Phy 2012

Syllabus for the Course work of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics
Visvesvaraya Technological University Jnana Sangama, Belgaum 590 018 Karnataka
May 2012
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012
INDEX
S. N. Course no. Course Title Page no.
GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. PHY 101 PHY 102 PHY 103 PHY 104 PHY 105 PHY 106 Mathematical Physics Quantum Mechanics Electrodynamics Classical Mechanics Statistical and Thermal Physics Group Theory and Tensors
5
6 7 8 9 10
GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. PHY 201 PHY 202 PHY 203 PHY 204 PHY 205 PHY 206 PHY 207 Advanced Mathematical Physics Advanced Quantum Mechanics Nanoscience and Technology Atomic and Molecular Physics Solid State Physics Nuclear Physics Electronics 11 12 13 14 16 17 18
GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. PHY 301 PHY 302 PHY 303 PHY 304 PHY 305 PHY 306 PHY 307 PHY 308 PHY 309 PHY 310 Materials Science Advanced Solid State Physics Properties of Nanomaterials Polymer Science and Technology Physics of Liquid Crystals Ceramics and Glasses Laser Physics Advanced Nuclear Physics Biophysics Astrophysics 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34
35
PHY 311 PHY 312 PHY 313 PHY 314 PHY 315 PHY 316 PHY 317 PHY 318 PHY 319 PHY 320 PHY 321 PHY 322
Plasma physics Composite materials Advanced Semiconductor Physics Gravitation and Cosmology Non-linear dynamics Atmospheric Science Energy Physics Computational techniques Radiation Physics Computational heat transfer and fluid flow [09MCS23] Semiconductor Physics and Technology Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY FUNDAMENTALS CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOPHYSICS &
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40
41
36
PHY 323 PHY 324
41
37
42
38
PHY 325
Fundamentals of solar energy and solar cells
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GROUP-IV: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 PHY 401 PHY 402 PHY 403 PHY 404 PHY 405 PHY 406 PHY 407 PHY 408 PHY 409 PHY 410 Experimental Techniques [10MEA31] Electronics and Instrumentation Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials Growth and characterization of thin films X-ray Crystallography Advances in Laser Physics and non linear optics Ultrasonics Optical fiber communication Experimental stress analysis [10MDE14] Energy storage devices [10EEM12] 44 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 51 51 3
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 49 50 51 52 53 54 PHY 411 PHY 412 PHY 413 PHY 414 PHY 415 PHY 416 Antenna theory and design [10EC011, 10LDC11] Theory of elasticity [10MDE13] Crystal Growth and Characterization Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Solar energy devices 51 51 52 52 53 54
GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

PHY 101: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
UNIT-1: Differential equations Ordinary differential equations: First order homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations with variable coefficients. Second order homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations with constant and variable coefficients. Partial differential equations: Classifications, systems of surfaces and characteristics, examples of hyperbolic, parabola and elliptic equations, method of direct integration, method of separation of variables. UNIT-2: Special differential equations Power series method for ordinary differential equations, Legendres differential equation: Legendre polynomials and their properties, Generating functions, Recurrence Formulae, orthogonality of Legendres polynomial. Bessels differential equation: Bessels polynomial - generating functions, Recurrence Formulae, orthogonal properties of Bessels polynomials. Laguerres equation, its solution and properties. Hermite differential equation: Hermite polynomials, generating functions, recurrence relation. UNIT-3: Laplace transforms Laplace transforms: Linearity property, first and second translation property of LT, Derivatives of Laplace transforms, Laplace transform of integrals, Initial and Final value theorems, Transform of Dirac delta function, periodic function and derivatives. Methods for finding LT: direct and series expansion method, Method of differential equation. Inverse Laplace transforms: Linearity property, first and second translation property, Convolution property, Solution of linear differential equations with constant coefficients. Physical applications. UNIT-4: Fourier series and integrals Fourier series definition and expansion of a function, Fouriers theorem. Cosine and sine series. Change of interval. Complex form of Fourier series. Fourier integral. Extension to many variables. Fourier transform. Transform of impulse function. Constant unit step function and periodic function. Some physical applications. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Mathematical Physics by P K Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Mumbai. 2. Mathematical Physics, B D Gupta, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2006. 3. Mathematical Physics by Satya Prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi. 4. Introduction to Mathematical Physics by C Harper, PHI. 5. Mathematical Physics, B S Rajput, 17th Edition, Pragati Prakasam, 2004. 6. Advanced Engineering mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 7th Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited Publications, 1993. 7. Mathematical Methods for Physics, G Arfken, 4th edition, 1992. 8. Special Function, W W Bell, 1996. 5
PHY 102: QUANTUM MECHANICS

UNIT-1 a. Physical basis of quantum mechanics: Experimental background, inadequacy of classical physics, summary of principal experiments and inferences, Uncertainty and complementarity. Wave packets in space and time, and their physical significance. b. Schrodinger wave equation: Development of wave equation: One-dimensional and extension to three dimensions inclusive of forces. Interpretation of wave function: Statistical interpretation, normalisation, expectation value and Ehrenfests theorem. Energy eigen functions: separation of wave equation, boundary and continuity conditions. UNIT-2: Some exactly soluble eigen value problems One dimensional: Square well and rectangular step potentials, Rectangular barrier, Harmonic oscillator. Three dimensional: Particle in a box, Particle in spherically symmetric potential, Rigid rotator, Hydrogen atom. UNIT-3: General formalism of quantum mechanics Hilbert space. Operators-definition and properties, eigen values and eigen vectors of an operator; Hermitian, unitary and projection operators, commuting operators, complete set of commuting operators. Bra and Ket notation for vectors. Representation theory: matrix representation of an operator, change of basis. Co-ordinate and momentum representations. The basic formalism: The fundamental postulates, expectation values and probabilities; quantum mechanical operators, explicit representation of operators, uncertainty principle. Matrix method solution of linear harmonic oscillator. Quantum dynamics: Equations of motion, Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Interaction pictures. Poisson brackets and commutator brackets. UNIT-4 a. Approximation methods for stationery states: Time-independent perturbation theory; non-degenerate and degenerate cases, perturbed harmonic oscillator. The variation method: Application to ground state of Helium. WKB method: Application to barrier penetration. Bohr-Sommerfield quantum condition. b. Theory of scattering: Scattering cross-section, wave mechanical picture of scattering, scattering amplitude. Born approximation. Partial wave analysis: phase shifts, scattering amplitude in terms of phase shifts, optical theorem; exactly soluble problem- scattering by square well potential. REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quantum Mechanics: L. I. Schiff (McGraw-Hill, 1968). Quantum Mechanics: F. Schwabl (Narosa, 1995). Text book of Quantum Mechanics: P. M. Mathews and K. Venkateshan (TMH, 1994). Quantum Mechanics: V. K. Thankappan (Wiley Eastern, 1980). Quantum Mechanics: B. K. Agarwal and Hari Prakash (Prentice-Hall, 1997).
PHY 103: ELECTRODYNAMICS

UNIT-1: Electrostatics Static electric charge, Coulombs law, the electrostatic field and Gauss law. The static field laws in integral and differential forms. The electrostatic scalar potential, Poisson and Laplace equations. The potential energy of charges and field energy density. The electric potential and fields due to monopole, dipole and quadrupole. The dipole in an external field and the dipole interaction energy. The multipolar expansion of potential and for the energy of localised charge distribution in an external field, the physical significance of various multipoles. The electrostatic fields in matter, polarisation, macroscopic field equations. The electrostatic energy in dielectric media. The electrostatic boundary conditions. UNIT-2: Magnetostatics The steady electric current, Biot-Savart law, magnetic field and Ampere's law. The magnetostatic field laws in integral and differential forms. The magnetic scalar and vector potentials. Potential and field of a circular current element- magnetic dipole. The dipole in an external field and the dipole interaction energy. The multipolar expansion for the potential of localized current distribution, the physical significance of multipoles. Magnetic fields in matter, magnetisation of the microscopic equations. The energy in the magnetic field. The magnetostatic boundary conditions. UNIT-3: Electromagnetics The nonsteady currents and charges, Lorentz force law and Faraday's law of induction. The displacement current. Maxwell's electromagnetic field laws in integral and differential forms. The macroscopic equations and boundary conditions. The electromagnetic potential, Coulomb, and Lorentz gauges. Energy in the electromagnetic field. Poyntings theorem and energy momentum conservation. UNIT-4: Electromagnetic waves The wave equation, light and its electromagnetic character. Plane Waves in free space, waves in non conducting media and polarisation. Electromagnetic waves in conducing media, skin depth. Electromagnetic waves in bounded media; Reflection and refraction of waves. Energy flux in a plane wave. The retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechart potentials and fields for a moving point charge. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to Electrodynamics: D J Griffith (Prentice-Hall, 1989). 2. Classical Electromagnetic Radiation: J B Marion (Academic, 1968). 3. Classical Electrodynamics: C D Jackson (Wiley Eastern, 1978). 4. Electromagnetics: B B Laud (Wiley Eastern, 1987). 5. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, R P Feynman et al, Narosa Publishing, 2008. 6. Classical Electricity and Magnetism: W Panofsky & M Philips (Addision Wesley, 1962). 7
PHY 104: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

UNIT-1: Newtonian mechanics Single and many particle systems - Conservation laws of linear momentum, angular momentum and energy. Application of Newtonian mechanics: Two-body central force field motion, Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Scattering in a central force field; Scattering cross-section; The Rutherford scattering problem. UNIT-2: Lagrangian formulation Constraints in motion. Generalised co-ordinates, Virtual work and D'Alembert's principle. Lagrangian equations of motion. Symmetry and cyclic co-ordinates. Hamilton variational principle, Lagrangian equations of motion from variational principle. Simple applications. UNIT-3: Hamiltonian formalism Hamilton's equations of motion - from Legendre transformations and the variational principle. Simple applications. Canonical transformations. Poisson brackets - Canonical equations of motion in Poisson bracket notation. Hamilton-Jacobi equations. UNIT-4 a. Relativistic mechanics: Four-dimensional formulation-four-vectors, four-velocity, fourmomentum, and four-acceleration. Lorentz co-variant form of equation of motion b. Continuum mechanics: Basic concepts, Equations of continuity and motion; Simple applications. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Classical Mechanics: H Goldstein, (Addison-Wesley, 1950). 2. Introduction to Classical Mechanics: R G Takawale and P S Puranik (TMH, 1979). 3. Classical Mechanics: N C Rana and P S Joag (Tata McGraw, 1991). 4. Mechanics: Landau L D and Lifshitz E M (Addition-Wesley, 1960).
PHY 105: STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Microcanonical, Canonical and Grandcanonical ensembles Microcanonical distribution function, Two level system in microcanonical ensemble, Gibbs paradox and correct formula for entropy, The canonical distribution function. Contact with thermodynamics - Two level system in canonical ensemble, Partition function and free energy of an ideal gas, Distribution of molecular velocities. Equipartition and Virial theorems, The grand partition function, Relation between grand canonical and canonical partition functions. Fluctuations in canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensembles. The Brownian motion and Langevin equation. Random walk, diffusion and the Einstein relation for mobility. Fockker-Plank equation. Johnson noise and shot noise. UNIT-2: Bose-Einstein, Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions, Thermodynamic quantities, Fluctuations in different ensembles, Bose and Fermi distributions in microcanonical ensemble - MaxwellBoltzmann distribution law for microstates in a classical gas - Physical interpretation of the classical limit, Derivation of Boltzmann equation for change of states without and with collisions, Boltzmann equation for quantum statistics, Equilibrium distribution in Boltzmann equation. UNIT-3: Heat Capacities, Ising Model and Phase Transitions Heat capacities of heteronuclear diatomic gas, Heat capacities of homonuclear diatomic gas, Heat capacities of solids; Dulong and petit law, Einstein temperature and Debye theory, Heat capcities of metals, Heat capacitiy of Bose gas, One-dimensional Ising model and its solution by variational method, Exact solution for one-dimensional Ising model, BraggWilliams approximation for Ising model - Phase transitions and criterion for phase transitions, Classification of phase transitions by order and by symmetry, Phase diagrams for pure systems. UNIT-4: Thermodynamics, Microstates and Macrostates Basic postulates of thermodynamics, Fundamental relations and definition of intensive variables, Intensive variables in the entropic formulation, Intensive variables in the entropic formulation - Equations of state, Euler relation, densities - Gibbs-Duhem relation for entropy Thermodynamic potentials and extensivity properties, Maxwell relations, Energy differential and thermodynamic potentials of systems in external magnetic field - Thermodynamic relations, Microstates and macrostates, Ideal gas, Microstate and macrostate in classical systems, Microstate and macrostate in quantum systems, Density of states. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. An Introductory Course of Statistical Mechanics, Palash B. Pal, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2008. 2. Elements of Statistical Mechanics, Kamal Singh & S. P. Singh, S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 1992. 3. Statistical Mechanics an Elementary Outline, Avijit Lahiri, University Press, Hyderabad, 2002. 9
PHY 106: GROUP THEORY AND TENSORS

