Ung Dung DTCS Dieu Chinh DC DC

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.
com
!0! N0! AU
!
Irca |a| 1caa cca ah|ep hca, h|ea 1a| hca 1at aacc, aa caa cc
ah|ea th|et || |aa Jaa cca saat h|ea 1a| 1acc sa Jaa khca chi trca l|ah
vac saa xaat ma ca trca v|ec phac va 1c| sca s|ah hcat caa cca aac| 9a
ra 1c| va phat tr|ea caa cac l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa cca saat aha J|cJe, traas|stcr,
t|r|stcr, tr|ac 0aa vc| v|ec hcaa th|ea mach 1|ea kh|ea chaa 1a tac aea sa
tha 1c| saa sac, vact |ac caa k thaat ||ea 1c| 1|ea aaa va caa ca aaah
k thaat 1|ea ac| chaa
h|ea aa, maa 1|ea c aacc ta cha ea la 1|ea xca ch|ea vc| taa sc
1|ea cca ah|ep e caa cap aaca 1|ea mct ch|ea cc |a tr| 1|ea ap va
Jca 1|ea 1|ea chiah 1acc chc ahaa th|et || 1|ea Jaa trca cac he thca
traea 1ca 1|ea mct ch|ea, aac| ta 1a hcaa th|ea |c chiah laa cc 1|ea kh|ea
Jaa t|r|stcr
V| ahaa l Jc trea, 1e ta| Nh|ea caa ve 1|ea ta cca saat va aa
Jaa caa 1|ea ta cca saat 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta
1cc lap se 1| saa vac ah|ea caa cac he thca traea 1ca cc Jaa 1|ea ta
cca saat 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap
!aaa vaa 1acc tr|ah |a cm |a chaca
0haca ! 0|c| th|ea ve 1|ea ta cca saat
0haca !! Nh|ea caa va tr|ah |a cac phaca phap 1|ea
chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap
0haca !!! 0ac he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea
k|ch ta 1cc lap cc Jaa 1|ea ta cca saat
c 1|ea k|ea thc| |aa, k|ea thac cca haa hep, aea tap laaa vaa se
khca traah khc| ahaa th|ea sct ve mat ac| Jaa laa h|ah thac 9|ah v|ea
thac h|ea rat mca ahaa 1acc sa aaa tam, chi |ac caa a tha cc, |aa |e
1e tap laaa vaa 1acc hcaa th|ea hca
9|ah v|ea thac h|ea
Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com
0haca !
0!0! Ih!!U V! !!N IU 00N0 9UAI
! !0! 00N0 9UAI
! 1 0aa tac
h|ah 1 1
al 0aa tac caa J|cJe
|l K h|ea caa J|cJe
|cJe cca saat la l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa cc ha| cac, 1acc caa tac |c| mct lcp |aa Jaa N
va mct lcp |aa Jaa l hep la|
9|l|c la mct aaea tc hca hcc thacc ahcm !V trca |aa he thca taaa hcaa 9|l|c cc
4 1|ea ta thacc lcp aca| caa trca caa trac aaea ta Nea ta ket hcp them vac mct
aaea tc thacc ahcm V ma lcp aca| caa cc 5 1|ea ta th| 4 1|ea ta caa aaea tc aa
tham |a l|ea ket vc| 4 1|ea ta ta Jc caa 9|l|c va xaat h|ea mct 1|ea ta ta Jc Irca caa trac
t|ah the, cac 1|ea ta ta Jc lam taa t|ah Jaa 1|ea c 1|ea ta cc 1|ea t|ch am aea chat aa
1acc c| la chat |aa Jaa lca| N (aeat|vel, cc ah|a la am
Nea them vac 9|l|c mct aaea tc thacc ahcm !!! ma cc aaea ta thacc ahcm
aca| caa th| xaat h|ea mct lc trca trca caa trac t|ah the !c trca aa cc the ahaa 1
1|ea ta, tac aea 1|ea t|ch Jaca va lam taa t|ah Jaa 1|ea 0hat aa 1acc c| la chat |aa
Jaa lca| l (pcs|t|vel, cc ah|a la Jaca
Irca chat |aa Jaa lca| N 1|ea ta la hat maa 1|ea 1a sc, lc trca la th|ea sc Vc|
chat |aa Jaa lca| l th| aacc la|
0 |aa ha| lcp |aa Jaa la mat hep lN Ia| 1a xa ra h|ea taca khaech taa 0ac lc
trca caa |aa Jaa lca| l traa saa N la ac| cc |t lc trca 0ac 1|ea ta caa |aa Jaa lca| N
cha saa l la ac| cc |t 1|ea ta Ket aa ta| mat t|ep |ap ph|a l ahec 1| ve J|ea t|ch Jaca
va |aa lea ve 1|ea t|ch am 0ca ph|a |aa Jaa lca| N th| aacc la| aea c| la vaa 1|ea t|ch
khca |aa Jaca
Irca vaa chaea t|ep (l h|ah thaah mct 1|ea traca ac| ta| K h|ea la !
|
va cc
ch|ea ta N saa l ha cca c| la |ar|e 1|ea the (khcaa ta 0,5V 1ea 0,7V 1c| vc| vat l|ea
la 9|l|cl |ea traca aa aaa caa sa J| chaea caa cac 1|ea t|ch 1a sc va lam Je Jaa chc
sa J| chaea caa cac 1|ea t|ch th|ea sc
(1|ea ta caa vaa l va lc trca caa vaa Nl 9a J| chaea caa cac 1|ea t|ch th|ea sc h|ah
thaah aea Jca 1|ea aacc ha Jca 1|ea rc
( b )
Aact
Katct
( a )
- +
- +
- 0
q
N
P
P
d
N P
! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca
h|ah 1 2
al 9a phaa cac thaaa J|cJe
|l 9a phaa cac aacc J|cJe
Kh| 1at J|cJe cca saat Jac| 1|ea ap aaca U cc cac t|ah aha h|ah ve, ch|ea caa 1|ea
traca aca| aacc ch|ea vc| 1|ea traca ac| !
|
Ihca thaca U > !
|
th| cc Jca 1|ea
cha trca mach, tac aea 1|ea ap rc| trea J|cJe khcaa 0,7V kh| Jca 1|ea la 1|ah mac Va
sa phaa cac thaaa ha thap |ar|e 1|ea the Ia ac| mat hep lN 1acc phaa cac thaaa
Kh| 1c| ch|ea cac t|ah 1|ea ap 1at vac J|cJe, 1|ea traca aca| se tac 1ca caa ch|ea
vc| 1|ea traca ac| ta| !
|
|ea traca tca hcp caa trc sa J| chaea caa cac 1|ea t|ch 1a sc
0ac 1|ea ta caa vaa N J| chaea thaa ve cac Jaca aaca U lam chc 1|ea the vaa N vca
1a cac la| caa cac hca sc vc| vaa l V| the vaa chaea t|ep la| caa rca ra, khca cc
Jca 1|ea cha aa mat hep lN Ia ac| mat hep lN || phaa cac aacc Nea t|ep tac taa
U, cac 1|ea t|ch 1acc |a tcc, a aea sa va cham Ja chaea lam |ar|e 1|ea the || 1aah
thaa
ac t|ah vcltampe caa J|cJe cca saat 1acc ||ea J|ea aa 1aa |aa ||ea thac saa !
= !
9
[ exp (eUkIl 1 ] ( 1 1 l
Irca 1c
!
9
ca 1|ea rc, khcaa va| chac mA
e = 1,5910
19
0calcm|
k = 1,?10
2
haa sc 8cltmaaa
I = 27 t
0
Nh|et 1c taet 1c| (
0
Kl

t
0
Nh|et 1c caa mc| traca (
0
0l
U |ea ap 1at trea J|cJe (Vl
ac t|ah vcltampe caa J|cJe cm cc ha| ahaah
1 Nhaah thaaa
2 Nhaah aacc
( a )
+ -
U
E
i
P N
( b )
- +
U
E
i
P N
h|ah 1 ac t|ah vcltampe caa J|cJe
I
U
U
Z
U
1
2
Kh| J|cJe 1acc phaa cac thaaa Jac| 1|ea ap U th| |ar|e 1|ea the !
|
|am xaca aa
|aa 0 Iaa U, lac 1aa Jca ! taa ta ta chc 1ea kh| U lca hca khcaa 0,1V th| ! taa
mct cach ahaah chca, 1aca 1ac t|ah cc Jaa ham ma
Iaca ta, kh| phaa cac aacc chc J|cJe, taa U, Jca 1|ea aacc caa taa ta ta Kh|
U lca hca khcaa 0,1V Jca 1|ea aacc Jaa la| c |a tr| va| chac mA va 1acc k h|ea la
!
9
ca !
9
la Jc sa J| chaea caa cac 1|ea t|ch th|ea sc tac aea Nea t|ep tac taa U th| cac
1|ea t|ch th|ea sc J| chaea caa Je Jaa hca, tcc 1c J| chaea ti le thaaa vc| 1|ea traca
tca hcp, 1ca aaa caa chaa taa lea Kh| U = U
3
th| sa va cham |aa cac 1|ea t|ch
th|ea sc J| chaea vc| tcc 1c cac se |e a 1acc cac l|ea ket aaea ta 9|l|c trca vaa
chaea t|ep va xaat h|ea ahaa 1|ea ta ta Jc mc| kc| ahaa 1|ea t|ch ta Jc mc| aa ch|a sa
taa tcc caa 1|ea traca tca hcp la| t|ep tac |aa pha cac aaea ta 9|l|c Ket aa tac mct
phaa aa Ja chaea lam chc Jca 1|ea aacc taa lea ac at va se pha hca J|cJe c 1c,
1e |ac ve J|cJe aac| ta chi chc chaa hcat 1ca vc| |a tr| 1|ea ap U = (0,7 0,?lU
3
Kh| J|cJe hcat 1ca, Jca 1|ea cha aa J|cJe lam chc J|cJe phat aca, cha ea c
ta| vaa chaea t|ep c| vc| J|cJe lca| 9|l|c, ah|et 1c mat hep chc phep la 200
0
0 Vact
aa ah|et 1c aa J|cJe cc the || pha hca c 1c, 1e lam mat J|cJe, ta Jaa aat |c 1e
lam mat, caah taa ah|et ha chc aacc hcac Jaa ||ea the cha aa caah taa ah|et vc| tcc 1c
lca ha ahc ta thec Jca 1|ea
0ac thca sc k thaat cc |aa 1e chca J|cJe la
ca 1|ea 1|ah mac !
1m
(Al
|ea ap aacc cac 1a| U
amax
( V l
|ea ap rc| trea J|cJe U ( V l
! Ua Jaa
Ua Jaa cha ea caa J|cJe cca saat la chiah laa Jca 1|ea xca ch|ea thaah Jca
1|ea mct ch|ea caa cap chc ta|
0ac |c chiah laa caa J|cJe 1acc ch|a thaah ha| ahcm ch|ah
0hiah laa |aa k ha cca c| la chiah laa aaa sca
0hiah laa tcaa k ha cca c| la chiah laa tcaa sca
!! IkAN9!9I0k 00N0 9UAI
!! 1 0aa tac
Iraas|stcr la l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa cm lcp lNl ha NlN
Ve mat vat l, traas|stcr cm phaa phaa phat, phaa aea va phaa tha Vaa aea
(8l rat mca
Iraas|stcr cca saat cc caa trac va k h|ea aha saa
h|ah 1 5 Iraas|stcr cca saat
al 0aa trac |l K h|ea
( b ) ( a )
E
I
C
B
U
B E
I
E
C
I
B
U
CE
E
B
C
!! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca
h|ah 1 7 9c 1c phaa cac traas|stcr
|ea the U
!!
phaa cac thaaa mc| ac| 8 ! (lNl la aaea ahaa lam chc vaa phat (!l
phca 1|ea ta vac vaa l (cac 8l haa het cac 1|ea ta (electrcal saa kh| aa vaa 8 rc| aa
t|ep mc| ac| tha ha| ph|a |ea pha| haca tc| vaa N (cac thal, khcaa 1% electrca 1acc |a
la| c vaa 8 0ac lc trca vaa aea J| chaea vac vaa phat
Hc| ac| 8 ! c che 1c phaa cac thaaa aha mct J|cJe, cc 1|ea khaa ahc va 1|ea ap
rc| trea ac ahc th| mc| ac| 8 0 1acc phaa cac aacc |c| 1|ea ap U
00
8aa chat mc| ac| 8 0
aa |ca aha mct J|cJe phaa cac aacc va 1|ea khaa mc| ac| 8 0 rat lca
ca 1|ea 1c 1acc trca vaa phat c| la Jca phat !
!
ca 1|ea 1c 1acc trca
mach cac 0 (sc laca 1|ea t|ch aa 1aca ||ea 00 trca mct 1ca v| thc| |aa la Jca cac tha
!
0
l
ca !
0
cm ha| thaah phaa
Ihaah phaa tha ahat (thaah phaa ch|ahl la ti le caa hat electrca c cac phat tc| cac
tha Ii le aa pha thacc Ja ahat vac caa trac caa traas|stcr va la haa sc 1acc t|ah tracc
1c| vc| taa traas|stcr r|ea ||et haa sc 1a 1acc 1|ah ah|a la Va thaah phaa ch|ah
caa Jca !
0
la !
!
Ihca thaca = 0,9 0,999
Ihaah phaa tha ha| la Jca aa mc| ac| 8 0 c che 1c phaa cac aacc la| kh| !
!
=
0 ca aa c| la Jca !
080
ac rat ahc
Va Jca aa cac tha !
0
= !
!
!
080
` 0ac thca sc caa traas|stcr cca saat

!
0
ca cclectc ma traas|stcr ch|a 1acc
U
0!sat
|ea ap U
0!
kh| traas|stcr Jaa |ac hca
U
0!0
|ea ap U
0!
kh| mach |aJc 1e hc, !
8
= 0
U
0!X
|ea ap U
0!
kh| |aJc || khca |c| 1|ea ap am, !
8
< 0
t
ca
Ihc| |aa caa th|et 1e U
0!
ta |a tr| 1|ea ap aaca U |am xaca
U
0!9at
0
t
f
Ihc| |aa caa th|et 1e |
0
ta |a tr| !
0
|am xaca 0
t
9
Ihc| |aa caa th|et 1e U
0!
ta |a tr| U
0!9at
taa 1ea |a tr| 1|ea ap aaca U
B as e
p
-
I
E
+
I
C
I
E
Colect
or
E mit
er
C
C E
E
N
N p
- +
R
E
U
E E
U
CC

P
l 0ca saat t|ea taa |ea trca traas|stcr 0ca saat t|ea taa |ea trca traas|stcr
1acc t|ah thec cca thac l = U
8!
!
8
U
0!
!
0
Kh| traas|stcr c traa tha| mc !

8
= 0, !
0
= 0 aea l = 0
Kh| traas|stcr c traa tha| 1ca U
0!
= U
0!9at
Irca thac te traas|stcr cca saat thaca 1acc chc lam v|ec c che 1c khca !
8
= 0, !
0
= 0, traas|stcr 1acc cc| aha hc mach Nhaa vc| Jca 1|ea cc c traa tha| cc |a tr| |ac
hca, th| traas|stcr trc ve traa tha| 1ca hcaa tcaa Iraas|stcr la mct l|ah k|ea pha thacc
aea caa phc| hcp Jca 1|ea cc va Jca 1|ea cp 0 traa tha| |ac hca 1e Ja tr| kha aaa
1|ea kh|ea va 1e traah 1|ea t|ch c cac cc aa lca, Jca 1|ea cc |aa 1aa pha| cac 1e
chaea saa traa tha| Jaa ahaah chca 0 che 1c khca Jca 1|ea cc pha| |am caa a|
laat aha Jca 1|ea cp 1e traah h|ea taca chcc thaa tha cap
h|ah 1 ? Iraa tha| Jaa va traa tha| || khca
al Iraa tha| 1ca mach ha aaa mach !
8
lca, !
0
Jc ta| |c| haa
|l Iraa tha| hc mach !
8
= 0
0ac tca hac chaea mach caa traas|stcr cc the lca Irca lac chaea mach, 1|ea ap
trea cac cac va Jca 1|ea caa traas|stcr caa lca I|ch caa Jca 1|ea va 1|ea ap caa vc|
thc| |aa chaea mach tac aea tca hac aaa laca trca mct laa chaea mach 0ca saat
tca hac ch|ah xac Jc chaea mach la ham sc caa cac thca sc caa mach pha ta| va Jaa
||ea th|ea caa Jca 1|ea cc
` ac t|ah t|ah caa traas|stcr U
0!
= f (!
0
l
e chc kh| traas|stcr 1ca, 1|ea ap sat |ea trca cc |a tr| ahc, aac| ta pha|
chc ac lam v|ec c che 1c |ac hca, tac la !
8
pha| 1a lca 1e !
0
chc 1|ea ap sat U
0!
ahc ahat 0
che 1c |ac hca, 1|ea ap sat trca traas|stcr cca saat |aa 0,5 1ea 1V trca kh| 1c t|r|stcr
la khcaa 1,5V
!! Ua Jaa caa traas|stcr cca saat
Iraas|stcr cca saat Jaa 1e 1ca cat Jca 1|ea mct ch|ea cc caca 1c lca Ia
ah|ea trca thac te traas|stcr cca saat thaca chc lam v|ec c che 1c khca
!
8
= 0, !
0
= 0 traas|stcr cc| aha hc mach
C
B
C
N
P
P
Hnh 1. 9 ac t|ah t|ah caa traas|stcr U
0!
= f ( !
0
l
Vaa
taea
tnh
Vaa aa |ac hca
Vaa |ac hca
U
CE
I
C
( b )
( a )
I
C
U
CE
b
a
U
CE
I
C
I
C
!! 4 Iraas|stcr Hcs cca saat
Iraas|stcr traca !!I (!|elJ !ffect Iraas|stcrl 1acc che tac thec cca ahe Hcs
(Hetal 0x|J 9em|ccaJactcrl, thaca sa Jaa aha ahaa chaea mach 1|ea ta cc cca saat
lca Khac vc| traas|stcr laca cac 1acc 1|ea kh|ea |aa Jca 1|ea, traas|stcr Hcs 1acc 1|ea
kh|ea |aa 1|ea ap Iraas|stcr Hcs cm cac cac ch|ah cac maa (Jra|al, aaca (scarcel va
caa (atel ca 1|ea maa aaca 1acc 1|ea kh|ea |aa 1|ea ap caa aaca

h|ah 1 10 Iraas|stcr Hcs cca saat
al hc 1ac t|ah ra
|l K h|ea thca thaca keah N
Iraas|stcr Hcs la lca| Jaa ca chaea mach ahaah Vc| 1|ea ap 100V tca hac Jaa c
chaa lca hca c traas|stcr laca cac va t|r|stcr, ahaa tca hac chaea mach ahc hca ah|ea
he sc ah|et 1|ea trc caa traas|stcr Hcs la Jaca ca 1|ea va 1|ea ap chc phep caa
traas|stcr Hcs ahc hca caa traas|stcr laca cac va t|r|stcr
!!! I!k!9I0k
!!! 1 0aa tac
I|r|stcr la l|ah k|ea cm 4 lcp |aa Jaa lNlN l|ea t|ep tac aea aact, katct va cac 1|ea
kh|ea
h|ah 1 11
Hnh 1. 4 Tra n s is to r P NP :
al 0aa tac
|l K h|ea
( b )
C
B
E
( a )
E
P
h|ah 1 5 Iraas|stcr NlN
al 0aa tac
|l K h|ea
( a )
E
C
B
P
N
N
C
B
E
( b )
0aa
Naca
Haa
( b )
( a )
=
3 V
=
= 6 V
= 9 V
= 7 ,5 V
ca
1|ea
maa
|ea
trc
haa
s o
|ea ap maa aaca
P
1
N
1
P
2
N
2
( a ) (
b )
A
J
1
J
2
J
3
A
K
G
G
K
al 0aa tac caa t|r|stcr
|l K h|ea caa t|r|stcr
Irca 1c
A aact
K katct
0 cac 1|ea kh|ea
J
1
, J
2
, J
cac mat hep

