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1. Williams R. D. Managing the Development of Reliable Software, Proceedings of the

1975 International Conference on Reliable Software. New York: IEEE, 1975, pp.
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1. Dijkstra . W. The Structure of the THE-Multiprogramming System, Communications of the ACM, 11(5), 341346 (1968).
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the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press,
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-6. Myers G. J. Reliable Software Through Composite Design, New York: Petrocelli/
Charter, 1975.

7. Liskov . H. The Design of the Venus Operating System, Communications of the ACM, 15
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.. . . .: , 1976.
13. Sorenson P. G., Hamacher V. . A Real-Time System Design Methodology, JNFOR,
13 (1), 118 (1975).

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1. Liskov . . A Design Methodology for Reliable Software Systems, Proceedings of

the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference, Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press,
pp. 191199.
2. Myers G. J. Reliable Software Through Composite Design. New York: Petrocelli/
Charter, 1975.
3. Parnas D. L. On the Criteria to be Used in Decomposing Systems into Modules,
Communications of the ACM, 15(2), 10531058 (1972).
4. Wulf W., Shaw M. Global Variable Considered Harmful, SIGPLAN Notices, 8 (2), 2834
(1973).
5. Spier M. J. A Critical Look at the State of our Science, Operating Systems Review, 8 (2),
915 (1974).
6. Goodenough J. B., Ross D. T. The Effect of Software Structure on Reliability,
Modifiability, Reusability, Efficiency: A Preliminary Analysis, Report R-2099,
SofTech Corp., Waltham, Mass., 1973.
7. Holt R. C. Structure of Computer Programs: A Survey, Proceedings of the IEEE, 63 (6),
879893 (1975).
8. Knuth D. E. Structured Programming with GO TO Statements, Computing Surveys, 6
(4), 261301 (1974).
9. , ;
. . Yourdon and L. L. Constantinef Structured Design. New York: Yourdon, 1975 1).
1}
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1. Randell . Operating Systems: The Problems of Performance and Reliability*

Proceedings of the 1971 IFIP Congress. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971, pp.
11001109.
2. Fabry R. S. Dynamic Verification of Operating System Decisions Communications of
the ACM, 16 (11), 659668 (1973).
3. Pinchuk P. L. TRW Evaluation of a Secure Operating System, Data Security and
Data Processing, Volume 6, Evaluation and Installation Experiences: Resource
Security System, G3201376, IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y., 1974, pp. 39121.
4. Connet J. R., Pasternak E. J., Wagner B. D. Software Defenses in Real-Time
Control Systems, Digest of the 1972 International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant
Computing. New York: IEEE, 1972, pp. 9499.
5. Stepczyk F? M. Requirements for Secure Operating Systems, Data Security and
Data Processing, Volume 5, Study Results: TRW Systems, Inc., G320 1375, IBM
Corp., White Plains, N. Y 1974, pp. 75205.
6. Watson R. W. Timesharing System Design Concepts. New York: McGraw- Hill,
1970.
7. . . 2- , ,
, .: , 1975.
8. . , , 2. , ,
.: , 1974.
9. Yourdon . Design of On-Line Computer Systems, Englewood Cliffs, N, J,5
Prentice-Hall, 1972.
10, IBM Systems Journal, 6(2), 1967 ( ^ *
IBM 9020),

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, ). . 8.1
ESTAB- MGR (),
. 6 . /*
*/
/* EXTERNALSPECIFICATION FOR MATCHES

/*
/* FUNCTION!
/*
/*

V
MATCH ALL EXTERNAL
REFERENCE
ITEMS IN
ESTAB.
IF ONE IS ENCOUNTERED THAT
CANNOT
BEMATCHED,
RETURN ITS NAME.