GROUP THEORY Groups, subgroups, classes. Homomorphism and isomorphism. Group representation. Reducible and irreducible representations. Character of a representation, character tables. Construction of representations. Representations of groups and quantum mechanics. Lie groups. The three dimensional rotation group SO(3). The special unitary groups SU(2) and SU(3). The irreducible representations of SU(2). Representations of SO(3) from those of SU(2) Some applications of group theory in physics. TENSORS Definition of tensors, tensors in physics, notation and conventions. Covariant vector, contravarient vector, tensors of higher rank. Algebra of tensors: addition, subtraction, outer product, inner product; contraction of tensor; symmetric and antisymmetric tensors; Kronecker delta function; Quotient law. Fundamental tensor: length of vector, covariant metric tensor, associate tensor, raising and lowering of indices, Orthogonality. Tensor calculus: differentiation of tensor, Christoffel symbols, Covariant differentiation.
REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Matrices and Tensons in Physics by A W Joshi. 2. Introduction to mathematical physics by C Harper, PHI. 3. Mathematical Physics by Satya prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi.
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GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

PHY 201: ADVANCED MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS
UNIT-1: Tensors Definition of tensors, tensors in physics, notation and conventions. Covariant vector, contravarient vector, tensors of higher rank. Algebra of tensors: addition, subtraction, outer product, inner product; contraction of tensor; symmetric and antisymmetric tensors; Kronecker delta function; Quotient law. Fundamental tensor: length of vector, covariant metric tensor, associate tensor, raising and lowering of indices, Orthogonality. Tensor calculus: differentiation of tensor, Christoffel symbols, Covariant differentiation. UNIT-2: Group theory Groups, subgroups, classes. Homomorphism and isomorphism. Group representation. Reducible and irreducible representations. Character of a representation, character tables. Construction of representations. Representations of groups and quantum mechanics. Lie groups. The three dimensional rotation group SO(3). The special unitary groups SU(2) and SU(3). The irreducible representations of SU(2). Representations of SO(3) from those of SU(2) Some applications of group theory in physics UNIT-3: Complex analysis Properties of analytic functions, Cauchys integral theorem, singularities, Cauchys residue theorem, evaluation of definite integrals. UNIT-4: Numerical Techniques Numerical Methods. Solutions of algebraic and transcendental equations: Bisection, iterative and Newton-Raphson methods. Interpolation: Newton's and Lagrange's methods. Curve fitting: Method of least squares. Differentiation: Newtons formula. Integration: Trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules. Eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. Solutions of ordinary differential equations: Euler's modified method and Runge-Kutta methods. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Matrices and Tensons in Physics by A W Joshi. 2. Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis: S. S. Sastry, PHI, 1995. 3. Numerical Methods: E. Balagruswamy (TMH, 20001). 4. Mathematical physics by P K Chattopadhyay, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Mumbai. 5. Mathematical Physics, B D Gupta, 3rd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2006. 6. Introduction to Mathematical Physics by C Harper, PHI. 7. Mathematical Physics by Satya prakash, S Chand and Sons, New Delhi. 8. Advanced Engineering mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 7th Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited Publications, 1993. 9. Mathematical Physics, B.S. Rajput, 17th Edition, Pragati Prakasam, 2004. 11
PHY 202: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

UNIT-1: Time-dependent phenomena Perturbation theory for time evolution, first and second order transition amplitudes and their physical significance. Applications of first order theory: constant perturbation, wide and closely spaced levels-Fermi's golden rule, scattering by a potential. Harmonic perturbation: interactions of an atom with electromagnetic radiation, dipole transitions and selection rules; spontaneous and induced emission, Einstein A and B coefficients. Sudden approximation. UNIT-2 a. Identical particles and spin: Indistinguishability of identical particles. Symmetry of wave function and spin. Bosons and Fermions. Pauli exclusion principle. Singlet and triplet states of He atom and exchange integral Spin angular momentum, Pauli matrices. b. Angular momentum: Definition, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix representation, orbital angular momentum. Addition of angular momenta, Clebsch-Gordon coefficients for simple cases: j1 = , j2 = and j1 = 1, j2 = . UNIT-3 a. Symmetry principles: Symmetry and conservation laws, symmetry and degeneracy. Space-time symmetries, Displacement in space- conservation of linear momentum, Displacement in time, conservation of energy, Rotation in space, conservation of angular momentum, Space inversion,parity. Time reversal invariance. b. Relativistic wave equations: Schrodingers relativistic equation: free particle, electromagnetic potentials, separation of equations, energy level in a coulomb field. Diracs relativistic equation: free particle equation, Dirac matrices, free particle solutions, charge and current densities. Electromagnetic potentials. Diracs equation for central field: spin angular momentum, approximate reduction, spin orbit energy. Separation of the equation. The Hydrogen atom, classification of energy levels and negative energy states. UNIT-4: Quantization of wave fields Classical and quantum field equations; co-ordinates of the field, classical Lagrangian equation, functional derivative; Hamiltons equations, quantum equations for the field; Quantization of non-relativistic Schrodinger wave equation: classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian equations. Second Quantization. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Quantum Mechanics: L. I Schiff (McGraw-Hill, 1968). 2. Quantum Mechanics: F. Schwabl (Narosa, 1992). 3. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics: P.M.Mathews and K Venkateshan (TMH, 1994). 4. Quantum Mechanics: V. K. Thankappan (Wiley Eastern, 1980). 5. Quantum mechanics: B K Agarwal and Hariprakash (Prentice-Hall, 1997). 12
PHY 203: NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-1 a. Introduction: Origin of Nanotechnology, Nano materials, Types of nonmaterials, Surface area to volume ration, Quantum confinement effect, band theory of nonmaterials. Physical and chemical properties of nonmaterials. b. Synthesis of nanomaterials: Bottom-up approach and Top-down approach with examples. Physical methods: Inert gas condensation, Arc Discharge, RF-plasma, plasma arc technique, electric explosion of wires, lasers ablation, laser pyrolysis, ball milling, molecular beam epitaxial, electro deposition. Sol-gel technique, Combustion synthesis, ultrasonic precipitation process, chemical vapour deposition. UNIT-2: Characterization of Nanomaterials Structural characterization techniques: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS), X-Ray topography, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX), Principles and applications of XRay Diffraction: Small angle X-Ray Diffraction and Wide angle X-Ray Diffraction; Electron Diffraction, Electro probe microanalysis (EPMA), Ion beam techniques: RBS. Surface characterization Techniques: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy, Basic principles and applications of scanning probe techniques (SPM), Atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques: UV-Visible spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) & Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy techniques: Photo luminescence Spectroscopy. Electrical characterization Techniques: Hall Measurement, capacitance, and voltage measurements, I-V analysis. Magnetic & Dielectric Characterization: SQUID, Dielectric measurements, impedance and ferroelectric measurements. UNIT-3 a. Carbon nanostructures: Allotropes of Carbon, Graphene, Properties of Graphene, Applications of graphene, Fullerenes, Fullerene synthesis and purification, Properties of fullerenes. Carbon nanotubes, Structure, Types of Carbon nanotubes, Synthesis of Carbon nanotubes, Purification of Carbon nanotubes, Properties of Carbon nanotubes, Applications of Carbon nanotubes. b. Inorganic nanostructures: Overview of relevant semiconductor physics - Quantum confinement in semiconductor nanostructures - The electronic density of states Fabrication techniques - Physical processes in semiconductor nanostructures - The characterisation of semiconductor nanostructures, Applications of semiconductor nanostructures. UNIT-4: Nanotechnology and Society Introduction to Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Goals: Knowledge and scientific understanding of nature, Industrial manufacturing, materials and products, Medicine and the human body, Sustainability: 13
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Agriculture, water, energy, materials and clean environment, Space exploration, National security, Moving into the market. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Nano: The Essentials: Understanding Nanoscience and Nanotecnology, T. Pradeep, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008. 2. Nanoscale Science and Technology, Robert W. Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley and Mark Geoghegan, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005. 3. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole Jr and Frank J. Owens, Wiley Interscience, 2003. 4. Principles of Nanotechnology by Phani kumar (Scitech Publications, Chennai). 5. Nanotechnology by Schmid etal (Spriger International edition). 6. Nanomaterials by A.K.Bandhyopadhyay (New Age International Pub. New Delhi). 7. Fundementals of Nanoelectronics by George W. Hanson (Perason education, NewDelhi). 8. MEMS & Microsystems: Design & Manufacture by Tai-Ran Hsu, (Tata Macgraw Hill, New Delhi). 9. Concept Document Nanoscience & Technology Initiative of DST, GOI, New Delhi, 2002. 10. Winner, Langdon, Societal Implications of Nanotechnology, Testimony to - on science of the US House of Representatives, 2003. 11. Ethics in Engineering, M. Martin & R. Schinzinger, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill. 12. Nanotechnology Regulation and Policy Worldwide (Artech House), Jeffrey H. Matsuura 2006.
PHY 204: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. One electron System: Quantum states of one electron atoms, atomic orbitals, hydrogen spectrum. Spectra of alkali elements, spin-orbit interaction and fine structure in alkali spectra. (Ref: 1, 6, 7) b. Two electron Systems: LS-coupling, equivalent and non-equivalent electrons, spectral terms, Pauli exclusion principle, coupling schemes for two electrons, interaction energies for LS coupling, fine structure splitting for sp electron configuration, Lande interval rule. jj-coupling spectral terms, interaction energies for jj-coupling, fine structure splitting for sp electron configuration. Qualitative consideration of selection and intensity rules for LS and jjcoupling. Hyperfine structure for one and two electrons and Lande interval rule. (Ref: 1, 6, 7) UNIT-2 a. Weak magnetic field effects: Normal and anamolous Zeeman effect, magnetic moment of a bound electron and Lande g-factor, magnetic interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern for principal series doublet, intensity rules. Zeeman effect for two 14
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 electronsmagnetic moment of the atom and g-factors, expression for magnetic interaction energy, selection rules, Zeeman pattern transitions for diffuse-series singlet, intensity rules. (Ref: 1, 6, 7) b. Strong magnetic field and Electric field effects: Paschen-Back effect, expression for total energy shift, transitions for principal series doublet. Qualitative treatment of PaschenBack effect and complete Paschen- Back effect for two electrons. Isotope structure. Stark effectfirst and second order Stark effects in hydrogen. Width of spectral lines (qualitative). (Ref: 1,6,7) UNIT-3: Microwave and Infra-red spectra Types of molecules- linear, symmetric top, asymmetric top and spherical top molecules. Theory of rotational spectra for rigid and non-rigid rotator diatomic molecules, energy levels, intensity of rotational lines. Microwave spectrometer and applications. Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule as simple harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, Morse potential energy curve, energy levels and vibrational spectra. Diatomic molecule as a vibrating-rotator, vibration-rotation spectra-P,Q,R branches. IR- spectrometer and applications. (Ref: 2-7) UNIT-4: UV-Visible spectra Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, vibrational coarse structure- band progressions and sequences, Frank-Condon principleintensity of vibrational-electronic spectra, dissociation energy and dissociation products. Rotational fine structure of electronic-vibration transitions, determination of vibrational and rotational constants. Molecular orbital. Classification of electronic states and multiplet structure, selection rules for electronic transitions and simple electronic transitions. UVVisible absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometers and applications. (Ref: 2-7) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra : H E White, McGraw Hill, 2. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy: C N Banwell and E M McCash, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999, 4th Edition. 3. Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure Vol. 1: Spectra of Diatomic Molecules: G. Herzberg, Von Nostrand. 4. Spectroscopy, Vols. 1, 2 and 3: B P Straughan and S Walker ,Chapman and Hall 5. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy: G M Barrow, McGraw Hill. 6. Physics of Atoms and Molecules: B H Bransden and C J Joachain, Longman, 1983. 7. Spectra of Atoms and Molecules: P F Bernath, Oxford University Press 1995.
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PHY 205: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. Crystal structure: Crystal systems, Crystal classes, Bravais lattice. Unit cell: WignerSeitz cell, equivalent positions in a unit cell. Notations of planes and directions. Atomic packing: packing fraction, Co-ordination number. Examples of simple crystal structures: NaCl, ZnS and diamond. Symmetry operations, point groups and space groups. (Ref: 1-3) b. X-ray diffraction: X-ray diffraction, Bragg law. Laue equations. Atomic form factor and Structure factor. Concept of reciprocal lattice and Ewalds construction. Experimental diffraction methods: Laue, Rotating crystal method and Powder method. (Ref: 1-3) UNIT-2 a. Crystal binding: Types of binding. Van der Waals-London interaction, Repulsive interaction. Modelung constant. Borns theory for lattice energy in ionic crystals and comparison with experimental results. Ideas of metallic binding, Hydrogen bonded crystals. (Ref: 1-3) b. Lattice vibrations: Vibrations of monoatomic lattices. First Brillouin zone. Quantization of lattice vibrations - Concept of Phonon, Phonon momentum. Specific heat of lattice (qualitative). (Ref: 1-3) UNIT-3 a. Energy bands in solids: Formation of energy bands. Free electron model: free electrons in one and three dimensional potential wells, electrical conductivity, heat capacity, paramagnetism, Fermi-Dirac distribution, density of states, concept of Fermi energy. Kronig-Penny model. Nearly Free Electron Model (qualitative). Tight Binding model (qualitative). (Ref: 1-3) b. Defects in solids: Point defects: Schottky and Frenkel defects and their equilibrium concentrations. Line defects: Dislocations, multiplication of dislocations (Frank-Read mechanism). Plane defects: grain boundary and stacking faults. (Ref: 1-3) UNIT-4 a. Semiconductors: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, concept of majority and minority carriers. Statistics of electrons and holes, electrical conductivity. Hall effect. Experimental determinations of resistivity of semiconductor by four probe method. (Ref: 1 and 4) b. Superconductors: Superconductivity, Zero resistance,. Meissner effect, Critical field, Classification into Type I and Type II, Thermodynamics of superconducting transition, Electrodynamics of superconductors. (Ref: 1 and 2) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and applications, M. A. Omar, AddisonWesley. 16
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekkar, Prentice Hall Inc. Semiconductor Physics, P. S. Kireev, MIR Publishers. Solid State Physics, S. O. Pillai, New Age Publisher, 2010.
PHY 206: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. Properties of Nucleus: Nuclear constitution. The notion of nuclear radius and its estimation from Rutherfords scattering experiment; the coulomb potential inside the nucleus and the mirror nuclei. The nomenclature of nuclei, and nucleon quantum numbers. Nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moment. Nuclear electric moments and shape of the nucleus. b. Nuclear Forces: General features of nuclear forces. Bound state of deuteron with square well potential, binding energy and size of deuteron. Deuteron electric and magnetic moments - evidence for non-central nature of nuclear forces. Yukawas meson theory of nuclear forces. UNIT-2 a. Nuclear Reactions: Reaction scheme, types of reactions and conservation laws. Reaction kinematics, threshold energy and Q-value of nuclear reaction. Energetics of exoergic and endoergic reactions. Reaction probability and cross section. Bohr's compound nucleus theory of nuclear reactions. b. Nuclear Models: The shell model; Evidence for magic numbers, energy level, scheme for nuclei with Infinite Square well potential and the ground state spins. The extreme single particle prediction of nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moments -Schmidt limits. The liquid drop model: Nuclear binding energy, Bethe-Weizsacker's semi empirical mass formula; stability limits against spontaneous fission and nuclear decay. UNIT-3 a. Nuclear Decays: Alpha decay: Quantum mechanical barrier penetration, Gammow's theory of alpha decay and alpha half-life systematics. Beta decay: Continuous beta spectrum, neutrino hypothesis, and Fermis theory of beta decay, beta comparative halflife systematics. Gamma decay: Qualitative consideration of multipole character of gamma radiation and systematics of mean lives for gamma multipole transitions. b. Interaction of Radiation with Matter: Interactions of charged particles with matter, ionisation energy loss, stopping power and range energy relations for charged particles. Interaction of gamma rays; photoelectric, Compton and pair production processes. Nuclear radiation detectors-G M counter and Scintillation detector. UNIT-4 a. Nuclear Energy: Fission process, fission chain reaction, four factor formula and controlled fission chain reactions, energetics of fission reactions, fission reactor. Fusion 17
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 process, energetics of fusion reactions; Controlled thermonuclear reactions; Fusion reactor. Stellar nucleo synthesis. b. Fundamental Interactions and Elementary Particles: Basic interactions and their characteristic features. Elementary particles, classification; Conservation laws in elementary particle decays. Quark model of elementary particles. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. The Atomic Nucleus: R D Evans (TMH). 2. Nuclear and Particle Physics : W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Addison Wesley, 1998). 3. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern). 4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles: P Mermier and E Sheldon (Academic Press). 5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand). 6. Nuclei and Particles: E Segre (Benjamin). 7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya). 8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: S B Patel (Wiley Eastern).
PHY 207: ELECTRONICS

