EEL 744 AC CONTROLLERS

Professor Bhim Singh Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi-10016, India email:bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in, bhimsinghr@gmail.com Ph.:011-2659-1045

Lecture - 2

1 phase AC Voltage controller

1 phase AC Voltage controller

The power flow can be controlled by varying the rms value of AC voltage applied to the load, a thyristor switch is connected between the AC source and load. This type of power circuit is known as ac voltage controller

AC Voltage Controller
It converts fixed AC voltage directly to variable AC voltage without change in frequency. The Power flow can be controlled by varying the rms voltage applied to the load It has high efficiency, flexibility in Control, less maintenance, and compact size.

AC voltage controllers can be divided in two broad categories

Single phase; Three phase. These controllers can be used for an induction motor as: Soft starters; Energy saving controllers; Solid state speed controllers.
6

Salient features as soft starter

Step less control of motor voltage. Control flexibility due to low power control circuitry. Smooth acceleration and deceleration of the motor. Easy implementation of current control. Simple protection against single phasing or unbalanced operation in case of three phase motors. Absence of current inrush.

Low maintenance for applications requiring frequent starting and stopping.

7

Soft start of single phase induction motors

AC Voltage Controllers
Salient features as energy saver: In such applications, voltage control is used for reduction of losses not for speed control; The motor losses primarily depend on three factors: o Loading on the motor; o Magnitude of applied voltage; and o Quality of motor construction. The most significant factor is motor loading; The motor running at light load has most savings; The applications with low duty cycles will allow more energy savings;
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AC Voltage Controllers
Following applications have significant no load operation and so voltage control can serve as energy saver:
Gang Ripsaw (1.63 kW saving for 50 hp motor); Woodhog (1.2 kW saving on 16 kW motor); Air compressors : reciprocating type (12% saving of 200 hp motor); Drill presses; Cutoff saws; Machine tools; Industrial sewing machines;
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Applications 1- phase ac controller

Gang ripsaws (1.63 kW saving for 50 hp motor)

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Woodhog (1.2 kW saving on 16 kW motor)

American Pulverizer wood hogs and shredders are designed to provide a one-step operation reducing by impact rather than by cutting. No knives are used. The hammers are designed to produce maximum reduction of fibrous materials and are built to withstand the impact of such foreign materials as nails, cleats etc.

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Applications single phase ac controller

Air compressors : reciprocating type (12% saving of 200 hp motor)

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Applications single phase ac controller

Drill presses

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Applications single phase ac controller

Cuttoff saw

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Machine tools
Radial drilling machine CNC flat bed lathes

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Industrial sewing machine

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AC Voltage Controllers
The applied voltage is directly related with core losses; therefore, optimum voltage shall reduce the losses: the motor operating near the distribution substation will have higher voltage than the one at the end of the distribution line; Therefore, the voltage reduction will allow energy savings; A badly designed motor or a rewound motor with uneven air gap will draw more magnetizing current and will have higher core losses; Reduced voltage operation of such motor will certainly improve energy utilization at all loads;
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Following applications use AC voltage controller as speed controller:

Speed control of motors Fans and blowers; High pressure material handling fans; Twist frames; Light vacuum system; Pumps (Single quadrant operation); Crane drives (Four quadrant operation); Cutting and forming machines;
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Following applications use AC voltage controller as speed controller:

Grinders; Plastic extruders; Abrasive planer. Lamp dimmer Thyristor controlled reactor Thyristor switched capacitor Heating control Heating chamber Electric Boiler
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Applications single phase ac controller Speed control of 1- phase ac motors using triac based controller

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Applications single phase ac controller

Fan regulator

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Applications single phase ac controller Blowers

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Applications single phase ac controller Twist frames

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Applications single phase ac controller Light vacuum system

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Applications single phase ac controller Pumps

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Applications single phase ac controller Crane drives

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Applications single phase ac controller Cutting machines

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Applications single phase ac controller Forming machines

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Applications single phase ac controller Grinders

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Applications single phase ac controller Abrasive planer

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Applications single phase ac controller Plastic extruder

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Applications single phase ac controller Lamp dimmer

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Applications single phase ac controller Thyristor controlled reactor

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Applications single phase ac controller Thyristor switched capacitors

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Applications single phase ac controller Heating control

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Applications single phase ac controller Heating chamber for drying

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Electric boiler

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For power transfer Two types of control

1. 2.