/
*/
/

*/

/ PARAMETER

/ INPUT j

/ OUTPUT:
/*
/+
/*

/*
/*
/*
/*
/*

J*
/*
/*
/+
/*
/*
/*
/*
/

/*

*/

LIST: CALL MATCHES(ESTAB,UNRESNAME.MATCHCODE)

ESTAB

POINTER

POINTER

TO

ESTAJBLE

V
POINTER
TO UPDATEDESTABLE */
NAME OF
AN UNMATCHED
EXTERNAL REFERENCE
MATCHCODE FIXED BIN(15) RETURN CODE (0, 1, OR 2)+/
ESTAB
POINTER
UNRESNAME CHAR(8)

+/
*/

/
+/
*/

CAUSE/EFFECT RELATIONSHIP:
AN* UNMATCHED (NULL ADDRESS
FIELD) EXTERNAL
REFERENCES ARE MATCHED WITH
A MATCHING MD OR
EP ITEM BY TRANSFERRING THE
ADDRESS OF THE MD
EP ENTRY TO THE ER ENTRy UNTIL AN ER CANNOT BE
MATCHED.
-IF ALL ER'S CAN BE
MATCHED, MATCHCODE=0
AND
UNRESNAME IS UNCHANGED.
-IF AN ER CANNOT BE
MATCHED, MATCHCODE=1
AND
UNRESNAME = NAME OF ER ITEM
-IF AN ERROR OCCURS
(INVALID
ESTABLE), MATCHCODE=2 AND UNRESNAME IS UNCHANGED

/ EXTERNALEFFECTS: NONE

*/
/
OR*/
+/
*/
*/
/
/
+/
/
*/

*/

. 8.1. .

, ESTAB ( )
, ESTAB
, .
, . 6:
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.

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(ESTABMGR). 1
, PL/1. , 2
3 (
. 8.1).
4
(ESTAB) ,
, .
,
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,
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, ,
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/* MODULE ESTABMGR (EXTERNAL SYMBOL TABLE MANAGER)

*/

/*
/* THIS IS AN INFORMATIONAL STRENGTH MODULE WITH 3
/* POINTS:

*/
ENTRY

/*
/* MATCHES
(MATCH EXTERNAL REFERENCES
IN ESTAB)
/* ADDTOES
(ADD AN
EXTERNAL SYMBOL TO ESTAB)
/* FINDES (FIND AN EXTERNAL SYMBOL IN ESTAB)

/*

/* THE DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF THIS MODULE IS TO HIDE ALL

KNOW- */
/* LEDGE OF ESTAB.
ALTHOUGH ESTAB IS AN INPUT
AND OUTPUT
/* OF THIS
MODULE,
THE INTENT IS THAT NO OTHER MODULES
HAVE
/* ANY KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF ESTAB. HENCE THIS
/* IS AT WORST DATA COUPLED TO ANY OTHER MODULE.

*/
*/

*/
*/
*/
*/

*/

*/
*/
*/
*/

/*

-9

*/

/* STRUCTURE NOTES: EACH OF THE 3 FUNCTIONS ARE ENCLOSED IN */ /*

BEGIN BLOCKS TO
ISOLATE NAMES. MODULE- */
/*
WIDE DATA DEFINITIONS (ESTAB) ARE PLACED*/
/*
OUTSIDE OF THE BEGIN BLOCKS. ONE OF THE*/
/*
FUNCTIONS (MATCHES) IS REPRESENTED BY */
/*
THE PROCEDURE STATEMENT. THE OTHER TWO */
/*
FUNCTIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY ENTRY
*/
/*
'
STATEMENTS.
*/

*******.************/

MATCHES: PROCEDURE (ESTAB,UNRESNAME,MATCHCODE) ; module-wide data declarations and parameter

declarations MATCH_ER_ITEMS_IN ESTAB: BEGIN;
local declares for MATCHES function code for MATCHES
function
END;
ADDTOES: ENTRY (ESTAB,ESNAME,ESTYPE,ESADDR,ENTRYNUM,ADDCODE) ADD_EXTSYM_TO_ESTAB:
BEGIN;
local declares for ADDTOES function code for ADDTOES
function
ENDFINDES: ENTRY (ESTAB,ENTRYNUM,ESNAME,ESTYPE,ESADDR,FINDCODE)* FIND_EXTSYM IN ESTAB:
BEGIN;
local declares for FINDES function code for FINDES function

END!