UNIT-1: Operational amplifiers The ideal Op-Amp-inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers-CMRR; OpAmp IC building blocks-emitter coupled differential amplifier, active load, level shifting and output stage; Op-Amp characteristics-open-loop input output characteristics, frequency response and slew rate; Op-Amp applications-adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, comparator, voltage-to-current converter, current-to-voltage converter and logarithmic amplifier. UNIT-2 a. Digital electronics: Logic gates-Boolean algebra and De-Morgans theorem; Boolean laws and theorem-Sum-of-Products and Products-of-Sums method-Karnaugh simplifications; Multiplexers and Demultiplexers; BCD-to-Decimal decoders-Sevensegment decoders; Decimal-to-BCD encoder; Half-adder and Full-adder circuits. b. Flip-Flops: Types of Flip-Flops-RS Flip-Flop, Clocked RS Flip-Flop, D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-Flop and J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flops; Schmit Trigger; 555 Timer-Astable and Monostable circuits. UNIT-3: Registers and Counters Types of Registers-Serial in-Serial out, Serial in-Parallel out, Parallel in-Serial out, Parallel in-Parallel out Registers; Types of Counters-Ring Counters, Asynchronous and Synchronous Counters, Shift Counters; D/A and A/D Converters. UNIT-4: Molecular electronics Molecular Scale Electronics, Introduction, Nanosystems, Engineering Materials At the Molecular Level - Molecular Device Architectures, Molecular Rectification, Electronic 18
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Switching and Memory Devices, Single Electronic Devices, Optical and Chemical Switches, Nanomagnetic Systems, Nanotube Electronics, Molecular Actuation, Logic Circuits, Computing Architectures, Quantum Computing. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Text Book of Electronics, S. Chattopadhyay, New Central Book Agency Pvt., Ltd., Kolkata, 2006. 2. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D.P. Leach, Tata McGraw-Hill, Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1986. 3. Molecular Electronics from Principle to Practice, Michael C. Petty, John Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2007. 4. Electronics Principles, Malvino, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2001. 5. Electronics Principles and Applications, A.B. Bhattacharya, New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, 2007.
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GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

PHY 301: MATERIALS SCIENCE
UNIT-1 a. Engineering Materials: Materials science and engineering, Classification, Levels of structure, Structure-property relationship in materials. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3) b. Structure of Solids: The crystalline and Non-crystalline states, Covalent solids, Metals and alloys, Ionic solids, The structure of silica and silicates. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3) UNIT-2 a. Crystal growth: Crystal growth from melt: Bridgemann technique, Crystal pulling by Czochralskis method, Growth from solutions, Hydrothermal method, Gel method, Zone refining method of purification. (Ref: 2 and 5) b. Crystal imperfections: Point imperfections, Dislocation, Edge and Screw dislocation, Concept of Burger vector and Burger circuit, Surface imperfections, Colour centres in ionic solids. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3) UNIT-3 Solid Phases and Phase diagrams: Single and multiphase solids, Solid solutions and Hume-Rothery rules, Intermediate phase, The intermetallic and interstitial compounds, Properties of alloys: solid solutions and two component alloy systems; Phase diagram, Gibbs phase rule, Lever rule; First, second and third order phase transitions with examples; Some typical phase diagrams: Pb-Sn and Fe-Fe2O3; Eutectic, eutectoid, peritectic and peritectoid systems. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3). UNIT-4 a. Phase transformation: Time scale for phase changes; Nucleation and growth, nucleation kinetics; Growth and overall transformation kinetics, Applications: transformation in steel; Precipitation processes, solidification and crystallization; Glass transition, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. (Ref: 1, 2 and 3) b. Diffusion in Solids: Theory of diffusion, Self-diffusion, Ficks law of diffusion, Kirkindal effect, Activation energy for diffusion, Applications of diffusion. (Ref: 1, 2, 3) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Elements of Materials science and Engineering, L. H. Van Vlack, Addison Wesley (6th edition, 1989). 2. Materials Science and Engineering, V. Raghvan, Printice Hall of India, 5th edition, 2009. 3. Materials Science and Processes, S. K. Hazra Chaudary, Indian Distr Co. (1977). 4. Introduction to Solids, L. V. Azaroff, Tata McGraw Hill education Pvt. Ltd., 1984. 5. Crystal Growth, B. R. Pamplin, Pergamon Press.
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PHY 302: ADVANCED SOLID STATE PHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. Transport properties of metals: Boltzman equation, Electrical conductivity, Calculation of relaxation time. Impurity scattering, Ideal resistance. General transport coefficients, Thermal conductivity, Thermoelectric effects, Lattice conduction, Phonon drag. (Ref: 1 and 2) b. Transport properties of semiconductors: Thermal conductivity. Thermoelectric and magnetic effects. Hot electron and energy relaxation times. High frequency conductivity. Acoustic (deformation and piezoelectric) and optical (polar and non polar) scattering by electrons. (Ref: 1) UNIT-2 a. Dielectric properties of solids: Macroscopic description of static dielectric constant, Electronic, ionic and orientational polarisation, Lorentz field, Dielectric constant of solids, complex dielectric constant and dielectric losses. Theory of electronic polarisation and optical absorption. (Ref: 2 & 3) b. Ferroelectricity: General properties, Classification, Dipole theory and its drawbacks, Thermodynamics of ferroelectric transitions, Ferroelectric domains. (Ref: 2 & 3) UNIT-3: Magnetic properties of solids Classification, Langevin theory of diamagnetism, Quantum theory of paramagnetism. Ferromagnetism: Concept of domains, thermodynamics, thickness of Bloch wall, Molecular field concept, Weiss theory, Heisenberg exchange interaction, Ising model, Spin waves dispersion relation (one dimensional case), quantization of spin waves, Concept of magnons and thermal excitation of magnons, Bloch T3/2 law for magnetization. Antiferromagnetism: Two sublattice model. Ferrimagnetism in the context of Iron garnets. (Ref: 2-4) UNIT-4: Superconductivity Review of basic properties, classification into type I and type II. Energy gap and its temperature dependence. Super currents and Critical currents. Londons phenomenological equations, Penetration depth. Cooper pairs, Coherence length. Instability of Fermi surface and cooper pairs. BCS theory and comparison with experimental results. Ground state energy of superconductor. Quantization of magnetic flux. Josephson effects (AC and DC) and applications. High TC materials: Structure and properties, Some applications. (Ref: 1-3 and 5). REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Principles of the Theory of Solids, J. M. Ziman, Cambridge University Press. 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics, C. Kittel, Wiley Eastern. 3. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekkar, Prentice Hall Inc. 4. The Physical Principles of Solids, A. H. Morrish 5. Introduction to Superconductivity, M. Tinkham, McGraw-Hill, International Editions. 21
PHY 303: PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

UNIT-1: Electrical and mechanical properties Introduction, Energy Storage Basics, General Information: Electrical Energy Storage Devices and Impact of Nanomaterials, Batteries, Capacitors - Gold Standards (State of the Art) for Both Batteries and Capacitors - Electrochemical Properties of Nanoscale Materials - Aerogels and Structure-Directed Mesoporous and Macroporous Solids - Nanoparticles Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanorolls. Nanoscale Mechanics - Introduction, Mechanical properties, Density Considered as an Example Property, The Elasticity of Nanomaterials, Elasticity of Bulk Nanomaterials, Plastic Deformation of Nanomaterials - The Physical Basis of Yield Strength, Crystals and Crystal Plasticity, From Crystal Plasticity to Polycrystal Plasticity. UNIT-2: Nanooptics Absorption: direct and indirect bandgap transitions - Emission: photoluminescence and Raman Scattering, Emission: Chemiluminescence and Electroluminescence, Shape dependent optical properties, Optical absorption, Optical emission, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) - Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). UNIT-3: Nanocatalysis Introduction, nanomaterials in catalysis, metals, recent progress, nanostructured adsorbant, metals, controlled pore size materials, pelletized nanocrystal, nanoparticles as new chemical reagents, metals, metal oxide reactions, nanocomposite polymers, fluids, inks and dyes, block co polymers and dendrimers, nanocrystal superlattices. UNIT-4: Nanomagnetism Introduction, fundamental concepts, magnetic materials, dia, para and ferromagnetism magnetic phenomena in ferromagnetic materials, magnetic anisotropy, magnetic domains, hysteresis small particle magnetism, single domain particles, coercivity of single domain particles, superparamagnetism, the coercivity of small particles - review of some issue in nanoscale magnetism. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Nanomaterials: Mechanics and Mechanisms, K. T. Ramesh, Springer, 2009. 2. Nanoscale materials in chemistry, Kenneth J. Klabunde, John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 3. Nanoscale materials in chemistry, Kenneth J. Klabunde, John Wiley & Sons, 2001. 4. Nanoscopic materials; Size dependent phenomena, Emil Roduner, RSC publishing, 2006. 5. Optical properties and spectroscopy of nanomaterials, Jin Zhong Zhang, World Scientific, 2009. 6. Nanoelectronics and nanosystems, K. Goser, P. Glsektter and J. Dienstuhl, Springer 2008.
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PHY 304: POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-1 a. Introduction and methods of synthesis: Macromolecular concepts, structural feature of polymers, correlation between structure and properties of various polymerization methods. b. Industrial methods for polymer production & characterization techniques: Bulk, solution, suspension and emulsion polymerization techniques, interfacial, melt and solution polycondensation, some other miscellaneous techniques. UNIT-2: Concepts on chemical & physical properties Chemical bonds, polymer solubility, chemical reactivity, polymer degradations, toxicity, diffusion and permeability, flammability, recycling, reclamation etc. UNIT-3: Rheology of polymers Stress and strain, types of deformation, Newtonian and non-newtonian fluid, apparent viscosity, the power law, molecular hole concept, Weisenberg effect, melt fracture, ideal elastic behaviour, viscoelastic behaviour, plastic stress-strain behaviour, creep, toughness, measurement methods. UNIT-4 a. Microstructure of polymers and order in crystalline polymers: Microstructures based on chemical and geometrical structures, properties related to structures, crystalline and non-crystalline polymers degree of crystallinity, factors affecting crystallinity and crystallisability, helix structure, spherulites b. Transition temperatures & properties of polymers: Glass transition temperature, melting temperature, measurement methods, factors affecting transition temperatures as well as properties, Heat distortion temperature. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Polymer Science by V. R. Gowarikar. 2. Polymer Science and Tech. of Plastics and Rubber by P. Ghosh. 3. Plastic materials and processing by A. Brent strong. 4. Introduction to polymers by Young & Lovell.
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PHY 305: PHYSICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

