Cut off, Active and saturation regions of a transistor: Transistor Biasing:The application of suitable dc voltages across the transistor

terminals is called biasing. Each junction of a transistor may be forward biased or reverse biased independently.These are following three different ways of biasing a transistor ,which is also known as modes of transistor operation.

Forward active:Emitter-Base junction is forward biased Collector- base junction is reverse biased.

Saturation Region:Emitter-Base junction is forward biased Collector- base junction is forward biased In this mode transistor has a very large value of current. The transistor is operated in this mode, when it is used as a closed switch.

Cut- off Region:Emitter-Base junction is reverse biased Collector- base junction is reverse biased In this region both the junctions are Reverse Biased. In this mode transistor has zero current. The transistor is operated in this mode, when it is used as an open switch.

Output characteristics of Common Emitter Transistor

Modes of transistor action: S.no 1. 2. 3. Junction bias condition Mode Forward-Active Saturation Cut-off Emitter-base Forward Forward Reverse Collector-base Reverse Forward Reverse