I|r|stcr cm 1 1|a 9|l|c ta 1ca the lca| N, trea lcp 1em lca| |aa Jaa l cc cac 1|ea kh|ea
|aa Ja ahcm, cac lcp chaea t|ep 1acc tac aea |aa k thaat |a hc| caa 0al| !cp t|ep
xac |aa aact va katct la |aa 1|a mcl|p1ea ha taasea cc he sc aca cha aa |aa vc|
0al| 0aa tac Jaa 1|a k|m lca| 1e Je Jaa taa ah|et
!!! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca
at t|r|stcr Jac| 1|ea ap mct ch|ea, aact ac| vac cac Jaca, katct ac| vac cac am caa
aaca 1|ea ap, J
1
, J
phaa cac thaaa, J

2
phaa cac aacc 0aa aha tcaa |c 1|ea ap aaca 1at
trea mat hep J
2
|ea traca ac| ta| !
|
caa J
2
cc ch|ea ta N
1
haca ve l
2
|ea traca
aca| tac 1ca caa ch|ea vc| !
|
vaa chaea t|ep caa la vaa cach 1|ea caa mc rca ra
khca cc Jca 1|ea cha aa t|r|stcr mac Ja ac || 1at Jac| 1|ea ap
h|ah 1 12 ac t|ah vcltampe caa t|r|stcr
` Hc t|r|stcr
0hc mct xaa 1|ea ap Jaca U
tac 1ca vac cac 0 ( Jaca sc vc| K l, cac 1|ea ta ta

N
2
saa l
2
ea 1a, mct sc |t 1|ea ta cha vac cac 0 va h|ah thaah Jca 1|ea kh|ea !
cha
thec mach 0 J
K 0 cca phaa lca 1|ea ta ch|a sac hat caa 1|ea traca tca hcp caa mat
hep J
2
lac vac vaa chaea t|ep aa, taa tcc, 1ca aaa lca |e a cac l|ea ket aaea ta
9|l|c, tac aea 1|ea ta ta Jc mc| 9c 1|ea ta mc| 1acc |a| phca tham |a |aa pha cac aaea
ta 9|l|c trca vaa ke t|ep Ket aa caa phaa aa Ja chaea lam xaat h|ea ah|ea 1|ea ta
cha vac N
1
aa l
1
va 1ea cac Jaca caa aaca 1|ea aca|, a aea h|ea taca Jaa 1|ea ac
at, J
2
trc thaah mat hep Jaa 1|ea, |at 1aa ta mct 1|em c xaa aaah cac 0 rc| phat tr|ea
ra tcaa |c mat hep
|ea trc thaaa caa t|r|stcr khcaa 100K kh| cca c traa tha| khca, trc thaah
0,01 kh| t|r|stcr mc chc Jca cha aa
I|r|stcr khca U
AK
> 1V hcac !
> !
st
th| t|r|stcr se mc Irca 1c !
st
la Jca 1|ea
kh|ea 1acc tra c sc ta tra caa t|r|stcr
t
ca
Ihc| |aa mc la thc| |aa caa th|et 1e th|et lap Jca 1|ea cha trca t|r|stcr, t|ah
ta thc| 1|em phca Jca !
vac cac 1|ea kh|ea Ihc| |aa mc t|r|stcr kec Ja| khcaa 10s
` Khca t|r|stcr 0c 2 cach
!am |am Jca 1|ea lam v|ec ! xaca Jac| |a tr| Jca Ja tr| !
h
( hclJ|a
0arreat l
at mct 1|ea ap aacc lea t|r|stcr Kh| 1at 1|ea ap aacc lea t|r|stcr U
AK
<
0, J
1
va J
|| phaa cac aacc, J

2
phaa cac thaaa, 1|ea ta 1ac ch|ea haah tr|ah tac aea Jca
1|ea aacc cha ta katct ve aact, ve cac am caa aaca 1|ea aca|
I|r|stcr mc U
AK
< 0 t|r|stcr khca
Ihc| |aa khca t
cff
Ihc| |aa ta kh| |at 1aa xaat h|ea Jca 1|ea aacc
( t
0
l 1ea Jca 1|ea aacc |aa 0 ( t
2
l, t
cff
kec Ja| khcaa va| chac s
` Xet sa ||ea th|ea caa Jca 1|ea |( t l trca aa tr|ah t|r|stcr khca
I
H
U
I
U
Z
0
U
ch
Hnh 1. 13 9a ||ea th|ea caa Jca 1|ea |( t l trca aa tr|ah t|r|stcr khca
t
1
t
2
t
0
t
I
i
Ia t
0
1ea t
1
Jca 1|ea aacc lca, saa 1c J
1
, J
trc aea cach 1|ea c h|ea taca

khaech taa mct |t 1|ea ta |aa ha| mat J
1
va J
|t Jaa 1| 1ea het J

2
khc| phac t|ah chat caa
mat hep 1|ea kh|ea
!!! Ua Jaa
I|r|stcr 1acc sa Jaa trca cac |c aaca 1ac ||et trca mach chiah laa, |c |am va
trca |c ||ea taa trac t|ep hcac cac |c ||ea taa cc khaa traa |aa mct ch|ea
Ua Jaa t|r|stcr trca mach 1|ea kh|ea tcc 1c 1ca cc
0haea mach t|ah
Khca che pha
Nap aca|
Khca che ah|et 1c
!V Ik!A0
!V 1 0aa tac
Ir|ac la th|et || |aa Jaa |a cac, |ca lcp cc 1aca 1ac t|ah vcltampe 1c| xaa, ahaa
cc mc chc ca ha| ch|ea Ir|ac 1acc che tac 1e lam v|ec trca mach 1|ea xca ch|ea, cc
tac Jaa aha 2 90k 1aa sca sca aacc
h|ah 1 14
a al 0aa tac caa tr|ac
| |l K h|ea caa tr|ac
Ir|ac 1acc che tac trea caa mct 1ca t|ah the cm ha| cac va chi cc mct cac 1|ea
kh|ea
!V 2 Naea l lam v|ec
I
1
la cac aa vc| cac 1|ea kh|ea 0
( b ) ( a )
G
T
2
T
1
T
1
G
T
2
N
P
N N
P
N
0
( I I I ) : T
2
am
( I ) : I
1
Jaca
Iraa tha| Jaa
!
2
> !
1
!
= 0 Iraa tha| khca

Hnh 1 . 1 5 ac t|ah vcltampe caa tr|ac
I
U
t
-
U
t
U
B 2
U
B 1
U
B 0
-
I
t
0 cc phaa ta tha ahat ( ! l U
I2
> U
I1
cca ( !!! l th| aacc la|
|ea ap U
80
la |a tr| 1|ea ap mc 1aa tr|ac ta traa tha| || khca saa Jaa kh| khca
cc Jca 1|ea kh|ea, !
= 0 Kh| cc Jca 1|ea kh|ea !
tr|ac se mc vc| 1|ea ap 1at vac ahc

hca
Ir|ac chi || khca kh| !
= 0 va 1|ea ap 1at vac ahc hca aaca U

8
va mc thec ch|ea
aa hcac ch|ea khac ta thec cac t|ah caa Jca 1|ea 1|ea kh|ea
` 0c 4 cach 1e mc tr|ac
0 cc phaa ta tha ahat ( ! l
0ach !
ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea Jaca

0ach !
ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea am

0 cc phaa ta tha |a ( !!! l
0ach !!!
ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea Jaca

0ach !!!
ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea am

Ir|ac cc aa 1|em la mach 1|ea kh|ea 1ca |aa ahaa cca saat |c| haa ahc
hca t|r|stcr
!V Ua Jaa
Ir|ac Jaa 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea, trca mach chiah laa Nca| ra,
tr|ac cca Jaa 1e 1|ea chiah aah saa 1|ea, ah|et 1c lc
0haca !!
N0h!!N 0UU VA Ik!Nh 8AY
0A0 lhU0N0 lhAl !!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00 H0I 0h!!U Kl0h IU 00 !Al
! KhA! N!!H 0hUN0
! 1 |ah ah|a
|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc la Jaa cac ||ea phap ahaa tac 1e tha 1c| cac thca sc
aaca aha 1|ea ap ha cac thca sc mach aha 1|ea trc pha, tha 1c| ta thca Ia 1c tac
ra cac 1ac t|ah cc mc| 1e cc ahaa tcc 1c lam v|ec mc| pha hcp vc| ea caa 0c ha|
phaca phap 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc
8|ea 1c| cac thca sc caa |c phaa cc kh| tac la ||ea 1c| t sc traea chaea t|ep ta
trac 1ca cc 1ea cc caa ma saa saat
8|ea 1c| tcc 1c cc caa 1ca cc 1|ea lhaca phap aa lam |am t|ah phac tap caa
cc caa va ca| th|ea 1acc 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah V| va, ta khac sat sa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec
phaca phap tha ha|
Nca| ra caa phaa ||et 1|ea chiah tcc 1c vc| sa ta 1ca tha 1c| tcc 1c kh| pha ta|
tha 1c| caa 1ca cc 1|ea
Ve phaca J|ea 1|ea chiah tcc 1c, 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea cc ah|ea aa v|et hca sc vc|
cac lca| 1ca cc khac Khca ahaa ac cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c Je Jaa ma caa trac
mach 1ca lac, mach 1|ea kh|ea 1ca |aa hca, 1ca thc| la| 1at chat laca 1|ea chiah cac
trca Ja 1|ea chiah tcc 1c rca
! 2 0ac chi t|ea k thaat 1e 1aah |a he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
Kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa he thca traea 1ca 1|ea ta caa cha va caa ca vac cac
chi t|ea saa 1a 1e 1aah |a chat laca caa he thca traea 1ca 1|ea
! 2 a haca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
haca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c la ta cc the 1|ea chiah 1e cc 1acc tcc 1c lca hca ha |e
hca sc vc| tcc 1c cc |aa la tcc 1c lam v|ec caa 1ca cc 1|ea trea 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea
! 2 | lham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c (a 1|ea chiahl
lham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c la ti sc |aa tcc 1c lca ahat a
max
va tcc 1c |e ahat a
m|a
ma aac| ta cc the 1|ea chiah 1acc ta| |a tr| pha ta| la 1|ah mac = a
max
a
m|a
Irca 1c
a
max
acc |c| haa |c| 1c |ea cc hcc
a
m|a
acc |c| haa |c| pham v| chc phep caa 1ca cc, thca thaca
aac| ta chca a
m|a
lam 1ca v|
lham v| 1|ea chiah caa lca th| caa tct va pha thacc vac ea caa caa taa
he thca, kha aaa taa phaca phap 1|ea chiah
! 2 c c caa caa 1ac t|ah cc kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
c caa = Ha Kh| caa lca tac H caa lca va a ahc ah|a la
1c ca 1|ah tcc 1c caa lca kh| pha ta| tha 1c| ah|ea lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c tct
ahat la phaca phap ma |a aaea hcac aaa cac 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ha ac|
cach khac caa lca th| caa tct
! 2 J c |aa phaa ha 1c l|ea tac trca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
Irca pham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c, cc ah|ea cap tcc 1c c l|ea tac kh| 1|ea
chiah tcc 1c 1acc 1aah |a |aa ti sc |aa ha| cap tcc 1c ke ahaa
= a
|
a
|1
Irca 1c
a
|
Icc 1c 1|ea chiah c cap tha |
a
| 1
Icc 1c 1|ea chiah c cap tha ( | 1 l
Vc| a
|
va a
| 1
1ea la ta| mct |a tr| mcmeat aac 1c
t|ea caa aa 1 caa tct, phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa l|ea tac !ac
aa ha| cap tcc 1c |aa ahaa, khca cc aha cap ha cca c| la 1|ea chiah tcc 1c vc cap
1 he thca 1|ea chiah cc cap
! 2 e Ica that aaa laca kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
he thca traea 1ca 1|ea cc chat laca cac la mct he thca cc h|ea saat
lam v|ec caa 1ca cc la cac ahat kh| tca hac aaa laca l
pha
c mac thap ahat
! 2 f I|ah k|ah te caa he thca kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c traea 1ca 1|ea cc t|ah k|ah te cac ahat la mct
he thca 1|ea chiah pha| thca maa tc| 1a cac ea caa k thaat caa he thca ca thc| he
thca pha| cc |a thaah thap ahat, ch| ph| |ac aaa vaa haah thap ahat, sa Jaa th|et ||
phc thca ahat va cac th|et || ma mcc cc the lap rap laa chc ahaa
!! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! !!N Al AI VA0 lhAN UN0 0N0
00
c| vc| cac ma 1|ea mct ch|ea, kh| |a ta thca khca 1c| va 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap
trea mach phaa aa th| Jca 1|ea, mcmeat se khca tha 1c| e traah ahaa ||ea 1ca
lca ve |a tcc va lac 1ca trca he 1|ea chiah aea phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa
cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap trea mach phaa aa thaca 1acc ap Jaa chc 1ca cc mct ch|ea
k|ch ta 1cc lap
e 1|ea chiah 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc, ta Jaa cac |c aaca 1|ea ap
aha ma phat 1|ea mct ch|ea, cac |c ||ea 1c| vaa hcac khaech 1a| ta 0ac |c ||ea 1c|
trea Jaa 1e ||ea Jca xca ch|ea caa lac| 1|ea thaah Jca mct ch|ea va 1|ea chiah |a tr|
sac 1|ea 1ca caa ac chc pha hcp thec ea caa
lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap
Ia cc tcc 1c khca ta| l taca a
0
= U
1m
K
!
1m
Va 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc
Kh| tha 1c| 1|ea ap 1at lea phaa aa caa 1ca cc th| tcc 1c khca ta| l taca se
tha 1c| ahaa 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc th| khca tha 1c|
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
=
f u
M E
R R
K K
dn
dM
+
= =
2
Nha va, kh| ta tha 1c| 1|ea ap th| 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc khca tha 1c|
hc 1ac t|ah cc la ahaa 1aca thaa sca sca vc| 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea
h|ah 2 1 hc 1ac t|ah cc kh| tha 1c| 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap phaa aa thac chat la |am ap
va chc ra ahaa tcc 1c ahc hca tcc 1c cc |aa a
c|
ca thc| 1|ea chiah aha cap ha l|ea
tac ta thacc vac |c aaca cc 1|ea ap tha 1c| mct cach l|ea tac va aacc la|
Ihec l thaet th| pham v| 1|ea chiah = Nhaa trca thac te 1ca cc 1|ea mct
ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap aea khca cc ||ea phap 1ac ||et chi lam v|ec c pham v| chc phep
U
m|acp
= U
1m
10, ah|a la pham v| 1|ea chiah
= a
c|
a
m|a
= 101 Nea 1|ea ap phaa aa U < U
m|acp
th| Jc phaa aa phaa aa se lam
chc tcc 1c 1ca cc khca ca 1|ah
Nhaa xet lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa
aa 1ca cc se |a aaea 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc aea 1acc Jaa ah|ea trca ma
cat k|m lca| va chc ahaa tcc 1c ahc hca a
c|
` Ua 1|em a la phaca phap 1|ea chiah tr|et 1e, vc cap cc ah|a la cc the 1|ea
chiah tcc 1c trca |at k vaa ta| aac ke ca kh| c khca ta| l taca
` Nhacc 1|em lha| caa cc |c aaca cc 1|ea ap tha 1c| 1acc aea vca 1aa ta cc |aa
va ch| ph| vaa haah cac
U
1
U
2
U
3
TN ( U
1m
)
n
0
n
cb
c
n
1
n
2
n
3
M
n
M
C
U
1m
> U
1
> U
2
> U
a
c|
> a
1
> a
2
> a
!!! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! IU Ih0N0
h|ah 2 2 9c 1c aaea l 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| ta thca
|ea chiah ta thca k|ch th|ch caa 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea la 1|ea chiah mcmeat 1|ea
ta caa 1ca cc H = K
H
!
a
va sac 1|ea 1ca aa caa 1ca cc
!
a
= K
!
a Ihca thaca, kh| tha 1c| ta thca th| 1|ea ap phaa aa 1acc |a aaea |a tr|
1|ah mac
c| vc| cac ma 1|ea ahc va 1c| kh| ca cac ma 1|ea cca saat traa ||ah, aac| ta
thaca sa Jaa cac ||ea trc 1at trca mach k|ch ta 1e tha 1c| ta thca Jc tca hac cca
saat ahc c| vc| cac ma 1|ea cca saat lca th| Jaa cac |c ||ea 1c| 1ac ||et aha ma
phat, khaech 1a| ma 1|ea, khaech 1a| ta, |c ||ea 1c| vaa
Ihac chat caa phaca phap aa la |am ta thca Nea taa ta thca th| Jca 1|ea
k|ch ta !
KI
se taa Jaa 1ea kh| ha caca Ja k|ch ta c 1c, 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c chi cc the
|am Jca k|ch ta tac la |am ahc ta thca sc vc| 1|ah mac Ia tha lac aa tcc 1c taa lea
kh| ta thca |am a = UK
!
Hat khac ta cc Hcmeat aaa mach H

a
= K
H
!
a
aea kh| |am se lam chc H
a
|am
thec
c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc
Kh| |am th| 1c caa caa |am, 1ac t|ah cc se Jcc hca Nea ta cc hc 1aca
1ac t|ah cc kh| tha 1c| ta thca aha saa
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| ta thca cc the 1|ea chiah 1acc
tcc 1c vc cap va chc ra ahaa tcc 1c lca hca tcc 1c cc |aa
Ihec l thaet th| ta thca cc the |am aa |aa 0, ah|a la tcc 1c taa 1ea vc
caa Nhaa trea thac te 1ca cc chi lam v|ec vc| tcc 1c lca ahat
a
max
= a
c|
tac pham v| 1|ea chiah = a
max
a
c|
= 1
R
K K
M E
2
=
-
+
+
-
C
K

I
a
U
U
K T
1

2

1m
0 M
C
M
2
M
1
M
n
Hnh 2. 3 hc 1ac t|ah cc kh| tha 1c| ta thca
n
c
n
1
n
n
M
1m
>
1
>
2
a
c|
< a
1
< a
2
8c| v| aa vc| mc| 1ca cc ta cc mct tcc 1c lca ahat chc phep Kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
ta thacc vac 1|ea k|ea cc kh|, 1|ea k|ea cc cp 1ca cc khca the 1c| ch|ea Jca 1|ea va
ch|a 1acc hc aaa 1|ea c 1c, 1ca cc khca 1acc lam v|ec aa tcc 1c chc phep
Nhaa xet lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| ta thca cc the 1|ea
chiah tcc 1c vc cap va chc ahaa tcc 1c lca hca a
c|
lhaca phap aa 1acc Jaa 1e 1|ea
chiah tcc 1c chc cac ma ma| vaa aaa hcac la ma |ac |aca c aa tr|ah 1|ea chiah tcc
1c 1acc thac h|ea trea mach k|ch ta aea tca that aaa laca |t, maa t|ah k|ah te Ih|et ||
1ca |aa
!V !!U 0hlNh I00 0 8AN0 0A0h IhAY 0! !!N Ik0 lhU Ik!N HA0h lhAN UN0
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa
cc the 1acc Jaa chc tat ca 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea Irca phaca phap aa 1|ea trc pha
1acc mac ac| t|ep vc| mach phaa aa caa 1ca cc thec sc 1c aaea l aha saa
h|ah 2 4 9c 1c aaea l 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc
pha trea mach phaa aa
Ia cc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap
Kh| tha 1c| |a tr| 1|ea trc pha k
f
ta ahaa tha tcc 1c khca ta| l taca va 1c
caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc
se tha 1c| kh| |a tr| k
f
tha 1c| Kh| k
f
caa lca, caa ahc ah|a la 1aca 1ac t|ah cc
caa Jcc Ua vc| |a tr| k
f
= 0 ta cc 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea 1acc t|ah thec
cca thac saa
Ia ahaa tha
IN
cc |a tr| lca ahat aea 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea cc 1c caa lca
hca tat ca cac 1aca 1ac t|ah cc cc 1ca 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa Va kh| tha 1c|
|a tr| k
f
ta 1acc hc 1ac t|ah cc aha saa
M
K K
R R
K
U
n
M E
f u
E
2
=
u
dm
M E
TN
R
K K
2
=