UNIT-1: Liquid crystals Introduction, classification of liquid crystals, thermotropic liquid crystals (rod like molecules), chirality in liquid crystals, nematic, cholestrric and smectic mesophases, polymorphism in thermotropic liquid crystals, polymer liquid crystals and their applications, distribution functions and order parameter, measurement of order parameters by X-ray diffraction. UNIT-2 a. Theories of phase transition: Nature of phase transitions and critical phenomena in liquid crystals, Mier-Saupe theory for nematic-isotropic and nematic-smectic A transitions, optical properties of cholesteric liquid crystals, the blue phases, pressure induced mesomorphism. b. Continuum Theory: Continuum theory of the nematic state, liquid crystals in electric and magnetic fields, magnetic coherence length, Freedericksz transitions, field-induced cholesteric-nematic transition, continuum theory of smectic. A Phase, Reentrant phenomena in liquid crystals. UNIT-3: Ferroelectric and discotic liquid crystals Ferroelectric liquid crystals, applications of ferroelectric liquid crystals, discotic liquid crystals, he columnar liquid crystal, the discotic nematic phase. Lyotropic liquid crystals, constituents of lyotropic liquid crystals, structures of lyotropic liquid crystal phases, biological membranes. UNIT-4: Identification of liquid crystal phases and liquid crystal technology Identification of nematic, smectic and chiral liquid crystal phases by optical polarizing microscopy (Visual appearance and texture), Phase identification with Differential Scanning Calorimetry, liquid crystal display, the twisted nematic liquid crystal displays, liquid crystal displays using polymers, applications of liquid crystals.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. 2. 3. 4. Liquid Crystals by S. Chandrasekhar. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals by Vertogen and Jeu. The Physics of Liquid Crystals by de Geenes and Prost. Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals by Goodby et al.
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PHY 306: GLASSES AND CERAMICS

UNIT-1 a. Introduction to glass: Definition, Enthalpy / Temperature diagram, Principles of glass formation, Kinetic theories of glass formation, Determination of glass forming ability and glass stability. b. Glass melting: Raw material, Compositinal nomenclature, Batch calculations, Mechanism of batch melting, Fining of melts, Homogenizing of melts. c. Immiscibility and phase separation: Mechanism for phase separation, Immiscibility of glass forming systems. UNIT-2 a. Structure of glasses: Fundamental law of structural model, Elements of structural model, elements of structural models for glasses, Structural models for different oxide glasses. b. Density of glasses, Thermal expansion of glasses: Measurement technique, Transport properties of glasses, Fundamentals of diffusion, Ionic diffusion, Ionic conductivity. c. Transport properties: Introduction to ionic conduction, Compositional effect, Activation energy for electronic conduction, Effect of thermal history on electronic conduction. UNIT-3 a. Ceramic phase-equilibrium diagrams: Gibbs phase rule, One-component phase diagrams, Technique for determining phase-equilibrium diagrams, Two-component system, Two-component phase diagrams, Three-component phase diagrams, Phase composition versus temperature, The systemAl2 O3-SiO2, The system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, Non equilibrium phase. b. Phase transformation and glass ceramics: Theory of transformation kinetics, Nucleation, Crystal growth, Glass-ceramic formation by controlled crystallization, Properties of glass ceramic materials. UNIT-4 a. Grain Growth, Sintering, and Vitrification: Recrystalization and grain growth, Solidstate sintering, Vitrification, Sintering with a reactive liquid, Pressure sintering and hot pressing. b. Thermal Properties: Introduction, Heat capacity, Density and thermal expansion of Crystal and glasses. c. Dielectric Properties: Electrical phenomenon, Dielectric constants, of crystal and glasses, Dielectric loss factor for crystal and glasses, Dielectric conductivity, Polycrystalline and polyphase ceramics, Dielectric strength, Ferroelectric ceramics. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to Glass Science and Technology, 2nd Edition, J.E. Shelby. 2. Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd Edition, W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen and D.R. Uhlmann. 25
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 3. Glass Science, R. H. Doremus (Wiley, New York, 1973) 4. Glasses for Photonics, Masayuki Yamane, Yoshiyuki Asahara (Cambridge University Press, 2000) 5. Properties, processing and applications of glass and rare earth-doped glasses for optical fibres, Dan Hewak (INSPEC, London, 1998.) 3. Glass ceramics, P.W. Mc Millan (Academic Press, New York, 1964) 4. Fundamentals of Ceramics, M. W. Barsoum (Taylor & Francis Group, NY, 2003)
PHY 307: LASER PHYSICS UNIT-1 a. Coherence: Coherence, spatial and temporal coherence, measurement of spatial and temporal coherence, coherence time, coherence length, line width and monochromaticity; coherence time and line width via Fourier analysis, complex degree of coherence and fringe visibility in Youngs double hole experiment. b. Laser rate equations: Basic structure of a Laser, theory of laser oscillations, round-trip power gain and threshold condition. Rate equations for two, three and four level lasers; variation of laser power around threshold, optimum output coupling. UNIT-2 a. Optical resonators: Plane-parallel resonator, spherical resonator, confocal resonator, unstable resonator, losses in optical resonator, quality factor Q. b. Line broadening mechanisms and laser modes: Line shape broadening: Doppler broadening, collision broadening, natural radiative lifetime broadening, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening. Laser modes: Longitudinal and transverse modes, experimental arrangement for mode selection. Gain saturation, gain saturation in homogeneously and inhomogeneously broadened lasers, hole burning. UNIT-3 a. Single and multimode oscillations: Multimode oscillations, single-line and single-mode oscillation, frequency pulling, Lamb dip and laser frequency stabilization; ultimate line width of the laser (limit to monochromaticity), laser spiking in time-dependent condition. b. Q-switching and mode locking techniques: Q-switching, production of a giant pulse; methods of Q-switching: Mechanical shutters, electro-optical shutters, acousto-optic Qswitches, shutter using saturable dyes, peak-power emitted during the pulse, giant pulse dynamics. Mode locking: Active and passive mode locking techniques, ultrashort laser pulses, Laser amplifiers.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-4: Types of Lasers Solid state Lasers: Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass lasers. Gas Lasers: Ionic Lasers: Ar+ Laser, Metal vapour Lasers: He-Cd laser and copper vapour laser. Molecular Laser: CO2 Laser and its types. Liquid Lasers: Dye lasers, ring dye laser, tuning techniques. Excimer laser, chemical laser, semiconductor laser, colour center laser, free-electron laser, X-ray laser and gamma laser. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Optics: Ajoy Ghatak, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Co., 1994, 2 nd Ed. 2. Lasers: Theory and Applications, K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak, Mc-Millan India Ltd., 1997. 3. Optical Electronics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1994. 4. Principles of Lasers: Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY, 1986, 2 nd Ed. 5. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D. C. OShea, W. R. Callen and W. J. Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978. 6. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, London ,1971. 7. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics: B. B. Laud, New Age Intl. (P) Ltd. Publ, 1996, 2 nd Ed. 8. Source Book on Lasers: Hecht.
PHY 308: ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS UNIT-1 a. Formal theory of nuclear reactions: Nuclear reactions, general formalism and cross sections. Principle of detailed balance. Resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner formula for l = 0, level widths and strength functions. b. Statistical model: Statistical theory of nuclear reactions, evaporation probability and cross sections for specific reactions. Experimental results. c. Optical model: Optical potentials and optical model parameters. Optical model at low energy, Kapur-Pierls dispersion formula for potential scattering and experimental results. UNIT-2 a. Direct reactions: Transfer reactions. Theory of stripping and pickup reaction. Plane wave Born approximation and qualitative consideration of distorted wave Born approximation. b. Heavy ion physics: Special features of heavy ion reactions. Qualitative treatment of remote electromagnetic interaction-Coulomb excitations; close encounters, grazing collisions and particle transfer. Direct and head on collision, compound nucleus and quasi molecule formation. UNIT-3 a. Particle detectors and accelerators: Gas filled ionisation detectors: Current mode and pulse mode operation; proportional counter, position sensitive ionisation chamber and multi-wire proportional counter. Semiconductor detectors: Semiconductor P-N 27
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 junction as a detector. Types of semiconductor detectors; surface barrier, Si(Li), Ge(Li) and high purity germanium detectors. Pelletron accelerator. b. Radiation protection: Dose units, estimation and measurement of dose from beta, gamma and neutron sources. Dosimeters. Biological effects of ionising radiation. Radiation protection, tolerance limits of exposure to radiation and late effects of radiation. Radiation shielding. UNIT-4 a. Neutron diffraction: Classification of neutrons in terms of energy. Bound and free atom cross section, coherent and incoherent cross sections. Neutron diffraction from single crystals and powders, advantages of neutron diffraction over X-ray diffraction. Refractive index of neutrons and mirror reflection of cold neutrons. Neutron interferometer and its application. b. Nuclear techniques: Basic principles, instrumentation and application of positron annihilation spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), proton induced x-ray emission (PIXE), Rutherford back scattering (RBS). REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy. 2. Radiation Detection and Measurement: G F Knoll. 3. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis. 4. Physics of Nuclei and Particles : Marmier and Sheldon (Academic Press) 5. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics : Singru. 6. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern) 7. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya) 8. Atomic and Nuclear Physics : S N Ghoshal (S. Chand) 9. Neutron Diffraction: G F Bacon
PHY 309: BIOPHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. Cell biophysics: Cell doctrine; General organisation and composition of the cells. b. Bioenergetics: The biological energy cycle and the energy currency. Thermodynamic concepts; Free energy of a system- Gibbs free energy function, Chemical potential and redox potentials. Energy conversion pathways-Kreb's cycle; respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation. Photosynthesis- photosynthetic apparatus; mechanisms of energy trapping and transfer; photophosporylation. UNIT-2 a. Membrane biophysics: Cell membranes- structure, function and models; Transport across membranes- passive and active processes; Chemiosmotic energy transductionvan't Hoff equation; Ionic equilibrium-electrochemical potential; Nernst's equation; Flow across membranes- membrane permeability. 28
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 b. Neurophysics: The nervous system. Synaptic transmission; information processing in neuronal systems. Physical basis of biopotentials; Action potential; Nernst-Planck equation. Nerve excitation and conduction; Hodgkin-Huxley model. UNIT-3: Physiological biophysics Physics of sensory organs- the transmission of information; Generator potentials. Visual receptor- mechanism of image formation; Auditory receptor- mechanism of sound perception; Mechanisms of chemical, somatic and visceral receptors. Mechanism of muscle contractility and motility. Temporal organisation- basis of biorhythms. UNIT-4 a. Biophysics of the immune system: The Immune system; cellular basis of immunal responses; antibodies and antigens; Immunological memory. b. Genetic engineering: Gene-Structure, expression and regulation; Genetic code and genome organisation; Recombinant technology. Transgenic systems. CyberneticsGenetic information and the brain; neural nets. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. An introduction to biophysics, C Sybesma, Academic, 1977. 2. Biophysics, V Pattabhi and N Gautham, Narosa 2002. 3. Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age 2001. 4. Molecular biophysics: R B Setlow and E C Polland (Addition Wesley, 1962). 5. Biophysics, W Hoppe, W Lohmann, H Markl, H Ziegler (Springer Verlag, 1983). 6. Biophysics and Human Approach, I W Sherman and V G Sherman (Oxford, 1979) 7. Molecular biology of the cell, B. Alterts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raft, K. Roberts and J D Watson (Garland, 1984). 8. Molecular Cell Biology, H Lodish, A Berk, S L Zipursky, P Matsudaira, D Baltomore and J Darnel (Freeman, 2000). 9. Biophysical principles of structure and function: F M Snell, S Shulman, R P Spensor and C Moos, Addition Wesley, 1965. 10. Principles of Neural science: E R Kendel and J H Schwar (Elsevier, 1982).
PHY 310: ASTROPHYSICS

UNIT-1: Spherical Astronomy Formulas of spherical trigonometry, celestial sphere, celestial and terrestrial coordinates, diurnal and rotation of the sky. Raising setting and culminations, ecliptic and annual motion of sun, Sideral Time (ST), True Solar Time (TST). Mean Solar Time (MST), Local Time (LT), Universal Time (UT) and Zonal time, Julian dates and heliocentric correction. 29
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-2: Telescope and detectors Optical Telescope: Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope. Detectors for optical and infrared region: Photomultiplier Tube (PMT), Semiconductor PIN photodiode. Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) image sensor. Photometer head, Analog card, pulse counting electronics,DC amplifier, V to F convertor, DC Electronic data display system. UNIT-3: Practical Observation Techniques Finding charts, comparison stars, single star measurements: pulse-counting measurements, DC photometry, differential photometry. Faint stars and photometry of astronomical sources from space. Data reduction procedure: statistic error analysis. Techniques of observation of radio astronomy in far infrared EUV, X-ray and gamma ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum. UNIT-4 a. Properties and application of photometry: Photometric system: properties of UBV system, UBV photometry, Transformation equation, other photometric systems. Basic light curve analysis, eclipsing binaries interinsicvariable solar system objects, spoted, stars, pulsating stars and extragalctic photometry. b. Radio Astronomy: The radio window. Resolution and sesitivity of radio telescope synthesis of telescopes. Thermal and non-thermal emission- synchrotron radiation. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Text book on spherical astronomy: Smart W. M, Cambride Univ. Press, 1962 2. Astronomical photometry: Henden. A. A and Kaitchuck. R. H, Willmann-Bell inc., Virginia 1990 3. Photoelectric photometry of variable stars: Douglas S. Hall, Russell M. Genet, Willmann-Bell inc., Virginia. 4. Observational astronomy: Binney Scott D, Cambridge University, 1991.
PHY 311: PLASMA PHYSICS