END;
. 8.2. ,

.
(),
: , .
, () .
,
. (, ,

. ,
.
/*

MODULE-WIDE DATA DEFINITIONS

*/

/* */
DECLARE ESTAB POINTER;
DECLARE TABSIZE FIXED;
*TABSIZE=2000;
/* [Jo. OF POSSIBLE ESTAB ENTRIES
DECLARE 1 TABLE BASED (ESTAB) ,
2 HEADER,
3 TAG
CHAR(H),
/* DOG TAG ESTB */
3 SIZE
BINARY FIXED (15), /*
NO. OF CURRENT ENTRIES */
2 BODY (TABSIZE),
/* ARRAY OF ENTRIES
3 NAME CHAR(8),
3 TYPE CHAR(2),
3 ADDRESS POINTER;
DECLARE
/* TYPE VALUES */
MODULE CHAR(2) STATIC INIT' ('MD'),
ENTRYPT CHAR(2) STATIC INIT (*EP'),
EXTREF CHAR(2) STATIC INIT ('ER');
DECLARE NULL BUILTIN; /FUNCTION RETURNS VALUE OF EMPTY POINTER*/
DECLARE MATCHCODE FIXED BINARY (15); /MATCHES RETURN CODE*/
DECLARE UNRESNAME CHAR(8);
/* OUTPUT FROM MATCHES FUNCTION */

"/

*/

. 8.3. .

,
.)
5
. PROCEDURE
-- (MATCHES),
ENTRY - - (FINDES)
- (ADDTOES). BEGIN PL/1,

. . 8.2.
6
. ,
(ESTAB) , .
,
, .
, : MATCHES. . 8.3
, MATCHES
NULL,
() .
7
MATCHES. ,
, MATCH _ ER _ ITEMS _ IN _
ESTAB :
DECLARE
I FIXED BINARY (15);/* */
J FIXED BINARY (15);/*
*/
,
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3.

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4.
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5.

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7. .
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(CASE).

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. 8.4 -

IF (1=2)

GO TO 4
GO TO 5

THEN
A=3
B=2
GO TO 10

ELSE
A=2
B=3
CONTINUE

10
. 8.5. .

;
. , ,
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(, ).
, CALL
RETURN . : CALL RETURN
.
,
, .

.
PL/1, PL/,
.
, ,
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. 8.4.
, ,
GO PERFORM.
PERFORM .
,
PERFORM. -

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. 8.4 ,
GO . - [6]
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GO .
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,



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.

.

MATCHES. :
DO 1 = 1 SIZE WHILE ( ,
);
IF ( )
THEN ;
IF ()
THEN ;
ELSE ;
ELSE;
END;
, ,

(PL/1). .
- CODE

(MATCHCODE = 0)
(MATCHCODE = 1),

 MATCHCODE.
:
MATCHCODE = 0;
DO 1=1 SIZE WHILE (MATCHCODE = 0);
IF ( )
THEN DO;
MATCHCODE = 1;
;
IF ()
THEN MATCHCODE = 0;
;
ELSE ;
END;
ELSE;
END;

: BODY (I). ADDRESS = NULL ( PL/1
NULL
).
,
. :
DO J=lTO SIZE YVHILE(MATCHCODE=l);

IF ()
THEN DO;
MATCHCODE=p;
B0DY(I).ADDRESS=B0DY(J). ADDRESS;
END;

ELSE;
END;
IF (MATCHCODE= 1) THEN UNRESNAME = BODY(l).NAME;
ELSE;

, , .
, ( )
.
. 8.6.
MATCHCC)DE=0 ;
DO 1=1 TO SIZE WHILE (MATCHCODE=0);
IF(BODY(I).ADDRESS=NULL) /UNMATCHED NAME?*/
THEN DO;
MATCHCODE=1;
DO J=1 TO SIZE WHILE (MATCHCODE=1);
IF((BODY(I).NAME=BODY(J).NAME)&
((BODY(J).TYPE=MODULE) f
(BODY(J).. TYPE=ENTRYPT)) )
THEN DO;
MATCHCODE=0;

 ELSE;

BODY(I).ADDRESS=BODY(J).ADDRESS; END;

END;
IF(MATCHCODE=1) THEN UNRESNAME=BODY(I).NAME; ELSE;
END;
ELSE;
END;

. 8.6. .