-
-
+
+
I
a
R
f
C
K

U
E
U
K T
T N
R
f1
R
f2
R
f3
0
M
C
n
3
n
2
n
1
n
cb
n
0
n
M, I
0 < R
f1
< R
f2
<
R
f3
const
K
U
n
dm E
dm
=
=
0
f u
dm
M E
R R
K K
+
=
2
;
h|ah 2 5 hc 1ac t|ah cc kh| tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa
Naea l 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa
1acc |a| th|ch aha saa 0|a sa 1ca cc 1aa lam v|ec xac lap vc| tcc 1c a
1
ta 1ca them k
f
vac mach phaa aa Kh| 1c Jca 1|ea phaa aa !
a
1ct act |am xaca, cca tcc 1c 1ca cc
Jc aaa t|ah aea chaa k|p ||ea 1c| ca !
a
|am lam chc mcmeat 1ca cc |am thec va tcc
1c |am xaca, saa 1c lam v|ec xac lap ta| tcc 1c a
2
vc| a
2
> a
1
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c aa chi cc the 1|ea chiah tcc 1c a < a
c|
Irea thac te
khca the Jaa ||ea trc 1e 1|ea chiah aea phaca phap aa se chc ahaa tcc 1c aha cap
tac 1c |aa phaa xa 1 tac a
1
cach xa a
2
, a
2
cach xa a
Kh| |a tr| a
m|a
caa t|ea aa 1ea 0 th| pham v| 1|ea chiah
= a
c|
a
m|a

Irca thac te, k
f
caa lca th| tca that aaa laca pha taa Kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c
tcc 1c a = a
c|
2 th| tca that aa ch|em ta 40% 1ea 50% 0hc aea, 1e 1am |ac t|ah k|ah
te chc he thca ta chi 1|ea chiah sac chc pham v| 1|ea chiah = ( 2 l1
Kh| |a tr| k
f
caa lca th| tcc 1c 1ca cc caa |am ca thc| Jca 1|ea aaa mach
!
a
va mcmeat aaa mach H
a
caa |am c 1c, phaca phap aa 1acc Jaa 1e haa che Jca
1|ea va 1|ea chiah tcc 1c Jac| tcc 1c cc |aa Va taet 1c| khca 1acc Jaa chc cac 1ca cc
caa ma cat k|m lca|
Nhaa xet lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach
phaa aa chi chc ahaa tcc 1c aha cap va ahc hca a
c|
` Ua 1|em Ih|et || tha 1c| rat 1ca |aa, thaca Jaa chc cac 1ca cc chc caa trac,
thaa ma, ma aaa, ma xac, ma caa thep
` Nhacc 1|em Icc 1c 1|ea chiah caa thap kh| |a tr| 1|ea trc pha 1ca vac caa
lca, 1ac t|ah cc caa mem, 1c caa |am lam chc sa ca 1|ah tcc 1c kh| pha ta| tha 1c|
caa kem Ica hac pha kh| 1|ea chiah rat lca, tcc 1c caa thap th| tca hac pha caa taa
V !!U 0hlNh I00 0 8AN0 0A0h k! HA0h lhAN UN0
ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach re mach
phaa aa cc sc 1c aaea l aha saa
h|ah 2 5 9c 1c aaea l phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach re mach phaa
aa
Hct he thca kh| 1|ea chiah caa tcc 1c ahc hca a
c|
va 1|ea chiah aha cap he thca
cc 1c caa taca 1c| lca va th|et || vaa haah 1ca |aa th| aac| ta Jaa phaca phap re
mach phaa aa ha cca c| la phaa mach
Ihec phaca phap re mach phaa aa th| phaa aa 1ca cc ac| sca sca vc| 1|ea
trc va ac| ac| t|ep vc| mct 1|ea trc khac lhaca phap aa |ca vc| phaca phap tha 1c|
1|ea trc trea mach phaa aa ahaa 1|ea ap phaa aa la| khca tha 1c| c 1c, phaca
phap aa 1c| hc| pha|
|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc khca tha 1c|
V| Jca k|ch ta khca tha 1c| aea kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c, ta thca khca
1c| lam chc mcmeat pha ta| chc phep 1acc |a khca 1c| va |aa tr| sc 1|ah mac
Ia cc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc
Ia phaca tr|ah trea, ta ahaa tha tcc 1c 1ca cc a
< a
c|
Hat khac ta cc
c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc re mach phaa aa
lH
ahc hca 1c caa caa 1ac t|ah
cc ta ah|ea
IN
ahaa la| lca hca 1c caa caa 1ac t|ah cc cc 1|ea trc pha
kf
vc| 1|ea trc
pha ch|ah la k
a
e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc trca traca hcp aa ta t|ea haah aha saa
` 0|a aaea k
a
, tha 1c| |a tr| k
9
Kh| k
9
= 0 a la traa tha| ham 1ca aaa vc| tcc 1c ham 1ca aaa
a
hN
= 0
M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
K
U
n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
E 2
+
+
+
=
M
K K
R R
R R
R
R R
R
n n
M E
n S
n S
u
n S
S
2
0
+
+
+
=
0 0 0
' n
R R
R
n n
n S
S
<
+
=
u
n S
S
u n u
R
R R
R
R R R >
+
+ > +
TN PM R R
n f
< < =
I
I
S
I
n
R
n
R
S

-
+
C
K

R
K

E
U

h|ah 2 7 hc 1ac t|ah cc kh| k
a
= ccast, k
9
tha 1c|
Nha va, kh| |a aaea k
a
, tha 1c| |a tr| k
9
th| vaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c || haa che
va mcJaa 1c lca 1ac t|ah cc taa Jaa kh| tcc 1c |am
` 0|a aaea k
9
, tha 1c| |a tr| k
a
Kh| k
a
= 0 k
9
khca aah haca 1ea 1aca 1ac t|ah cc !ac aa ta xem k
9
aha la ta| ac| sca sca vc| 1ca cc Ia cc 1acc 1aca 1ac t|ah cc ta ah|ea
Kh| k
a
= ca cc 1|ea || hc mach aea khca cc 1|ea ap rc| trea phaa
aa 1ca cc a la traa tha| ham 1ca aaa vc| k
hN
= k
9
Ia cc !
8
= U
1m
k
9
Ia cc hc
1ac t|ah cc aha saa
Va, kh| |a aaea k
9
va tha 1c| k
a
th| pham v| 1|ea chiah khca || haa che aha
traca hcp trea Nhaa kh| tcc 1c |am xaca th| 1c caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc la| || |am
xaca
` Nca| ra cca cc phaca phap tha 1c| 1ca thc| |a tr| caa k
9
va k
a
lhaca phap
aa thaca 1acc sa Jaa trca thac te
9c vc| phaca phap 1|ea chiah |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa
ta ahaa tha Kh| tcc 1c va mcmeat 1ca cc aha ahaa ah|a la kh| cca saat cc aha ahaa
Jca 1|ea ahaa ta lac| trca sc 1c re mach phaa aa laca laca lca hca trca sc 1c 1|ea
chiah |aa 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa mct laca |aa Jca 1|ea cha aa k
9
lhaca phap aa chi Jaa chc caa trac, caa trac, thaa ma, ma caa thep ca
thc| taet 1c| khca Jaa chc ma cat k|m lca|
Ia cc hc 1ac t|ah cc aha saa
n
dm
A S
R
U
I R Khi = = : :
T N
n
n
0
n
3
n
2
n
1
I
I
A
M
C R
S
=
0
R
S
=
R
S 2

R
S 1
R
S 1
<
R
S 2

n
1
< n
2
Hnh 2 .8 hc 1ac t|ah cc kh| k
9
= ccast, k
a
tha 1c|
n
1
n
2
n
c
I
T N ( R
N
=
M
C
R
n
=
I
B
n
R
n1
R
n2
n
0
0 < R
n1
< R
n2
< R
n
=
n
2
< n
1
< n
cb
Nhaa xet lhaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach re mach phaa aa th| 1|ea chiah
tcc 1c aha cap va chc ahaa tcc 1c ahc hca a
c|
` Ua 1|em
Vc| caa mct tcc 1c ea caa th| 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc phaa mach
cc 1c caa lca hca 1ac t|ah cc Jaa 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa
Ih|et || vaa haah 1ca |aa
` Nhacc 1|em
lhaca phap aa Jaa t|ep 1|em 1e 1ca cat 1|ea trc aea 1c t|ah chiah
khca cac, 1|ea chiah tcc 1c cc cap, pham v| 1|ea chiah = ( 2 l1
c tca that cca saat trca sc 1c aa kha lca aea pham v| aa Jaa || haa
che lhaca phap aa chi ap Jaa chc 1ca cc cc cca saat ahc, thc| |aa lam v|ec aaa vc|
tcc 1c thap
V! !!U 0hlNh I00 0 8AN0 h! Ih0N0 HAY lhAI 0N0 00
( ! l
V! 1 9c 1c aaea l
Vc| ahaa he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c vc cap, pham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c taca 1c|
rca 0aa ahaa tcc 1c lca hca ha ahc hca sc vc| tcc 1c cc |aa va caa 1|ea chiah l|ea tac
aha traea 1ca ch|ah caa mct sc ma |ac |aca cc aaa saat thap, traea 1ca aa trac
caa thep cc cca saat traa ||ah va ahc, traea 1ca 1ac ca trca phaca phap 1ac l|ea
tac th| aac| ta Jaa he thca ! cc sc 1c aaea l aha saa
h|ah 2 9 9c 1c aaea l he thca ma phat 1ca cc
Irca 1c
90 ca cc sc cap, caa cap 1ca lac chc tcaa he thca Nhaa cca saat
1|ea xca ch|ea, ||ea 1c| 1|ea aaa thaah cc aaa kec ma phat ! va ma phat k|ch th|ch K
90 cc the la 1ca cc ac, 1ca cc 1|ea ta thacc vac chi t|ea k thaat caa he thca
! Ha phat mct ch|ea k|ch th|ch 1cc lap, caa cap trac t|ep aaca mct
ch|ea chc phaa aa 1ca cc
ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap kec cc caa saa xaat ( 009X l, la
1c| taca caa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c trca pham v| taca 1c| ahc
K Ha phat k|ch th|ch, thac chat la ma phat 1|ea mct ch|ea 1ac ||et cc ta
Ja lca aea cc kha aaa ta k|ch lhat ra 1|ea mct ch|ea U
K
caa cap chc mach k|ch th|ch ma
phat 0
K!
va k|ch th|ch caa 1ca cc 0
K
V! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca

e khc| 1ca he thca ! ta t|ea haah cac |acc aha saa
Hc tat ca cac caa Jac 0
1
, 0
2
|ea chiah ||ea trc c mach k|ch th|ch caa 1ca cc k

K
c tr| sc cac t|ea sac
chc
max
va 1|ea chiah ||ea trc c mach k|ch th|ch caa ma phat k
K!
c tr| sc cac 1a| sac chc
!m|a
ca caa Jac 0
1
( lac aa 0
2
vaa hc l khc| 1ca 1ca cc 90 ca cc
90 se aa va 1c| chc tcc 1c ca 1|ah 90 aa lam chc ma phat ! va ma phat k|ch
th|ch K aa
ca caa Jac 0
2
1e chca ch|ea aa chc 1ca cc la thaaa ha aacc !ac
aa cc
!
ahaa rat |e se lam chc !
!
|e aea U
= !
!
!
a
k
a!
|e ca cc se khc| 1ca va
aa vc| tcc 1c thap
e taa Jaa 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc, ta 1|ea chiah ||ea trc k
K!
|am Jaa ve
tr| sc cac t|ea ( taa Jca k|ch ta caa ma phat l, Jc 1c, Jca !
a
taa Jaa, 1ca cc taa tcc
1c chc 1ea kh| 1at 1ea a
c|
Qaa tr|ah khc| 1ca 1ea 1a la cham Jat
-
+
CD
1
I
P
mC
I
K F
R
K F
C
K F

2
I
K
R
K
C
K
1

CD
2
U
K
R
K K
C
K K
P
P
c
P
c
U
S C
n
U
1
; f
1
K F
CCS X
e aaa traea 1ca ta 1|ea chiah k
K!
taa Jaa 1e |am Jca k|ch th|ch
caa ma phat lam chc 1|ea ap phat ra caa ma phat U
!
|am c 1c, tcc 1c caa 1ca cc
|am xaca va aaa haa vac lac U
!
= 0 9aa 1c mc caa Jac 0
2
Jaa 1ca cc 90
Haca tha 1c| ch|ea aa caa 1ca cc ta at caa Jac 0
2
saa v| tr| 2
Vc| he thca ! ta cc the 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec ha| haca aha saa
` e chc a
< a
c|
|ea chiah ||ea trc k
K!
caa ma phat 1at |a tr| cac 1a| 1e
|am Jca k|ch ta caa ma phat lam chc U
!
|am, tcc 1c 1ca cc |am xaca 1at a
< a
c|
0c|
U
lham v| 1|ea chiah |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap 1at lea phaa aa 1ca cc Ia
cc
U
= a
c|
a
m|a
= 101
` e chc a
> a
c|
Ia |a U
!
c tr| sc 1|ah mac va 1|ea chiah ||ea trc k
K
1at
|a tr| cac 1a| 1e |am ta thca k|ch th|ch caa 1ca cc !ac aa tcc 1c caa 1ca cc taa lea
1at a
> a
c|
0c|
lham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| ta thca caa 1ca cc Ia cc
= a
max
a
c|
= 1
Ket hcp ha| phaca phap 1|ea chiah la |am 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc U
va
|am ta thca
ta 1acc pham v| 1|ea chiah chaa

=
U
= a
max
a
m|a
= 01
V! Ihaah lap phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa he thca !
lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc tca aat
lhaca tr|ah caa |aa sac 1|ea 1ca caa ma phat U
= !
!
!
a
k
a!
Iha vac phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc ta 1acc
a la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1c caa he thca
u
D E
uF uD
D E
F
I
K
R R
K
E
n
=
M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
2
=
u
E E
I
K
R
K
U
n
=
u
D E
uD
D E
I
K
R
K
U
n
=
Iha !
a
= H K
H
vac phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah tcc 1c ta 1acc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah
cc caa 1ca cc trca he thca ! aha saa
Ia phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa he thca ta ahaa tha Ua vc| mc| haca
1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc khac ahaa ( lca ha ahc hca sc vc| tcc 1c cc |aa l ta se cc ahaa
hc 1ac t|ah 1|ea chiah khac ahaa aha 1a tr|ah |a c trea
h|ah 2 10 hc 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea chiah trca he thca !
V! 4 aah |a he thca !
V! 4 a Ua 1|em
he thca aa cc the 1|ea chiah tcc 1c vc cap, pham v| 1|ea chiah rca =
( 10 0 l1 |c| v| aa tr|ah 1|ea chiah 1acc thac h|ea |aa mach k|ch th|ch caa ma
phat va 1ca cc 0c the Jaa phaca phap ||ea trc
he thca cc sa chaea 1c| traa tha| lam v|ec rat l|ah hcat, kha aaa aa
ta| lca aea thaca 1acc sa Jaa c cac ma kha| thac trca cca ah|ep ahc
V! 4 | Nhacc 1|em
aa 4 ma 1e aa aea kh| lam v|ec se a t|ea ca lca, ch|em ah|ea J|ea
t|ch 1e 1at ma ca thc| tca cca saat 1at vac he thca ! aa lca 0ap laa sc vc|
ea caa aea vca 1aa ta lca
h|ea saat hcat 1ca caa he thca taca 1c| thap
= l
cc2
l
1
< 0,75
ac t|ah cc Jcc aea kh| cc Jac 1ca c pha ta| th| the h|ea rc hca aaa
Nca| ra, Jc cac ma phat mct ch|ea cc ta Ja, 1ac t|ah ta hca cc tre aea
khc 1|ea chiah saa tcc 1c
V! 4 c Nhaa xet
Vc| he thca ! vca hc aha trea, ta khca the thac h|ea v|ec ca 1|ah tcc
1c 1ca cc la ah|em va caa th|et 1c| vc| cac he thca traea 1ca aham aaa cac chat
laca saa pham 1acc |a cca trea ma, aaa cac chat laca k thaat caa mct a| tr|ah
cca ahe ma ma saa xaat tham |a hcac aaa cac aaa saat caa ma
e thac h|ea ah|em va 1c, ta thaca Jaa cac he thca ! cc khaech 1a|
ma 1|ea Jaa phaa hc| vca k|a Irca cac he thca aa, cac |c khaech 1a| ma 1|ea se sa
Jaa cac l|ea he phaa hc|, ah|a la 1aa mct t|a h|ea 1aa ra caa he thca aa trc la| 1aa
M
K K
R R
K
E
n
D
M E
uF uD
D E
F
D
2
=
n
3
n
2
n
1
R
K F
R
K

n
c
n
2
n
1
U

3

2

1

U
1
U
2
U
1m
,
1m
n

M
0 M
C
vac caa ac I|a h|ea 1aa ra cc the la 1|ea ap, Jca 1|ea trca mach ch|ah hcac tcc 1c aa
caa 1ca cc I|a h|ea 1aa vac la sac ta 1ca caa khaech 1a| ma 1|ea 0ac khaech 1a| ma
1|ea thaca Jaa h|ea aa la ma k|ch ta ah|ea caca Ja 1|ea chiah 1acc, khaech 1a| ma
1|ea ta k|ch va khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta traca |ac trac
V!! h! Ih0N0 KhU!0h A! HAY !!N 0N0 00
V!! 1 Khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ( KH l
KH la ma phat mct ch|ea 1ac ||et 0c 2 lca| KH
KH ta k|ch
KH ta traca |ac trac
V!! 1 a Khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta k|ch
!a lca| ma phat 1|ea mct ch|ea 1ac ||et Hach ta 1acc lam |aa thep k
thaat caa aac| aea cc ta trc ahc va 1ac t|ah ta tre hep
he thca k|ch ta cc ta 1ea 4 caca Ja
Hct caca lam k|ch ta 1cc lap ( k|ch ta ch|ah l 1at 1|ea ap mct ch|ea vac va Jaa
1e 1|ea kh|ea sac 1|ea 1ca phat ra caa phaa aa ma 1|ea
Hct caca lam ah|em va ta k|ch, la 1|ea ap phat ra ha| 1aa phaa aa hcac Jca
1|ea trea mach phaa aa aa trc la| ta k|ch
0ac caca cca la| Jaa 1e thac h|ea cac phaa hc| trca he thca
9c 1c aaea l KH ta k|ch
` KH ta k|ch thec 1|ea ap ( ta k|ch sca sca l
h|ah 2 11 9c 1c aaea l KH ta k|ch sca sca
U
ng
R
1

CK
3
CK
4
CK
2
F
1
F
2
R
2 U
K M

+
-
K
M
TK
` KH ta k|ch thec Jca 1|ea ( ta k|ch ac| t|ep l
h|ah 2 12 9c 1c aaea l KH ta k|ch ac| t|ep
Nhc caca ta k|ch ma 1|ea ap phat ra caa KH 1acc aaa cac sc vc| ma
phat thca thaca aa vac 1ac t|ah vcltampe caa KH ta tha
U
1mKH
= U
1m1
U
1m2
h|ah 2 1 ac t|ah vcltampe caa he thca KH
Kh| cc them 0K
2
th| U taa lea mct laca U
1m2

he sc cca saat K
l
= l
fa
l
KI
= U
KH
!
KH
U
K
!
K
= haa tram1
V!! 1 Khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta traca |ac trac
!a ma phat mct ch|ea 1ac ||et
Hach ta lam |aa thep k thaat 1|ea caa aac|, cac ta Jaa aa
lhaa k|ch cc ta 1ea 4 caca Ja
Hct caca lam k|ch th|ch ch|ah ( k|ch ta 1cc lap l tac ra ta traca ch|ah
Hct caca lam ah|em va |a
0ac caca cca la| Jaa 1e thac h|ea phaa hc| trca traea 1ca
Irea cc cp 1at ha| cap chc| thaa cc trac vaca cc ahaa Irca 1c, mct cap 1acc
ac| tat vc| ahaa cca mct cap 1e la 1|ea ap ra
h|ah 2 14 9c 1c taca 1aca KH ta traca |ac trac
aa ve mat khaech 1a| ta cc the xem KH ta traca |ac trac taca 1aca vc|
ha| ma phat 1|ea lam v|ec ke t|ep ahaa va cc sc 1c aaea l aha trea
he sc khaech 1a| K
l
= K
l!
K
l!!
= U
KH
!
2
U
K
!
K
a la lca| ma 1|ea cc he sc khaech 1a| cac ahat, K

l
cc |a tr| haa aaa laa
I
K M
R
2
F
2
CK
2
CK
3
CK
4
F
1
U
K M
U
ng
R
1

-
+

KM
TK
MF
I
;
MF
I I
;
U
K M
F
2
F
1
R
1

I
1
I
2
-
+
E
1
E
2
U
ng
CK
2
CK
1
I
K
I
m
U
m1
U
m2
U
mK M
U
K M
V!! 2 Khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta k|ch 1ca cc Jaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c
V!! 2 a 9c 1c aaea l
h|ah 2 15 9c 1c aaea l khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta k|ch 1ca cc Jaa phaa hc| am tcc
1c
Irca 1c
l
1m
caa 1ca cc 5Kh
0K
1
0aca k|ch th|ch cha 1ac ( k|ch ta 1cc lap l, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !
1
0K
2
0aca ta k|ch th|ch, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !
2
caa ch|ea vc| !
1
k
2
|ea chiah he sc ta k|ch 0|a tr| k
2
caa ahc th| he sc ta k|ch caa lca
va aacc la|
0K
0aca phaa hc| am tcc 1c ( t|a h|ea 1aa ve 1e kha !

