CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of general introduction and sections in the project and the use of each section. The organization of the project deals with the description of the contents of different chapters in this project

Introduction
Digital electronics carry information as a series of pulses on a single line (serial) or on several lines simultaneously (parallel). It is the number of pulses sent, the pattern of pulses or their frequency which carries the information. This is in contrast to analog systems where the information is carried as the amplitude or frequency of the voltage or current. The digital method of information transfer requires accurate timing and pulse generation. First will be devoted to the basic aspects of timing and pulse generation, and then counters later seven segment display .The arrays (often combined as single integrated circuit (IC) chips) will be used to construct counters (some of which can drive numeric displays). The digital pulse counter is a dual digit pulse counter. So there are two counters and two display devices are needed. In this project mainly contains 3 parts. That is timing pulse generation, counting, and display driver. To generate the pulses where choose 555 timer. The counting purpose IC4026 is used. And the display driver even segment LED display is used.

1.1 Timing and Pulse Generation

The pulse generation circuits we will focus on are a combination of analog and digital circuits. They may produce a continuous series of pulses (these are called astable multivibrator) or a pulse of a specific duration (these are called monostable multivibrator). Combining two or more of multivibrator provides generation of a desired pattern of pulses (including pulse width, time between pulses and frequency of pulses). The multivibrators are useful in many simple circuits where high speeds and absolute synchronization are not necessary.

1.2 Counters
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal.

In electronics, counters can be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as the flip-flops, and a wide variety of classifications exist: Asynchronous (ripple) counter changing state bits are used as clocks to subsequent state flip-flops Synchronous counter all state bits change under control of a single clock Decade counter counts through ten states per stage Up/down counter counts both up and down, under command of a control input Ring counter formed by a shift register with feedback connection in a ring Johnson counter a twisted ring counter

1.3 SEVEN-SEGMENT LED DISPLY

Each segment of the 7-segment display is an individual light emitting diode. A diode is made from p-n junction, and a basic characteristic of a diode is that it will allow current to flow in only one direction. In other words, when the p end as a voltage at least 0.7V higher than the n end, the diode will turn on and allow current to flow. An LED is simply a diode that emits light when current flow. The display chips or common anode, which means that the p (positive) ends of the segments are wired together. The p end of the each segment is connected to either oni3 or pin14 inside the display chip. Pin3 and14 connected to the positive supply +5V. A segment will light by setting its respective pin a-g to a low (0V) value.

1.4 Organization of the project

This report consists of eight chapters. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the Project and the sections involved in the project. Chapter 2 consists of circuit diagram and description of the circuit. Chapter 3 describes the components used in the project and description of each component. Chapter 4 presents the list of all the components used in the project. Chapter 5 presents the applications of the project Chapter 6 presents the Results obtained from the experiment and the Conclusion thereof. Chapter 7 describes the references of the project. .

CHAPTER-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

This chapter deals with the circuit diagram and description of the project. The operation of the circuit is also explained.

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Power supply

Digital Pulse counter

Fig 2.1 Block Diagram of Digital Pulse Counter

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION 2.2 Power Supply

2.2.1 Introduction There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. For example a 5V regulated supply can be shown as below

Fig 2.2.1 Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply System

Similarly, 12v regulated supply can also be produced by suitable selection of the individual elements. Each of the blocks is described in detail below and the power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram and a graph of their output. 2.2.2 Transformer A transformer steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Here we are using a center-tap transformer whose output will be sinusoidal with 36volts peak to peak value.

Fig 2.2.2 Output Waveform of transformer The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing capacitor. The transformer output is given to the rectifier circuit.

2.2.3 Rectifier:
A rectifier converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying. There are several types of rectifiers; here we use a bridge rectifier. The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge. For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL. For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load 4

resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into unidirectional.

Fig 2.2.3 Rectifier circuit Now the output of the rectifier shown in Figure 3.3 is shown below in Figure 3.4

Fig 2.2.4 Output of the Rectifier The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.

