STUFF I SHOULD KNOW FOR THE AP TEST BUT DO NOT KNOW YET IONS LIST

acetate aluminum ammonium barium bicarbonate bisulfate bisulfide bisulfite bromate bromide bromite calcium carbonate chlorate chloride chlorite chromate chromium cupric cuprous cyanide dichromate C2 H3 O2 Al3+ NH4 + Ba2+ HCO3 HSO4 HS HSO3 BrO3 Br BrO2 Ca2+ CO3 2 ClO3 Cl ClO2 CrO4 2 (yellow) Cr3+ Cu 2+ (blue) Cu + (green) CN Cr2 O7 2 (orange) ferric ferrous fluoride hydrogen hydronium hydroxide hypobromite hypochlorite hypoiodite iodate iodide iodite lead lithium magnesium manganese mercuric mercurous nickel nitrate nitride nitrite Fe3+ (yellow) Fe2+ (green) F H+ H3 O+ OH BrO ClO IO IO3 I IO2 Pb 2+ Li+ Mg 2+ Mn 2+ Hg 2+ Hg 2 2+ Ni2+ (green) NO3 N3 NO2 oxalate oxide perbromate perchlorate periodate permanganate peroxide phosphate phosphide phosphite potassium silver sodium stannic stannous strontium sulfate sulfide sulfite thiocyanate thiosulfate zinc C2 O4 2 O2 BrO4 ClO4 IO4 MnO4 (purple) O2 2 PO4 3 P3 PO3 3 K+ Ag + Na + Sn 4+ Sn 2+ Sr2+ SO4 2 S2 SO3 2 SCN S2 O3 2 Zn2+

SOLUBILITY RULES
Always soluble: alkali metal ions (Li+, Na +, K+, Rb +, Cs +), NH4 +, NO3 , ClO3 , ClO4 , C2 H3 O2 Generally soluble: (mnemonics) Cl , Br , I Soluble except Ag +, Pb 2+, Hg 2 2+ (AP/H) F Soluble except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+, Pb 2+ , Mg2+ (CBS-PM) SO4 2 Soluble except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+, Pb 2+ (CBS/PBS) Generally insoluble: O2 , OH Insoluble except and alkali metals, and NH4 + Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba 2+ (CBS) somewhat soluble CO3 2 , PO4 3 , S2 , SO3 2 , C2 O4 2 , CrO4 2 Insoluble except alkali metals and NH4 +

STRONG OXIDIZERS (Oxidizing Agents)

MnO4 in acid solution MnO2 in acid solution MnO4 in neutral or basic soln Cr2 O7 2 in acid solution Cr2 O7 2 with a base CrO4 2 in basic solution HNO3 , concentrated HNO3 , dilute (e.g. 6 M) H2 SO4 , hot, concentrated Free halogens (e.g. Cl2 ) H2 O2 in acid solution Note: H2 O2 decomposes Na 2 O2 HClO4 Mn 2+ + H2 O Mn 2+ + H2 O MnO2 Cr3+ + H2 O CrO4 2 + H2 O CrO2 + H2 O NO2 + H2 O NO + H2 O SO2 + H2 O halide ions (Cl ) H2 O H2 O + O2 NaOH Cl + H2 O

GASES THAT FORM

H2 CO3 CO2 + H2 O NH4 OH NH3 + H2 O H2 SO3 SO2 + H2 O H2 S HNO2 NO + NO2 + H2 O HCN

Other Oxidizers Metal-ic ions (e.g. Sn 4+, Fe3+) -ous ions (Sn 2+, Fe2+) H2 O H2 + OH

WEAK ELECTROLYTES
Weak Acids (esp. HC2 H3 O2 and HF) (Memorize the 8 strong acids all others are weak) HCl hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HIO4 periodic acid HI hydroiodic acid H2 SO4 sulfuric acid HClO4 perchloric acid HClO3 chloric acid Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4 OH NH3 (aq)) Water (H2 O)

STRONG REDUCERS (Reducing Agents)

Halide ions (e.g. Cl ) Free metals ites SO3 2 or SO2 , NO2 Free halogens, dil. basic soln Free halogens, conc. basic soln S2 O3 2 Other Reducers Metal-ous ions (e.g. Sn 2+) H2 O

