GOATS FE, RESCH aE EET SHEA BBE) (2a) 4258 — OWI is, BALA 2 RBIMBS A 1B 1 SEIN 52, BES BATA 2 GRO 1-1 RES TEME ts, MRM S AA LOY, Te ABE EE FEE Hh AR A); (2b) BA 1 TREAT RF RE, BSA 1 CRE 2 WBS A 2 BOWER L— s2 ASAT CBN SF), Be TK — AE “F, PRFEARSEUETT, UE A B= ER) BERS MRT, BA BB) 1 76H 5, BSA 2 9B 1-5, DWARF 2 ORT SRT AIRY ION. AE TT BLE MSR i — 9 TAT LAT, BE SCALE, CITES AL Gs 7, RIZE FP TBH aot (RO Is 1+ 5. IRE, FB WEEMS — Roe, EMMA + BIE. & O=1/C1 +r), EF LAB Re PRR AT Bx, ERR ALPE BT AO aE BU A 07, UR, RR ik eis HEL. Sd PE HIO BER BMO

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