Smoothing or filtering
The smoothing block smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple and the ripple voltage is defined as the deviation of the load voltage from its DC value. Smoothing is also named as filtering. Filtering is frequently effected by shunting the load with a capacitor. The action of this system depends on the fact that the capacitor stores energy during the conduction period and 5

delivers this energy to the loads during the no conducting period. In this way, the time during which the current passes through the load is prolonging Ted, and the ripple is considerably decreased. The action of the capacitor is shown with the help of waveform.

Fig 2.2.5 Smoothing action of capacitor

Fig2.2.6 Waveform of the rectified output smoothing

2.2.4 Regulator
Regulator eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5V, 12V and 15V) or variable output voltages. Negative voltage regulators are also available Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads (input, output and high impedance). They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. Zener diode is an example of fixed regulator which is shown here.

Fig 2.2.7 Regulator Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator:

Fig 2.2.8 Final output of the power supply

2.3 DIGITAL PULSE COUNTER 2.3.1 Circuit Diagram of Digital pulse counter

Fig2.3 Digital pulse counter Dual digit.

2.3.2 Working The power supply is applied to the digital pulse counter circuit then the astable multivibrator generates pulses. Now the input pulses are apply to the pin1 of the CD4026 decade counter. Then the decade counter counts the given input pulses. And the CD4026 is an advantage of it is also a display driver. So it displays the given counting number on the seven segment display. In this project dual digit is constructed. Hence where two CD4026 counters and two seven segment display drivers are used. The CD4026 reset every 10 clock inputs. After 10 input pulses it set to zero and the pin5 was going to high. Now the pin5 was apply to the successive CD4026 decade counter of clock input then the counter counts and displays. In this project the counter counts up to 99 then it will be reset to 0. The 4026 IC is a 16-pin CMOS seven-segment counter from the 4000 series. It counts clock pulses and returns the output in a form which can be displayed on a seven-segment display.

This avoids using a binary-coded decimal to seven-segment decoder, but it can only be used to display the (decimal) digits 0-9. Pin Name number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 CLK Clock in CI DE Clock inhibit - when low, clock pulses increment the seven-segment Display enable - the chip outputs to the seven-segment when this is high (i.e. when it's low, the seven-segment is off) - useful to conserve battery life, for instance Purpose

DEO Display enable out - for chaining 4026s CO F G VDD D A E B C Carry out output - Is high when changing from 9 to 0. It provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency, to drive the clock input of another 4026 to provide multi-digit counting. Output for the seven-segment's F input Output for the seven-segment's G input The connection to the 0 V rail Output for the seven-segment's D input Output for the seven-segment's A input Output for the seven-segment's E input Output for the seven-segment's B input Output for the seven-segment's C input

Ungated C-segment - an output for the seven-segment's C input which is not UCS affected by the DE input. This output is high unless the count is 2, when it goes low. RST VSS Reset - resets all outputs to low when taken high The connection to the +9 V rail

CHAPTER 3 COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION

This Chapter deals with the component description. The each component present in the circuit diagram is explained with the figures. The operations of the components are also explained.

3.1 Transformer

Fig3.1 view of transformer

TRANSFORMER WITH WINDINGS Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the

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ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage

3.2 LM7805- VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Fig 3.2 View of LM7805 Voltage Regulator A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. Voltage Regulator, usually having three legs, converts varying input voltage and produces a constant regulated output voltage. They are available in a variety of outputs. The most common part numbers start with the numbers 78 or 79 and finish with two digits indicating the output voltage. The number 78 represents positive voltage and 79 negative one. The 78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. And the 79XX series is designed for negative input. The LM78XX series typically has the ability to drive current up to 1A. For application requirements up to 150mA, 78LXX can be used. The component has three legs: Input leg which can hold up to 36VDC, Common leg (GND) and an output leg with the regulator's voltage. For maximum voltage regulation, adding a capacitor in parallel between the common leg and the output is usually recommended. Typically a 0.1MF capacitor is used. This eliminates any high frequency AC voltage that could otherwise combine with the output voltage. The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and 11

other solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. 3.3 DIODE 1N4007

Fig3.3 View of Diode A diode is formed by joining two equivalently doped P-Type and N-Type semiconductor. When they are joined an interesting phenomenon takes place. The P-Type semiconductor has excess holes and is of positive charge. The N-Type semiconductor has excess electrons. Due to this difference, some of the electrons get attracted to the corresponding nearest holes and become neutral. This process takes place until equilibrium is reached in the surrounding region of the contact surface. This leaves a layer with neutral charge of thickness nearly less than 0.1mm known as the DEPLETION LAYER. This layer is responsible for the development of resistance inside the junction Diode.

3.4 REISISTOR
A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR. The electrical resistance R is equals to the voltage drop V across the resistor divided by the current I through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. Here pots are used to adjust the contrast and brightness of LCD.

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Fig 3.4 Various Types of Resistors

3.5 CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property makes them useful in electronic filters. Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is considered an antiquated term in English, but most other languages use an equivalent, like "Kondensator" in German, "condensadors" in Spanish, or "Kondensa" in Japanese.

Fig3.5 Various types of capacitors 13

3.6 IC NE 555 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as a oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Fig3.6 IC NE555 Timer The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-inline package. Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified 555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR is falling edge sensitive instead of level sensitive). The NE555 parts were commercial temperature range, 0 C to +70 C, and the SE555 part number designated the military temperature range, 55 C to +125 C. These were available in both high-reliability metal can (T package) and inexpensive epoxy plastic (V package) packages. Thus the full part numbers were NE555V, NE555T, SE555V, and SE555T. It has been hypothesized that the 555 got its name from the three 5k resistors used within, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary. Low-power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and CMOS TLC555. The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a decoupling capacitor on the power supply. Such a practice should nevertheless be avoided, 14

because noise produced by the timer or variation in power supply voltage might interfere with other parts of a circuit or influence its threshold voltages.

3.6.1 PIN DIAGRAM

When drawing a circuit diagram, always draw the 555 as a building block, as shown below with the pins in the following locations. This will help you instantly recognize the function of each pin: Pin 1 (Ground) Connects to the 0v power supply.

Fig 3.7 Pin diagram of IC 555 Timer Pin 2 (Trigger) Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2 is LOW, and pin 6 LOW, output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA. Pin 3 (Output) (Pins 3 and 7 are "in phase.") Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about 0.5v less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA. Pin 4 (Reset) internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0.8v to reset the chip. Pin 5 (Control) A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite considerably).

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Pin 6 (Threshold) Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 0.2uA. Pin 7 (Discharge) Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays HIGH when pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is LOW. (Pins 7 and 3 are "in phase.") Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go high - it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about 200mA. Pin 8 (Supply) Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 4.5V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs.

3.6.2 INTERNAL CIRCUIT

Fig3.8 Internal Block Diagram of the 555 Timer IC Figure 3.8 shows the block diagram of the internal circuit of the 555 timer IC. This diagram shows how a very versatile IC like the 555 can also be very simple internally. The excellent design of the 555 timer has made it one of the most widely-used and long-lasting IC's ever. 16

The 555 circuit consists of just a handful of main components: two comparators, a flip-flop, a discharge path, an output stage, and a resistor network. The timing functions of the 555 depend on how the inputs of the comparators are configured and how the discharge path is used. To get a better understanding of how this block diagram works, please refer to our description of how a 555 IC operates internally.