On off control Phase angle control

On off control:- Thyristor switches are connect load to ac source for few cycles of input voltage and then disconnect for few cycles . This type of control is also called as burst firing, zero voltage switching, cycle selection or integral cycle switching The Thyristors thus act as a high speed contactor (or high speed ac switch).
39

Phase angle control:- Thyristor switches connect the load to the ac source for a portion of each cycle of input voltage or if each thyristor is triggered at some non-zero point on its respective anode voltage cycle, the load voltage waveform is described as phase angle controlled By controlling the phase angle or the trigger angle (delay angle), the output RMS voltage across the load can be controlled. The trigger delay angle is defined as the phase angle (the value of t) at which the thyristor turns on and the load current begins to flow. The load voltage and current have identical positive and negative alterations with frequency spectra containing only odd harmonics

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Phase angle control

Phase control Thyristors which are relatively inexpensive, converter grade Thyristors which are slower than fast switching inverter grade Thyristors are normally used. For applications upto 400Hz, if Triacs are available to meet the voltage and current ratings of a particular application, Triacs are more commonly used. Due to ac line commutation or natural commutation, there is no need of extra commutation circuitry or components and the circuits for ac voltage controllers are very simple.
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Classification of ac voltage controllers Single phase ac voltage controllers Unidirectional or half-wave control Bidirectional or full-wave control Three phase ac voltage controllers Unidirectional or half-wave control Bidirectional or full-wave control Phase control thyristors are relatively inexpensive and slower than fast switching thyristors are normally used

42

Classification of ac voltage controllers

Single phase ac controllers operate with single phase ac supply voltage of 230V RMS at 50Hz in our country. Three phase ac controllers operate with 3 phase ac supply of 415V RMS at 50Hz supply frequency.

43

If TRIACs are available for the given voltage and current rating then they are commonly used The circuits of ac voltage controllers are very simple due to line or natural commutation Due to the nature of output waveforms , the analysis for the derivations of explicit expressions for the performance parameters of circuits is not simple For the sake of simplicity resistive loads are taken in many of the derivations.

44

On off control

1 o 1 m o

Circuit

waveforms
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On off control
n = Two input cycles. Thyristors are turned ON during for two input cycles. m = One input cycle. Thyristors are turned OFF during for one input cycle
For a sine wave input supply voltage, vs = Vm sin t = 2VS sin t VS = RMS value of input ac supply = Vm 2 If the input ac supply is connected to load for 'n' number of input cycles and disconnected for 'm' number of input cycles, then 1 Where T = = input cycle time (time period) and f = RMS phase supply voltage.

tON = n T , tOFF = m T
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On off control
f = input supply frequency. tON = controller on time = n T . tOFF = controller off time = m T . We can show that, Output RMS voltage VO ( RMS ) = Vi( RMS ) tON tON = VS TO TO TO = Output time period = ( tON + tOFF ) = ( nT + mT ) .

W here Vi( RMS ) is the RMS input supply voltage = VS

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On off control

Power factor
48

TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE, FOR ON-OFF CONTROL METHOD.
Output RM S voltage VO ( RM S ) = VO ( RMS ) = Vm 2 TO
t ON

1 TO

tON

t =0

V m 2 Sin 2 t .d ( t ) .

Sin 2 t .d ( t ) 1 Cos 2 2

Substituting for Sin 2 = VO ( RMS ) = VO ( RMS ) = VO ( RMS ) = Vm 2 TO

tON

1 Cos 2 t d (t ) 2

Vm 2 2 TO

tON tON d ( t ) Cos 2 t .d ( t ) 0 0 tON

Vm 2 ( t ) 2 TO

Sin 2 t 2

tON

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Vm 2 sin 2 tON sin 0 VO( RMS ) = (tON 0 ) 2TO 2 Now tON = An integral number of input cycles; Hence tON = T , 2T ,3T , 4T ,5T ,.....& tON = 2 , 4 , 6 ,8 ,10 ,...... Where T is the input supply time period (T = input cycle time period). Thus we note that sin 2 tON = 0 VO( RMS ) Vm 2 tON V = = m 2 TO 2 tON TO

VO( RMS ) = Vi( RMS ) Where Vi( RMS ) =

tON t = VS ON TO TO Vm 2 = VS = RMS value of input supply voltage;

tON tON nT n = = = = k = duty cycle (d). TO tON + tOFF nT + mT ( n + m ) VO( RMS ) = VS n = VS k (m + n)

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Applications of on off control or integral cycle control Incandescent lighting control: An irritating flicker is noticed even when only supply cycle is omitted from each control period of hundred cycles. This form of control is unsuitable for normal lighting. This type of control can be used for photographic and photochemical applications where an exposure time precision of not less than one supply period is needed

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Applications of on off control or integral cycle control Heating control: The temperature of a 75W element was monitored using a recording , thermocouple thermometer. Control period of 10 cycles, a direct relationship was found between the heat energy developed and the power transmitted, measured by the N/T ratio.

