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DEMONSTRATION 1
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Where Is the magnitude of electromotive force B Is the magnetic flux. For the special case of a coil of wire, composed of N loops with the same area, the equation becomes
A corollary of Faradays Law, together with Amperes Law and Ohms Law is Lenzs Law: The EMF induced in an electric circuit always acts in such a direction that the current it drives around the circuit opposes the change in magnetic flux which produces the EMF.
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
ELECTRIC MOTOR
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
SELF INDUCTANCE
3.Mutual inductance:
Faradays law tells us that a changing magnetic flux will induce an emf in a coil. If two coils are put next to each other, end tom end, and the first coil has a current going through it, a magnetic field will be produced, and a magnetic flux will pass through the second coil. Changing the current in the first coil changes the flux through the second, inducing an emf in the second coil. This is known as mutual inductance, inducing an emf in one coil by changing the current through another. The induced emf can thus written as :
Where M is the mutual inductance of the secondary coil, is the electro motive force.
4. Self inductance:
Coils can also induce emfs in themselves. If a changing current is passed through a coil, a changing magnetic field will be produced, inducing an emf in the coil. As with mutual inductance, the induced emf is proportional to the change in current. The induced emf can be written as :
5.Transformers:
Electricity is often generated a long way from where it is used, and is transmitted long distances through power lines. Although the resistance of a short length of power line is relatively low, over a long distance the resistance can become substantial. A power line of resistance R causes a power loss of I R; this is wasted as heat. By reducing the current, therefore, the I R losses can be minimized. At the generating station, the power generated is given by P = VI. To reduce the current while keeping the power constant, the voltage can be increased. Using AC power, and Faradays law of induction, there is a very simple way to increase voltage and decrease current (or vice versa), and that is to use a transformer. A transformer is made up of two coils, each with a different number of loops, linked by an iron core so the magnetic flux from one passes through the other. When the flux generated by one coil changes ( as it does continually if the coil is connected to an AC power source), the flux passing through the other will change. Inducing a voltage in the second coil. It is used only for AC Cicuits. The relation between the primary & secondary voltages is follows:
Vp is the primary voltage Ns is the numbers of loops in secondary coil And Np is the number of loops in primary coil.
DEMONSTRATION 2
the light is in the more dense medium and approaching the less dense medium. the angle of incidence is greater than the so-called critical angle.
An experiment involving the use of a large jug filled with water and a laser beam also based on total internal reflection concept. The jug has a pea sized hole drilled in its side such that when the cork is removed from the top of the jug, water begins to stream out the jugs side. The beam of laser light is then directed into the jug from the opposite side of the hole, through the water and into the falling stream. The laser light exists the jug through the hole but is still in the water. As the stream of water begins to fall as a projectile along a parabolic path to the ground, the laser light becomes trapped within the water due to total internal reflection. Being in the more dense medium (water) and heading towards a boundary with a less dense medium (air), and being at angles of incidence greater than the critical angle, the light never leaves the stream of water. In fact, the stream of water acts as a light pipe to pipe the laser beam along its trajectory.
sin ic n2 sin 90 n1
sin 90 1, so
sin ic
n2 n1
4.The brilliance of diamonds results from light entering the diamond and being totally internally reflected from the opposite side before exiting in approximately the original direction. 5. Total internal reflection can be observed while swimming. if one opens ones eyes just under the waters surface. If the water is calm, its surface appears mirror-like. Total internal reflection of the green turtle can be seen at the air water boundary.