Through the 555's internal resistors, the (-) input of comparator 1 is pegged at 2/3 Vccs while the (+) of comparator 2 is pegged at 1/3 Vcc (i.e., if pin 5 is not used). This establishes the internal voltage thresholds to which the externally connected inputs of the comparators will be compared. The behavior of the voltage levels of the external inputs of the comparators are determined by the external components connected to them, which are usually resistors and capacitors. The comparators are able to set/reset a flip-flop, which in turn determines whether the discharge transistor Q1 is 'on' or 'off'. A negative going pulse at pin 2 makes comparator 2's output go high, which causes the flip-flop to set, which outputs a '1' at pin 3. The flip-flop is reset in two ways: by a negative-going pulse at pin 4 or by allowing the (+) input of comparator 1 to exceed 2/3 Vcc, usually by allowing a capacitor connected to pin 6 to charge up. The discharge path connected between pin 7 and pin 6 and the flip-flop state determine when and how the pin 6 capacitor discharges and, consequently, how the (+) input voltage of comparator 1 decays so that a new timing cycle may begin. There are three basic modes of operation. These are monostable, bistable and astable. The use of the 555 timer is obviously not restricted to these basic circuits but they are the focus of this introductory article. Some basic knowledge of RC timing is useful in order to understand the how the various 555 timer circuits work. This knowledge is not essential, but it is assumed by this article and will certainly be of use in understanding the formula used to calculate the output period. In this project we can use astable multivibrator. So now discuss the operation of astable multivibrator. Because of free running oscillator astable multivibrator was used.

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3.6.3ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Fig3.9: Astable multivibrator using 555 timer The circuit diagram for the astable multivibrator using IC 555 is shown here. The astable multivibrator generates a square wave, the period of which is determined by the circuit external to IC 555. The astable multivibrator does not require any external trigger to change the state of the output. Hence the name free running oscillator. The time during which the output is either high or low is determined by the two resistors and a capacitor which are externally connected to the 555 timer. The above figure shows the 555 timer connected as an astable multivibrator. Initially when the output is high capacitor C starts charging towards Vcc through RA and RB. However as soon as the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 V cc, comparator1 triggers the flipflop and the output switches to low state. Now capacitor C discharges through RB and the transistor Q1. When voltage across C equals 1/3 Vcc, comparator 2s output triggers the flip- flop and the output goes high. Then the cycle repeats. The capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 2/3 Vcc and 1/3 Vcc respectively. The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output remains high and is given by . Where RA and RB are in ohms and C is in Farads. Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time the output is low and is given by

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Thus the total time period of the output waveform is

Therefore the frequency of oscillation

By altering the time constant of just one of the RC combinations, the Duty Cycle better known as the "Mark-to-Space" ratio of the output waveform can be accurately set and is given as the ratio of resistor R2 to resistor R1. The Duty Cycle for the 555 Oscillator, which is the ratio of the "ON" time divided by the "OFF" time is given by: The output frequency, f is independent of the supply voltage Vcc. 555 oscillator Duty Cycle is

The duty cycle has no units as it is a ratio but can be expressed as a percentage (%). If both timing resistors, R1 and R2 are equal the output duty cycle will be given as 2:1 or 33%.

Fig3.10 555 timer output waveforms

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3.7 CD4026-DECADE COUNTER / DISPLAY DRIVER

Fig 3.11 Pin Diagram of CD4026 The count advances as the clock input becomes high (on the rising-edge). The outputs ag goes high to light the appropriate segments of a common-cathode 7-segment display as the count advances. The maximum output current is about 1mA with a 4.5V supply and 4mA with a 9V supply. This is sufficient to directly drive many 7-segment displays. The table below shows the segment sequence in detail. The reset input should be low (0V) for normal operation (counting 0-9). When high it resets the count to zero. The disable clock input should be low (0V) for normal operation. When high it disables counting so that clock pulses are ignored and the count is kept constant. The enable display input should be high (+Vs) for normal operation. When low it makes outputs a-g low, giving a blank display. The enable out follows this input but with a brief delay. The 10 output (h in table) is high for counts 0-4 and low for 5-9, so it provides an output at 1/10 of the clock frequency. It can be used to drive the clock input of another 4026 to provide multi-digit counting. The not 2 output is high unless the count is 2 when it goes low. 20