Where N is the number of conducting cycles. And T is the number of supply cycles.

Integral cycle control appears to be well suited to this form of application.

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Applications of on off control or integral cycle control Control of HP universal motor : Control may be effected at no load with fixed control period of 10 supply cycles and variable ON/OFF, N/T N. With N/T N 1, the test motor ran smoothly and a small degree of speed control was achieved. With N/T N < 1, when extinction interval exceeded the conduction interval, torque pulsations became visible and audible and inching occurred during the conduction periods.
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Applications of on off control or integral cycle control Speed control of a FHP, dc series motor: The speed of a dc series motor can be controlled by use of field current diversion or by variation of applied voltage. The scheme in the next slide was used to provide applied voltage variation using rectified integral cycle pulses with constant control period to a 1/8 HP motor Any integral number of consecutive conduction cycles up to full conduction could be applied so that this constitutes a form of pulse width modulation.

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Schematic drive for rectified, integral-cycle control of fractional horse power series dc motor

55

The diode bridge rectifier provides a relaxation path for the motor current during excitation for the thyristors. To provide smooth speed control, motor current variations must be kept to a minimum. For this reason the ON/OFF ratio has a minimum value in which the maximum permissible OFF time is determined by the electrical energy storage capability of the motor. When the energy recovered during OFF period is insufficient, motor current decays to zero. By the nature of the controller , the voltage and input power applied to the motor are pulsating. Speed pulsating were obtained by means of a tachometer T
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PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

RMS Output (Load) Voltage VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) n 2 2 = Vm sin t.d ( t ) 2 ( n + m ) 0
2 1 2

n = = Vi( RMS ) k = VS k 2 (m + n)

Vm

VO( RMS ) = Vi( RMS ) k = VS k Where VS = Vi( RMS ) = RMS value of input supply voltage.
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PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Duty Cycle tON tON nT k= = = TO ( tON + tOFF ) ( m + n ) T n Where, k = = duty cycle (d). (m + n) RMS Load Current VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) ; for a resistive load Z = RL . I O( RMS ) = = Z RL Output AC (Load) Power
2 PO = I O( RMS ) RL
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PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Input Power Factor PO PO output load power = = PF = VA input supply volt amperes VS I S PF =
2 I O( RMS ) RL

Vi( RMS ) I in( RMS )

; I S = I in( RMS ) = RMS input supply current.

The input supply current is same as the load current I in = I O = I L Hence, RMS supply current = RMS load current; I in( RMS ) = I O( RMS ) . PF =
2 I O( RMS ) RL

Vi( RMS ) I in( RMS ) n m+n

VO( RMS ) Vi( RMS )

Vi( RMS ) k Vi( RMS )

= k

PF = k =

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The Average Current of Thyristor IT ( Avg )

Waveform of Thyristor Current
iT Im n m

2p

3p

wt

IT ( Avg ) IT ( Avg )

n = I m sin t.d (t ) 2 ( m + n ) 0 n = I m sin t.d (t ) 2 ( m + n ) 0

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IT ( Avg ) IT ( Avg )

nI m = cos t 2 ( m + n )

nI m = [ cos + cos 0] 2 ( m + n ) nI m ( 1) + 1 2 ( m + n ) n [2Im ] 2 ( m + n ) Im n k .I = m (m + n)

IT ( Avg ) = IT ( Avg ) = IT ( Avg ) =

,

tON n = k = duty cycle = ( tON + tOFF ) ( n + m ) IT ( Avg ) = Im n k .I = m (m + n)

Vm Where I m = = maximum or peak thyristor current. RL

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RMS Current of Thyristor IT ( RMS ) IT ( RMS ) n 2 2 = I m sin t.d (t ) 2 ( n + m ) 0

1 2

IT ( RMS )

nI 2 = sin t.d (t ) 2 ( n + m ) 0
2 m

IT ( RMS )

