V-n diagram and gust diagram

Dr Jian Wang 08/02/2010

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FADL SANDEEP DILESH BARDYA MANPREET EMMANUEL

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Content
What is V-n diagram Aerodynamic & structural limits How do we construct the V-n diagram What is gust diagram How do we draw the gust diagram Work out the V-n, gust diagram for your design

What is V-n diagram

What is V-n diagram

In general, aircraft are limited in their performance capabilities by aerodynamics (for example, stall), structure and/or engine capabilities. A V-n diagram captures an aircrafts operation envelopemeans enclosures shown the limits

Aerodynamic & structural limits

Aircraft are limited aerodynamically by stall: The stall speed
Vs = 2W with L = nW ; n = 1 SC L max

An aircraft can only withstand a finite amount of g load until it structurally fails, which is represented by load factor. Then we have L = nW ; n 1 Combine these two equations,
Vs = 2nW SC L max

We will have our V-n diagram

Aerodynamic & structural limits

Some definition of velocities
1. Design cruise speed: VC, a minimum value of the maximum speed to be considered for straight and level flight. 2. Design dive speed (maximum structure speed): VD the maximum speed for structure design. 3. Manoeuvring speed: Va the speed of the aircraft is operated 4. Corner velocity or Maximum elevator deflection: VA the speed of a aircraft is operating at the brink of stall.

General characteristics of a V-n diagram

The following figure is a typical V-n diagram Stall speed limits the aerodynamic capacity Load factor confines the structure capacity Four velocities
Va

VS Stall speed VA Corner speed VC Design cruise speed VD Design structure speed

Key points about an aircrafts V-n diagram

1. A V-n diagram is good for one weight, altitude, and one configuration 2. The area inside is called the operating envelope in which the aircraft can be safely operated at combination of airspeed and load factor 3. Refer to the positive and negative stall limits again, the higher the load factor, the higher the stall speed. At a load factor of 1.0 (L=W), the 1-g stall limit is quickly identified. 4. The corner speed VA is shown, which is the corner (intersect) of aircrafts stall limit and structure limit

Key points about an aircrafts V-n diagram

5. A positive and negative limit load fact are identifiedthe aircraft will sustain damage if these are exceeded. Structurally, the aircraft is typically designed to handle more positive than negative gs 6. At high airspeed the aircraft reach the structure limit, also called q-limit or redline. Not as straightforward, this could be an aeroelastic limit or a temperature limit. Something undesirable, in terms of structure and handling qualities, happens if this limit is exceeded 7. When weight and altitude change, the V-n diagram will change 8. If equivalent velocity Ve is used on horizontal axis of the V-n diagram, then the Ve-n diagram will not be affected by altitude changes

How do we construct the V-n diagram

To construct the V-n diagram, you need to know
1. 2. The stall speed, corner speed, design cruise speed and structure speed Maximum positive load factor and negative load factor

Procedures:
1. 2. 3. Locate structure speed, corner speed, and design cruise speed Draw two horizontal lines represented maximum load factors Calculate stall speed for n=1:

Vs ,1 =

2W SC L max

4. 5.

Set up equations:

Vs ,n = Vs ,1 n

For positive and negative load factor, CLmax can be different

What is gust diagram

The gust velocity: V is the original airspeed; Ude is the gust velocity. Because of the gust velocity, the real velocity for the aircraft will be VR. VR Sharp-edged gust The consequence is that angle of dC L C L = attack will change d dC U ; the load = L d d V factor will change as well

How do we draw the gust diagram

What should we find out before construct the gust diagram
Ud The change of the angle of attack: = V 1 L = V 2 SC LA 2

The increase of load

The increase of load factor:

1 V 2 SC LA V 2C L 2 L A n = = = W W 2(W S )

How do we draw the gust diagram

Some discussions
The above equation does not include alleviation effects resulting from real unsteady aerodynamics; In reality, the lift does not change instantaneously when an airplane enters a gust, nor is a gust ever truly sharp-edged. Therefore, the gust velocity is tempered by a gust alleviation factor,
U d = K gU d

How do we draw the gust diagram

Construction of the gust diagram
The increase of load factor:
1 V 2 SC LA L V 2C LA n = = Kg 2 = Kg W W 2(W S ) = Kg

V 2 C L A U d
2(W S ) V

= Kg

VC LAU d
2(W S )

The load factorvelocity relationship:

n = 1+ Kg

VC LAU d
2(W S )

How do we draw the gust diagram

The gust alleviation factor
0.88 subsonic 5.3 + Kg = 1.03 supersonic 1.03 6.95 +

The mass ratio

2(W S ) = gc C LA

How do we draw the gust diagram

Gust load factors must be determined at three speeds:

VB is determined by the intersection of the stall curve with the maximum gust velocity curve (with Ud = the maximum gust speed).

How do we draw the gust diagram

The other points:
Intersection with VC Intersection with VD

How do we draw the gust diagram

How to work out CLA
Based on NACA Report No. 1206, 1954, and NACA Rep. No. 921, 1948

Graphic method

Graphic method

Work out the V-n, gust diagram for your design