1
l, s|ah ra sac ta
1ca !
aacc ch|ea !
1
V!! 2 | Naea l hcat 1ca

Ia cc !
= !
h
0K

!
!I
9ac 1|ea 1ca caa ma phat 1c tcc 1c !I !a ma phat mct ch|ea 1ac
||et 1acc che tac vc| mach ta |ac hca rat saa 1e ta thca aa phat ra hcaa tcaa |aa haa
sc aea sac 1|ea 1ca phat ra caa ma phat t le |ac ahat vc| tcc 1c c 1c, kh| 1cc sac
1|ea 1ca aac| ta ||et 1acc tcc 1c thec mc| aaa he !
!I
= K
!
!I
a
!I
= K
!
!I
a
V| mach ta |ac hca saa aea
!I
xem aha la haa sc aea !
!I
t le thaaa vc|
a
!I
Ia cac ||ea thac trea, ta ahaa tha kh| k
= ccast th| !
!
!I
a V|
va !
a 9ac ta 1ca caa KH !

I
= !
1
!
2
!
he thca aa cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec ha| haca

` e chc a > a
c|
Ia |am ta thca |aa cach taa |a tr| k
K
` e chc a < a
c|
Ia |am 1|ea ap 1at lea phaa aa caa 1ca cc U
thca
aa 1|ea chiah |am |a tr| k
1
Nca| ra, kh| 1|ea chiah k

2
1e tha 1c| he sc ta k|ch ah|a la tha 1c| 1c
caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc Ihac chat aa tr|ah aa la aaa cac 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac t|ah
cc 1e 1at 1acc tcc 1c cac ahat kh| 1ca cc 1acc mc rca lea ca thc| ahc phaa hc| am
tcc 1c ma 1ca cc cc kha aaa lam v|ec vc| tcc 1c thap hca a
c|
10, ah|a la cc the mc
3 3
3
CK uFT
FT
R R R
E
I
+ +
=
U
1
, f
1
R
3
90
U
ng
U
CK
3
CK
2

F
2
F
3
F
1
+
-
-
+
KH
IK
C
K
k
K
CCS X
F
T

n
R
1

rca them tcc 1c thap va cac aea ta 1acc pham v| 1|ea chiah lca = ( 40 haa
tram l1
he thca aa cc kha aaa ca 1|ah tcc 1c kh| pha ta| tha 1c| ahc khaa phaa
hc| am tcc 1c Kh| 1ca cc 1aa lam v|ec vc| pha ta| H
c
va tcc 1c 1at ea caa a
c
V| l Jc
aac 1c, mcmeat pha ta| 1at lea trac 1ca cc tha 1c|, khac a
c
th| ahc aa tr|ah phaa hc|
am tcc 1c he thca se ta 1ca ca 1|ah tcc 1c 1at a
c
Qaa tr|ah ta 1ca aa 1acc |a| th|ch
aha saa 0|a sa kh| H
c
taa se lam chc a
|am < a
c
Ha kh| a |am !
!I
|am !
|am
!
|am !
I
= !
1
!
2
!
taa !
KH
taa U
taa a taa 1at 1ea a

c
Va
kh| H
c
|am th| aa tr|ah se ta 1ca xa ra thec ch|ea aacc la| 1e tcc 1c 1ca cc 1at a
c
h|ah 2 15 ac t|ah cc caa he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta k|ch 1ca cc

Jaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c
V!! 2 c Nhaa xet
` Ua 1|em aa sa| sc tcc 1c aa trc la| 1|ea kh|ea he thca 1e ta 1ca ca
1|ah tcc 1c ( khaa phaa hc| trac t|ep l V|ec t|ah tcaa khaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c t|ea haah rat
1ca |aa, t|ea lc|
` Nhacc 1|em aa ma phat tcc 1c aea |a thaah caa he thca cac
T N
M
n
M
C
M
C1
n
0
n
y
c
V!! he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta traca |ac trac 1ca cc Jaa phaa hc|
Jaca Jca 1|ea va phaa hc| am 1|ea ap
V!! a 9c 1c aaea l
h|ah 2 17 9c 1c aaea l he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta traca |ac
trac 1ca cc Jaa phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea va phaa hc| am 1|ea ap
Irca 1c
0K
1
0aca k|ch th|ch cha 1ac, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !
1
0K
2
0aca phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !
2
caa
ch|ea vc| !
1
0K
0aca phaa hc| am 1|ea ap, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !
aacc ch|ea
vc| !
1
V!! | Naea l hcat 1ca

Ia cc !
2
= !
2
h
0K2
Vc|
Nea chc k
2
= ccast th| ta 1acc !
2
!
2
U
fh!
!
a
!
2
!
a
= !
h
0K
Vc|
Kh| |a chc k
= ccast th| ta 1acc !
U
fhU
U
Iaca ta aha he thca KH ta k|ch 1ca cc Jaa phaa hc| am tcc 1c, he
thca aa caa cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec ha| haca lca ha ahc hca sc vc| a
c|
he thca aa cc kha aaa mc rca pham v| 1|ea chiah, ta 1ca ca 1|ah tcc
1c ahc phaa hc| Jaca Jca 1|ea va phaa hc| am tcc 1c 0|a sa Kh| he thca lam v|ec vc|
pha ta| H
c
va tcc 1c 1at a
c
Kh| H
c
taa a |am ahc sc vc| a
c
, lac 1c he thca se H
c
taa H taa ( mcmeat 1ca cc taa 1e caa |aa vc| pha ta| l !
a
taa !
2
taa Kh|
!
a
taa U
KH
= !
a
k
aKK
taa U
= !
KH
U
KH
|am !
I
= !
1
!
2
!
taa
!
KH
taa U
taa a se taa 1at a

c
Kh| H
c
|am th| aa tr|ah xa ra thec ch|ea
aacc la|
V!! c Nhaa xet
2 2
2 2
2
2
;
CK
CK
u fhI
CK
fhI
R R
R R
I U
R
U
I
+
= =
4 3
3
D
3
3
;
R R
R
U U
R
U
I
fhU
CK
fhU
+
= =
U
1
, f
1

- +
+
-
90
R
1
CK
1
CK
3

U
ng
U
fhI
U
fh
I
a
R
3
R
4
U
R
2
F
2
F
3
C
K
R
K
CCS X
KHII
0I
F
1
n
` Ua 1|em 9a Jaa th|et || 1ca |aa (chi Jaa cac 1|ea trc k
2
, k
, k
4
l aea
|a thaah thap
` Nhacc 1|em V|ec t|ah tcaa th|et ke phc| hcp |aa ha| khaa phaa hc| aa 1e
ca 1|ah tcc 1c la kha phac tap (khaa phaa hc| |aa t|epl
V!! Nhaa xet he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea 1ca cc
V!! a Ua 1|em
Nca| ahaa aa 1|em caa cac he thca ! vca hc aha
lham v| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c rca vc| 1c ch|ah xac va t|a ca cac
Khc| 1ca ma em
0c kha aaa ham ta| s|ah, tra aaa laca la| chc lac| 1|ea
Ica hac aaa laca kh| 1|ea chiah tcc 1c va mc ma thap
0ac he thca KH 1ca cc vca k|a cca cc ahaa aa 1|em
0c kha aaa ta 1ca ca 1|ah tcc 1c 1ca cc kh| pha ta| tha 1c|
0c kha aaa taa t|ah ca 1|ah tcc 1c caa he thca ahc khaa ca 1|ah
0c he sc khaech 1a| cca saat lca
V!! 4 | Nhacc 1|em
he thca KH 1ca cc cc ahaa ahacc 1|em taca ta aha he thca !
aa ah|ea ma 1|ea vc| tca cca saat lap 1at lca Jc 1c 1c| hc| |a thaah
cac
h|ea saat hcat 1ca thap
|ea t|ch lap 1at ma rca va 1c| hc| aea mca chac chaa aea ph| tca vaa
haah lca
0a t|ea ca lca
V!!! h! Ih0N0 KhU!0h A! IU 0N0 00
V!!! 1 9c 1c aaea l
Khaech 1a| ta ( KI l ha cca c| la |c ||ea 1c| vaa ta, la tc hcp caa khaa |ac
hca vc| chiah laa khca 1|ea kh|ea
KI 1acc Jaa 1e lam |c 1|ea chiah Jca 1|ea va 1|ea ap trca cac he thca 1|ea
kh|ea, 1|ea chiah va k|em tra ta 1ca
Irca cac ma aaa vaa chaea, KI thaca 1acc Jaa lam ma k|ch th|ch chc cac
ma phat trca he thca ! c| vc| ma cat ct k|m lca|, KI thaca 1acc Jaa ket hcp
vc| chiah laa J|cJe |aa Jaa 1e caa cap chc phaa aa 1ca cc mct ch|ea vc| sc 1c aaea
l aha saa
h|ah 2 1? 9c 1c aaea l he thca KI 1ca cc
al I|a |a pha
|l 0aa |a pha
Irca cac sc 1c aa, ma ||ea ap 8A cc chac aaa ||ea 1c| |a tr| 1|ea ap chc pha
hcp vc| ea caa caa 1ca cc Iac ra sc pha hcac 1|em traa t|ah chc pha hcp vc| sc 1c
chiah laa aea caa va aaa cac he sc cca saat caa he
0ac vaa khca 1|ea kh|ea V
c
Jaa 1e ||ea 1c| Jca 1|ea xca ch|ea thaah mct ch|ea
va tac ra thaah phaa Jca 1|ea ta ta hca chc KI
0aca khaa |ac hca K8h Jaa 1e 1|ea chiah |a tr| sac 1|ea 1ca caa |c ||ea 1c|
V!!! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca
U
1
, f
1
( a
)
C
K
R
K
B A
V
0
W
lv
+
-
W
1k
U
1k
U
1
, f
1
B A

W
1k
V
0
U
1k
+
-
-
+
C
K

W
lv
( b )
Irca he thca KI 1ca cc, tcc 1c 1ca cc 1acc 1|ea chiah |aa cach tha 1c| tr|
sc traa ||ah caa sac 1|ea 1ca chiah laa |aa cach ||ea 1c| Jca 1|ea 1|ea kh|ea, tac la
||ea 1c| mac 1c |ac hca caa mach ta
e 1ca |aa trca v|ec khac sat aaea l hcat 1ca caa he thca aa, ta tach ra
mct trca |a pha ta cac sc 1c trea va |a thaet raa 1ac t|ah ta tre caa lc| thep cc Jaa l
taca
h|ah 2 19
al 9c 1c aaea l mct pha caa |c ||ea 1c|
|l aa 1ac t|ah ta tre l taca caa lc| thep
Ia cc a
2
= U
2m
s|at = |k
t
X
K
( J| Jt l
Irca 1c X
K
cc |a tr| tha 1c| thec traa tha| ta hca caa lc| thep !ac 1aa, lc| thep
1acc ta hca cc 1|ah ahc caca 1|ea kh|ea h
1k
1ea mct |a tr| 8
0
aac 1c trca pham v| ( 8
9

8
0
8
9
l
` 0 |aa k Jaca caa aaca a
2
Jca 1|ea thaaa 1| aa V
0
ta hca lc| caca khaa,
lam chc ||ea 1c ta cam ||ea th|ea !ac aa, v| lc| thep chaa |ac hca aea X
K
rat lca, aaca
cha ea rc| trea caca khaa cca |a tr| |k
t
0 Ia cc
a
2
= U
2m
s|at = |k
t
X
K
( J|Jt l = N
lv
9 ( J8 Jt l
Vc| 1|ea k|ea |aa 1aa t = 0, 8 = 8
0
, |a| phaca tr|ah aa ta 1acc
8 = 8
0
8
m
( 1 ccst l
Irca 1c
8|ea 1c ta cam 8
m
= U
2m
hN
lv
9
N
lv
9c vca Ja caa caca lam v|ec
9 |ea t|ch t|et J|ea lc| caa caca khaa
Iaa sc cc caa Jca 1|ea
Kh| lc| thep |ac hca, ta cc X
K
= 0 c 1c, tcaa |c aaca ap chi 1at lea ta| Kh| 1c
a
2
= U
2m
s|at = |k
t
= a
|
Vc| a
|
la 1|ea ap ra caa |c ||ea, tac la 1|ea ap 1at trea ta|
` 0 |aa k am caa aaca a
2
V
0
aaa Jaa, Jca 1|ea ta hca khca cc aea lc| thep
|| kha ta |c| caca 1|ea kh|ea h
1k
va 1c ta cam 8 se |am Jaa ve |a tr| |aa 1aa 8
0
, 1|ea ap
trea ta| a
|
a
2
= 0
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa 1acc xac 1|ah thec cca thac
Irca 1c
p 9c laa 1ap mach trca |c chiah laa
) cos 1 (
2
sin
2
2 2

+ = =
m m KDT
U
p
t td U
p
U
u
2
+
-

I
1k
U
1k
W
1k
R
t

V
0
( a )
B
H
+B
S
-B
S
B
0
( b )
0cc |ac hca
8
9
Ia cam |ac hca
Nea ta chca 8
m
= 8
9
th| = arcccs ( 8
0
8
9
l !ac aa |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap
chiah laa U
KI
= U
m
[ 1 ( 8
0
8
9
l] = f ( 8
0
lVc|
U
m
= pU
2m
2
Ia ahaa tha Kh| tha 1c| |a tr| 8
0
ta 8
9
1ea 8
9
ta se 1|ea chiah 1acc 1|ea ap
chiah laa U
KI
ta 0 1ea |a tr| U
2m
( p l V| 8
0
la Jc Jca 1|ea kh|ea !
1k
tac ra aea thac
chat |a tr| U
KI
ch|ah la ham caa !
1k
U
KI
= f ( !
1k
l
V!!! lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa he thca KI 1ca cc
Ia cca thac a = a
0
H, ta 1acc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc trca he
thca
a ch|ah la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc trca he thca KI 1ca cc vc|
k
|
la 1|ea trc trca caa he thca
Nea xem caca khaa la phaa ta taea t|ah th| ta se 1acc hc ahaa 1aca 1ac t|ah cc
caa 1ca cc la ahaa 1aca thaa sca sca ahaa va 1acc c| la hc 1ac t|ah cc l taca
h|ah 2 20 hc 1ac t|ah cc l taca caa 1ca cc trca he thca KI 1ca cc
V!!! 4 Nhaa xet
V!!! 4 a Ua 1|em
e che tac
8ea va |a thaah ha
c KI la |c ||ea 1c| t|ah aea khac phac 1acc ahaa ahacc 1|em caa he
thca ! aha 1a tr|ah |a c phaa trea
V!!! 4 | Nhacc 1|em
c 1|ea trc trca caa |c ||ea 1c| vaa ta kha lca aea 1c caa caa 1aca 1ac
t|ah cc thap, sa| sc tcc 1c lca va Ja 1|ea chiah hep
) 1 arccos(
0
m
S
B
B B
=
u
E
u b
E
KDT
I
K
R R
K
U
n
=
u
E
u b
E
S
m
I
K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
+
=
) 1 (
0
M
K K
R R
K
B
B
U
n
M E
u b
E
S
m
2
0
) 1 (
+
=

M
n

n
0
n
yc

n
1

I
k1
I
k2
I
k3
0
M
C
Ve h|ah thac 1|ea kh|ea, he thca KI 1ca cc kem l|ah hcat hca he !
ac ch|ea aa 1ca cc khc khaa va a tca that aaa laca lca Qaaa t|ah caa he KI
1ca cc lca Jc aah haca caa 1|ea khaa KI, he sc cca saat thap
0haca !!!
0A0 h! Ih0N0 !!U 0hlNh I00 0 0N0 00
H0I 0h!!U Kl0h IU 00 !Al 00 UN0
!!N IU 00N0 9UAI
! h! Ih0N0 0hlNh !UU 0N0 00
e tac ra |c aaca mct ch|ea cc 1|ea ap tha 1c| 1acc, aca| cac ma phat 1|ea mct
ch|ea, KH, aac| ta cca Jaa cac |c chiah laa cc 1|ea kh|ea Vac ahaa aam cac| caa
thap a|ea |a mac|, kh| cca ahe che tac chat |aa Jaa phat tr|ea, 1ac ||et la cac t|r|stcr
ch|a 1acc Jca 1|ea lca va 1|ea ap cac th| cac |c chiah laa t|r|stcr ra 1c| 0ac |c chiah laa
aa aa caa phat tr|ea maah me v| cc ahaa aa 1|em ac| |at sc vc| Jaa aaca ma phat
mct ch|ea hcac chiah laa Jaa 1ea kh|
0c the tac ra ahaa |c aaca cca saat lca haa aaa Kw ma cac ma phat 1|ea hcac 1ea tha
aaa cc kh| khca the tac ra 1acc
Ica that 1|ea ap trea 1ea rat |e, chi khcaa ta 0,5V 1ea 1,5V
c aha caa he thca cac v| cc t|ah aaa t|ah 1|ea ta |e
!am v|ec 1acc c ahaa ac| J| chaea, chaa 1ca ma ma phat 1|ea, 1ea kh|, tha aaa khc thac
h|ea 1acc
h|ea saat cac
he thca chiah laa 1acc phaa ch|a thaah ah|ea lca| chiah laa mct pha ha |a pha, 1c| xaa ha khca 1c|
xaa, cc 1|ea kh|ea ha khca 1|ea kh|ea Nhaa trca chaca aa aac| v|et chi x|a tr|ah |a he thca chiah laa
1ca cc 1|ea |a pha Jaa l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa t|r|stcr 1e 1|ea kh|ea he thca aa Jaa 1e tha 1c| 1|ea ap va Jca 1|ea
ac ra |aa cach tha 1c| thc| 1|em 1at xaa k|ch lea cac 1|ea kh|ea caa t|r|stcr, ta 1c cc the 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa
1ca cc 1|ea V|ec 1|ea chiah aa thac h|ea vc cap va khca caa t|ep 1|em
! 1 he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
! 1 a 9c 1c aaea l
0hiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a cca 1acc c| la chiah laa |a pha aaa cha k ha
chiah laa |a pha cc 1aa khca |ea ap chiah laa la mct aaa sca caa 1|ea ap xca
ch|ea