(1 cos 2t ) nI = d ( t ) 2 2 ( n + m ) 0
2 m

IT ( RMS )
,

nI = d ( t ) cos 2 t.d (t ) 4 ( n + m ) 0 0
2 m

IT ( RMS )

nI = ( t ) 4 ( n + m )
2 m 2 m

sin 2 t 2

IT ( RMS )

nI sin 2 sin 0 = ( 0 ) 4 ( n + m ) 2

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The RMS Current of Thyristor

nI = { 0 0} 4 ( n + m )
2 m 1 2

IT ( RMS )

IT ( RMS ) IT ( RMS )
,

nI = 4 ( n + m )
2 m

nI = 4 (n + m)
2 m

Im = 2 Im = 2

Im n = (m + n) 2 k

IT ( RMS )

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Problem: A single phase full wave ac voltage controller working on ONOFF control technique has supply voltage of 230V, RMS 50Hz, load = 50. The controller is ON for 30 cycles and off for 40 cycles. Calculate ON & OFF time intervals. RMS output voltage. Input P.F. Average and RMS thyristor currents.
S olu tion : V in ( R M S ) = 230V ; V m = T = 2 230V = 325.269 V ; V m = 325.269V

1 1 = = 0.02 sec : T = 20 m s f 50 H z n = num ber of input cycles during w hich controller is O N ; n = 30.

m = num ber of inp ut cycles during w hich cont roller is O FF ; m = 40 t O N = n T = 30 20 m s = 600 m s = 0.6 sec t O N = n T = 0.6 sec = controller O N tim e. t O F F = m T = 40 20 m s = 800 m s = 0.8 sec t O F F = m T = 0.8 sec = controller O FF tim e. D uty cycle k = n 30 = = 0.4285 ( m + n ) ( 40 + 30 )
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Solution : R M S output voltage V O ( RM S ) = V i ( RM S ) V O ( RM S ) = 230V V O ( RM S ) = 230V I O ( RM S ) = V O ( RM S ) Z 30 3 = 230 7 ( 30 + 40 )

n (m + n )

0.42857 = 230 0.65465 = 150.570V = V O ( RM S ) RL = 150.570V = 3.0114 A 50

2 PO = I O ( RM S ) R L = 3.0114 2 50 = 453.4264 98W

Input Pow er F actor P . F = PF = n = (m + n ) 30 = 70

k 0.4285

PF = 0.654 6 53
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Solutio n: contd.......... Average Thyristor Curren t Rating I T ( Avg ) n k Im = = m+n Im Vm = = RL 6.5 05382 2 230 325.269 = 50 50

where I m

I m = 6.50538 2 A = Peak (maximu m) thyristor current. 3 7 RMS Curre nt Rat i ng of Thyristo r I T ( Avg ) = I T ( RMS ) Im = 2 Im n = (m + n ) 2 6.505382 k = 2 3 7
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I T ( RMS ) = 2.129 38 6 A

Problem : A 1.5 kW resistance heating element, fed from 220 V rms at 50 Hz, is controlled by an ac switch with integral half cycle control with a base period of 48 half cycles. Determine the number of on half-cycles in a base period if the output power is to be controlled to a value of 0.5 kW.
220 2 Solution: m + n=48 ; R = =35.26 ; Vo =Vs 1500 Vs 2 n P0 = 500 = ; n =16 (m + n)R n ; n+m

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Problem: A single-phase TCR (thyristor controlled reactor consisting back-toback connected thyristors with pure inductor) has an input of 240V, 50Hz, AC supply and an inductance of 20 mH. Calculate maximum VAR rating. Also calculate (i) net rms current, (ii) fundamental rms current, (iii) 3rd harmonic rms current, (iv) 5th harmonic rms current, and (v) 7th harmonic rms current at delay angle of 30. [40]

2402 Solution: VAR rating =9.167kVAR -3 2502010 i) I rms = ii) I f = V L 1 3sin2 (-2 ) 0.5+sin 2 = 11.23 A 2

V 2 sin2 1- =10.71A 2L V 4 sincosn-ncossinn iii) I n = L n(n 2 -1) I 3 =-5.25A iv) I 5 =-1.05A v) I 7 =0.375A

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Phase angle control

Circuit

waveforms

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The power flow is controlled during the positive half cycle of input voltage , this type of controller is also known as a unidirectional controller This circuit is a single phase half-wave controller and is suitable only for low power resistive loads, such as heating and lighting. Half wave controller can vary the output voltage by varying the delay angle , the output contains an desirable dc component. This type of controller is not generally used in practical applications.
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Equations of unidirectional or half-wave control of ac controller