, MATCHES,
; . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, .
( -)
- .
MATCHES
, ,
. ,
MATCHES,
, PL/1, . 8.6.
,
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.

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TO

ELSE? ,

r

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IF,
.
[11]
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, ELSE IF ()
THEN. ELSE ,
THEN .
,

IF (1) THEN DO;

onepl;
IF ( 2) THEN 2,
ELSE DO;
) THEN ;
ELSE 4;
END;
END;
ELSE ;
:
1(1) THEN onepl;
IF(ycfll & 2) THEN 2;
1(1 &I 2 & ) THEN ;
IF(ycfll |2 &1) THEN 4;
IF(|1) THEN );
(, 1
). -, ,
(,
). -,
, ,
, .

, . 7,
;
.

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MODULE ESTABMGR (EXTERNAL SYMBOL TABLE MANAGER)

MATCHES (MATCH EXTERNAL REFERENCES IN ESTAB)

ADDTOJ5S (ADD AN EXTERNAL SYMBOL TO ESTAB)

FINDES '(FIND AN EXTERNAL SYMBOL IN ESTAB)

THE DESIGN OBJECTIVE OF THIS MODULE IS TO HIDE ALL KNOWLEDGE OF ESTAB.

ALTHOUGH ESTAB IS AN INPUT AND OUTPUT OF THIS MODULE, THE INTENT IS THAT NO
OTHER MODULES HAVE ANY KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF ESTAB. HENCE THIS IS AT

WORST DATA COUPLED TO ANY OTHER MODULE.

MATCHES.
ESTAB .
( , ):
/*
/*
/*
J*
THIS IS ACjf INFORMATIONAL STRENGTH MODULE WITH 3 ENTRY POINTS:

J*

/*
/*
J*

/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*

STRUCTURE NOTES:

EACH OF THE 3 FUNCTIONS ARE ENCLOSED IN BEGIN BLOCKS TO

ISOLATE NAMES. MODULE- ' WIDE DATA DEFINITIONS (ESTAB) ARE
PLACED OUTSIDE OF THE BEGIN BLOCKS. ONE OF THE : FUNCTIONS
(MATCHES) IS REPRESENTED BY THE PROCEDURE STATEMENT. THE
OTHER TWO FUNCTIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY ENTRY
STATEMENTS.

J*

/**********************************************
MATCHES: PROCEDURE (ESTAB,UNRESNAME,MATCHCODE); /*
/*

MODULE-WIDE DATA

DEFINITIONS

/*
DECLARE ESTAB POINTER;
%DECLARE TABSIZE FIXED;
NO. OF POSSIBLE ESTAB ENTRIES
%TABSIZE=2000;
/
DECLARE 1 TABLE- BASED (ESTAB) ,
2 HEADER,
3 TAG CHAR( 4 ) ,
/* DOG TAG ESTB */
3 SIZE BINARY FIXED (15),
/* NO. OF CURRENT ENTRIES ARRAY
2 BODY (TABSIZE),
/* OF ENTRIES */
3 NAME CHAR (8) ,
3 TYPE CHAR(2),
3 ADDRESS POINTER;
DECLARE
MODULE CHAR(2) ENTRYPT
CHAR(2) EXTREF CHAR(2) DECLARE

NULL BUILTIN
STATIC
INIT
/* TYPE VALUES
STATIC
INIT ( M D ' ) ,
STATIC INIT
/FUNCTION RETURNS VALUE OF EMPTY POINTER*/ DECLARE
MATCHCODE FIXED BINARY ( 1 5 ) ; /MATCHES RETURN CODE*/ DECLARE UNRESNAME C H A R ( 8 ) ;
OUTPUTFROM MATCHES FUNCTION */

/* */

/*

('EP') ,
CER'I;

MATCH ER ITEMS_IN_ESTAB: BEGIN;

/*

/* EXTERNAL SPECIFICATION FOR MATCHES

/*

* FUNCTION: MATCH ALL EXTERNAL REFERENCE ITEMS IN ESTAB.