G
T1
G
T2
G
T3
+

-
U
2

U
1k

K
C
0
U
n
I
a
T
1
T
2
T
3
BA
I
1
I
2
CCSX
C
K
R
K
G
T1
G
T2
G
T3
BKC
U
1
, f
1
h|ah 1 9c 1c aaea l he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
Irca 1c
8A Ha ||ea ap chiah laa cc ah|em va
8|ea 1c| 1|ea ap aaca U
a
thaah 1|ea ap pha hcp U
a
1at lea |c
chiah laa
8|ea 1c| sc pha aaca thaah sc pha pha hcp vc| |c chiah laa
am |ac chc aaca va |c chiah laa chi aaa he vc| ahaa ve ta ma
khca aaa he trac t|ep ve 1|ea aea |ac ve va 1|ea chiah |c chiah laa 1acc Je Jaa hca
I
1
, I
2
, I
0ac t|r|stcr, ||ea 1|ea ap xca ch|ea U

2
thaah 1|ea ap mct ch|ea
K 0aca 1|ea khaa caa |aa
ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap a la thaah phaa cha ea, 1c|
taca caa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
8c lcc ( va 0
0
l 0hc ahaa thaah phaa xca ch|ea cca sct la| 1| aa ta
!am chc Jca 1| aa 1ca cc |t ahap ahc aea mcmeat |t tha 1c|, Jc 1c tcc 1c 1ca cc 1acc
ca 1|ah
8K0 8c khca che 0c ah|em va lam |c tac xaa, 1em xaa va phaa phc|
xaa 1at lea cac cac 1|ea kh|ea caa cac t|r|stcr
! 1 | Naea l hcat 1ca va Jaa sca
Vc| sc 1c aaea l aha trea, cac t|r|stcr 1acc ac| thec ahcm katct chaa aea
cac phaa ta chiah laa cc 1ac 1|em aha saa
I|r|srcr Jaa 1|ea la t|r|stcr cc aact 1acc ac| vc| 1|ea ap cac ahat va
pha| 1acc k|ch xaa 1ca pha vc| 1|ea ap caa pha 1c
I|r|stcr aac Jaa 1|ea th| ac se aah trca Jca 1|ea ta|
Kh| cc mct t|r|stcr Jaa 1|ea th| ha| t|r|stcr cca la| se khca Jaa ( aea
ta xet |c aa sa chaea mach l
0he 1c lam v|ec caa chiah laa pha thacc vac phaca thac 1|ea kh|ea va cac
t|ah chat caa pha ta| Irca traea 1ca 1|ea, ta| caa chiah laa thaca la caca k|ch ta ( !,
k l va mach phaa aa 1ca cc ( k, ! va ! l e 1ca |aa trca v|ec t|m h|ea aaea l hcat
1ca caa he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc trea ta cc sc 1c tha the aha saa
h|ah 2 9c 1c tha the he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
Irca 1c
!
9ac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc 1|ea

I
d
U
d
T
1
T
2
T
3
E
L
d

R
d
u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
a
2a
, a
2|
, a
2c
|ea ap tha cap caa ma ||ea ap 8A
k
J
|ea trc mach mct ch|ea ( ke ca 1|ea trc Ja aaa tha cap caa
ma ||ea ap l
!
J
|ea cam mach mct ch|ea
e t|ea haah 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc, aac| ta tha 1c| cc k|ch caa
t|r|stcr se tha 1c| 1acc 1|ea ap chiah laa, lam chc 1|ea ap 1at lea phaa aa 1ca cc tha
1c| Xet ha| traca hcp
` Kh| = 0 Ia k|ch t|r|stcr ta| thc| 1|em chaea mach ta ah|ea lam chc 1|ea
ap ra traa ||ah la cac 1a| U
J0
= U
Jmax
Irca 1c
U
J0
|ea ap chiah laa ta| thc| 1|em = 0
m 9c pha caa chiah laa ( m = l
U
2f
|ea ap pha tha cap ma ||ea ap
` Kh| 0 U
J
= U
Jmax
ccs
Kh| 0 < < 0
0
ca chiah laa se l|ea tac va cc sc 1c Jaa sca aha
saa
Irca khcaa thc| |aa 0
1
0
2
1|ea ap ra U
a
cc |a tr| lca ahat, 1ca thc| ta|
thc| 1|em 0
1
k|ch xaa chc I
1
I
1
ahaa xaa k|ch aea Jaa 1|ea, mc chc Jca 1|ea cha aa
cca ha| vaa I
2
va I
|| khca 9aa thc| 1|em 0

2
trc 1| U
|
cc |a tr| lca ahat Ia| 0
2
, k|ch xaa
chc I
2
aea I
2
Jaa !ac aa ta cc U
a
< U
|
aea aact caa I
1
cc 1|ea the thap hca sc vc| katct
caa ac, Jc 1c I
1
|| khca Iaca ta, ta| thc| 1|em 0
, I
Jaa cca I
1
va I
2
|| khca
Nha va mc| t|r|stcr se chc Jca cha aa ac trca khcaa thc| |aa 120
0
1|ea va |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa t|r|stcr
|ea ap aacc 1at lea mc| t|r|stcr la h|ea sc 1|ea the |aa aact va katct caa t|r|stcr
1c
Kh| I
2
Jaa
Kh| I
Jaa
|em cac tr| caa 1|ea ap aacc 1at lea I
1
la
( 3. 2 )
cos sin 2
2
m
U
m
U
f d
=
( 3. 4 )
)
3
cos( 6
2 1

= = U U U U
a b ngT
( 3. 5
)
)
3
2
cos( 6
2 1

= = U U U U
a c ngT
m
Sin U
m
U U
f d d

2 max 0
2 cos = =
( 3. 1 )
cos
2
6 3
sin 2
2
3
2
3
2
6
6
2
U d U U
d
= =
+ +
+
( 3. 3
)
ca 1|ea chiah laa 1acc saa |aa cc |a tr|
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa Jca 1|ea cha aa mc| t|r|stcr la
Kh| 0
0
< < 90
0
|ea ap ra tac thc| se am trca mct sc khcaa
h|ah 4 c th| 1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa kh| 0
0
< < 90
0
Kh| = 90
0
|ea ap ra traa ||ah U
Jt|
= 0
Kh| > 90
0
aa sca ra caa 1|ea ap chiah laa cc Jaa aha saa
h|ah 5 aa sca 1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa kh| > 90
0
Ia ahaa tha Irca khcaa 0 < < 90

0
, |c ||ea 1c| lam v|ec c che 1c
chiah laa vc| 1|ea ap U
J
> 0 Va trca khcaa 90
0
< < 1?0
0
, |c ||ea 1c| lam v|ec c che
1c ah|ch laa vc| U
J
< 0 Hc| aaa he |aa U
J
= f ( l caa |c chiah laa t|r|stcr 1acc ||ea
J|ea aha saa
h|ah 5 ac t|ah 1|ea chiah U
J
= f ( l
( 3. 7 )
( 3. 6
)
d d
d
d
X R
U
I
+
=
3 2
1
3
2
0
d
d dtb
I
d I I = =
3
4
6
2 1

= = khi U U
ngT
3
11
6
2 1

= = khi U U
ngT
CL
NL
/2

U
d
- U
d0
U
d0
0
! 1 c h|ea taca chaea mach
Irca sc 1c chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, kh| phat xaa aham 1e mc
mct vaa t|r|stcr th| 1|ea ap caa pha 1c pha| Jaca hca 1|ea ap caa pha cc vaa 1aa Jaa
Jca c 1c, Jca 1|ea caa pha 1aa Jaa se |am ve 0, cca Jca 1|ea caa vaa ke t|ep se
taa Jaa lea c cc 1|ea cam trca mach ma aa tr|ah aa xa ra ta ta, caa mct thc| 1|em
ca ha| vaa 1ea Jaa Jca va chaea Jca chc ahaa Qaa tr|ah aa 1acc c| la aa tr|ah
chaea mach |aa cac vaa
Irca aa tr|ah chaea mach v| ca ha| vaa 1ea Jaa 1|ea aea 1|ea ap chiah laa
|aa traa ||ah cca caa ha| 1|ea ap pha U
J
= ( U
a
U
|
l2
lhaca tr|ah caa |aa 1|ea ap chc cac pha trca lac chaea mach la
V| |
1
|
2
= !
J
va aea ta cc| aha
Ih| ta cc
Irca 1c p la sc xaa ap 1ap mach trca mct cha k 1|ea ap xca ch|ea
Ihc| 1|em |at 1aa xa ra h|ea taca chaea mach la ta| thc| 1|em = Ia
1acc ||ea thac t|ah Jca 1|ea cha aa cac vaa
Qaa tr|ah chaea mach ket thac kh| |
1
= 0, |
2
= !
J
c 1c, ta cc the rat ra
aaa he |aa cc chaea mach vc| cac thca sc trca he thca
( 3. 8
)
d
i
td a
U
dt
d
X U =
1
d
i
td b
U
dt
d
X U =
2
dt
d
dt
d
i i 2 1
=
sin
sin
2
2
2
td
m
td
a b i
X
p
U
X
U U
dt
d
=
=
( 3. 9
)
( 3. 10
)
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 1
+ = = U
X
I i I i
td
d k d
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 2
= = U
X
i i
td
k
( 3. 11
)
= ) arccos(cos
mk
d
I
I
( 3. 12
)
2
2
d td
I X
U =
( 3. 13
)
d
td
d
I
X
U U
2
3
cos
2
6 3
2
=
Irca 1c
Irca thac te vaa haah |t kh| Jca 1|ea chiah laa vact aa |a tr| !
J
!
mk
=
0,1 c 1c, cc the ac| raa trca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc cc chaea mach cac
1a| la 0
0
c cc sa chaea mach aea sac 1|ea 1ca chiah laa || sa |am va |a tr| traa
||ah caa sat ap Jc chaea mach 1acc t|ah thec ||ea thac saa
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
! 1 J 9ca ha| va v|ec saa |aa 1|ea ap ra caa sca ha|
c t|ah chat caa chiah laa 1|ea ta cca saat la ||ea 1c| 1|ea ap xca ch|ea
thaah mct ch|ea aea Jaa sca ra caa |c ||ea 1c| khca pha| la h|ah s|a ma cc chaa cac
thaah phaa sca 1|ea hca |ac cac aa sca 1|ea ap ra caa chiah laa cc t|ah chat xaa, cc
Jaa ahap ahc c 1c, 1|ea ap ra caa chiah laa cm ha| thaah phaa xca ch|ea va mct
ch|ea U
J
= a
J
a
J
Irca 1c a
J
la tca cac sca ha| caa 1|ea ap chiah laa 8|ea 1c caa chaa
pha thacc vac 1|ea cam, 1|ea trc caa ma ||ea ap, t|ah chat caa pha ta|, cac vaa, |ac caa
sca ha| va sc 1c ket ac| mach caa chiah laa
Irca he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, mac Ja ta| maa t|ah chat
cam khaa ( !, k, ! l se lam chc Jaa sca 1|ea ap ra taca 1c| |aa phaa ahaa Jc cc
cc k|ch va sa chaea mach 1|ea ta aea cc ah|ea sca ha| hca sc vc| he thca chiah laa
khca cc 1|ea kh|ea Kh| cc k|ch caa lca th| ||ea 1c caa sca ha| caa lca e kha sca
ha| chc Jaa sca 1|ea ap ra 1acc |aa phaa, ca 1|ah aac| ta thaca Jaa 1ea |c lcc
8c lcc la khaa traa |aa, ac ac| aaca chiah laa vc| pha ta| 8c lcc cc chac
aaa chi chc Jca 1|ea cc taa sc cc 1|ah aac 1c 1| aa ma khca || sa |am ahaa la| lam
sa |am maah Jca 1|ea c cac taa sc khac
e saa |aa Jaa sca 1|ea ap chiah laa ta Jaa |c lcc !0 8c lcc aa 1acc
Jaa chc cac th|et || chiah laa cca saat lca aha saa
h|ah 7 9c 1c mach lcc !0
td
m
mk
X
p
U
I
sin
2
=
L
+
-
+
U
( 1 )m.r
Tai
U
( 1 )m.r C
Hach lcc !0 la sa ket hcp |aa caca Ja va ta 1|ea 0aca Ja ! Jaa 1e saa
|aa Jca 1|ea, lcc ah|ea taa sc cac Ia 1|ea 0 Jaa 1e Ja tr| 1|ea ap trea ta| cc 1|ah,
khca 1c|
0hi t|ea caa |c lcc K
a|
la he sc saa |aa 1acc xac 1|ah thec ||ea thac aha
saa
Irca 1c
K
v
, K
r
he sc xaa c 1aa vac va ra caa |c lcc 0|a tr| caa K
v
pha
thacc vac taa sc 1c chiah laa cca |a tr| caa K
r
lca ha ahc la Jc ea caa caa pha ta|
U
(1lmv
8|ea 1c sca cc |aa ( sca ha| |ac 1 l caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
U
Jv
|ea ap ra mct ch|ea caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
U
J
|ea ap ra mct ch|ea trea ta|
U
(1lmr
8|ea 1c lca ahat caa xaa ap sca cc |aa c 1aa ra caa |c lcc
m
x
9c xaa ap caa 1|ea ap chiah laa trca mct cha k caa 1|ea ap
aaca xca ch|ea
Irca |c lcc !0, kh| th|et ke, cac |a tr| ! va 0 1acc t|ah tcaa thec cca thac
aha saa
Irca 1c
m
x
9c pha ( m
x
= l
K
v
= 0,25
|ea ap ra cac 1a| 1at lea ta 1|ea caa |c lcc se la
! 1 e lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc
0 ahaa phaa trea, 1e 1ca |aa chc v|ec t|m h|ea aaea l hcat 1ca va
Jaa sca caa he thca chiah laa aea ta |c aa cac aah haca caa mach 1ca lac 1c| vc|
1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa Kh| t|ea haah thaah lap phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc ta
pha| xet 1ea sa aah haca caa 1|ea khaa, 1|ea trc caa ma ||ea ap, sac phaa 1|ea 1ca
caa 1ca cc va cac tca that khac trea mach 1|ea
( 3. 14
)
r
v
ab
K
K
K =
d
r m
r
x
v d
v m
v
U
U
K
m U
U
K
. ) 1 (
2
.
. ) 1 (
;
1
2
=
= =
( 3. 17
)
2 max
2U U
c
=
T
1
T
2
T
3
E
R
t
R
t
R
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
X
K
R

u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
( 3. 15
)
( 3. 16
)
d x x
d
I m m
U
L
] 1 ) [(
2
2
min
=
2
) (
10
x
ab
m L
K
C =
h|ah ? 9c 1c 1aa tr| caa he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
Haca xet tcaa |c aah haca caa mach 1ca lac lea 1|ea ap ra caa chiah laa
cc ta| la 1ca cc, ta sa Jaa sac 1|ea 1ca caa caca Ja tha cap ma ||ea ap 1acc tr|ah
|a aha h|ah ?
Iaca ta aha 1|ea ap chiah laa, |a tr| traa ||ah caa sac 1|ea 1ca chiah laa
1acc xac 1|ah thec cca thac aha saa
Kh| chiah laa cc ta|, 1|ea ap 1at vac 1ca cc U
= !
J
U
0!
9ac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc !
= !
J
U vc| U |ea ap rc| trea tcaa
mach phaa aa, U = U
I
U
k
U
X
U
a
( 19 l
Va cc Jaa sca caa 1|ea ap ra chiah laa kh| cc ta|
( 3. 18
)

cos cos
2
6 3
0 2 d d
E E E = =
h|ah 9 aa sca 1|ea ap ra va Jca 1|ea kh| |c chiah laa cc ta|
la 1ca cc
Ia U = U
I
U
k
U
X
U
a
Irca 1c
U
I
|ea ap rc| trea t|r|stcr, khcaa ta 0,5V 1ea 1,5V
U
k
|ea ap rc| trea 1|ea trc ma ||ea ap U
k
= !
a
k
t1
k
t1
|ea trc taca 1aca caa ma ||ea ap
k
1
, h
1
|ea trc va sc vca Ja trea mct pha caca sc cap caa ma ||ea ap
k
2
, h
2
|ea trc va sc vca Ja trea mct pha caca tha cap caa ma ||ea
ap
U
X
|ea ap rc| trea 1|ea khaa caa ma ||ea ap
U
X
= 0,47!
a
X
t1
( 21 l
X
t1
|ea khaa taca 1aca caa ma ||ea ap
X
1
, X
2
|ea khaa trea caca sc cap va tha cap caa ma ||ea ap
U
a
|ea ap rc| trea ha| 1aa phaa aa caa 1ca cc
U
a
= !
a
k
a
Iha cac |a tr| caa U vac U
= !
J
U
0!
va !
= !
J
U ta 1acc !
=
U
J0
ccs U
I
( k
t1
0,47X
t1
k
a
l!
a
( 2 l
0h|a ha| ve caa ||ea thac chc K
!
ta 1acc
a la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap trca
he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
Ia ( 24 l, kh| tha 1c| cc k|ch ah|a la tha 1c| thc| 1|em k|ch caa cac
t|r|stcr th| ta tha 1c| 1acc 1|ea ap ra caa chiah laa |ea ap ac ra caa chiah laa tha 1c|
tac la 1|ea ap 1at lea phaa aa caa 1ca cc se tha 1c| lam chc tcc 1c caa 1ca cc tha
1c|
Nea cc k|ch caa lca, ah|a la ta k|ch vac cac t|r|stcr caa cham sc vc|
thc| 1|em chaea mach ta ah|ea th| ccs caa ahc se lam chc 1|ea ap chiah laa ra caa |e
aea 1aca 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc caa Jcc, tcc 1c caa 1ca cc |am Ihca thaca 1acc
chca 0 < < 2 Ia cc hc 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc kh| cc k|ch tha 1c|
( 3. 20
)
2
1
2
1 2
) (
W
W
R R R
td
+ =
( 3. 22
)
2
1
2
1 2
) (
W
W
X X X
td
+ =
( 3. 24
)
u
D E
u td td
D E
T d
I
K
R X R
K
U U
n
+ +

=
47 , 0 cos
0

M
K K
R X R
K
U U
n
D
M E
u td td
D E
T d
2
0
47 , 0 cos
+ +

=

h|ah 10 hc 1aca 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc trca he thca chiah laa |a
pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc kh| tha 1c| cc k|ch
Irca he thca aa, cc ha| haca 1e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa 1ca cc
e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1at a < a
c|
th| ta taa cc k|ch lam chc 1|ea ap
1at lea phaa aa caa 1ca cc se |am aea tcc 1c se |am
e 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1at a > a
c|
th| ta |am ta thca k|ch th|ch
|aa
cach |am k
K
! 1 f Nhaa xet
he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, kh| k|ch laa lact taa t|r|stcr
lech ahaa 120
0
1|ea th| t|r|stcr 1acc k|ch se Jaa trca 120
0
1|ea 0 cac thc| 1|em ||ah
thaca chiah laa chi cc mct t|r|stcr Jaa, r|ea trca thc| |aa chaea mach cc ha| t|r|stcr
Jaa
Kh| mac 1ca cc vac he thca th| 1ca cc khca the lam v|ec vc| 1aca 1ac
t|ah ta ah|ea va tcc 1c caa 1ca cc khca 1at tc| tcc 1c cc |aa
Kh| chc cc k|ch = 0 th| 1ca cc 1at tcc 1c la a
max
v| 1|ea ap U
0!
la cac
1a| Nhaa a
max
laca laca ahc hca a
c|
he thca aa cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec ha| haca Haca |am tcc
1c th| ta 1|ea chiah cc Haca taa tcc 1c lca hca a
c|
th| ta |am ta thca
|aa cach
|am k
K
he thca aa cc kha aaa thac h|ea cac phaa hc| am tcc 1c, phaa hc| Jaca
Jca 1|ea ket hcp am 1|ea ap 1e ta 1ca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c kh| pha ta| tha 1c| 0ac 1a|
laca phaa hc| se 1acc 1aa trc ve sc saah vc| U
1k
lam chc |c tac xaa scm hca ha maca
hca sc vc| thc| 1|em xaat h|ea xaa 1a chiah 1|ah
! 2 he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc
! 2 a 9c 1c aaea l
9c 1c aaea l caa he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc cc 1|ea
kh|ea, sc 1c 1aa tr| mach tha cap ma ||ea ap va phaa aa 1ca cc 1acc ||ea J|ea aha
saa
n
0
> n
01
> n
02
0 <
1
<
2
n
M
M
C
0
TN
2
=
0

n
0
n
01
n
02
K
n

U
k
C
0
T
1
T
3
T
5
T
4
T
6
T
2
u
2a
u
2b
u
2c
BA
U
1
, f
1
+ -
C
K
R
K

CCSX
BKC
h|ah 11 9c 1c aaea l caa he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc
h|ah 12 9c 1c 1aa tr| mach tha cap ma ||ea ap va phaa aa 1ca cc
0aa chiah laa cc 1|ea |a pha cm 5 t|r|stcr 1acc ch|a lam ha| ahcm
Nhcm aact chaa ( ahcm chaa l I
2
, I
4
va I
5
Nhcm katct chaa ( ahcm lel I