Input AC Supply Voltage across the Transformer Secondary Winding. vs = Vm sin t VS = Vin( RMS ) = Vm 2 Output Load Voltage vo = vL = 0; for t = 0 to Output Load Current vo Vm sin t = ; for t = to 2 io = iL = RL RL io = iL = 0; for t = 0 to
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= RMS value of secondary supply voltage.

vo = vL = Vm sin t ; for t = to 2

TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) VO( RMS ) VO( RMS )
2 1 2 2 = Vm sin t.d ( t ) 2

Vm 2 2 1 cos 2t = .d ( t ) 2 2 Vm 2 2 = (1 cos 2t ) .d ( t ) 4
2 2 = d ( t ) cos 2t.d t 2

Vm

= ( t ) 2 Vm Vm Vm 2

sin 2t 2

sin 2t = ( 2 ) 2 2

VO( RMS ) =

( 2 )

sin 4 sin 2 2 2

;sin 4 = 0
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VO( RMS ) = VO( RMS ) = VO( RMS ) = VO( RMS ) =

Vm 2 Vm

( 2 ) +

sin 2 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 2

2 2 Vm 2 2 Vm 2

( 2 ) + ( 2 ) +

1 sin 2 2 ) + ( 2 2 1 sin 2 ( 2 ) + 2 2

VO( RMS ) = Vi( RMS ) VO( RMS ) = VS

1 sin 2 ( 2 ) + 2 2 V Where, Vi( RMS ) = VS = m = RMS value of input supply voltage 2 (across the transformer secondary winding). Note: Output RMS voltage across the load is controlled by changing as indicated by the expression for VO( RMS )
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PLOT OF VO( RMS ) VERSUS TRIGGER ANGLE FOR A SINGLE PHASE HALF-WAVE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER (UNIDIRECTIONAL CONTROLLER) VO( RMS ) = Vm 1 sin 2 2 ) + ( 2 2 2 1 sin 2 ( 2 ) + 2 2

VO( RMS ) = VS

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TO CALCULATE THE AVERAGE VALUE (DC VALUE) OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE VO( dc ) VO( dc ) VO( dc ) 1 = 2 V = m 2 V = m 2
2

sin t.d ( t )

sin t.d (t )
2

cos t

VO( dc ) = Vdc =

Vm [ cos 2 + cos ] :cos 2 = 1 2

Vm [cos 1] ;Vm = 2VS 2 2VS ( cos 1) 2 Vm

Hence Vdc =

when ' 'is varied from 0 to . Vdc varies from 0 to

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Problem: A single phase half-wave ac voltage controller has a load resistance , input ac supply voltage is 230V RMS at 50Hz. The input supply transformer has a turns ratio of 1:1. If the thyristor is triggered at . Calculate RMS output voltage, Output power. RMS load current and average load current, Input power factor. Average and RMS thyristor current.
Solution: Given, V p = 230V , RMS primary supply voltage. f = Input supply frequency = 50Hz. RL = 50

= 600 =

radians. 3 VS = RMS secondary voltage. = Np 1 = =1 NS 1

Vp VS

Therefore V p = VS = 230V Where, N p = Number of turns in the primary winding. N S = Number of turns in the secondary winding.
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R M S V a lu e o f O u t p u t ( L o a d ) V o lt a g e V O ( R M S ) V O (R M S ) = 1 2
2

V m2 s i n

t . d ( t )

W e h a v e o b t a i n e d t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r V O (R M S ) a s V O (R M S ) = V S V O (R M S ) = 2 3 0 V O (R M S ) V O (R M S ) 1 (2 2

s in 2 2

1 s in 1 2 0 0 2 3 + 2 2

1 = 230 [5 . 6 6 9 ] = 2 3 0 0 . 9 4 9 8 6 2 = 2 1 8 .4 6 9 6 V 2 1 8 .4 7 V

R M S L o a d C u r r e n t I O (R M S ) I O (R M S ) = V O (R M S ) RL = 2 1 8 .4 6 9 6 6 = 4 .3 6 9 3 9 A m p s 50

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Output Load Power PO

2 PO = I O( RMS ) RL = ( 4.36939 ) 50 = 954.5799 Watts 2

PO = 0.9545799 KW Input Power Factor PO PF = ; VS = RMS secondary supply voltage = 230V. VS I S I S = RMS secondary supply current = RMS load current. I S = I O( RMS ) = 4.36939 Amps PF = 954.5799 W = 0.9498 ( 230 4.36939 ) W