Free halogen (Cl2 ) metal ions ates SO4 2 , NO3 hypohalite ions (ClO ) halate ions (ClO3 ) S4 O6 2 -ic ions (Sn 4+) O2 + H+

DRIVING FORCES Double Replacement

Insoluble Solid (Precipitate) Weak Electrolyte (H2O or Weak Acid) Gas Formation

Stuff I Should Know (Page 2)

Complex Ions & Common Ligands Ligands polar molecules & anions Central Ions transition metals and Al3+ Examples usually twice the number of ligands as the charge on the central ion. Key Words: excess, concentrated Organic Chemistry & Functional Groups alkanes alkenes Cn H2n+2 Cn H2n alcohol aldehyde NH3 , H2 O, OH, CN, Cl Ag +, Cu 2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, etc. & Al3+ Ag(CN)2 , Cu(NH3 )4 2+, Ni(OH)4 2, Zn(NH3 )4 2+, Al(OH)6 3 alkynes Cn H2n2 ketone aromatics (benzene) C6 H6 ether Odd example: Fe3+ + SCN FeSCN2+ Reaction with Acid: Cu(NH3 )4 2+ + H+ Cu 2+ + NH4 +

nuclear chem alpha

4 2

He e

beta/electron
0 1

H S Spont.? + at all temps + + high temps low temps + no temps Note: S in J G & H in kJ Ksp & Solubility, s 1:1 Ksp = s 2 1:2 Ksp = 4s 3 1:3 Ksp = 27s 4 2:3 Ksp = 108s 5

carboxylic acid

ester

amine

amide

neutron
1 0

positron Substituted benzene: ortho = 1,2 meta = 1,3 para = 1,4 Electrochemical Cells anode cathode oxidation reduction + side side lower E higher E e leave e enter
0 +1

Lewis Acid & B ases s BF3 + NH3 BF3 NH3 acid anhydrides (oxides of nonmetals, CO2 ) basic anhydrides (oxides of metals, MgO) MgO + CO2 MgCO3 decomposition reactions: MgCO3 MgO + CO2 Strange Examples: P4 O10 + H2 O H3 PO4 Strange Ions: (nitride, N3) (hydride, H) Li + N2 Li3 N LiH + H2 O H2 + Li+ + OH Flame Test Colors Barium green Sodium yellow Copper blue (w/ green) Potassium lavender Strontium red Lithium red Calcium orange Quantum Numbers 1, 2, 3, n l 0 (n1) ml l +l ms +, l 0 = s, 1 = p, 2 = d, 3 = f

Bond Orders bond B.O. single 1 double 2 + triple 3 ++

SN & hybridization & shape Steric Number hybridization 1 s 2 sp 3 sp2 4 sp3 5 sp3 d 6 sp3 d2 IMFs London dipoledipole hydrogen bonding metallic ionic covalent network VP

basic shape linear r planar tetrahedral r bipyramidal octahedral

Writing Lewis Structures hint: use one valence electron to connect Fs or Cls then determine lone pairs (Ex: XeF4 ) ProductFavored (Spontaneous) Reactions

G < 0

E > 0

Keq > 1

Properties Indicate Strength of Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

nonpolar molecules, ex: CH4 , He polar molecules, ex: H2 S, SO2 HF, HO, HN, NH3 , H2 O amines and alcohols metals, Ag, Pb salts, NaCl, CaCO3 (Note: ates contain covalent bonds) C(graphite), C(diamond), SiO2 , WC, Si, SiC (Note: graphite = London, too)

IMF BP FP Hvap Hfus

IMF BP FP Hvap H fus

VP

Orders of Reactions & Graphs That Give Straight Lines 0 Order 1st Order 2nd Order [R] vs. Time ln[R] vs. Time 1/[R] vs. Time slope = -k slope = -k slope = k

Activity of Metals (Four Groups) Metals React with Groups I & II H2 O ex: Li + H2 O Li+ + OH + H2 Non-oxidizing Acid, ex: HCl all others Zn + 2HCl H2 + ZnCl2 Oxidizing Acid, HNO3 or H2 SO4 (conc.) Cu, Ag, Hg Cu + HNO3 NO2 + H2 O + Cu 2+ Au, Pt, Ir Aqua Regia (HNO3 + HCl)