A Review on

Spread Spectrum
Techniques and Their Applications
Presenter: Reza Ebrahimi
Spring 2010

Spread Spectrum (SS)

Spread Spectrum is a technique in which pseudonoise code, independent of the information data, is employed as a modulation waveform to spread the signal energy over a bandwidth much greater than the signal information bandwidth. Band expansion is achieved by a second modulation. The term Spread Spectrum (SS) has been used in a wide variety of military and commercial communication systems.
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Advantages
The expanded bandwidth provides certain desirable features and characteristics that could otherwise be difficult to obtain. Common bandwidth usage Improved interference rejection Code division multiplexing for CDMA operation Low-density power spectrum for signal hiding Anti jam capability Lower cost of implementation Readily available IC components Unlicensed operation in ISM band Secure communication
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Spread Spectrum modulations

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (THSS) Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Spread Spectrum in IEEE Standards and Protocols (1)

Protocol 802.11a-1999 802.11b-1999 802.11g-2003 OFDM DSSS OFDM Modulation Description 5 GHz 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz 6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54Mbps

802.11n-2009
802.15.1-2002 802.15.3-2003 802.15.4-2003

OFDM
FHSS(2005) OFDM and DSSS CSS (2007) and C-UWB

2.4 and 5 GHz 54 Mbps

Bluetooth 1 Mbps UWB 11 to 54 Mbps Includes Zigbee Low data rate

Spread Spectrum in IEEE Standards and Protocols (2)

Protocol Modulation Description

802.16.1 & 802.16.2-2001

802.16a-2003 802.16e -2005 802.16d- 802.16k-2006

Single Carrier (2001)

OFDM and OFDMA (2003) OFDMA (2005) Single Carrier mode and OFDM OFDM and OFDMA

Fixed broadband wireless access . 10 to 66 GHz

2 to 11 GHz Mobile broadband wireless access 1.5 to 28 MHz Up to 26 Mbps An amendment to 802.1d

802.16j-2005

OFDMA (2006)

IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) for WLAN IEEE 802.15 for WPAN IEEE 802.16 (WiMax) for WMAN
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DSSS
Message b(t)

t PN sequence c(t)

t
B(t)c(t)

SNR psk = SNR dsss+psk

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PN Sequences (1)
Used for spreading spectrum of message signal

Pseudo-random Periodic
Maximal length sequences or m sequences:
Rc(t)

Tc

Auto-correlation of a PN signal using M seq.

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PN Sequences (2)
Interference and multipath effects Spread Spectrum multiple access sequences: Gold Sequence, Kasami Sequence, complex sequences

DSSS in IEEE 802.11

1Mbps data signal 11Mbps data signal Using PSK modulation Using 11-chip Barker sequence (+1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1) : provides good immunity against interference and noise, some protection against multipath propagation Operation in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 11 channels in the US and 9 channels in Europe. At least 30MHz separation of center frequencies to avoid interfering with each other Also an option defined for 2Mbps using QPSK

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DSSS in GPS
Stubbornly uses DSSS Low data rate (50bps) 1023-chip pseudo-random spreading code (repeated every 1ms) BPSK modulation (1.023 Mbps)

High level of redundancy in comparison with other wireless links

Power at receiver antenna ~ -130 dbm (noise power ~ -110 dbm) At the receiver side, the decoding of the received signal is performed before the demodulation. The decoder of the DSSS receiver is commonly implemented as a despreading correlator.

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Transmitter : Message b(t)

FHSS

t
FHSS Signal (FSK Modulation)
1.5 1

0.5

-0.5

-1

t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-1.5

Receiver : Wide-band BPF Frequency Generator Narrow-band BPF FSK Demodulator

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FHSS in IEEE 802.11

Uses 79 non overlapping 1MHz channels to transmit a 1 Mbps data signal over the 2.4 GHz ISM band. A channel hop occurs every 224 microseconds Each hopping pattern jumps a minimum of six channels in each hop Each 802.11 network must use a particular hopping pattern An option provides for transmission at a rate of 2 Mbps Hopping rate : 2.5 hop/s (hopping rate : 1600 hop/s in Bluetooth)

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THSS
Message

t THSS Signal

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THSS
There has been an interest in ultra wide band width (UWB) time-hopping(TH) spread-spectrum(SS) multiple access techniques for both commercial and military applications The key motivations for using UWB TH-SS radio are the ability to highly resolve multipath, as well as the availability of the technology to implement and generate UWB signals with relatively low complexity. Since the signal is sent at different times no interference will occur. But sometimes we dont use the channel

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CSS
A chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency increases or decreases over a certain amount of time.

Chirp Signal

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CSS
Does not add any pseudo random elements to the signal Chirp Spread Spectrum is resistant to the Doppler effect Ideal for low power (difficult to detect) and low data rate applications. Currently, Nanotron Technologies, which produces real-time location devices and was the primary force behind getting CSS added to IEEE802.15.4a, is the only seller of wireless devices using CSS. It is not easy to build a chirp signal
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Message

OFDM
t t PSK Modulation
a a a 1 0.5 0

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5 x b

2.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5 x c

2.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5 d x d

2.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5 e x e

2.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.5

1.5 x

2.5

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Advantages and draw backs of OFDM

Advantages:

High spectral efficiency Using FFT and IFFT Low complex receivers (avoidance of ISI) Different modulation schemes

Disadvantages: More sensitive to Doppler shift Accurate frequency and time synchronization needed Phase noise

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OFDM Applications
DAB DVB-T 802.11a 802.15.3a (UWB) 802.16d

Bandwidth
Number of subcarriers Modulation

1.5 MHz
192 (256 FFT) 384 (512 FFT) 1536 (2k FFT)

8MHz
1705 (2k FFT) 6817 (8k FFT)

20 MHz
52 (64 FFT)

528 MHz
128

1.5 to 28 MHz
256 (OFDM mode) 2048 (OFDMA mode)

D-QPSK

QPSK, BPSK, QPSK, QPSK 16-QAM, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM and 64-QAM 31.7 Mbps 54 Mbps

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM Up to 26 Mbps

Max. data rate

1.7 Mbps

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References
[1] Theory and Applications of Spread-Spectrum Systems / Alex W.Lam and Sawasd Tantaranata / 2002 [2] OFDM-Based Broadband Wireless Networks Design and Optimization / Hui Liu and Guoqing Li / 2005 [3] Spread Spectrum and CDMA Principles and Applications / Valery P.Ipatov /2005 [4] COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Fundamental Concepts and Key Architectures / Alberto Leon-Garcia, Indra Widjaja/ 2006 [5] Performance of Chirp Spread Spectrum in Wireless Communication Systems / Xiaowei Wang Minrui Fei Xin Li / 2007 [6] Multi-Carrie and Spread Spectrum Spectrum Systems from OFDM and MCCDMA to LTE and WiMAX / K.Fazel , S.Kasier / 2008 [7] Ultra Wideband Circuits, Transceivers and Systems / Ranjit Gharpurey, Peter Kinget/ 2008 [8] Ultra-Wideband Communications Systems MULTIBAND OFDM APPROACH / W. Pam Siriwongpairat, K. J. Ray Liu / 2008
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Cont. References
[9] Ultra-Wideband Pulse-based Radio Reliable Communication over a Wideband Channel / Wim Vereecken , Michiel Steyaert / 2009 [10] Bit-Error-Rate Performance Analysis of an Overlap-based CSS System / Taeung Yoon, Dahae Chong, Sangho Ahn, and Seokho Yoon / 2009 [11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11 [12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirp_Spread_Spectrum [13] http://cnx.org/content/m11762/latest/

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