1
, I
va I
5
0cc k|ch 1acc t|ah ta |ac 1|em caa cac aaa h|ah s|a sca 1|ea ap
! 2 | Naea l hcat 1ca va Jaa sca
R
K
C
K

+
-
E
X
K
R
t
x
t
u
2a
I
4
I
1
T
4
T
1
R
t
x
t
u
2b
I
6
I
3
T
6
T
3
R
t
x
t
u
2c
I
2
I
5
T
2
T
5
0hiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc maca khc| 1ca he thca ta pha| k|ch
1ca thc| 2 t|r|stcr 1 t|r|stcr c ahcm le I
1
, I
, I
5
va 1 t|r|stcr c ahcm chaa I
2
, I
4
, I
5
aa
t|ea ta k|ch I
1
chc I
1
Jaa, saa 50
0
1|ea ta k|ch t|ep I
ah|a la cac t|r|stcr 1acc k|ch cach

ahaa 15 cha k Nca| tra 1 trca 2 t|r|stcr laa 1aa t|ea chi Jaa trca 50
0
1|ea cca tat
ca cac t|r|stcr khac kh| 1a 1acc k|ch ac pha| Jaa trca 120
0
1|ea 0 cac thc| 1|em ||ah
thaca cc 2 t|r|stcr Jaa 1 c ahcm chaa va 1 c ahcm le, r|ea trca thc| |aa chaea mach
1|ea ta aa vc| cc chaea mach cc t|r|stcr caa Jaa
1 t|r|stcr 1acc k|ch 1aa Jaa Jaa lea
1 t|r|stcr Jaa 1aa Jaa va tat Jaa
1 t|r|stcr se Jaa t|ep
0|a sa I
5
va I
5
1aa Jaa 1|ea
Kh| ta chc =
1
= 5 , k|ch xaa 1|ea kh|ea chc I
1
I
1
mc v| U
a
> 0
I
1
mc se lam chc I
1
|| khca mct cach ta ah|ea v| U
a
> U
c
!ac aa I
1
va I
5
chc Jca cha
aa |ea ap trea ta| U
J
= U
a|
= U
a
U
|
Kh| chc =
2
= 5 , k|ch xaa 1|ea kh|ea chc I
2
, I
2
mc v| kh| I
5
Jaa Jca, ac 1at lea aact caa I
2
1|ea ap U
|
, kh| =
2
th| U
|
> U
c
, I
2
mc lam chc I
5
||
khca la|
0ac xaa 1|ea kh|ea lech ahaa 1acc laa lact 1aa 1ea cac 1|ea kh|ea caa
cac t|r|stcr thec tha ta 1, 2, , 4, 5, 5, 1 Irca mc| ahcm cc mct t|r|stcr mc ac se khca
aa t|r|stcr Jaa Jca tracc ac thec |aa tcm tat saa
Ihc| 1|em Ihc| 1|em Hc Hc Khca Khca
1
= 5
2
= 5
= 55
4
= 75
5
= 95
5
=115
I
1
I
2
I
I
4
I
5
I
5
I
5
I
5
I
1
I
2
I
I
4
c th| 1|ea ap ac ra, Jca 1|ea cac 1|ea kh|ea va Jca 1|ea cha aa cac
t|r|stcr 1acc tr|ah |a aha saa
h|ah 1 c th| Jaa sca 1|ea ap ac ra, Jca 1|ea cac 1|ea kh|ea va
Jca 1|ea cha aa cac t|r|stcr
Iaca ta aha trca he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, 1e t|m h|ea
aaea l hcat 1ca caa he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc ta xet cc k|ch
trca cac traca hcp saa
` Kh| = 0 Ia k|ch ta| thc| 1|em chaea mach ta ah|ea

m 9c pha caa he thca chiah laa, trca traca hcp aa th| m = 5
` Kh| 0
Ia xet trca cac khcaa thc| |aa
1
0
2
, cap I
1
, I
5
Jaa chc Jca 1|ea cha aa Kh| 1c
|a tr| caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
2
0
, cap I
1
, I
2
Jaa chc Jca 1|ea cha aa aea
Iaca ta, ta 1acc
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
c 1c, ta tha kh| tha 1c| cc k|ch th| ta cc the tha 1c| 1acc |a tr|
traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc Kh| ||ea 1c| ta 0 1ea th| |a tr| 1|ea
ap traa ||ah U
J
||ea th|ea ta U
Jmax
1ea U
Jmax
|ea ap aacc 1at lea I

1
kh| I
1
aaa Jaa 1acc ||ea J|ea aha saa
( 3. 25 )
m
E
m
U U
d c d c d

sin 3
2 max 0 0
= =
)
6
sin( 6 ) (
2 2 1

+ = = = U U U U O O U
ab b a d
)
6
sin( 6 ) (
2 3 2

= = U U O O U
ac d
)
2
sin( 6 ) (
2 4 3

= = U U O O U
bc d
)
6
5
sin( 6 ) (
2 5 4

= = U U O O U
ba d
)
6
7
sin( 6 ) (
2 6 5

= = U U O O U
ca d
)
2
3
sin( 6 ) (
2 7 6

= = U U O O U
cb d
( 3. 27 )
cos
6 3
)
6
sin( 6
2
6
2
3 6
6
2
U d U U
d
= + =
+ +
+
cos sin 3 cos

2 max 0 0
m
E
m
U U
d c d c d
= =
( 3. 26 )
h|ah 14 |ea ap ac ra caa chiah laa va 1|ea ap aacc 1at lea t|r|stcr I
1

1
, I
5
Jaa 1|ea aea U
aI1
= U
c
U
a
0
5
, I
Jaa 1|ea aea U

aI1
= U
|
U
a
0|a tr| caa 1|ea ap aacc cac 1a| 1at lea mc| t|r|stcr la
e sc 1c chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa cc the lam v|ec 1acc, cac xaa 1|ea kh|ea
caa cc 1c rca lca hca 50
0
1|ea mc| cc the 1am |ac chc v|ec mc 1ca thc| 2 t|r|stcr c ha|
ahcm
! 2 c h|ea taca chaea mach
c| vc| sc 1c chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc cc 1|ea kh|ea, 1c| xaa,
aa tr|ah chaea mach chi xa ra |aa cac t|r|stcr trca caa mct ahcm c th| ||ea J|ea
Jaa sca 1|ea ap ra caa chiah laa, Jca 1|ea cha aa t|r|stcr va 1|ea ap aacc 1at lea mc|
t|r|stcr aha saa
2 max
6U U
ng
=
h|ah 15 c th| 1|ea ap chiah laa, Jca 1|ea aa cac t|r|stcr va
1|ea ap aacc 1at lea I
1
kh| xa ra h|ea taca chaea mach
Kh| he thca hcat 1ca, |a sa vaa I
1
, I
2
1aa mc Ia| thc| 1|em 0
1
, ta k|ch
xaa 1e I
mc !ac aa se |at 1aa xa ra sa chaea mach caa Jca 1|ea ta I

1
saa I
I
1
va I
mc 1ca thc| se lam aaa mach ha| 1aa caca tha cap caa ma ||ea ap Irca thc| |aa
aa Jca 1|ea cha aa I
taa Jaa ta 0 1ea !

J
, 1ca thc| Jca aa I
1
|am Jaa ta !
J
xaca 0, I
1
|at 1aa aaa Jaa 9aa mct khcaa thc| |aa chaea mach aac 1c th| Jca |
I1
mc| thac sa |am ve 0 va Jca |
I
1at 1ea |a tr| !
J
Hc| taca aaa |aa cc chaea mach vc| cac 1a| laca caa he thca
Nea chca 0
1
lam cc thc| |aa, ta 1acc
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa sat ap Jc h|ea taca traa Jaa a aea
Iha |a tr| ||ea thac ( 0 l vac ( 1 l ta 1acc
Xet trca khcaa thc| |aa 0
2
0
U
I1
= a
|
a
a
0
4
I
2
va I
4
traa Jaa aea ta cc
U
I1
= a
|
a
a
va U
I1
= a
|
a
c
aea U
I1
= a
|
( a
a
a
c
l2
Xet trca khcaa thc| |aa 0
4
0
5
U
I1
= a
|
a
c
5
0
5
I
va I
5
traa Jaa aea ta cc
( 3.
( 3.
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 1
+ = U
X
I i
td
d T
)] cos( [cos
2
6
2 3
+ = U
X
i
td
T
( 3.
d
td
I
U
X
2
6
2
) cos( cos = +
)
6
sin( 2
2

+ + = U U
a
)
6
sin( 2
2

+ + = U U
a
( 3. )] cos( [cos
2
6 3
2

+ = U U
( 3.
d td
I X
U
3
=
U
I1
= a
|
a
a
va U
I1
= a
c
a
a
aea U
I1
= ( a
|
a
c
l2 a
a
Iaca ta chc cac khcaa cca la|

Kh| ke 1ea sa chaea mach 1|ea ta, |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
|a pha h|ah caa
! 2 J 9ca ha| va v|ec saa |aa 1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa
c t|ah chat taca ta aha he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, trca
he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc ta vaa sa Jaa |c lcc !0 1e lcc sca ha|, saa
|aa 1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa
h|ah 15 9c 1c aaea l caa |c lcc !0
he sc saa |aa caa |c lcc
Irca 1c
U
(1lmv
8|ea 1c sca cc |aa ( sca |ac 1 l caa 1|ea ap chiah laa
U
(1lmr
8|ea 1c lca ahat caa xaa ap sca cc |aa c 1aa ra caa |c lcc
3
1
= jm
x
!
3
2
= 1( jm
x
0l
m
x
Xaa ap caa 1|ea ap chiah laa trca mct cha k 1|ea ap aaca
xca ch|ea c| vc| sc 1c chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa th| m
x
= 5
Iaa sc cc caa aaca xca ch|ea
Iha cac |a tr| caa 3
1
, 3
2
vac ( 5 l va xem aha 1r 0 ta 1acc ||ea
thac t|ah he sc saa |aa aha saa K
s|
= 1 m
2
x
2
!0
vc| |a tr| caa ! 1acc t|ah |aa hear ( h l va 0 t|ah |aa !
e xac 1|ah ! ta Jaa vac cac 1|ea k|ea saa !
J0
> !
(1lmv
( 5 l
Ia cc ||ea thac t|ah ||ea 1c sca cc |aa caa Jca 1|ea cha aa 1|ea khaa
kh| cc| 3
1
>> 3
2
Ihaah phaa Jca mct ch|ea cha aa 1|ea khaa kh| khca t|ah 1ea tca that
aaa laca la !
J0
= U
Jv
r
( 3.
d td
d
I X
U U
3
cos
6 3
2
=
( 3.
34 )
)
1 1
( 1
2
1
. ) 1 (
. ) 1 (
Z r
Z
U
U
K
r m
v m
sb
+ + = =
( 3.
35 )
r Z r Z Z
r Z Z U
U U
v m
v m r m
2 2 1
2 1 . ) 1 (
. ) 1 ( . ) 1 (
) (
) (
+ +
+
=
x
sb
m
K
LC
2
10
=
L m
U
I
x
v m
v m
. ) 1 (
. ) 1 (

L
+
-
+
U
( 1 )m.r
Tai
U
( 1 )m.v
C
Iha cac |a tr| caa !
J0
va !
(1lmv
vac ||ea thac ( 5 l, ta 1acc
8|ea thac ( 7 l ch|ah la 1|ea k|ea 1e xac 1|ah |a tr| ! caa |c lcc
! 2 e lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc
Iaca ta aha he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc, trca he thca
chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc th| sac 1|ea 1ca 1at lea 1ca cc se la !
= U
J0c
ccs
U ( ? l
U Ica hac trea tcaa mach phaa aa
!
= U
J0c
ccs U
U0
U
k
U
X0
Ua ( 9 l
Irca 1c
U
U0
Ica hac trea cac vaa chiah laa
U
acaa
= 2U
at|a
= ( 2 lV
U
k0
Ica hac trea 1|ea trc tac Jaa mct pha caa ma ||ea ap U
X0
= 0,955X
t1
!
a
U
a
Ica hac trea ha| 1aa phaa aa caa 1ca cc
U
a
= k
a
!
a
8|ea thac ( ? l 1acc v|et la| aha saa

!
= U
J0c
ccs U
U0
( 2k
t1
0,955X
t1
k
a
l!
a
( 40 l
0h|a ha| ve caa ( 40 l chc K
!
ta 1acc
a la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea caa 1ca cc
( 42 l la phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap
trca he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc
he thca aa caa cc ha| haca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c va phaa hc| 1e ca 1|ah
tcc 1c 1ca cc taca ta aha he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc
! 2 f Nhaa xet
9c vc| he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc th| he thca chiah laa |a
pha h|ah caa cc ah|ea aa 1|em hca
0|a tr| 1|ea ap ac ra caa chiah laa h|ah caa lca hca 1|ea ap chiah laa h|ah
t|a c ahap ahc caa sca 1|ea ap chiah laa h|ah caa thap hca h|ah t|a aea chat laca caa
chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa la tct ahat a la he thca 1acc sa Jaa phc ||ea ahat trca
thac te
Na aa, c cac he thca h|ea 1a| ta cc the 1|ea chiah tcc 1c lca ha ahc
hca sc vc| tcc 1c cc |aa vc| pham v| 1|ea chiah lca
= ( haa tram haa aaa l1
Nha va, he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa la mct he thca cc
ac t|ah cc caa
( 3.
37 )

x dv
v m
d
x
v m
m U
r U
L
r
U
L m
U
. ) 1 ( . ) 1 (
> <
x
x x
v
dv
v m
m m
r
L
m
K
U
U
V
) 1 (
2
1
2
2
2
. ) 1 (
>
= =
( 3.
41 )
u
D E
u td td
D E
UC c d
I
K
R X R
K
U U
n
+ +

=
955 , 0 2 cos
0

( 3.
42 )
M
K K
R X R
K
U U
n
D
M E
u td td
D E
UC c d
2
0
955 , 0 2 cos
+ +

=

Ia 1ca ca 1|ah 1acc tcc 1c kh| pha ta| tha 1c|
0c 1c aha cac, h|ea saat lca
! 0he 1c ah|ch laa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc
Kh| 1ca cc 1|ea Jc tac 1ca caa aca| lac lam chc tcc 1c 1c| Jaa ( aa aacc l
hcac 1ac ch|ea Jca 1|ea k|ch th|ch th| sac 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc 1|ea 1ac Jaa, 1ca thc|
1|ea chiah cc k|ch ||ea th|ea trca pham v| 2 < < th| he thca chiah laa 1ca
cc se lam v|ec thec che 1c ah|ch laa 0 che 1c ah|ch laa, Jca 1|ea chiah laa vaa thec
ch|ea ca ahaa sac 1|ea 1ca chiah laa 1a 1ac Jaa Jc cac vaa Jaa Jca trca thc| |aa 1|ea
ap aact am 0ca saat 1|ea ta caa 1ca cc va caa chiah laa la
l
1t
= U!
J
> 0
l
J
= U
J
!
J
< 0
!ac aa, he thca chiah laa trc thaah th|et || ahaa 1|ea aaa Jc 1ca cc lam v|ec c
traa tha| ham ta| s|ah phat ra va ||ea 1|ea aaa mct ch|ea aa thaah 1|ea aaa xca ch|ea
tra ve lac| 1|ea
Ia cc phaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc c che 1c ah|ch laa trca he thca chiah
laa 1ca cc aha saa
Va hc 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc 1|ea c che 1c ah|ch laa trca he thca chiah laa
1ca cc aha saa
h|ah 17 hc 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc kh| lam v|ec c che 1c ah|ch laa trca he
thca chiah laa 1ca cc
( 3.
43 )
u DK uD td td
D E
v d
I R R R X
m
K
U E
n )
2
(
cos
max 0
+ + +
M
C
= M
m
ca cc
ham ta| sinh
n
3
n
4
n
5
n
max
n
0
M, I
ham 1ca aaa ( = 2 )
max
= 160
0
3
=
0

2
n
1
n
2
n
0
Iaca ta aha c che 1c chiah laa, trca che 1c ah|ch laa caa cc the xa ra cac h|ea
taca chaea mach va |aa 1caa caa Jca 1|ea 9aa kh| ket thac aa tr|ah chaea Jca chc
vaa I
2
, vaa I
1
chaea ta traa tha| Jaa saa traa tha| khca Qaa tr|ah aa pha| ket thac
tracc aa tr|ah chaea mach ta ah|ea tac la thc| 1|em a
2a
|at 1aa Jaca hca a
2|
Ihc| |aa
caa aa tr|ah aa c| la thc| |aa khca ha thc| |aa 1e chc t|r|stcr phac hc| chac chaa th|
cc k|ch 1acc chca aha saa 2 < ( l
Irca 1c
acc chca khcaa 5
0
acc chca khcaa ta 15

0
1ea 1?
0
Irca thac te, 1e |c ||ea 1c| vaa lam v|ec aa tcaa c che 1c ah|ch laa th| cc k|ch
1acc chca
max
= 150
0
Nea 1|ea k|ea aa khca 1acc 1am |ac th| ah|ch laa se rc| vac trca tha| sa cc, vaa
caa khca se vaa Jaa Jca t|ep, khca thac h|ea 1acc sa chaea mach |aa cac vaa vc| ahaa,
khca the k|em scat 1acc 1|ea ap, Jca 1|ea caa ah|ch laa
! 4 ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc
Irca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc 1a tr|ah |a aha trea, ma 1|ea trca he thca chi lam
v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc vc| mct ch|ea aa ( a > 0 l, cca cac traa tha| ham chi cc the xa ra kh|
cc aca| lac lam chc 1ca cc aa aacc ( a < 0 l c 1c, ta tha he thca chiah laa 1ca cc
kem l|ah hcat hca he thca ma phat 1ca cc Naea ahaa la Jc chiah laa t|r|stcr Jaa Jca thec
mct ch|ea va chi 1|ea kh|ea 1acc kh| mc, cca khca thec 1|ea ap lac| V| va, 1e chc ma 1|ea lam
v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc caa aha c traa tha| ham taca aa vc| ca ha| ch|ea aa caa trac 1ca
cc ta pha| Jaa 1ea 1ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc
0c ha| aaea tac cc |aa 1e xa Jaa he traea 1ca 1ac ch|ea 1c la
0|a aaea ch|ea Jca 1|ea phaa aa va 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta 1ca cc
0|a aaea ch|ea Jca k|ch ta va 1ac ch|ea Jca 1|ea phaa aa 1ca cc
e t|ea haah 1ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc ta Jaa phaca phap 1c
la ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta caa 1ca cc 1|ea, 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa |aa t|ep 1|em va 1ac ch|ea
Jca phaa aa ahc |c ||ea 1c| kep
! 4 a lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta caa 1ca cc
` 9c 1c aaea l
lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta caa 1ca cc chi Jaa mct |c ||ea 1c| 1ca
(khca 1ac ch|eal trca mach phaa aa va mct |c t|ep 1|em 1ac ch|ea trca mach k|ch ta 1ca cc
9c 1c aaea l va cac sc 1c tha the caa he thca thaah lap thec phaca phap
aa 1acc tr|ah |a aha saa
( a )