UNIT-1 a. Plasma properties: Occurrence of plasmas in nature. Definition of plasma, Concept of temperature, Debye shielding, Plasma parameter, Criteria for plasmas. b. Single particle motions: Uniform E and B fields, Nonuniform B field, Nonuniform E field, Time-varying E field, Time-varying B field, Guiding centre drifts, Adiabatic invariants. UNIT-2: Plasmas as fluids Relation of plasma physics to electromagnetics, The fluid equation of motion, Fluid drifts perpendicular to B, Fluid drifts parallel to B, Plasma approximation.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Kinetic approach to plasma Equations of kinetic theory, Derivation of the fluid equations, Plasma oscillations and Landau damping, Physical derivation of Landau damping, Ion Landau damping, Kinetic effects in a magnetic field. UNIT-4: Waves in plasmas Representation of waves, Plasma oscillations, Electron plasma waves, Sound waves, Ion waves, Validity of plasma approximation, Comparison of ion and electron waves, Electromagnetic waves in magnetized plasma. Hydromagnetc waves, Magnetosonic waves. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion: F F Chen (Plenum, 1984). 2. Principles of plasma physics: N A Krall and A W Trivelpiece (McGraw Hill, 1973). 3. Plasma physics: R A Cairns (Blackie, 1985). 4. Introduction to plasma theory: D R Nicholson (John Wiley, 1983). 5. Plasma physics for nuclear fusion: K Myamoto (MIT, 1980). 6. The theory of plasma waves: T H Stix (McGraw Hill, 1962). 7. Magnetohydrodynamics: T G Cowling (Interscience, 1957). 8. Foundations of plasma dynamics: E H Holt and R E Huskell (McMillan, 1965). 9. Plasma diagnostic techniques: R H Huddlestone and L S Leonard (Eds, Academic, 1965). 10. Methods in nonlinear plasma physics: R C Davidson (Academic, 1972). 11. MHD instabilities: G. Bateman (MIT, 1978). 12. Cosmical Magnetic fields: E N Parker (Clerendon, 1980).
PHY 312: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

UNIT-1 a. Introduction to composites: Types of composite materials Dispersion strengthened composites, particulate composites, concretes, laminar composites and introduction to fiber reinforced composites. b. Reinforcements: Types of reinforcements Whiskers and fibers, preparation, structure and properties of different reinforcing fibers, carbon fibers, glass fibers, polymer fibers and alumina fibers. UNIT-2 a. Types of composites: Fiber reinforced composites with different matrix systems, polymer matrix (thermoset and thermoplastic) matrix composites, metal matrix composites and ceramic matrix composites. b. Test procedures: Test procedures for mechanical testing, physical properties, void content for fiber reinforced composites.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Fabrication techniques Interfaces in composites and micromechanics of composites molding processes for reinforced composites contact molding, vacuum bag molding, pressure bag molding, vacuum impregnation and injection molding, transfer molding, pultrusion, filament winding, Fabrication of Metal and Ceramic matrix composition. UNIT-4: Properties and applications of composites Mechanical Properties of composite, Effect of fiber volume content, orientation of fibers & void contents on mechanical properties of composite, fracture behaviour of composites, Thermal properties of composites. Applications of composites in different fields. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Science and Engineering of Materials by D. R. Askeland. 2. Science of engineering materials by Manas Chandra. 3. Hand Book of composites by G. Lubin. 4. Composites Materials by K. K. Chawla. 5. An introduction to composites materials by D. Hull.
PHY 313: ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Properties of semiconductors An overview of theory of free electron, nearly free electron and tight binding, Band structure and effective masses of some real semiconductors, semiconductor statistics, density of states, electron concentration, Fermi energy, Impurities, lattice vibrations, distribution function for phonons. Electron scattering processes: An overview of first and second order perturbation theories, Dirac delta function; Transition probability, matrix elements due to impurity Scattering, acoustic phonon (deformation potential & piezoelectric) and polar optical phonon scattering, screening. UNIT-2 a. Electronic and thermal transport properties in degenerate and non-degenerate semiconductors: Boltzmann transport equation for electrons, collision term, relaxation time and its relation with the transition probability, Boltzmann equation solution in relaxation time approximation mobility, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, thermoelectric coefficients Relaxation times : due to ionized impunity scattering, acoustic phonon scattering, polar optical phonon scattering. Boltzmann transport equation for phonons and its solution in the relaxation time approximation, Phonon thermal conductivity due to boundary, phonon-phonon and impurity scattering. b. Optical properties: Reflection and absorption, their classical theory of absorption, electron-photon matrix element, direct transitions and absorption coefficient, joint density of states, indirect transitions, excitonic absorption, free carrier absorption. Polaritons, plasmons. 32
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT-3: Transport in magnetic fields and high electric fields Hall effect, magneto-resistance and cyclotron resonance in relaxation time approximation and Landau quantization, cyclotron mass High field transport: High field mobility, hot electrons, Gunn effect, momentum loss rate and energy loss rate. UNIT-5: Semiconductor nanostructures Semiconductor nanostructures: Heterojunction, quantum well, quantum wire, superlattice, electron states, energy eigen values and density of states, electron concentration. Transport phenomena of two- dimensional election gas: Boltmann transport equation for 2DEG and its solution in relaxation time approximation, mobility of 2DEG. scattering rate due to acoustic phonon scattering and surface roughness scattering, quantum Hall effect (qualitative), heterojunction lasers. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Basic semiconductor physics, C. Hamaguchi, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (2005). 2. Theory of electrical transport, B. R. Nag, Pergammon Press (1972). 3. Semiconductor physics, K. Seeger, Springer-Verlag (1973). 4. Elementary solid state physics, M. A. Omar, Addison-Wesley (2001). 5. Physics of low-dimensional semiconductors, J. H. Davies, Cambridge University Press (1998). 6. Fundamentals of carrier transport (2nd ed.), M. Lundstrom, Cambridge University Press (2000). 7. Quantum wells, wires and dots, P. Harrison, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (2000). 8. Transport in nanostructures (2nd ed.), D. K. Ferry, S. M. Goodnick and J. Bird, Cambridge University press (2009).
PHY 314: GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY

UNIT-1: Equality of gravitational and inertial mass, the equivalence principle, clocks in gravitational field, the global positioning system, Newtonian gravity in spacetime terms, coordinates in curved spacetime, local inertial frames, lightcones and world lines, Vectors in curved spacetime, three dimensional surfaces, the geodesic equation, solving geodesic equation with symmetries and conservation laws, local inertial frames and freely falling frames. UNIT-2: Schwarzschild geometry, gravitational red shift, particle orbits, precession of the perihelion, light ray orbits, the deflection and time delay of light, PPN parameters, measurement of the PPN parameter gamma, PPN parameter beta, precession of mercurys perihelion. UNIT-3: Gravitational lensing, microlensing, accretion disks in astrophysics, binary pulsars, the Schwarzschild black hole, light cones of the Scwarzschild geometry, collapse to a black hole, Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates, non-spherical gravitational collapse, black holes in X33
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 ray binaries, black holes in galaxy centers, quantum evaporation of black holes, Hawking radiation. UNIT-4: Composition of the universe, the expanding universe, mapping the universe, evidence for homogeneity, homogeneous, isotropic spacetimes, the cosmological redshift, matter, radiation and vacuum, evolution of the flat FRW models, big bang origin of the universe, age and size of the universe, the Friedman equation, general solution of the Friedman equation. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. J B Hartle: Gravity-an introduction to Einsteins general relativity, Pearson education, 2003. 2. Wheeler, Thorn, Misner: Gravitation, Freeman, 1973. 3. J A peacock: Cosmological Physics, CUP, 1999. 4. S Weinberg: Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, 1972. 5. K D Krori: Special and general Relativity, PHI, 2010.
PHY 315: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS

UNIT 1: Dynamical systems An introduction, 1D Dynamical systems: Fixed points, Some canonical forms, 2D Dynamical systems: Fixed points and stability, Bifurcation: Hopf bifurcation, Saddle, node bifurcation, Examples from Newtonian dynamics, Simple pendulum, cubic potential, bistable potential, conical pendulum. Anharmonic oscillator: Frequency of undamped anharmonic oscillator, Lindstedt Poincare perturbation theory, Multiple time scale perturbation theory, coordinate perturbation , Limit cycles, Limit Cycle in van-der pol oscillator, Poincare Bendixon theorem, Unforced damped linear oscillator, Linear and nonlinear oscillator, van-der pol oscillator, weak nonlinear limit, strong nonlinear limit, Parametric oscillators, Floquet theory, Mathieu equation, Forced nonlinear oscillator, Hard Duffing oscillator, Stability analysis, superharmonic and subharmonic response. UNIT 2: Fluid dynamics Units of measurement, solids, liquids and gases, continuum hypothesis, Transport phenomena, surface tension, Fluid statics, Conservation laws: Introduction, Time derivatives of volume integrals, conservation of mass, Stream functions: Revisited and Generalized, origin of forces in fluid, stress at a point, conservation of Momentum, Momentum principle for a fixed volume, Angular Momentum principle for a fixed volume, Constitutive equation for Newtonian fluid, Navier-Stokes Equation, Rotating frame, Mechanical Energy Equation, First law of thermodynamics: Thermal Energy Equation, Second law of thermodynamics: Entropy Production, Bernoulli Equation, Applications of Bernoulli Equation, Boussinesq Approximation, Boundary conditions.
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VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT 3: Overview of mathematical techniques to solve non linear differential equations, Homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method, accelerating convergence by multi stepping and Pade approximation methdos. Solution of non linear oscillator (Duffing Oscillator) using homotopy perturbation method, Differential transform method, Pade method, Solution of Van der Pol equation by Homotopy Perturbation method, Differential transform method, Lorentz equation, solution by Homotopy Perturbation method, Differential Transform Method. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Non Linear Dynamics Integrability, Chaos and Patterns, M Lakshmanan, S Rajashekar, Springer, 2008. 2. Non Linear Dynamics Primer with application to Magnetohydradynamics, J K Bhattacharjee, S Chakraborthy, A K Malik, Prism Books, 2011. 3. Fluid Mechanics (Fourth Edition), Pijush K Kundu, Ira M Cohen, Academic Press, 2008.
PHY 316: ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