Average Output (Load) Voltage

2 1 VO( dc ) = Vm sin t.d ( t ) 2 We have obtained the expression for the average / DC output voltage as, V VO( dc ) = m [ cos 1] 2

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2 230 325.2691193 cos ( 600 ) 1 = [0.5 1] 2 2 325.2691193 VO( dc ) = [ 0.5] = 25.88409 Volts 2 Average DC Load Current VO( dc ) = I O( dc ) = VO( dc ) RL = 25.884094 = 0.51768 Amps 50

Average & RMS Thyristor Currents Referring to the thyristor current waveform of a single phase half-wave ac voltage controller circuit, we can calculate the average thyristor current as
iT1 Im 2 (2+) 3 t

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 1 IT ( Avg ) = I m sin t.d ( t ) 2 I m IT ( Avg ) = sin t.d ( t ) 2 Im IT ( Avg ) = ( cos t ) 2 I IT ( Avg ) = m cos ( ) + cos 2 I IT ( Avg ) = m [1 + cos ] 2 V Where, I m = m = Peak thyristor current = Peak load current. RL

Im = IT ( Avg )

2 230 = 6.505382 Amps 50 V 2 230 1 + cos ( 600 ) = m [1 + cos ] = 2 RL 2 50 2 230 [1 + 0.5] = 1.5530 Amps 100
80

IT ( Avg ) =

RMS thyristor current IT ( RMS ) can be calculated by using the expression IT ( RMS ) = IT ( RMS ) = IT ( RMS ) =
1 2 I m sin 2 t.d ( t ) 2
2 I m (1 cos 2 t ) .d ( t ) 2 2

2 Im d ( t ) cos 2 t.d ( t ) 4

IT ( RMS ) = I m IT ( RMS ) = I m IT ( RMS ) = I m IT ( RMS ) = Im 2

1 ( t ) 4

sin 2 t 2

1 sin 2 sin 2 ( ) 4 2 1 sin 2 ( ) + 4 2 1 sin 2 ( ) + 2 2

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IT ( RMS )

sin (1200 ) 6.50538 1 + = 2 3 2 2 2 0.8660254 3 + 2 = 4.6 0.6342 = 2.91746 A 1 = 4.6 2

IT ( RMS ) IT ( RMS )

IT ( RMS ) = 2.91746 Amps

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Problem
A single phase half wave ac voltage controller has resistive load of R = 10 and input voltage is Vs = 120 V, 60 Hz. The delay angle of thyristor T1 is = /2. Determine (a) the rms value of output voltage Vo , (b) the input PF and (c) the average input current. Solution: R = 10 , Vs = 120 V, = /2 and Vm = 2 Solution *120 =169.7 V 1/ 2 1 sin 2 V0 = Vs 2 + (a) 2 2

= 120 (3/4)1/2 = 103.92 V (b) The rms load current Io = Vo / R = 103.92/10 = 10.392 A The load power Po = Io2 R = 10.3922 * 10 = 1079.94 W Because the input current is the same as the load current, the input VA rating is VA = Vs Is = Vs Io = 120 * 10.392 = 1247.04 VA
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Solution : The input PF PF = Po/VA = Vo/Vs = = (3/4) = 1079.94/1247.04 = 0.866 (lagging) (c) The average output voltage
2Vs Vdc = ( cos 1) 2
1/ 2

1 sin 2 2 + 2 2

1/ 2

Vdc = -120 *2/2 = -27V And the input current Id = Vdc/R = -27/10 = -2.7V

84

Single phase bidirectional controller with resistive load waveforms circuit

1 o 2

Triggering circuit

85

v- input voltage vg- gate voltage vL load voltage vT thyristor voltage

Wave forms of 1-phase voltage controller with resistive loads

86

EQUATIONS Input supply voltage vS = Vm sin t = 2VS sin t Output voltage across the load resistor RL for t = to and t = ( + ) to 2 Output load current vO Vm sin t iO = = = I m sin t RL RL vO = vL = Vm sin t