IF ONE IS ENCOUNTERED THAT CANNOT BE MATCHED,

RETURN ITS NAME.

'*

PARAMETER LIST: CALL MATCHES

INPUT:

(*

ESTAB

POINTER

(ESTAB,UNRESNAME,MATCHCODE)
POINTER

TO

ESTABLE

OUTPUT: ESTABPOINTER
UNRESNAME CHAR(8)

POINTER
TO
UPDATED ESTABLE
NAME OF
AN
UNMATCHED
EXTERNAL REFERENCE MATCHCODE FIXED
B I N ( 1 5 ) RETURN CODE (0, 1, OR 2)

CAUSE/EFFECT RELATIONSHIP:
ANY UNMATCHED (NULL ADDRESS FIELD) EXTERNAL INFERENCES ARE
MATCHED WITH A MATCHING MD OR EP ITEM BY TRANSFERRING THE ADDRESS
OF THE MD OR EP ENTRY TO THE ER ENTRY UNTIL AN ER CANNOT BE MATCHED.
-IF ALL E R ' S CAN BE MATCHED, MATCHCODE=0 AND UNRESNAME IS
UNCHANGED.
-IF AN ER CANNOT BE MATCHED, MATCHCODE=1 AND UNRESNAME = NAME OF
ER ITEM -IF AN ERROR OCCURS (INVALID ESTABLE), MATCH- CODE=2 AND
UNRESNAME IS UNCHANGED
EXTERNAL EFFECTS: NONE
MATCHES LOGIC INFORMATION
MODULES CALLED: NONE
INITIAL REFINEMENT:
DO 1=1 TO S I Z E WHILE(DON'T ENCOUNTER AN ITEM THAT CANT BE MATCHED)
IF (ENCOUNTER AN UNMATCHED ITEM)
THEN SEARCH FOR A MATCHING EXTERNAL SYMBOL IF (FIND A MATCH)
THEN MARK UNMATCHED ITEM ELSE
OUTPUT ITS NAME
ELSE
END
/* LOCAL DECLARES
*/
DECLARE
I F^XED BINARY ( 1 5 ) , /* INDEX FOR SEARCHING FOR AN
UNMATCHED NAME */
J FIXED BINARY ( 1 5 ) j /* INDEX FOR SEARCHING FOR A
MATCHING NAME */'
MATCHCODE=2;
I
IF (ESTAB-*=NULL)
/*NULL
THEN
1
IF ( (TAG=' ESTB ) & (SIZE>0) & (SIZE-i>TABSIZE) )
THEN
DO;
MATCHCODE=0;

IS

UNSET

POINTER*,/

DO 1=1 TO SIZE WHILE (MATCHCODE=0);

IF(BODY(I).ADDRESS=NULL)
/"UNMATCHED NAME?*/
THEN DO;
MATCHCODE=1;
DO J=1 TO SIZE WHILE (MATCHCODE=1) ;
IF((BODY(I) .NAME=BODY(J).NAME)6 ((BODY(J).TYPE=MODULE)|
(BODY(J).TYPE=ENTRYPT)))
THEN DO;

MATCHCODE=(>;
BODY(I) .ADDRESS =BODY(J).ADDRESS; END;
ELSE;

END;

END;
ELSE;

END;

ELSE;

IF(MATCHCODE=1) THEN UNRESNAME=BODY(I).NAME; ELSE ;

END;

ELSE;
RETURN;
END;
END;

. 8.7. MATCHES.

, 1 7, ( ,
1,
7 MATCHES ).
. 2, 3 4
,
. 5 6
MATCHES ( ,
- , ,
MATCHES ).

2, 3 4. 2 , . 3
, , ESTAB.
4 SIZE;
(
, ,
SIZE).
. 8.7.
ADDTOES FINDES,
.

