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Contents
Introduction Design & Detailing Considerations Types of Water Tanks, Usages & Design Guidelines Erection of Precast Ring Tank Design of Water Tank Ultimate Limit State Design CP 65 Serviceability Limit State Design BS 8007 Precast Water Tank Floor System
Design Considerations
Design for Strength according to CP 65 Special considerations for crack control according to BS8007
Max crack width Max crack spacing Min steel content
Detailing Considerations
Detailing follows usual rules for normal structures. Bars to be continuous, and sudden changes in reinforcement ratios to be avoided. No construction joint below specified highest water level shall be allowed (for water tanks). The entire concrete tank below the water level shall be cast in one operation with partially hanged internal formwork (for water tanks). Water-stop to be used where construction joints are unavoidable. Bars to be continuous across the joints.
Detailing Considerations
The tank roof and the portion above the water level shall be cast in second operation. After passing the water test, the internal surface of the concrete tank shall be coated with approved type of cementitious waterproofing coating before laying of tiles. For the slab of water tank, ratio of length to width 1.5 and the shorter span of the slab shall be 3.6m maximum.
Detailing Considerations
The minimum area for main and distribution steel is 0.35% for walls and slabs for deformed grade 460 reinforcement and 0.64% for plain grade 250 bars. The maximum spacing of bars shall be 300mm or the thickness of the section, whichever is the lesser. Nominal cover of concrete for reinforcement should be not less than 40mm.
Detailing Considerations
Construction Joint
Waterstop
Precast
Circular Tank Ring Tank
Usage
Roof tanks Wet riser tanks for fire-fighting (>60m above GL, 22 sty & above) Water tanks for domestic supply Suction tanks (reserve tanks to pump water to roof tanks)
Suction Tanks
Reserve tank to pump water to roof tanks Capacity depends on water demand for the block:
< 22 stories > 22 stories no fire-fighting requirement fire-fighting requirement
Building (Fire-fighting)
Suction tank
Pump
1 3 months to construct the CIS water tank Need to improve the site productivity Solution To precast the water tank
5130
1300
1550
Standardisation
Items 1) Sizing Total height (including 130mm thick cover) External diameter (including 60mm thick protrusion at the joints) Weight of base (including tiles) Weight of body segments (including tiles) Weight of cover Weight of empty tank Weight of water tank filled with water 3830mm 3640mm 5130mm 3640mm 2530mm 3640mm Annex 1 and 2 Type A (3 Rings) Type B (4 Rings) Type C (2 Rings) Remarks
Type C is used in buildings with 21 storeys where no fire fighting water is required. Type A can also be used if there is no height constraint. But total volume of the tank shall be considered when calculating the no.of tanks required.
Standardisation
2) Min clear height from soffit of water tank to lowest point of main roof 3) Min clearance between tank & tank and tank & wall 4) Min clearance between piping connection & main water tank suporting beam and /or secondary cross beams 5 Range of Storey heights of building 2300mm 2300mm 2300mm
900mm
900mm
900mm
Annex 4
100mm
100mm
100mm
Annex 4
21-30
22-30
21
Beyond 30 storeys, this tank could be used subject to discussion between ARCH, SE and ME due to different requirement for fire fighting water.
Standardisation
6.2 ton 370
370
370
100 TYPE C
100 TYPE B
9.1 ton
7 ton each
Standardisation
Design Guidelines
Concrete water tanks shall preferably rest directly on column, whenever possible. For case where it is not possible to place the water tanks directly on columns, deep and broad transfer beams shall be designed to carry the water tank loads to the nearest supports. No roof shall be provided over the precast concrete water tanks. A working platform shall be provided at one side of the water tank, where there is a cat-ladder.
Design Guidelines
There must be sufficient clearance (>1500mm) for the pipings at the underside of the beam (to highlight to Architect early if there is a need to change the level of the water tank floor). The sanitary pipe position shall be fixed as shown in the construction manual.
slab
slab
slab
100mm 100mm
2100mm
900mm
900mm
Design Methods
Design Of Water Tanks Ultimate limit state (ULS) CP65 Serviceability limit state (SLS) BS8007
f = 1.4 for load combinations (1) & (2) 1.2 (DL+Water Load+ WL) f = 1.2 for load combinations (3)
Shear
v = V / b*d < vc
Wall
Tension
Ft = kR* * h * r As > Ft / 0.87fy
Base slab
* For design of circular tanks, coefficient for bending moment, shear force & tensile force refer to BS 5337.
Crack width calculation Minimum reinforcement Spacing of reinforcement Check reinforcement provided against BS 8007
eA s
Transformed Section
a cr c min bt m=1-2 1 = the apparent strain For a limiting design surface crack width of 0.2 mm, b t(h-x)(a`-x) 2= 3E sA s(d-x) For a limiting design surface crack width of 0.1 mm, 1.5b t(h-x)(a`-x) 2= 3E sA s(d-x)
b t = the width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel a` = the distance from the compression face to the point considered
m=1-2
h = the overall depth of the member b t = the width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel m < 0 indicates that the section is uncracked
References
Reinforced Concrete Design W. H. Mosley & J. H. Bungey Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete F. K. Kong & R. H. Evans Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110 A. H. Allen Design of Concrete Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquids R. Cheng Design of Liquid-Retaining Concrete Structures R. D. Anchor