U
K

- +
I
KTT
I
KTN
N
N
T
T
U
KT
( b )
+ -
I
KTT
M n
T
R
b
E
d
E
I
a
V
R
a

h|ah 1? ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc |aa phaca phap
1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc
aa thaaa
cl 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ham va
aa thaaa
Jl 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc
aa aacc
` Naea l hcat 1ca
0|a sa kh| 1ca cc 1aa aa thaaa ( a > 0 l vc| Jca k|ch ta !
KII
cc ch|ea aha
h|ah 1?| va cc k|ch t|r|stcr < 90
0
e ham 1ca cc, ta 1c| ch|ea Jca k|ch ta !
KIN
( h|ah
1?c l, 1ca thc| taa cc k|ch t|r|stcr > 90
0
!ac aa, Ja tcc 1c 1ca cc vaa thec
ch|ea ca ahaa sac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc !
1c| ch|ea ( !
< 0 l ca thc| sac 1|ea 1ca

caa |c chiah laa !
J
caa 1c| ch|ea 0cc k|ch pha| chca sac chc | !
J
| < | !
| Nha va, Jca !

a
se
cha Jac| tac Jaa caa !
Ia Jca !
a
khca 1c| ch|ea ahaa Jc ta thca k|ch th|ch 1c| ch|ea aea
mcmeat caa 1ca cc se 1c| ch|ea va a tac Jaa ham
e t|ea haah 1ac ch|ea aa caa 1ca cc, ta chc !
KI
cha thec ch|ea aacc la|
( !
KIN
l va |c chiah laa lam v|ec c traa tha| chiah laa vc| cc k|ch < 90
0
Kh| 1c sc 1c tha the
caa he thca se aha h|ah 1?J
Nhaa xet
Ua 1|em lhaca phap aa sa Jaa ahaa th|et || 1ca |aa 0|a thaah ha, thaaa
t|ea trca v|ec vaa haah va |ac aaa
Khaet 1|em c aaa t|ah 1|ea ta caa mach k|ch ta lca aea khcaa thc| |aa aa
1c kh| 1ac ch|ea aa 1ca cc trca he thca cc the lea tc| va| |a
! 4 | lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa |aa t|ep 1|em
` 9c 1c aaea l
lhaca phap aa sa Jaa mct |c chiah laa 1ca va mct |c t|ep 1|em 1ac ch|ea
trca mach phaa aa caa 1ca cc ca thc| caa 1am |ac 1acc cac traa tha| lam v|ec taca ta
aha phaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta aha 1a tr|ah |a c trea Hc| taca aaa |aa cac 1a|
laca 1|ea va cc caa he thca chiah laa 1ca cc 1acc m|ah hca |c| sc 1c aaea l va cac sc 1c
tha the aha saa
( c )
- +
I
KTN
M n
T
R
b
E
d
E
V
R
( d )
- +
I
KTN
M n
T
R
b
E
d
E
V
R
h|ah 19 ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc |aa phaca phap
1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa
al 9c 1c aaea l
|l 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc
aa thaaa
cl 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ham va
aa thaaa
Jl 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc
aa aacc
` Naea l hcat 1ca
0|a sa kh| 1ca cc 1aa aa thec ch|ea thaaa ( a > 0 l, Jca 1|ea phaa aa !
a
cc
ch|ea aha h|ah 19| va he thca chiah laa 1aa lam v|ec c traa tha| chiah laa vc| cc k|ch <
90
0
e ham 1ca cc, ta 1c| ch|ea Jca !
a
, 1ca thc| taa cc k|ch > 90
0
Kh| 1c, sac 1|ea 1ca
caa |c chiah laa !
J
se 1c| ch|ea cca sac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc !
vaa |a aaea thec ch|ea

ca ( h|ah 19c l Nha va, Jca !
a
cha Jac| tac Jaa caa !
vc| 1|ea k|ea ta pha| chca cc k|ch

sac chc | !
| < | !
J
|, 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ma phat tra aaa laca la| chc lac| 1|ea, cca
he thca chiah laa lam v|ec c traa tha| ah|ch laa c Jca !
a
1c| ch|ea aea mcmeat caa 1ca cc
trc thaah aacc ch|ea vc| ch|ea caa tcc 1c 1ca cc va a tac Jaa ham
e 1ac ch|ea aa caa 1ca cc, ta chc Jca !
a
cha thec ch|ea aacc sc vc| ch|ea !
a
c traa tha| 1ca cc aa thaaa ( h|ah 19| l, cca |c ||ea 1c| lam v|ec c traa tha| chiah laa vc|
cc k|ch < 90
0
Hc| taca aaa |aa cac 1a| laca 1|ea va cc caa he thca trca traa tha| 1ac
ch|ea 1ca cc aa 1acc ||ea J|ea c sc 1c h|ah 19J
( c )
M
n
R
b E
d
E
V
k
a

H
C
K
( a )

U
K

- +
T
T N
N
( b )
M n
R
b
E
d
E
V
R
( d )
M
n
R
b E
d
E
I
a
V
k
a

H
Nhaa xet
Ua 1|em lhaca phap aa 1ca |aa, Je vaa haah va |ac tr| 0c thc| |aa 1ac ch|ea
ahaah hca phaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta
Khaet 1|em lha| Jaa cac t|ep 1|em trca mach lac 1e 1|ea chiah 1ac ch|ea
! 4 c lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa ahc |c chiah laa kep
` 9c 1c aaea l
lhaca phap aa sa Jaa |c chiah laa 1ac ch|ea 1e tha 1c| cac t|ah caa 1|ea ap
1at trea phaa aa caa 1ca cc lhaca phap aa ta phac tap ahaa se traah 1acc cac ahacc 1|em
caa ha| phaca phap vaa tr|ah |a trea 9c 1c aaea l caa he thca 1ac ch|ea chiah laa 1ca cc
Jaa |c ||ea 1c| kep aha saa
h|ah 20 9c 1c khc| 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa ahc |c chiah laa kep
Irca he thca aa, mc| ahcm vaa chiah laa t|r|stcr trca |c chiah laa 1ac ch|ea cc
the cc| aha mct |c chiah laa r|ea ||et, caa cap chc pha ta| la 1ca cc 1|ea mct Jca 1|ea thec
ch|ea cc 1|ah c 1c, 1e chc ha| ahcm vaa chiah laa cc the lam v|ec ket hcp vc| ahaa trea caa mct
pha ta| ta caa 1ac ||et cha 1ea phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa Hac 1|ch caa v|ec 1|ea kh|ea phc|
hcp aa la 1e 1am |ac che 1c lam v|ec aa tcaa caa he thca, traah sa trac 1c| aaa laca trac t|ep
ta ahcm chiah laa aa saa ahcm k|a, tac la pha| haa che Jca k s|ah trca chaa ha cca c| la
Jca caa |aa
0c ha| phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea ket hcp |aa ha| ahcm vaa la 1|ea kh|ea r|ea va
1|ea kh|ea chaa
lhaca phap 1|ea kh|ea r|ea
Kh| 1|ea kh|ea r|ea ha| |c ||ea 1c| lam v|ec r|ea le ahaa Ia| mct thc| 1|em chi
phat xaa 1|ea kh|ea mc cac t|r|stcr, chi 1at lea ahcm vaa lam v|ec ma thc| cca ahcm tha ha| khca
cc xaa mc vaa aea hcaa tcaa 1acc aat ra khc| mach pha ta| Nhc 1c ta cc the lca| tra Jca caa
|aa 0|a sa kh| ta 1|ea kh|ea chc 1ca cc aa thaaa, ta chc ahcm vaa V
1
lam v|ec c traa tha|
chiah laa vc| cc k|ch < 90
0
va lca| tra tac Jaa caa ahcm vaa V
2
!ac aa ch|ea caa sac 1|ea
1ca caa |c chiah laa !
J1
, sac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc !
, mcmeat va tcc 1c caa 1ca cc 1acc

||ea J|ea aha saa

V
1
V
2
h|ah 21 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1|ea kh|ea r|ea chc 1ca cc aa
thaaa
e chc 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ham ta| s|ah, aa thaaa ta lca| tra tac Jaa
caa ahcm vaa V
1
va chc ahcm vaa V
2
lam v|ec c traa tha| ah|ch laa vc| cc k|ch > 90
0
!ac
aa, ch|ea caa cac 1a| laca 1|ea va cc caa he thca 1acc ||ea J|ea aha saa
h|ah 22 9c 1c tha the caa he thca kh| 1|ea kh|ea r|ea chc 1ca cc lam v|ec
c traa tha| ham ta| s|ah, aa thaaa
Vc| cach 1|ea kh|ea taca ta, 1e chc 1ca cc aa aacc ta chc ahcm vaa V
2
lam v|ec c traa tha|
chiah laa vc| cc k|ch < 90
0
va lca| tra tac Jaa caa ahcm vaa V
1
Kh| caa chc 1ca cc lam v|ec c traa tha| ham
ta| s|ah, aa aacc ta chc ahcm vaa V
2
lam v|ec c traa tha| ah|ch laa vc| cc k|ch > 90
0
1ca thc| lca| tra
tac Jaa caa ahcm vaa V
1
Nhaa xet
Ua 1|em lhaca phap 1|ea kh|ea r|ea lam v|ec aa tcaa, khca cc Jca 1|ea caa |aa cha trca
cac |c ||ea 1c|
Nhacc 1|em he thca pha| caa cc mct khcaa thc| |aa tre trca 1c Jca 1|ea cha aa 1ca cc
|aa khca c 1c, phaca phap aa 1c| hc| mct he thca 1|ea kh|ea cc lc|c phac tap va pha| 1a 1c aha ca thc|
phaca phap aa cc 1ac t|ah 1ca caa 1ca cc khca tct
lhaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa
lhaca phap aa 1acc thac h|ea |aa cach Ia| mct thc| 1|em ca ha| |c ||ea 1c| 1ea ahaa 1acc xaa
mc, ahaa chi cc mct |c ||ea 1c| cap Jca chc ah|ch laa cca |c ||ea 1c| k|a lam v|ec c che 1c 1c|
Kh| caa 1|ea kh|ea chc 1ca cc aa thaaa, ta chc ahcm vaa V
1
lam v|ec c traa tha| chiah laa vc|
cc k|ch
1
< 90
0
, 1|ea aaa se traea vac 1ca cc !ac aa, ahcm vaa V
2
caa cc xaa k|ch vc| cc k|ch
2
> 90
0
sac chc | !
J2
| > | !
J1
| c 1c, thaah phaa mct ch|ea caa Jca 1|ea khca the cha ta ac| cc 1|ea the thap ( ahcm vaa
V
1
l saa ac| cc 1|ea the cac ( ahcm vaa V
2
l hcac ta 1ca cc cha saa ahcm vaa V
2
Nhcm vaa V
2
se lam v|ec c traa
tha| ah|ch laa 1c| 9c 1c tha the caa he thca trca traca hcp aa 1acc tr|ah |a aha saa
M n
R
b
E
d1
E
V
1
R
M n
R
b
E
d2
E
V
2
R
h|ah 2 9c 1c tha the caa he thca 1ac ch|ea chiah laa 1ca cc |aa
phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa
Nea chca | !
J1
| = | !
J2
| th| ta cc phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa taea t|ah V| !
J1
=
!
J0
ccs
1
, !
J2
= !
J0
ccs
2
Ia 1acc mc| aaa he |aa ha| cc k|ch
1

2
= 1?0
0
lhaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa taea t|ah 1acc thac h|ea |aa cach |a chc tca ha|
cc k|ch caa ha| ahcm vaa |aa 1?0
0
Nea taa cc k|ch caa ahcm vaa aa th| 1ca thc| pha|
|am cc k|ch caa ahcm vaa k|a Nhc 1c ta se |a 1acc tca sac 1|ea 1ca trca mach ta ahcm vaa
V
1
1ea V
2
la !
J
= !
J1
!
J2
= 0 c 1c, Jca caa |aa trca |c chiah laa se |aa khca !
c|
= !
J
k
|
= 0 Khca cc h|ea taca trac 1c| aaa laca |aa cac ahcm vaa
Nea 1|ea kh|ea sac chc !
J1
< !
J2
th| ta cc phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa ph| taea
Kh| 1c mc| aaa he |aa ha| cc k|ch caa ha| ahcm vaa
1

2
= 1?0
0

Irca 1c 0c| la cc khca pha hcp
V| | !
J2
| > | !
J1
| aea cac t|r|stcr caa ahcm ah|ch laa V
2
|| khca, v| va !
c|
= 0
Irca ca ha| phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea chaa ac| trea, Hac Ja ta |a chc |a tr| traa
||ah caa sac 1|ea 1ca | !
J2
| > | !
J1
| ahaa v| |a tr| tac thc| caa sac 1|ea 1ca ha| ahcm vaa ||ea
1c| r|ea ||et thec sac 1|ea 1ca tha cap caa ma ||ea ap aea vaa xaat h|ea ahaa thc| 1|em cc |a
tr| tac thc| | e
J1
| > | e
J2
| !ac 1c e
J
> 0 va tac Jaa thaaa ch|ea vaa, xaat h|ea
thaah phaa xca ch|ea caa Jca !
c|
ca !
c|
cc Jaa la Jca chiah laa |aa k 1c| vc| aaca la e
J

h|ea taca aa 1acc m|ah hca |c| sc 1c tha the aha saa
h|ah 24 9c 1c tha the caa mach caa |aa Jac| tac Jaa tac thc| caa |a tr|
sac 1|ea 1ca e
J
va Jaa sca chiah laa |aa k caa Jca !
c|
e haa che ||ea 1c Jca !

c|
ta thaca Jaa cac caca khaa caa |aa K08
!! h! Ih0N0 8AH 0N0 00
X
cb
I
cb
V
2
R
cb
e
d
V
1

I
cb
t

V
2
R
b2
E
d1
E
d2
R
b1
E
V
1
R
Irca cca ah|ep, 1|ea ap mct ch|ea 1acc sa Jaa rca ra| trca cac he thca traea 1ca
1|ea |ea ap mct ch|ea aa 1acc chaea 1c| c cac mac 1c khac ahaa ta thec ea caa caa he
thca |ea ap mct ch|ea 1acc tha 1c| aa cac phaca phap ||ea 1c| aha saa
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah |aa ||ea trc
lhaca phap 1|ea chiah |aa ma phat mct ch|ea
lhaca phap Jaa |c ||ea 1c| cc khaa traa |aa xca ch|ea
lhaca phap Jaa |c |am ( 0hcpper l
9c vc| cac phaca phap trea th| |c |am la mct phaca phap mc| Ua Jaa caa cac th|et ||
t|r|stcr cca saat lca ra 1c| trca aaah 1|ea ta cca saat a cp phaa tac ra cac |c chaea mach
aham thac h|ea v|ec chaea 1c| 1|ea ap mct ch|ea vc| h|ea aa cac, 1c aha 1at ea caa k thaat,
1|ea kh|ea trca, ch| ph| |ac tr| thap, k|ch thacc ahc aea J|ea t|ch lap 1at ma ahc
8c |am Jaa 1e ||ea 1c| 1|ea ap mct ch|ea khca 1c| U thaah cac xaa mct ch|ea cc tr| sc
traa ||ah ||ea 1c| U
t|
U
t|
cc the 1|ea chiah 1acc ta |aa 0 1ea lca ahat, |aa ch|ah 1|ea ap aaca
caa cap chc |c |am
Ua Jaa aaa trca ahat caa |c |am la 1|ea chiah tcc 1c caa 1ca cc mct ch|ea trca
cca ah|ep va |ac thca vaa ta| 8c| v| v|ec sa Jaa |c |am hcaa tcaa th|ch hcp, t|et k|em 1acc
aaa laca, k|ah te va h|ea aa cac, 1ca thc| 1am |ac 1acc traa tha| ham ta| s|ah caa 1ca cc
0c |a Jaa |c |am |c |am ac| t|ep, |c |am sca sca, |c |am 1ac Jca
!! 1 8c |am ac| t|ep
!! 1 a Naea l hcat 1ca
9c 1c aaea l caa he thca 1acc ||ea J|ea aha saa
h|ah 25 9c 1c aaea l caa |c |am ac| t|ep
Irca 1c
V
91
!a t|r|stcr ch|ah
V
92
!a t|r|stcr pha, Jaa 1e aat |c |am
!
c
,
c
, 0 !a cac phaa ta chaea mach, tac mach aap chc ta 0

0
|cJe hcaa aaa laca, Ja tr| Jca aa ta| kh| |c |am aat
8c |am ac| t|ep la mct khca 1|ea 9 |aa t|r|stcr 1acc 1|ea kh|ea 1ca mc trca he
thca mct cach cha k Kh| 9 1ca th| 1|ea ap ac ra trea ta| U
J
= U cca kh| 9 mc th| U
J
= 0
0|a sa c traa tha| |aa 1aa V
91
va V
92
1ea || khca, ta 0 1acc aap 1a vc| |aa cac
Jaca c ph|a trea aha h| cha trca h|ah ( 25 l
0hc xaa 1|ea kh|ea k|ch t|r|stcr ch|ah V
91
, V
91
mc, Jca 1|ea ta cac Jaca caa
aaca U cha aa V
91
vac mach pha ta| ( k, !, ! l rc| trc ve cac am caa aaca U ca thc| ta 0 se
(-)
(+)
I
d
D
0
I
D0
L
C
D
C
U
E
U
d
+
-
C
+
-
V
S1
V
S2
L
d
R
d
phca 1|ea thec vca V
91
!
c
c
0 va ta 0 1acc aap 1|ea thec ch|ea aacc la| |ea ap ra trea ta| U
J
=
U
Kh| chc xaa 1|ea kh|ea k|ch t|r|stcr pha V
92
, V
92
mc, 1at 1|ea ap |aa ha| |aa cac
caa ta 0 lea V
91
lam chc V
91
|| khca la| !ac aa 1|ea ap ra trea ta| U
J
= 0
Iha 1c| t sc thc| |aa 1ca va thc| |aa aat caa V
91
se 1|ea chiah 1acc |a tr|
traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap ra trea ta|
0c| I la cha k caa |c |am, I = I
1
I
a
Irca 1c
I
1
= I la thc| |aa 1ca mach caa V
91
I
a
= I I
1
la thc| |aa aat mach
= I
1
I la t sc 1ca caa cha k
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap ra trea ta|
Kh| ta tha 1c| t sc 1ca th| cc the 1|ea chiah 1acc U
t|
0c ha| cach 1e tha 1c|

0|a cc 1|ah cha k xaa I ( taa sc cc 1|ah l, tha 1c| thc| |aa 1ca mach I
1
caa |c |am lhaca phap aa 1acc c| la phaca phap 1|ea kh|ea 1c rca xaa
0|a cc 1|ah thc| |aa 1ca mach I
1
, tha 1c| cha k caa |c |am I ( taa sc
||ea th|ea l lhaca phap aa 1acc c| la phaca phap 1|ea taa
Kh| = 0 tac la I
1
= 0 ta cc U
t|
= 0, |c |am thaca xaea aat mach, a = 0
Kh| = 1 tac la I
1
= I ta cc U
t|
= U, |c |am thaca xaea 1ca mach, a = a
max
Irca he thca, thc| |aa 1ca mach I