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Multics, PL/1 ,
[12]. 5%
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1. Kernighan . W., Plauger P. J. The Elements of Programming Style. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1974.
2. Weinberg G. M. The Psychology of Computer Programming. New York Van
Nostrand Reinliold, 1971.
3. Myers G. J. Reliable Software Trough Composite Design. New York: Petrocelli/
Charter, 1975.
4.
Ledgard H. F. Programming Proverbs. Rochelle Park, N. J.: Hayden, 1975.
5.
Ledgard H. F. Programming Proverbs for FORTRAN Programmers.
Rochelle Park, N. J.: Hayden, 1975.
6. Weissman L. M. A Methodology for Studying the Psychological Complexity of
Computer Programs, CSRG-37. University of Toronto Computer Systems Research
Group, Toronto, Canada, 1974,

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Methods, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 210.
2. Baird G. N., Cook . M. Experiences in COBOL Compiler Validation, Proceedings
of the 1974 National Computer Conference, Montvale N. J.fAFIPS Press,
pp. 417421.
3. Sadowski W. L., Lozier D. W. A Unified Standards Approach to Algorithm Testing,
in W. C. Hetzel, Ed., Program Test Methods. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall,
1973, pp. 277290.
J
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1979). ,,
4. Boyle J. ., Cody W. J., Cowell W. R., Grabow B. S., lkebe Y., Moler . B.,. Smith .
T. NATS: A Collaborative Effort to Certify and Disseminate Mathematical Software,
Proceedings of the 1972 ACM Annual Conference. New York: ACM, 1972, pp. 630
635.

5. Thayer R. H. Rome Air Development Center R and D Program in Computer Language Controls and Software Engineering Techniques, RADC-TR-74-80, Gri-f- fiss
Air Force Base, Rome, N. Y., 1974.
6. McHenry R. C. Management Techniques for Top Down Structured Programming,
FSC-73-0001, IBM Federal Systems Div., Gaithersburg, Md., 1973.
7. Cody W. J. The Evaluation of Mathematical Software, in W. C. Hetzel, Ed., Program
Test Methods, Englewood Cliffs, N, J,: Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp. 121133,
11

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3. RXVP Users Guide, RM-1942, General Research Corp., Santa Barbara, Cal.,
1975.
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IEEE Symposium on Computer Software Reliability. New York: IEEE, 1973, pp.
94100.
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2. Elmendorf W. R. Cause-Effect Graphs in Functional Testing, TR-00.2487, IBM
Systems Development Div., Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1973.
3. Elmendorf W. R. Functional Analysis Using Cause-Effect Graphs, Proceedings of
SHARE XLIII. New York: SHARE, 1974, pp. 567577.
4. .,
. . . .: , 1976.
5. Shelley . Computer Software Reliability, Fact or Myth?, TR-MMER/RM-73- 125,
Hill Air Force Base, Utah, 1973.
6. Pullen E. W., Shuttee D. R. MUSE: A Tool for Testing and Debugging a Multiterminal Programming System, Proceedings of the 1968 Spring Joint Computer
Conference. Washington: Thompson, 1968, pp. 491502.
7. The Data Base/Data Communication Driver System: Design Objectives, GH20- 4281,
IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y-, 1974.
8. James D. L. Remote-Terminal Emulator (Design Verification Model) Data
Structures, Scenario Instructions, and Commands, MTR-2677, Mitre Corp.,
Bedford, Mass., 1974.
9. Stevens R. T. Testing the NORAD Command and Control System, IEEE Transactions
on Systems Science and Cybernetics, SSC-4 (1), 4751 (1968).
10. Jacobs J. H., Dillon T. J. Interactive Saturn Flight Program Simulator, IBM Systems
Journal, 9(2), 145158 (1970),

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1. Brown A. R., Sampson W. A. Program Debugging. London: Macdonald, 1973.