for t = to and t = ( + ) to 2
87

TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR THE RMS VALUE OF OUTPUT (LOAD) VOLTAGE vL = vO = Vm sin t ; for t = to and t = ( + ) to 2
2 1 2 2 2 Hence, VL( RMS ) = (Vm sin t ) d (t ) + (Vm sin t ) d (t ) 2 + 2 1 2 2 2 2 = Vm sin t.d (t ) + Vm sin t.d (t ) 2 + 2 Vm 2 1 cos 2t 1 cos 2t d ( t ) + d ( t ) = 2 2 2 + 2 2 Vm 2 = d (t ) cos 2t.d (t ) + d (t ) cos 2t.d (t ) 2 2 + +
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 2 2 Vm 2 sin 2 t sin 2 t = + ( t ) ( t ) 2 4 2 + + Vm 2 1 1 = ) + ( ) ( sin 2 sin 2 ) ( sin 4 sin 2 ( + ) ) ( 4 2 2

Vm 2 = 4

1 1 2 ( ) ( 0 sin 2 ) ( 0 sin 2 ( + ) ) 2 2 Vm 2 sin 2 sin 2 ( + ) = + 2 ( ) + 4 2 2 Vm 2 sin 2 sin ( 2 + 2 ) = + 2 ( ) + 2 4 2

89

Vm 2 sin 2 1 2 ( ) + + ( sin 2 .cos 2 + cos 2 .sin 2 ) VL2( RMS ) = 4 2 2 sin 2 = 0 & cos 2 = 1 Therefore, V
2 L ( RMS )

Vm 2 = 4

sin 2 sin 2 2 ( ) + + 2 2

Vm 2 = 2 ( ) + sin 2 4 Vm 2 2 V L( RMS ) = ( 2 2 ) + sin 2 4 Taking the square root, we get VL( RMS ) = VL( RMS ) = VL( RMS ) = Vm 2 2 Vm Vm 2 Vm 2 ( 2 2 ) + sin 2 1 2 sin 2 2 ( ) + 2

( 2 2 ) + sin 2 =

1 sin 2 1 sin 2 = Vi( RMS ) ( ) + ( ) + 2 2 2 1 sin 2 ( ) + 2

VL( RMS ) = VS

90

Maximum RMS voltage will be applied to the load when , in that case the full sine wave appears across the load. RMS load voltage will be the same as the RMS V supply voltage = m .When is increased the RMS load voltage decreases. 2 Vm 1 sin 2 0 ( 0 ) + 2 2 1 0 ( ) + 2 2 = Vi( RMS ) = VS

VL( RMS )

=
=0

VL( RMS )

=
=0

Vm

VL( RMS )

=
=0

Vm 2

The output control characteristic for a single phase full wave ac voltage controller with resistive load can be obtained by plotting the equation for VO( RMS )

91

CONTROL CHARACTERISTIC OF SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
The control characteristic is the plot of RMS output voltage versus the trigger angle ; which can be obtained by using the expression for the RMS output voltage of a full-wave ac controller with resistive load. VO( RMS ) = VS 1 sin 2 ( ) + 2 V Where VS = m = RMS value of input supply voltage 2

92

The Fourier cofficients of the load voltage waveform are obtained as a0 1 2 = 0 vL (t ) d t 2 2 1 , 2 2 V sin(t ) d t = , + 2 =0 For the fundamental (sup ply frequency ) components it is seen that 1 2 a1 = vL (t ) cos(t ) d t 0 1 2 b1 = vL (t ) sin(t ) d t 0 In the present case 1 , 2 a1 = 2 V cos(t ) sin(t ) d t , + = 2V [cos 2 1] 2

93

1 b1 =

,2 ,+

2 V sin 2 ( t ) d t

2V = [sin 2 + 2 ( ) ] 2 C o ffiecien ts a 1 a n d b1 a re c o m b in e d to g ive th e p ea k a m p litu d e c1 a n d p h a se a n g le 1 o f th e fu n d a m en ta l co m p o n en t o f lo a d vo lta g e c1 = a 12 + b12

1

1 = tan c1 =

a1 b1
94

a 12 + b12

2V c1 = 2
1

[ co s 2 1 ]

+ sin 2 + 2 ( )

[ co s 2 1 ] 1 = tan sin 2 + 2 ( ) F o r n th h a rm o n ic co m p o n en t th e g en era l fo u rier ex p ressio n s a re 1 2 a 1 = v L ( t ) co s( n t ) d t 0 1 2 b1 = v L ( t ) sin ( n t ) d t 0 su b stitu tio n o f v L ( t ) in th e a b o ve eq u a tio n s

n +1 1 1 + ( 1) {co s( n + 1) 1} 2V n + 1 an = 1 2 n 1 1 + ( 1) {co s( n 1) 1} n 1