UNIT-1: Introduction to the atmosphere Evolution of the atmosphere, hypothesis, theory and scientific methods involved in the atmosphere, observation of the atmosphere, different spheres of the atmosphere, composition of the atmosphere, ozone depletion, extent of the atmosphere, thermal structure of the atmosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, vertical variations in composition, temperature variation in the boundary layer and free atmosphere, water vapour in the air, static stability, change of pressure with altitude, weather and climate, annual mean conditions, dependence on time of the day, seasonal dependence and variability. UNIT-2: Atmospheric interactions Earth-Sun relationships, earths motion and orientation, different seasons, solstices and equinoxes, energy heat transfer, form of energy, temperature, heat, mechanisms of heat transfer, conduction, convection, radiation, reflection and scattering, absorption by earths surface and atmosphere, radiation emitted by the earths surface, heating the atmosphere, greenhouse effect, role of clouds in heating earth, heat budget, latitudinal heat balance, Models of the atmosphere, constant density model, isothermal model, polytropic model, US standard atmosphere, atmospheric reduced height, geometry of atmospherics scattering, particles in the atmosphere, dust particles, hygroscopic particles, aerosols and size distribution. UNIT-3: Atmospheric observations Importance of meteorological observations, measurements of temperature, mechanical and electrical thermometers, wet and dry bulb thermometers, maximum and minimum thermometers, cycles of air temperature, importance of temperature measurement in the 35
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 atmosphere, absolute and relative humidity, hygrometers, movement of water through the atmosphere, dew point temperature, atmospheric stability and daily weather, pressurebarometer, wind-anemometers, horizontal and vertical distribution of pressure, surface winds, rainfall rate-rain gauges, formation and classification of clouds, types of fog, precipitation and its forms, air borne instruments-Radiosonde, Rawinsonde, Rocketsonde, Ozonesonde, Pyroheliometer, Pyregeometer, weather radar, space borne instruments, Radar applications. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Atmospheric Science by John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs, Academic Press, Elsevier, 2006. 2. Atmospheric Physics: J.V. Iribrine and H.R. Cho, D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980. 3. Radar Meteorology by Henry Sauvageot. Artech House Publishers, 1992. 4. Radar Meteorology by S Raghavan, Kulwer Academic Publishers, 2003. 5. Sun, weather and climate by J Herman and RA Goldberg, NASA , Washington, USA, 1978. 6. The Atmosphere by Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward K. Tarbuk, Prentice Hall Inc., 2007. 7. The Physics of Atmosphere by John Hougton, Cambridge University Press, 1976. 8. Basics of Atmospheric Science, A Chandrashekar, PHI Publications, 2010. 9. Atmosphere, weather and climate, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Publications, 2007.
PHY 317: ENERGY PHYSICS UNIT-1: a. Sources of energy: A brief survey of various energy sources, present and future needs. Energy conservation, replenishable and non-replenishable energy sources. Estimated reserves of non-replenishable energy sources. Problems and viable solutions of energy utilisation in ecological and sociological perspectives. b. Thermodynamics of energy conversion: Principles of energy conversion and conversion between different forms of energy. Thermodynamics of various conversion processes and their comparison in terms of efficiencies. Heat engines and thermodynamic cycles-Carnot, Otto, Diesel and Rankine cycles and their efficiencies; Comparison of Carnot and other cycles. UNIT-2: Nuclear energy Fission chain reaction, Energy release in fission, Nature of fission fragments, Energy distribution between fission fragments, Emission of neutrons in fission, energetics of fission process, Bohr-Wheeler theory, Particle induced and photo-fission, Reactor materials, Typical power reactors: Gas cooled and graphite moderated reactors, pressurised water reactor, heavy water moderated reactor and fast breeder reactors. Biological and other effects of nuclear radiations. Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy. 36
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 UNIT 3: Solar energy a. Solar radiation: Sun as source of radiation, spectral composition, solar constant; the basic earth-sun angles, solar time and the equation of time. Effect of earths atmosphere on solar radiation, terrestrial insolation and its measurements. b. Direct electrical conversion of solar energy: Photovoltaic effect, solar photoemissive and photovoltaic cells. Solar cell characteristics, efficiency and spectral response. Description and comparison of different types of solar cells, homojunction and hetrojunction cells. Factors affecting efficiency of solar cells. Solar panels and their performances. c. Storage and utilisation of solar energy: Types of storage, brief description of thermal, electrical and chemical storage. Solar production of hydrogen and solar pond. Heating systems: Water heating systems, solar drying, space heating and solar cooler. Power generation, solar thermal generation and tower power generation. UNIT 4 a. Wind, Tidal, Geothermal and Ocean thermal energies: Energy in the wind. Horizontal and vertical axis windmills. Power in waves, tidal energy and its utilisation. Sources of geothermal energy and its utilisation: Energy in the ocean, thermal gradient and ocean electric power generation. b. Electrochemical energy: Fuel cells, types of reactions and efficiency of conversion. Solid state batteries, photochemical cells, working and efficiency. c. Bioenergy: Bioconversion and mechanism of photosynthesis, microbial and plant photosynthesis. Biomass systems, assessment, conversion, utilisation and conservation. Types of conversion of biomass, anaerobic conversion and biogas generation, enzymatic conversion and liquid fuel production. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Renewable Energy: Sorenson. 2. Principles of Energy Conversion: A Culp. 3. Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand). 4. Treatise on Solar Energy: H P Garg. 5. Solar Energy Utilisation: G D Rai. 6. Fundamentals of Solar Cells: Fahrenbruch and Bube. 7. Solar Cell device Physics: Fonasn. 8. Physics of Semiconductor Devices: S M Sze. 9. Non-conventional Energy Sources: G. D. Rai
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PHY 318: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT-1: Programming (Fortran) Representation of integers, reals, characters, constants and variables, arithmatic expressions and their evaluation using rules of hierarchy. Assignment statements, Logical constants variables and expression, control structures, sequencing alternation, arrays, Manipulating vectors and matrices, Subroutines, I/O statements. UNIT-2: Interpolation Interpolation, Newton's formula for forward and backward interpolation, Divided differences, Symmerty of divided differences, Newton's general interpolation formula, Lagranges interpolation formula. UNIT-3: Numerical Differentiation and Integration Numerical integration, A general quadrature formula for equidistant ordinates, Simpson, Weddle and Trape rules, Monte-Carlo Method. UNIT-4 a. Roots of Equation: Approximate values of roots, Bisection Method, Regula-Falsi Method, Newton-Raphson method. Bairstow Method. Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations. Solution of Simultaneous Linear equation, Gauss elimination method, GaussJordon method, Matrix inversion. b. Ordinary Differential Equation: Euler's method, Modified Euler's method, RungeKutta Method. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Programming with Fortran-77 (Tata Mc-Grew Hill), Ram Kumar. 2. Programming with Fortran-77 (Wiley-Eastern Ltd), R S Dhaliwal. 3. Mathematical Numerical Analysis (Oxford and IBH), James Scarborough. 4. Elementary Numerical Analysis (McGraw Hill), S D Conte. 5. Numerical methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering (Prentice Hall of India), John H Methews. 6. A Modern Approach to Programming in Fortran: R S Salaria. 7. V Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 77. 8. H M Antia, Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers.
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PHY 319: RADIATION PHYSICS

UNIT-1: Interaction of Radiation with Matter Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, Basic principles of production of X-rays and gamma rays. Interaction of gamma rays and X-rays with matter, Attenuation coefficients: Mass attenuation coefficient, Mass energy-absorption coefficient. Interaction cross-sections: Absorption and scattering cross-sections. Interaction mechanisms: Photoelectric absorption, Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Pair production, Triplet production. Relative predominance of individual effects. Attenuation coefficients in practical conditions: Measurement of K and L edge and their applications in physical and biological science. Theory and general features for charged particles Energy loss mechanism, the BetheBloch equation, Energy loss of -particles and Range-energy relation. (Ref. 1, 2, 3, 4) UNIT-2: Radiation Effects and Protection Biological effects of radiation at molecular level, acute and delayed effects, stochastic and non-stochastic effects, Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Linear energy transformation (LET), Dose response characteristics. Permissible dose to occupational and non-occupational workers, maximum permissible concentration in air and water, safe handling of radioactive materials. The ALARA, ALI and MIRD concepts, single target, multitarget and multihit theories, Rad waste and its disposal. (Ref. 5, 6, 7, 8) UNIT-3: Radiation Shielding Thermal and biological shields, shielding requirement for medical, industrial and accelerator facilities, shielding materials, radiation attenuation calculations The point kernal technique, radiation attenuation from a uniform plane source. The exponential pointKernal. Radiation attenuation from a line and plane source. Practical applications and some simple numerical problems. (Ref. 5, 6, 7, 8) UNIT-4 a. Radiation Detectors: Gas-filled counters - ionization chambers, proportional and Geiger counters, Scintillators-properties of different phosphors, Semiconductor detectors: silicon, germanium & Si(Li) detector, Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) Plastic detector. (Ref. 9, 10, 11) b. Statistics for Data Analysis: Energy Peak Analysis: Measures of Centroid, Dispersion, Full Width Half Maximum, Distribution function: Binomial distribution, polynomial distribution, Poisson distribution, Gaussian distribution, 2 distribution, Measurement uncertainty: systematic errors, Random errors, counting statistics. (Ref. 1, 9, 10, 11) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Radiation detection and measurement, G F Knoll, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. 2. Nuclear Physics: R R Roy and B P Nigam (Wiley Eastern). 3. Nuclear Physics: D C Tayal (Himalaya). 4. Nuclear Physics: S N Ghoshal (S. Chand). 39
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 Nuclear Reactor Engineering, S Glasstone and A Seasonke, Reinhold, 1981. Radiation Biology, A Edward Profio, Prentice Hall, 1968. Radiation Theory, Alison P Casart. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, F.H. Attix, Wiley VCH, 1986. 9. Nuclear Radiation Detectors: Kapoor and Ramamurthy. 10. Measurement and detection of radiation: Nicholas Tsonlfanidis. 11. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics: Singru. 5. 6. 7. 8.
PHY 320: COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW

VTU Subject Code: 09MCS23
PHY 321 Semiconductor Physics and Technology

Chap 1: Semiconductor fundamentals intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors p and n type materials electrical conductivity in intrinsic semiconductors direct and indirect band gap semiconductors. Chap 2: Charge carriers in semiconductors Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductors Fermi level in n type and p type semiconductor and their dependence of temperature electron hole concentration at equilibrium time dependence of carrier concentration compensation and space charge neutrality. Chap 3: Drift of carriers in electric and magnetic fields conductivity and mobility drift and resistance effects of temperature and doping on mobility Hall Effect. Chap 4: Optical processes in semiconductors Non radiative recombination processes radiative recombination processes photoluminescence band to band transition free to bound transition bound to bound transition defect related recombination processes (Qualitative) Electroluminescence. Chap 5: Carrier life time and photo conductivity direct recombination of electrons and holes indirect recombination trapping steady state carrier generation quasi Fermi levels. Chap 6: Diffusion of carriers diffusion processes diffusion and drift of carriers diffusion and recombination steady state carrier injection diffusion length. Chap 7: Fabrication of p-n junctions: Thermal oxidation diffusion rapid thermal processing ion implantation chemical vapour deposition photolithography etching metallization. Chap 8: Equilibrium conditions in p-n junction: Contact potential equilibrium Fermi levels space charge at a junction qualitative description of current flow at a junction. Ref: 1. Solid state electronics devices Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banerjee. 2. Physics of semiconductor devices - S. M. Sze, New York, Wiley 1981
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PHY 322 Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences
Chap 1: Systematic and random errors: Errors uncertainties. Chap 2: Mean and standard deviation: Parent population sample parameters. Chap 3: Distribution: Binomial distribution Poisson distribution Gaussian or normal error distribution Lorentzian distribution. Chap 4: Propagation of errors: General methods Special methods. Chap 5: Estimates of mean and errors: Methods of least squares instrumental uncertainties statistical fluctuations - test of distribution. Chap -6: Least squares fit to a straight line: Dependent and independent variables method of least squares instrumental uncertainties statistical fluctuations estimation of errors. Chap 7: Correlation probability: Linear correlation coefficient correlation between many variables. Chap 8: Least squares fit to a polynomial: Analytical methods independent parameters matrix inversion. Chap 9: Multiple Regressions: Multiple linear regression polynomials non linear functions. test F test. Chap 10: Goodness of fit: Chap 11: Least squares fit to an arbitrary function: General method searching parameters space parabolic extrapolation of - linearization of function error determination. Chap 12: Fitting composite curves: Area determination curves background subtraction. Chap -13: Data manipulation: Smoothing interpolation and extrapolation area integration. Ref: 1. Data reduction and error analysis for the physical science Philip R. Bevington, McGraw Hill Book company.
PHY 323 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY

Chapter - 1: Solvent and Environmental Effects on Fluorescence spectra
Stokes shifts and solvent relaxation, general and specific solvent effects, other mechnisms for spectral shifts. Lippert equation, Derivation of Lippert equation, Applications of Lippert equation, Specific solvent effects. Temperature effects, Additional factors that affects the emission spectra locally excited and internal charge transfer states, excites state intramolecular proton transfer, effects of viscosity, probe-probe interaction and effect of solvent mixtures.
Chapter - 2: Fluorescence Quenching

Introduction, quenchers of fluorescence, Theory of collidal quenching, Derivation of SternVolmer equation, Interpretation of bimolecular quenching constants, theory of static quenching, Comparision between static and dynamic quenching. Combined dynamic and static quenching with examples. Deviation from the Stern-Volmer equantion Quenching sphere of action. Derivation of the quenching sphere of action, Origin of the Smoluchowski equation.
Chapter - 3: Mechanisms and Dynamics of Fluorescence Quenching

Introduction, comparision of quenching and resonance energy transfer, distance dependence of resonance energy transfer and quenching, encounter complexes nd quenching efficiency, mechanisms of quenching: Intersystem crossing or heavy atome effect, electron exchange, photoinduced electron transfer. Transient effects in quenching,
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Chapter - 4: Fluorescence Sensing

Optical Clinical Chemistry and spectral observable, spectral observable for fluorescence sensing, Mechanism of sensing, sensing collisional quenching oxygen sensing, chloride sensors, energy transfer sensing pH and pCO2 sensing by energy transfer, glucose sensing by energy transfer, ion sensing by energy transfer, theory of energy transfer sensing.
Text Book: 1. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1986 References:
2. 1992. 3. 1970. Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
PHY 324 FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOPHYSICS & CHEMISTRY
Chapter - 1: Introduction to photochemistry

Importance of photochemsitry, Laws of photochemistry, photochemistry and spectroscopy, thermal emission and luminescence, notations for excited states of organic molecule.
Chapter- 2:Mechanism of Absorption and Emission of Radiation

Einsteins treatment of absorption and emission phenomenon, probability of induced emission, time dependent Schrondinger wave equation, Time dependent perturbation theory, correlation with experimental quantities, intensity of electronic transition theoretical absorption intensity, strength of electronic transition oscillator strength. The rules for transitions between two energy states basis of selection rule, selection rule for molecular transitions, lifetime of excited electronic states of atoms and molecules.
Chapter 3: Photophysical processes in electronically excited molecules

Types of photophysical pathways, radiationless transitions internal conversion(IC), inter system crossing (ISC), theory of radiationless transitions and slection rule radiationless transitions. Fluorescence emission phenonmenon of flurescence, Characteristics of fluorescence emission, invariance of emission spectrum with excitation wavelength, Fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield. Time scale molecular process in solution, Flurophores Intrinsic or natural flurophore, extrinsic flurophore, delayed fluorescence.
Chapter - 4: Fluorescence polarisation