3.7.1 Features

Counter and 7-segment decoding in one package Easily interfaced with 7-segment display types Fully static counter operation: DC to 6 MHz (typ.) at VDD = 10 V Ideal for low-power displays Display enable output (CD4026B) "Ripple blanking" and lamp test (CD4033B) 100% tested for quiescent current at 20 V Standardized, symmetrical output characteristics 5-V, 10-V, and 15-V parametric ratings Schmitt-triggered clock inputs Meets all requirements of JEDEC Tentative Standard No. 13B, "Standard Specifications for Description of B Series CMOS Devices"

3.7.2 DISCRIPTION
CD4026B and CD4033B each consist of a 5-stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder which converts the Johnson code to a 7-segment decoded output for driving one stage in a numerical display. These devices are particularly advantageous in display applications where power dissipation low and /or low package count are important. Inputs common to both types are CLOCK, RESET, & CLOCK INHIBIT; common outputs are CARRY OUT and the seven decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g). Additional inputs and outputs for the CD4026B include DISPLAY ENABLE input and DISPLAY ENABLE and UNGATED "C-SEGMENT" outputs. Signals peculiar to the CD4033B are RIPPLEBLANKING INPUT AND LAMP TEST INPUT and a RIPPLE-BLANKING OUTPUT. A high RESET signal clears the decade Counter to its zero count. The Counter is advanced one count at the positive Clock signal transition if the Clock INHIBIT signal is low. Counter advancement via the Clock line is inhibited when the Clock INHIBIT signal is high. The Clock INHIBIT signal can be used as a negative-edge Clock if the Clock line is held high. Antilock gating is provided on the JOHNSON Counter thus assuring proper counting sequence. The CARRY-OUT (Cout) signal completes one cycle every ten Clock INPUT cycles and is used to Clock the succeeding decade directly in a multi-decade counting chain. The seven decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g)

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illuminate the proper segments in a seven segment Display device used for representing the decimal numbers 0 to 9. The 7-segment outputs go high on selection in the CD4033B in the CD4026B these outputs go high only when the Display ENABLE IN is high. The CD4026B- and CD4033B-series types are supplied in 16-lead dual-in-line plastic packages (E suffix), 16-lead small-outline packages (NSR suffix), and 16-lead thin shrink small-outline packages

Fig 3.12 View of CD4026

3.8 LT 542- SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements. The seven elements may be Light Emitting Diodes or incandescent indicators. Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the Arabic numerals with the help of the seven segment driver. It has ten pins seven of them drive the seven segments , one for the dot, one for the supply and one for the ground. The intensity of the light varies with the supply.

Fig 3.13 Pin diagram of seven segment display 22

A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application in devices that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal. A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, Common cathode (CC) and Common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground and a particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number.

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CHAPTER-4 APPLICATIONS
This chapter deals with various applications of the digital pulse counter.

4.1 APPLICATIONS
The Digital pulse counter can be used in Money counting machines Visiting counters

Watches Counters

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CHAPTER-5 RESULTS
This Chapter deals with the results obtained from the experiments.

Results

Fig 5.1 Snapshot of Digital Pulse Counter The digital pulse counter shown in Fig 5.1 counts the number of input pulses. Here the pulses are counted by using CD4026 decade counter. .

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSIONS This project is an excellent module to count the given input pulses from any sources displays. DIGITAL PULSE COUNTER with a little change can be used in many applications. It gives the display of the number of the persons entering in the room and also uses in money counting machines and digital watches etc.

FUTURE SCOPE This project can be further extended to count more number of pulses than 99.

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CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES
www.electronicsforyou.com www.wikipedia.org www.alldatasheet.com Electronic Devices and Circuits J. B. Gupta www.google.com www.scribd.com www.myownbot.com www.engineersgarage.com http://www.electro-tech-online.com Electronic devices and circuits by Jacob Millman, Chritos C Halkias

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APPENDIX

CONTENTS:

CD4026 Datasheet 555 Timer Datasheet LT542 Datasheet 7805 Regulator Datasheet

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