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bn =

2V sin(n + 1) sin(n 1) n+1 n1 1 + ( 1) 1 + ( 1) 2 n + 1 n 1 For n = odd 2 2 n + 1{cos(n + 1) 1} n 1{cos(n 1) 1}

2V an =3,5,7....... = 2

2V 2 2 bn = sin(n + 1) sin(n 1) 2 n + 1 n 1
2 2 cn = an + bn

n = tan 1

an bn

For n = even and n = 0(i : ethe dc component ) coefficients an , bn are zero The fourier spectrumof theload voltagecontains only odd harmonics.
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Coefficients a1 and b1 are combined to give the peak amplitude c1 and phase angle 1 of the fundamental component of load voltage as follows c1 = a12 + b12 a1 1 = tan b1
1

2V c1 = (cos 2 1) 2 + (sin 2 + 2( )) 2 2 cos 2 1 1 = sin 2 + 2( )

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Harmonic content of load voltage/current with resistive load

98

Variation of rms, fundamental and average load voltages with resistive loads

99

A single-phase ac voltage controller has a resistive load of 10 ohms. The input voltage is 230V rms at 50Hz.The delay angle of thyristors is =100. Calculate (a) rms load voltage, (b) power consumed, (c) displacement factor (DPF), (d) distortion factor (DF), (e) total harmonic distortion of ac source current (THDI), (f) power factor (PF), (g) crest factor of ac source current (CF), and (h) ac source rms current (Is). Given that, supply rms voltage, Vs = 230 V, Frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, R = 10 , = 1000. In a single-phase, phase controlled ac controller, the waveform of the supply current (Is) has a value of vs/R from angle to . AC mains RMS current, Is= Vs [{1/()}{( -)+sin2/2}]/R=14.363 A Fundamental RMS current Is1=Vs/(2 R)[ (cos2-1)2+{sin2+2( -)}2] =11.44 A 1=tan-1[(cos2-1)/ {sin2+2( -)}]=38.3656 Fundamental active power drawn by the load, P1=VsIs1cos 1=2062.957 W Fundamental reactive power drawn by the load, Q1= VsIs1sin 1=1622.133 VAR (a) RMS load voltage Vlrms=Vsm[{1/(2)}{( -)+sin2/2}]=143.63V (b) Active power drawn by the load, P1=VsIs1cos 1=2062.957W (c) Displacement factor, DPF=cos 1 = 0.784 (d) Distortion Factor, DF= Is1/Is=0.79649
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Total harmonic distortion of ac source current (THDI)= {(1/DF2)-1}=75.9145% (f) Power factor (PF)=DPF*DF=0.62445 Peak supply current, Ipeak= 2*Vssin/R=32.03A (g) Crest factor of the supply current, CF=Ipeak/Is=2.23 (h) AC mains RMS current, Is=Vs[{1/()}{( -)+sin2/2}]/R=14.363 A

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A single-phase ac voltage controller is used to control the heating load of a maximum power of 2 kW fed from single-phase ac mains of 230 V, 50 Hz. Its power is to be controlled to deliver 1 kW. Calculate (a) load resistance, (b) rms voltage across the load, (c) supply rms current, (d) supply power factor. Solution Given that, Supply rms voltage, Vs = 230 V, Frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, Pmax=2 kW, P=1kW. The load resistance, R=Vs2/Pmax=26.45 The rms voltage across the load, Vls=IsR=162.6346V The supply rms current, Is=(P/R)=6.14875A The supply power factor, PF=P/(VsIs)=0.70711.

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References
W.Shepard, Thyristor control of AC circuits, Bradford University Press, 1975, ISBN: 0 258 96953 9. W.Shepard, L. N. Hully and D. T. W. Liang, Power Electronics and Motor Control, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN: 0521472415 0521478138. M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, circuits, Devices and Applications, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1995, India, ISBN 81-203-0869-7. W. Shepherd and L. N. Hully, Power Electronics and Motor Control, Cambridge University Press, 1987, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-32155-7.

References
P. S. Bhimbra, Power Electronics, Third Edition, Khanna Publishers, 1999, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7409-056-8. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, Delhi, 2001, ISBN 81-86308-79-2. Chingchi Chen and Deepakraj M. Divan, Simple Topologies for Single Phase AC Line Conditioning IEEE transactions on industry applications, vol. 30, no. 2, march/april 1994