1
cc the 1|ea chiah ta thec maca ahaa
I
1
khca the ahc hca mct aaa cha k caa mach Jac 1ca !0, tac la pha| 1am |ac
( 3.
44 )
U U
T
T
Udt
T
U
dg
T
tb
= = =
0
1
Ia cc sc 1c ||ea J|ea 1|ea ap ra trea ta| U
J
aha saa
h|ah 25 9c 1c ||ea J|ea 1c th| 1|ea ap ac ra trea ta| U
J
Xet aa tr|ah Jac 1ca caa Jca ta| Irca khcaa thc| |aa 0 < I < I
1
khca 9 1ca 1|ea |ea ap ra trea ta| U
J
= U, Jca 1|ea ta| ! taa ta |a tr| ahc ahat !
m|a
1ea |a tr|
lca ahat !
max
8|ea thac ! 1acc xac 1|ah |aa cach |a| phaca tr|ah caa mach 1|ea
kh| 9 1ca
8|ea thac tca aat caa Jca 1|ea se la
Ia| thc| 1|em t = 0 th|
Iha |a tr| K
1
vac ( 45 l ta 1acc
Kh| t = I
1
ta cc tr| sc lca ahat caa Jca 1|ea
Ia ahaa tha trca |a| 1caa 9 1ca th| Jca 1|ea ta| ! taa ta tr| sc !
m|a
1ea !
max
thec a| laat caa ham sc ma
! laaa taca ta, xet trca khcaa thc| |aa I
1
< t < I, 9 aat 1|ea, 1|ea ap ra trea
ta| U
J
= 0 th| Jca 1|ea trea ta| ! |am thec ham ma va kh| t = I th| 1at |a tr| !
m|a
C
L
T
dg
>
L
E U
i
L
R
dt
di
= +
( 3. 45 )
R
E U
l K i
t
L
R
+ =
) (
1
R
E U
I K
R
E U
K I i

=
+ = =
min 1 1 min
( 3. 46 )
R
E U
e
R
E U
I i
t
L
R
=

) (
min
( 3.
47 )
R
E U
e
R
E U
I I
dg
T
L
R
=

) (
min max
dg dg
T
L
R
T
L
R
e I e
R
E U
I

+
=
min max
) 1 (
T
g
T
ng
T
U
tb
U
d
U
t
0
Irca 1c I
a
= !k
Kh| 9 1ca l|ea tac I
1
= I th|
| = ! = !
max
= !
m|a
= ( U ! lk ( 50 l
Nea I
1
caa khca 9 |am ahc 1ea |a tr| tc| haa I
1h
th| !
m|a
= 0 !ac aa he thca
se lam v|ec c ||ea |c| chaea ta che 1c Jca 1|ea l|ea tac saa che 1c Jca 1|ea |aa 1caa
Ia cc 1c th| 1|ea ap, Jca 1|ea c che 1c l|ea tac va |aa 1caa caa |c |am aha saa
h|ah 27 c th| ||ea J|ea 1|ea ap va Jca 1|ea ac ra c che 1c l|ea tac va |aa
1caa caa |c |am ac| t|ep
( 3.
48 )
( 3.
49 )
U
E
e
R
E
I I
u
dg
T
T T
+ =
) (
max min
) (
u
dg
u
dg
T
T T
T
T T
e I e
U
E
I
) (
max
) (
min
) 1 (
+ =
R
E
e
e
R
U
I
u
dg
u
dg
T
T
T
T

)
1
(
1
max
I
max
I
max
I
max
I
min
I
min
I
min
I
t
0
U
U
d
t
0
T
g
T
ng
T
I
S
t
0
I
D0
t
0
!! 1 | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
Kh| 1|ea ap aaca mct ch|ea U khca 1c|, tcc 1c caa 1ca cc se tha 1c| ahc sa
tha 1c| t sc thc| |aa 1ca aat khca 9 Ia cc sc 1c aaea l he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc
sa Jaa |c |am ac| t|ep aha saa
h|ah 2? 9c 1c mach 1ca lac he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc sa Jaa |c
|am ac| t|ep
Irca che 1c Jca 1|ea l|ea tac v| I
x
= I aea ta cc U
t|
= U vc| 0 1
c| vc| ta| la 1ca cc mct ch|ea cc Jca traa ||ah caa phaa aa la !, sac 1|ea
1ca ! th| ta cc ! = U
t|
!k
a
vc|
Ihec ( 51 l hc cac 1ac t|ah tcc 1c ha 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea caa 1ca cc c che 1c
Jca 1|ea l|ea tac la mct hc cac 1aca thaa sca sca aa vc| cac tr| sc khac ahaa caa
Irca che 1c Jca 1|ea |aa 1caa, ta caa |a chc |a tr| I
1
ha cc 1|ah th| 1aca
||ea l|ea tac la mct aaa 1aca el|p ve |aa cac aet 1at ca traa ||ah l|ea tac !
t|lt
cc tr| sc ahc
ahat la !
t|lt
= 0 aa vc| a = 0 ( kh| = 0 l va a = a
max
( kh| = 1 l
h|ah 29 hc 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea caa he thca |am ac| t|ep 1ca cc mct ch|ea
Nha va, trca he thca |am ac| t|ep se 1am |ac chc ma 1|ea lam v|ec c traa
tha| 1ca cc Kh| 9 mc th| U
J
= U va kh| 9 1ca th| U
J
= 0 Va 1|ea ap va Jca 1|ea traa ||ah
aa 1ca cc laca laca Jaca he thca aa se lam v|ec c cc phaa ta tha ahat caa mat phaa tca
1c U, !
h|ah 0 c th| ||ea J|ea pham v| 1|ea chiah caa he thca sa Jaa |c |am ac|
t|ep
(3. 51 )
= =
E
u
E
E
K
RI
K
U
n n K E

U
I
I
D
0
E
+
-
U
1
M, I
n
M
C

min
= 0
max
= 1
3
n
1
n
2
n
3
n
max
!! 2 8c |am sca sca
!! 2 a Naea l hcat 1ca
9c 1c aaea l caa |c |am sca sca 1acc ||ea J|ea aha saa
h|ah 1 9c 1c aaea l caa |c |am sca sca
! !a 1|ea cam caa phaa aa 1ca cc ket hcp vc| 1|ea cam |c saa 1e |a chc Jca
!
J
= ccast
Xet trca khcaa thc| |aa 0 < t < I th| t|r|stcr I mc, J|cJe 1acc phaa cac
aacc aea || khca 1e traah lam aaa mach aaca U !ac aa !
e
= 0, U
J
= 0, !
I
= !
J
Irca khcaa thc| |aa I < t < I th| I khca va mc !ac aa !

e
= !
J
, U
J
= U,
!
I
= 0
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap mct ch|ea
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa Jca 1|ea tra ve aaca
0|a tr| traa ||ah caa Jca 1|ea cha aa t|r|stcr
lhaca tr|ah mach ta| kh| ma 1|ea c traa tha| ham ta| s|ah
Ia cc Jaa sca caa 1|ea ap ac ra U
J
va caa Jca !
e
, !
I
aha saa
( 3.
52 )
U Udt
T
U
T
T
tb
) 1 (
1
= =
( 3.
53 )
d
T
T
d e
I dt I
T
I ) 1 (
1
= =
( 3.
54 )
d
T
d tb
I dt I
T
I
= =
0
1
( 3.
55 )
R
U E
I U
dt
dI
L RI E
d
d d
d
d

= =
U
E
U
d
I
d
I
T
-
+
D
L
R
h|ah 2 9c 1c ||ea J|ea Jaa sca caa 1|ea ap ac ra, Jca !
e
va !
I
!! 2 | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c

h|ah Hach 1ca lac caa he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea sa
Jaa |c |am sca sca
Kh| ta| la mct ma 1|ea mct ch|ea, |c |am sca sca se chc phep thac h|ea ham ta|
s|ah Irca che 1c ham, ma 1|ea se lam v|ec aha la mct ma phat 1|ea, tra aaa
laca trc ve aaca 1a taa aac| ac kh| ac lam v|ec c traa tha| 1ca cc 1|ea
Ia ||ea thac ( 5 l ta ahaa tha raa cc the khca che Jca 1|ea ham ta| s|ah
|aa cach tac 1ca vac t sc cha k
Va ta ( 55 l 1e cc the t|ea haah ham ta| s|ah chc ma 1|ea, tra aaa laca trc
ve aaca th| !
J
> 0 Jc 1c sac 1|ea 1ca ! > U
J
Nha va, kh| 9 mc th| U

J
= 0 va kh| 9 aat th| U
J
= U Jca 1|ea haca ve ch|ea
am mac Ja U
J
Jaca c 1c, pham v| 1|ea chiah se 1acc ||ea J|ea aha saa
-
+
D L
U
T
T
U
d
t
0
I
e
t
0
I
T
t
0
I
d
h|ah 4 c th| ||ea J|ea pham v| 1|ea chiah caa he thca sa Jaa |c |am
sca sca
!! 8c |am 1ac Jca
!! a Naea l hcat 1ca
8c |am 1ac Jca la sa ket hcp |aa |c |am ac| t|ep va |c |am sca sca 8c |am
1ac Jca se chc phep traea aaa laca thec ha| ch|ea Ia cc sc 1c aaea l caa |c |am 1ac Jca
1acc tr|ah |a aha saa
h|ah 5 9c 1c aaea l caa |c |am 1ac Jca
!! | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c
Kh| ta| la ma 1|ea mct ch|ea, U la aaca 1|ea ap mct ch|ea khca 1c| th| ma 1|ea
cc the lam v|ec c ha| traa tha| ca cc va ma phat
0 traa tha| 1ca cc I
2
khca, I
1
mc trca khcaa thc| |aa la
1
I caa cha
k !ac aa 1|ea ap ra trea ta| se la U
J
=
1
U va sac 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc ! = U
J
k!
J
=
1
U k!
J
vc| !
J
> 0
0 traa tha| ma phat I
1
khca, I
2
mc trca khcaa thc| |aa
2
I caa cha k
!ac aa 1|ea ap ra trea ta| se la U
J
= ( 1
2
lU va sac 1|ea 1ca trea 1ca cc ! = U
J
k!
J
= ( 1
2
lU k!
J
vc| !
J
< 0 Hc| aaa he |aa cac t sc cha k
1
va
2

1

2
= 1
Nha va, vc| |c |am 1ac Jca, |aa cach tac 1ca vac
1
va
2
ta se cc 1acc mct
hc 1ac t|ah cc 1|ea caa 1ca cc 1|ea mct ch|ea c ha| traa tha| la 1ca cc va ham ta| s|ah
U
I
U
d

I
d

E
I
2

U
T
1

D
1
-
+
D
2

L
R
T
2

1
=
2
=
0,75
0,7
0,5
0,
0,25
0,2
0
1
n
M, I
h|ah 5 hc 1ac t|ah cc caa he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c sa Jaa |c |am 1ac
Jca
Nha va, 1c| vc| |c |am 1ac Jca se 1am |ac chc he thca traea 1ca 1|ea lam
v|ec trea ha| cc phaa ta tha ahat va tha ta caa mat phaa tca 1c U, !
Kh| ca ha| I
1
va I
2
1ea mc U
J
= U va U = U aea chaa 1ea aat, lac 1c ha| J|cJe
1
va
2
se 1ca thc| Jaa
c 1c, |a tr| traa ||ah caa 1|ea ap ra trea ta| laca laca Jaca aea thc| |aa mc
caa cac |c chcpper I
1
, I
2
lca hca thc| |aa aat caa chaa Nea aacc la| th| |a tr| traa ||ah caa
1|ea ap ra trea ta| se cc |a tr| am Kh| !
J
Jaca va U
J
am th| aaa laca se 1acc tra la| aaca Ia
cc sc 1c mach 1ca lac va pham v| 1|ea chiah caa |c |am 1ac Jca 1acc m|ah hca aha saa
h|ah 7 he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc sa Jaa |c |am 1ac Jca
al Hach 1ca lac
|l lham v| 1|ea chiah
( a )
0
( b )
U
I
T
1
T
2
D
1
D
2
K
U

-
+
IA! !!!U IhAH KhA0
1 8a| Qacc Khaah, Naea Vaa !|ea, Naea Ih| h|ea Iraea 1ca 1|ea Nha xaat
|aa khca hcc va k thaat ha Nc| 1995
2 Iac |a 0Yk!! h !AN!k ( Nac| J|ch !e Vaa caah l |ea ta cca saat va 1|ea
kh|ea tcc 1c 1ca cc 1|ea Nha xaat |aa khca hcc va k thaat 1997
Naea 8|ah |ea ta cca saat Nha xaat |aa khca hcc va k thaat
ha Nc| 1995
4 Iraa Khaah ha Ha 1|ea1 Nha xaat |aa khca hcc va k thaat
ha Nc| 1997
5 c Xaaa Iaa, Iraca Ir| Nc Nha xaat |aa xa Jaa ha Nc|
HU0 !U0

Iraa

0haca ! 0|c| th|ea ve 1|ea ta cca saat 1
! |cJe cca saat1
!! Iraas|stcr cca saat
!!! I|r|stcr7
!V Ir|ac10
0haca !! Nh|ea caa va tr|ah |a cac phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct
ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap12
! Kha| a|em chaa12
!! |ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea ap 1at vac phaa aa 1ca cc1
!!! |ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| ta thca15
!V |ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach tha 1c| 1|ea trc pha trea mach phaa aa15
V |ea chiah tcc 1c |aa cach re mach phaa aa17
V! |ea chiah tcc 1c |aa he thca ma phat 1ca cc ( ! l20
V!! he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea 1ca cc24
V!!! he thca khaech 1a| ta 1ca cc29
0haca !!! 0ac he thca 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap cc
Jaa 1|ea ta cca saat4
! he thca chiah laa 1ca cc4
! 1 he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah t|a 1ca cc 4
! 1 a 9c 1c aaea l4
! 1 | Naea l hcat 1ca va Jaa sca5
! 1 c h|ea taca chaea mach9
! 1 J 9ca ha| va v|ec saa |aa 1|ea ap ra caa sca ha|40
! 1 e lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc41
! 1 f Nhaa xet44
! 2 he thca chiah laa |a pha h|ah caa 1ca cc45
! 2 a 9c 1c aaea l45
! 2 | Naea l hcat 1ca va Jaa sca45
! 2 c h|ea taca chaea mach50
! 2 J 9ca ha| va v|ec saa |aa 1|ea ap ra caa |c chiah laa52
! 2 e lhaca tr|ah 1ac t|ah cc caa 1ca cc5
! 2 f Nhaa xet54
! 0he 1c ah|ch laa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc54
! 4 ac ch|ea aa trca he thca chiah laa 1ca cc55
! 4 a lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca k|ch ta caa 1ca cc55
! 4 | lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa |aa t|ep 1|em57
! 4 c lhaca phap 1ac ch|ea Jca phaa aa ahc |c chiah laa kep59
!! he thca |am 1ca cc52
!! 1 8c |am ac| t|ep5
!! 1 a Naea l hcat 1ca5
!! 1 | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c55
!! 2 8c |am sca sca57
!! 2 a Naea l hcat 1ca57
!! 2 | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c59
!! 8c |am 1ac Jca59
!! a Naea l hcat 1ca59
!! | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c70
K!I !UAN
Qaa aa tr|ah thac h|ea tap laaa vaa tct ah|ep 1a |ap em h|ea rc hca ve
thac te 1ca thc| caa cc la| k|ea thac 1a hcc trca sact thc| |aa aa
e ta| aa maa aaa ve l thaet l|ea aaa 1ea aaah traea 1ca
1|ea ac| sa haca Jaa caa Iha Naea a Xaa, s|ah v|ea thac h|ea 1a cc aa
1e tr|ah |a kha 1a 1a ea caa caa tap laaa vaa
0|c| th|ea cac l|ah k|ea |aa Jaa cca saat lca aha J|cJe, traas|stcr, tr|ac va
1ac ||et la t|r|stcr
0|c| th|ea cac phaca phap 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc
lap va aa Jaa caa 1|ea ta cca saat trca v|ec 1|ea chiah tcc 1c 1ca cc mct
ch|ea k|ch ta 1cc lap aa cac he thca
he thca chiah laa 1ca cc
he thca |am 1ca cc
Vc| sa aaa tam va ac lac khca aaa, tap laaa vaa 1a 1acc hcaa thaah va
cc ac| Jaa |am sat ea caa 1e ra
Hac Ja cca ah|ea haa che, th|ea sct ahaa aa tap laaa vaa aa 1a |ap s|ah
v|ea thac h|ea 1aah |a 1acc ch|ah m|ah a se la mct thaah aa lca saa ah|ea aam
hcc tap vc| sa |ap 1c caa a tha cc, |aa |e
Hct laa aaa em x|a chaa thaah cam ca Iha Naea a Xaa 1a taa t|ah chi
|ac 1e |ap em hcaa thaah tap laaa vaa aa
9|ah v|ea thac h|ea

Ung Dung DTCS Dieu Chinh DC DC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ung Dung DTCS Dieu Chinh DC DC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.

` 0ac thca sc caa traas|stcr cca saat

Kh| traas|stcr c traa tha| mc !

cac mat hep

phaa cac thaaa, J

tac 1ca vac cac 0 ( Jaca sc vc| K l, cac 1|ea ta ta

|| phaa cac aacc, J

trc aea cach 1|ea c h|ea taca

|t Jaa 1| 1ea het J

= 0 Iraa tha| khca

= 0 Kh| cc Jca 1|ea kh|ea !

tr|ac se mc vc| 1|ea ap 1at vac ahc

= 0 va 1|ea ap 1at vac ahc hca aaca U

ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea Jaca

ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea am

ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea Jaca

ca, ap, cac 1|ea kh|ea am

Hat khac ta cc Hcmeat aaa mach H

V! 2 Naea l hcat 1ca

|ea chiah ||ea trc c mach k|ch th|ch caa 1ca cc k

ta 1acc pham v| 1|ea chiah chaa

a la lca| ma 1|ea cc he sc khaech 1a| cac ahat, K

0aca phaa hc| am tcc 1c ( t|a h|ea 1aa ve 1e kha !

V!! 2 | Naea l hcat 1ca

Ia cac ||ea thac trea, ta ahaa tha kh| k

a 9ac ta 1ca caa KH !

he thca aa cc kha aaa 1|ea chiah tcc 1c thec ha| haca

Nca| ra, kh| 1|ea chiah k

taa a taa 1at 1ea a

h|ah 2 15 ac t|ah cc caa he thca khaech 1a| ma 1|ea ta k|ch 1ca cc

0aca phaa hc| am 1|ea ap, s|ah ra sac ta 1ca !

V!! | Naea l hcat 1ca

= ccast th| ta 1acc !

taa a se taa 1at a

0ac t|r|stcr, ||ea 1|ea ap xca ch|ea U

9ac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc 1|ea

|| khca 9aa thc| 1|em 0

Ia ahaa tha Irca khcaa 0 < < 90

9ac phaa 1|ea 1ca caa 1ca cc !

Iha cac |a tr| caa U vac U

Nhcm katct chaa ( ahcm lel I

ah|a la cac t|r|stcr 1acc k|ch cach

|ea ap aacc 1at lea I

cos sin 3 cos

Irca khcaa thc| |aa 00

Irca khcaa thc| |aa 0

Jaa 1|ea aea U

mc !ac aa se |at 1aa xa ra sa chaea mach caa Jca 1|ea ta I

taa Jaa ta 0 1ea !

Iaca ta chc cac khcaa cca la|

8|ea thac ( ? l 1acc v|et la| aha saa

acc chca khcaa ta 15

< 0 l ca thc| sac 1|ea 1ca

| Nha va, Jca !

vaa |a aaea thec ch|ea

vc| 1|ea k|ea ta pha| chca cc k|ch

, mcmeat va tcc 1c caa 1ca cc 1acc

e haa che ||ea 1c Jca !

Irca he thca, thc| |aa 1ca mach I

Irca khcaa thc| |aa I < t < I th| I khca va mc !ac aa !

!! 2 | 0ach 1|ea chiah tcc 1c

Nha va, kh| 9 mc th| U

You might also like