Definnitions of polarisation and anisotropy, Theory of polarisation, Measurement of fluorescence anisotropy L format or single channel method, T-format or two channel method, alignment of polarisers, eilimination of polrisation effects on fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements magic angle polarisation conditions.
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Text Book:
1) Fundamentals of Photochemistry, Rohtagi Mukherjee K K, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1992.
References:
1) Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R Lakowicz, Plenum Press, NewYork, 1986. 2) Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, Birks J B, Wiley - Interscience, London 1970.
PHY 325 Fundamentals of solar energy and solar cells
Unit I: Solar radiation analysis; Solar radiation measurements, data and data estimation
Solar energy and its prospects, radiation, reflectivity, transmissivity, Transmittanaceabsorption product, Conversion, structure of Sun, Solar constant, Electromagnetic energy Spectrum: solar radiation: at the earth surface, outside the Earths atmosphere, solar time derived solar angles. Measuring equipements, solar radiation data, estimation of average solar radiation data Unit II: storage of Solar energy and its utilization Introduction, types of energy storages: Thermal, electrical, fuel (chemical storage), hydro storage: solar furnace, solar pumping, Solar distillation, Solar cooking, Solar Green House, solar energy in space Unit III: solar photovoltaics: electrical power generation Introduction, semiconductor principles, types of Solar cells, Solar cell construction, design of photovoltaic systems, PV technology in India. Unit IV: Deposition of thin films: Antireflective coatings Deposition of films using Physical methods: Thermal evaporation, Cathodic Sputtering; Deposition of films using Chemical methods: Chemical vapour deposition, Solution deposition, Electrodeposition, Epitaxial growth of films.
Reference books:
1. Solar energy utilization G.D.Rai, Khanna publishers (2001) 2. Photovoltaic-Robert G Seippel, Reston publishing company 3. Preparation of thin films- Joy George, Marcel & Dekker (1992) 4. Physics of thin film L. Eckert ova. Plenum press, N.Y (1986)
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GROUP-IV: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

PHY 401: EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
VTU Subject Code: 10MEA31
PHY 402: ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-1: Analog IC s and Applications Integrated Circuits, microelectronics technology; IC packages relevant to BJT and MOS. Basic characteristics of operational amplifier: Offset error voltage and currents, inverting and non-inverting amplification using closed loop concept, input and output impedance. Adder and subtractor circuits, voltage to current convertor, current to voltage converter, analog integration and differentiation, analog computation, logarithmic and exponential amplifiers, comparators and voltage regulators. Waveform generators: RCoscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, multivibrators, square and triangle wave generator, Schmitt trigger. Digital to analog convertor, analog to digital converters. (Ref.: 1 and 2) UNIT-2: Digital IC s and applications Combinational digital system: Binary adders, arithmetic function, decoderdemultiplexer, data selector, multiplexer, encoder, read only memory(ROM), PROMs and EPROMs. Sequential circuits and systems: 1 bit memory, clocked flip-flops, S-R, J-K, T and D-type flip-flops, shift registers, asynchronous and synchronous counters and their applications (qualitative). Microprocessors: architecture and operation, memory, input/output, timing instructions.(Ref.1-5) UNIT-3: Transducers Electrical transducer types and their selection. Resistive Transducers: Strain Gaugesresistance wire gauge and semiconductor gauge. Thermometer, Platinum resistance and thermistor. Inductive Transducer: Principle, variable reluctance type, differential output transducer, linear variable differential transducer (LVDT). Piezoelectric transducer. Photoelectric transducerss: Photomultiplier tube, Photoconductive cell, Photovoltaic cell, semiconductor photo diode, phototransistor. Thermoelectric transducers: Resistance temperature detector (RTD), Thermocouples. Signal conditioning: Need, methods, instrumentation amplifier. (Ref.: 1 and 2) UNIT-4: Physical methods of analysis Thermal methods: Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA); Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); Thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA). Electron microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning tunnelling electron microscopy (STEM). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: NMRprinciple, spectrometer, application. ESR- principle, spectrometer, applications. Vacuum Technique: Production by rotary and diffusion pumps, measurement by Pirani and Penning gauges. (Ref.: 1 and 2) 44
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Microelectronics: J Millman and Arvin Grabel. 2. Electronic Fundamentals and Application: J D Ryder. 3. Digital Principles and Application: Malvino and Leach. 4. Microcomputers/Microprocessors: John L lHiburn and Paul M Julich. 5. Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications: Ramesh S Gaonkar. 6. Electronic Instrumentation, H. S. Kalsi, TMH, 1995. 7. Handbook of Analytical Instruments, R. S. Khandpur, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Instrumental method of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, 6th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi. 9. Instruments methods of Chemical analysis, Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishing House.
PHY 403: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS

UNIT-1: Physical and chemical methods Ball Milling, Electrodeposition - Spray Pyrolysis - Flame Pyrolysis - Inert Gas Condensation Technique (IGCT), Thermal evaporation, Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), DC/RF Magnetron Sputtering - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Sol-Gel Process, Self assembly, Metal Nanocrystals by Reduction - Solvothermal Synthesis - Photochemical Synthesis - Sonochemical Routes, Reverse Micelles and Micro emulsions - Combustion Method, Template Process - Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Metal Oxide Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) UNIT-2: Biological synthesis and nanocomposites Introduction - Natural Nanocomposite Materials - Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles, Nanostructures and Synthetic Nanocomposites - Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation - DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation - Protein Assembly Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites - Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Templating - LiquidCrystal Templating of Thin Films - Block-Copolymer Templating - Colloidal Templating. Ceramic/Metal Nanocomposites - Metal Matrix Nanocomposites - Nanocomposites for Hard Coatings, Polymer based nanocomposites, nanoscale fillers, processing of polymer nanocomposites, Properties of polymer nanocomposites. UNIT-3 a. Characterization methods-I: X-ray diffraction - Debye-Scherer formula, dislocation density, micro strain, Synchrotron Radiation, Principle and Applications,Raman Spectroscopy and its Applications, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Electron microscopes: scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM); atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM) - XPS, Working Principle, Instrumentation and Applications. 45
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 b. Characterization methods-II: Impedance Analysis - Micro hardness - nanoindentation, vibrating sample magnetometer, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric/Diffferential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA), UV, Visible Spectrophotometer - FTIR, Principle and Applications, Photoluminescence (PL) Spectroscopy. UNIT-4: Lithographic methods Introduction, Lithography, Photolithography - Phase-shifting photolithography Electron beam lithography - X-ray lithography - Focused ion beam (FIB) lithography Neutral atomic beam lithography - Nanomanipulation and Nanolithography, Soft Lithography - Assembly of Nanoparticles and Nanowires Other Methods for Microfabrication. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Recent Advances in the Liquid-phase syntheses if inorganic nanoparticles, Brain L.Cushing, Vladimir L.Kolesnichenko, Charles J. OConnor, Chem Rev. 104 (2004) 3893-3946. 2. Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, C. N. R. Rao, P. J. Thomas and G. U. Kulkarni, Springer (2007). 3. Nanotechnology - Enabled Sensors, Kourosh Kalantar-zadeh and Benjamin Fry, Springer (2008). 4. Nanostructures & Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong Gao, Imperial College Press (2004). 5. Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK (2005). 6. Nanocomposite science and technology, Pulickel M.Ajayan, Linda S.Schadler, Paul V.Braun, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weiheim (2003). 7. Encyclopedia of Materials Characterization, C. Richard Brundle, Charles A. Evans Jr., Shaun Wilson, Butterworth-Heinemann Publishers (1992). 8. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology, Ed. By Nan Yao and Zhong Lin Wang, Kluwer Academic Press (2005). 9. Nanochemistry, G. B. Sergeev, Elsevier (2006). 10. Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies, Mick Wilson, Kamali Kannangara, Geoff Smith, Michelle Simmons, Burkhard Raguse, Overseas Press (2005). 11. Handbook of Analytical Techniques, Edited By Helmut Gnzler and Alex Williams, Wiley VCH, 2002.
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PHY 404: GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THIN FILMS

UNIT-1: Growth of Thin Films a. Physical Methods: Vacuum evaporation: Types of evaporation sources, Resistive heating, electron beam evaporation, Two-source evaporation, Flash evaporation, Laser ablation, Reactive evaporation, Sputtering technique. b. Chemical Methods: Electroplating, Spray pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition (CVD); Sol-Gel process; Screen printing, Plasma Chemical vapour deposition (PCVD), Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). UNIT 2 a. Thickness measurement: optical methods, interferometry, ellipsometry, spectral reflectometry, quartz crystal microbalances. b. Characterization: Surface analytical techniques: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS). Imaging and optical analytic techniques: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Optical analytical techniques: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)-Photo Luminescence (PL). UNIT-3 a. Transport Properties: Metallic films: Sources of resistivity in metallic conductors, sheet resistance and temperature coefficient of resistance of thin films, Influence of thickness on the resistivity of structurally perfect thin films, Fuchs Sondhemier theory, Hall effect, Annealing, agglomeration and oxidation. b. Optical Properties: Reflection and transmission at an interface, Reflection and transmission by single film, Reflection from an absorbing films, Optical absorption, Determination of optical constants by ellipsometry. UNIT-4: Applications Thin film resistors, Thin film capacitors, Thin film solar cells, Gas sensors, Transparent conducting coatings, Thin films for superconducting devices, hard coatings, Photolithography. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Hand book of thin film technology by L. I. Maissel and R. L. Glang, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., 1970. 2. Thin Film Phenomena by K. L. Chopra by Mc Graw Hill Book Co., New York, 1969. 3. Hand Book of Technologies for Films and Coatings by R. F. Bunshah, Noyes publication, 1996. 4. Materials Science of Thin Films, Deposition and Structure, Milton Ohring, Academic Press (2002). 5. Thin Film Phenomenon, K.L. Chopra, McGra-Hill (1969). 47
PHY 405: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crystal and Symmetry: Growth of single crystals, different methods, Optical properties, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, thermal properties of crystal, Crystal system- Bravais latticespoint group and space group, symmetry elements. Quasicrystals: definition, preparation, symmetry orientation order in quasicrystals, Quasi-periodic space tiling procedure. Macromolecules: definition, examples of macromolecules or Bio-molecules-symmetry. X-rays: Production, white radiation characteristics, radiation - absorption edge, filters absorption by crystals. DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS Direct and reciprocal lattice, Ewalds sphere and Braggs law, Spacing formula,Transformation equations, Interpretation of rotation photograph. Scattering of X-rays by a distribution of electron, structure factor, calculation of electron density function, Fourier synthesis, the crystal symmetry and x-ray diffraction pattern, Friedels law and its break down. Electron and neutron diffraction, comparison with X-ray diffraction, significance of electron and neutron diffraction, characterization of quasicrystalline sample using electron diffraction. The Laue method, The Powder method, rotation and Weissenberg methods, The Burger precession method. INTENSITY DATA COLLECTION, STRUCTURE SOLUTION AND REFINEMENT The single crystal diffractometer method, intensity data collection, corrections to intensity data- Lorentz, polarization, spot shape and absorption effects, primary and secondary extinction effects, absolute scaling and temperature factors. Fourier techniques, Phase problem, Patterson function and its significance, Heavy atom methods, Isomorphous replacement method, anomalous scattering method, direct methods. Cyclic Fourier refinement, the difference Fourier refinement, correction for series termination effects, temperature correction, Least squares refinement. Derived results- bond lengths, bond angles, standard deviations in bond lengths and angles, comparison and averaging of bond lengths and angles, least square planes, absolute configuration and thermal motion. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Azaroff. L.V.: Introduction to Solids, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960. 2. Phillips. F.C. : Inroduction to Crystallography, Longmans, London, 1966. 3. Cullity. B. D.: Elements of X-ray crystallography, prentice hall, 2001. 4. Ponerger. J. J.: X-ray Crystallography, John Wiley, New York, 1942. 5. Burger. M. J.: Crystal Structure Analysis, John Wiley, New York, 1960. 6. Stout. H & Jensen. L. H.: X-ray Structure determination, McGraw Hill, London, 1973. 48
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 7. Duncan Mc Kie & Christins Mc Kie: Crystalline Solids, Nelson, London, 1973. 8. Azaroff. L.V. Elements of X-ray crystallography, McGraw-Hill , New York, 1968. 9. Woolfson, M. M.: X-ray Crystallography, Cambridge University Press, 1978. 10. Glusker, J. P. & True blood. K.N.: Crystal Structure Analysis, Oxford Univ. Press, 1985. 11. Bacon. G. E.: Neutron Diffraction, Oxford Univ. Press, 1962. 12. Methods of Experimental Physics, Vol. 6: Part A, Associate Press. 13. Ladd. M. F. C. & Palmer. R. A., Structure Determination, Plenum Press, New York & London, 1985. 14. Janot. C, Quasicrystals, Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1992. 15. David Blow, Outline of crystallography for Biologists, Oxford University press, 2004.
PHY 406: ADVANCES IN LASER PHYSICS AND NON LINEAR OPTICS

UNIT-1: Holography Spatial frequency filtering, review of recording and reconstruction of hologram, theory of holography, diffuse object illumination, Fourier transform holograms, volume holograms, thick holograms and coloured reconstructions, speckle pattern. Applications of holography: Holographic interferometry, particle analysis, character recognition, holographic microscope, holographic diffraction gratings, data storage by holography, holographic memories UNIT-2 a. Laser Raman Spectroscopy: Normal Raman effect, inverse Raman effect, stimulated Raman effect, hyper-Raman effect, Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), spin-flip Raman laser. b. Other Applications: Lasers in Chemistry, Biology, Materials Processing, Medicine and Surgery, Meterology, Metrology, LIDAR, Laser printers, CD-players, Laser fusion, Astronomy, Military Applications. UNIT-3: Fiber Optics Optical fiber communication, optical fiber, step index fiber and graded index fiber, numerical aperture, attenuation, modes of a fiber, dispersion in optical fibers- waveguide dispersion, material dispersion; losses in optical fiber and low loss fibers. Multiplexing and demultiplexing. Optical power meter, Optical Time Domain Reflectometer(OTDR) and its analysis, applications of optical fiber. Optical solitons, optical fiber communication through solitons. UNIT-4: Non-Linear Optics Electro-optic effect: Pockles and Kerr effect. Harmonic generation: Second harmonic generation, experimental set-up for second harmonic generation, third harmonic generation. Phase matching, optical mixing, parametric generation of light, frequency up 49
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 and down conversion, self focusing of light, optical phase conjugation, four wave mixing, optical stability. Two photon processes, theory for two photon processes, experiments in two photon processes, multiphonon processes. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Lasers:Theory and Applications: K. Thyagarajan and A. K. Ghatak. Mc-Millan India Ltd., 1997. 2. Optical Electronics:A. Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press 1994. 3. Principles of Lasers : Orazio Svelto, Plenum Press, NY ,1986, 2nd Ed. 4. An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications: D.C.OShea, W.R.Callen and W.J.Rhodes, Addision, Wiley Publishing Co., 1978. 5. Lasers and their Applications: M. J. Beesley, Taylor and Francis Ltd, 1971. 6. Lasers and Non-Linear Optics : B.B. Laud, New Age Intl. Publ.,1996, 2nd Ed. 7. Fiber Optics through Experiments: A. K. Ghatak and M. R. Shenoy, Viva Books , 1994. 8. An Introduction to Fiber Optics: R. Allen Shotwell, PHI, 1999. 9. Fiber Optics: Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999. 10. Optical Fiber Communications: Gerd Keiser, McGraw Hill Interl., 3 rd Ed.,2000. 11. Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics Communications: C.K.Sarkar and D.C.Sarkar, New Age Intl., 2001. 12. Optoelectronics-An Introduction, J. Wilson and J.F.B.Hawkes, PHI,1996, 2nd Ed. 13. Nonlinear Optics: E.G.Sauter, John Wiley, NY, 1996. 14. Photonics: Elements and Devices, V.V.Rampal, Wheeler Publ., 1992. 15. Nonlinear Optics: D.L.Mills, Springer-Verlag, 1991 16. Raman Spectroscopy: D. A. Long, Mc. Graw-Hill International Book Company. 17. Fundamentals of Photonics: B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, John-Wiley, 1991. 18. Photonics: Principles and Applications, Pampal, Wheeler Publications.
PHY 407: ULTRASONICS

UNIT 1: Interaction of ultrasonic waves with solids Basic principles and production of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids, intraction of Ultarasonic waves in solids, formulation of Ultrasonic intraction in solids and its relation to physical parameters. Principles of measurements of Ultrasonic Waves in solids and determination of elastics constants and its relation to thermodynamic variables like thermal expansion, heat capacity Grunessien's parameter. UNIT 2: Interaction of ultrasonic waves with liquids Properties of liquids: polar and nonpolar liquids, mixtures and solutations; liquid mixtures: Perfect (ideal) solutions, regular solutations, electrolytic solutations and binary mixtures. Production and propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquids, trasducers, ultrasonic velocity in liquids, attenuation of ultrasonic waves, relaxation effects, relaxations process, 50
VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012 relaxation time, velocity disperson, relaxation frequency, losses due to viscosity and heat conduction, excess or anomalous absorption, molecular relaxations, thermal relaxation and vibrational, structural relaxations, rotational, isomerism. Ultrasonic stressing of liquid, tensile strength of liquids thermodynamics and excess parameters. General futures of velocity data for electrolytic solutions, comparision of velocity and compressibility data with predications based on the Debye-Huckel theory, ionsolvent intractions, effects of chemical equilibrium on ultrasonic velocity and compressiblity relaxations processes in electronic solutions. UNIT 3: Experimental techniques Methods of measurement of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic waves in liquids: Ultrasonic velocity, pulse-echo-overlap method, mathematical analysis, McSkimint criterion, pulse superposition method, Sing-Around system. UNIT 4: Attenuation Pulse-echo measurements with bonded transducers methods with buffer rods between transducers and specimen, applications of Ultrasonics. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Ultrasonic Absorption, A B Bhatia (Dover Publications Inc., NY, 1967). 2. Liquids and their Properties, (Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1978). 3. Physical Acoustics: Principles and Method Vol.I-XIII, W P Mason (Academic Press, NY). 4. Analytical Acoustics (Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc./ Butterworth Group, Michigan 1980). 5. Ultrafast Phenomenon, Springer-Verlag, Inc, Series.
PHY 408: OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

VTU Subject Code: 10EC / TE72
PHY 409: EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS

VTU Subject Code: 10MDE14
PHY 410: ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES

VTU Subject Code: 10EEM12
PHY 411: ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN

VTU Subject code: 10EC011, 10LDC11
PHY 412: THEORY OF ELASTICITY

VTU Subject Code: 10MDE13
51
PHY 413 Crystal Growth and Characterization

Chap 1: Nucleation phenomenon Homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation, Super saturation and nucleation time, Rate of nucleation. Chap 2: Kinetics of crystal growth The rate determining process, diffusion, crystal surfaces, crystal growth as a consecutive reaction, reaction steps in interfacial process., movement of steps, nucleation, effect of rate on distribution constant, constitutional super cooling. Formation of growth facets. Chap 3: Crystal defects Vacancies (point defects). Dislocations, grain boundaries, Twins, Stacking faults. Chap 4: Phase equilibria and phase diagrams. Mono component systems, Binary systems, Ideal solutions, Real solutions. Chap 5: Crystal growth by solid-solid equilibria Recrystalization by annealing out strain, Growth by sintering. Chap 6: Crystal growth by mono component liquid-solid equilibria Basic principles Bridgeman Stockbarger method Czochralski technique Zone melting technique. Chap 7: Growth by vapour-solid equilibria Sublimation condensation Sputtering. Chap 8: Characterization Photoluminescence spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy Basic principles of working. Ref: 1. The growth of single crystal R. A. Laudise, Printice Hall Inc 1970. 2. The art and science of growing crystals Ed by J. J. Gilman, New York 1963. 3. Bruton W. K. and N. Cabrera, Discussions Faraday Soc. 1949 4. Guggenhein H. , J. Appl Phys 1961 5. Brenner S. S., J. Appl Phys 27, 1956.
PHY 414 Experimental Techniques in Low Temperature Physics

Chap -1: Production of low temperatures: Isentropic cooling isenthalpic cooling air liquefiers hydrogen liquefiers helium liquefiers helium purification. Chap 2: Storage and transfer of liquefied gases: Dewar vessels transfer siphons liquid level indicators liquid level controllers. Chap 3: Cooling with helium-3: Introduction helium 3 cryostats (evaporation) helium 3 dilution. Chap 4: Introduction to cryostat
4.1 Cryostats for Hall effect measurements. 4.2 Cryostats for optical and X-ray examination of materials.
Chap 5: Heat transfers

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Introduction. Conduction of heat by a gas. Heat transfer through solids. Heat transfer by radiation. Other causes of heat transfer. Heat transfer through pressed contacts. Heat switches.
Chap 6: Temperature control

6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Control of vapour pressure. 6.3 Control by electrical heating.
52

6.4 Controlled refrigeration 6.5 Swensons method of control.
Chap 7: Vacuum technology

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Importance of vacuum technology in cryogenics. Flow regimes in vacuum systems. Conductance in vacuum systems. Components of vacuum pumps. Mechanical vacuum pumps. Diffusion pumps. Ion pumps. Cryopumping.
Ref:
1. Experimental techniques in low temperature physics. Guy Kendall White. 2. Cryogenic systems II Edition Randall F. Barron, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1985.
PHY 415 ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

1. SECTION-A. ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY Atomic spectrometry: Some general features of Atomic spectrometry, Mass spectrometers, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, spark source mass spectrometry, glow discharge mass spectrometry, elemental surface analysis by mass spectrometry. 2. Atomic X-ray spectroscopy: Fundamental principles, instrument components, X-ray fluorescence methods, X-ray absorption methods, X-ray diffraction methods, the electron microprobe. SECTION-B. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 3. Introduction to ultraviolet/visible molecular absorption spectrometry: Measurement of transmittance and absorbance, Beers law. The effect of instrumental noise on spectrometric analysis, instrumentation. 4. Applications of ultraviolet/visible molecular absorption spectrometry: The magnitude of molar absorptivities, absorbing species, application of absorption measurement to quantitative and qualitative analysis by absorption measurements, photometric titrations, photoacoustic spectroscopy. 5. Molecular luminescence spectrometry: Theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence, instruments of measuring fluorescence and phosphorescence. Applications and photoluminescence methods and chemiluminescence. 6. Introduction to infrared spectrometry: Theory of infrared absorption spectrometry, infrared sources and transducers, infrared instruments. 7. Applications of infrared spectrometry: Mid infrared absorption spectrometry, Mid infrared reflection spectrometry, photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, far infrared spectroscopy, infrared emission spectroscopy, infrared microspectrometry. 8. Raman spectroscopy: Theory of Raman spectroscopy, instrumentation, applications of Raman spectroscopy, other type of Raman spectroscopy. 9. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance, environmental effects on NMR spectra, NMR spectrometers, Applications, proton NMR, carbon-13 NMR, Application of NMR to other nuclei. Two dimensional Fourier Transform NMR, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 10. Molecular spectroscopy: Molecular mass spectra, ion sources, mass spectrometers, applications of molecular mass spectrometry, qualitative applications of mass spectrometry. 11. Surface characterization by spectroscopy and microscopy: Introduction to the study of surfaces, spectroscopic surface methods, scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopes. SECTION-C. Miscellaneous Methods 12. Thermal Methods: Thermo gravimetric methods (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
53

Text Books:
1. Principles of Instrumental Analysis- Douglas A Skoog, E J Joller, & T A Neiman, Harcourt Asia Pte Ltd. Singapore, 1998.
2. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS- WILIARD H H. Reference: 1. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis-CHATWAL (GR) AND ANAND (SK)
PHY 416 Solar energy devices

Unit I: Solid state junction Solar cells Principle of solar cells, Fabrication of CdS / Cu2S and CdS / CuInSe2 solar cells, Manufacturing costs, Environmental issues, Challenges for the future.Performance testing, stability and efficiency consideration. Organic solar cells. Silicon solar cells- Opportunities for improvement, amorphous silicon solar cells, amorphous silicon-based materials, Unit II: Photo electrochemical Solar Cells Basic principle, fabrication of CdSe/Polysulphide/Pt cell, band diagram, Stability of PEC cells. Unit III: Dye sensitized Solar cell Photoelectrochemical solar cell, semiconductor electrolyte interface, Basic principle and working of Graetzel Cell i.e., dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), Derivation of the Lifetime in DSSCs, theory of EIS, IMPS-IMVS for DSSCs, factors affecting on efficiency of DSSCs, present DSSCs research and developments, limitations of DSSCs. Unit IV: Polymer based and Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells Introduction to conducting polymers, basic principle of HOMO & LUMO, bulk heterojunction polymer: solar cell Basic working principles, device architectures, Quantisation effects in semiconductor nanostructures, optical spectroscopy of quantum wells, Basic principle and working of quantum dot sensitized solar cells, effect of device architecture, theory of electron and light dynamic in QDSSCs.
Reference books:
1. Solar cells: Martin A. Green 2. Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells: Suresh Chandra 3. Solid State electronic Devices: B.G. Streetman 4. Nanostructured and photoelectrochemical systems for solar photon conversion: Mary D.Archer & Arthur. J. Nozik 5. Solar cell technology and applications: A. R. Jha
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Syllabus for the Course work of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics

Visvesvaraya Technological University Jnana Sangama, Belgaum 590 018 Karnataka

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

PHY 323 PHY 324

Fundamentals of solar energy and solar cells

GROUP-IV: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

GROUP-I: TOOLS FOR THEORY

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 102: QUANTUM MECHANICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 103: ELECTRODYNAMICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 104: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 105: STATISTICAL AND THERMAL PHYSICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 106: GROUP THEORY AND TENSORS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

GROUP-II: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 202: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 203: NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PHY 204: ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 205: SOLID STATE PHYSICS

PHY 206: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

PHY 207: ELECTRONICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

GROUP-III: APPLIED / INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 302: ADVANCED SOLID STATE PHYSICS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 303: PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 304: POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 305: PHYSICS OF LIQUID CRYSTALS

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 306: GLASSES AND CERAMICS

PHY 309: BIOPHYSICS

PHY 310: ASTROPHYSICS

PHY 311: PLASMA PHYSICS

PHY 312: COMPOSITE MATERIALS

PHY 313: ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS

PHY 314: GRAVITATION AND COSMOLOGY

PHY 315: NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS

PHY 316: ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 318: COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 319: RADIATION PHYSICS

PHY 320: COMPUTATIONAL HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID FLOW

PHY 321 Semiconductor Physics and Technology

VTU Ph.D Programme/PHY/Course & Syllabus/2012

PHY 323 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY

Chapter - 2: Fluorescence Quenching

Chapter - 3: Mechanisms and Dynamics of Fluorescence Quenching