2. Mathis R. F. Teaching Debugging, SIGCSE Bulletin, 6 (1), 5963 (1974).
. . . . .: , 1961.
4. Weinberg G. . The Psychology of Computer Programming. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1971.
5. . . . . .: ,
1973.
6. Gould J. D., Drongowski P. A Controlled Psychological Study of Computer
Program Debugging, RC 4083, IBM Research Div., Yorktown Heights, N. Y., 1972.
7. OS PL/I Checkout Compiler: Programmers Guide, SC33-0007, IBM Corp., White
Plains, N. Y., 1971.
8. Wolman B. L. Debugging PL/I Programs in the Multics Environment, Proceedings
of the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press,1972, pp. 507514.
9. IBM OS COBOL Interactive Debug and (TSO) COBOL Prompter: General
Information, GC28-6454, IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y., 1974.
10. OS/VS Dynamic Support System, GC28-0640, IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y.,
1973.
11. Balzer R. M. EXDAMS Extendable Debugging and Monitoring System,
Proceedings of the 1969 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J,:
AFIPS Press, 1969, pp. 567580.
12. Morgan H. L., Wagner R. A. PL/C: The Design of a High-Performance Compiler
for PL/1, Proceedings of the 1971 Spring Joint Computer Conference, Montvale, N,
J,: AFIPS Press, 1971, pp. 503510.
13. Kirsch . M. An Improved Error Diagnostics System for IBM System/360-370
Assembler Program Dumps, OSU-CISRC-TR-74-3, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1974.
14. OS/VS System Modification Program (SMP), GC28-0673, IBM Corp. White Plains,
N. Y., 1974.
15. Endres A. B. An Analysis of Errors and Their Causes in System Programs, IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-1 (2), 140149 (1975).
16. Shooman M. L., Bolsky . I. Types, Distribution, and Test and Correction Times
for Programming Errors, Proceedings of the 1975 International Conference on
Reliable Software. New York: IEEE, 1975, pp. 347357.
17. Craig G. R. et al. Software Reliability Study, RADC-TR-74-250, TRW Corp.
Redondo Beach, Ca., 1974.

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1. Ogdin J. L. The Mongolian Hordes versus Superprogrammer, INFOSYSTEA4S} 19

(12), 2023 (1972).
2. . . . .
.: , 1979.
3. Baker F. . Chief Programmer Team Management of Production Programming,
IBM Systems Journal, II (1), 5673 (1972).
4. Yourdon E., Abbott R. Programmers are Paid to Program: Enter Program Librarian, INFOSYSTEMS, 21 (12), 2832 (1974).
5. Martin J. Design of Man-Computer Dialogues. Englewood Cliffs, N, J,: PrenticeHall, 1973.
6. Baker F. T. Organizing for Structured Programming, in . E. Hackl, Ed., Programming Methodology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 3886.
7. McGowan C. L., Kelly J. R. Top-Down Structured Programming Techniques, New
York: Petrocelli/Charter, 1975.
8. Weinberg G. M. The Psychology of Computer Programming, New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1971.
5. Boehm B. W. Keynote Address The High Cost of Software, Proceedings of a
Symposium on the High Cost of Software, Menlo Park, Cal,: Stanford Research
Institute, 1973, pp. 2740,

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5).

1. Clark . L., Horning J. J. Reflections on a Language Designed to Write an

Operating System, SIGPLAN Notices, 8(9), 5256 (1973).
2. Rubey R. J. et al. Comparative Evaluation of PL/I, ESD-TR-68-150, U. S. Air
Force, Bedford, Mass., 1968.
3. Gannon J < D . , Horning J. J. Language Design for Programming Reliability,
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-1 (2), 179191(1975).
4. Nicholls J. E. Complexity and Duplicity in Programming Languages TR-12.101,
IBM United Kingdom Laboratories, Hursley, England, 1972,
5. Clark B, L., Horning J. J. The System Language for Project SUE, SIGPLAN
Notices, 6 (9), 7988 (1971).
6. Hoare C. A. R. Hints on Programming Language Design, STAN-CS-73-403,
Stanford University, 1973.
7. Clark B. L., Ham F. J, B. The Project SUE System Language Reference Manual,
CSRG-42, Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto, 1974.
8. OS PL/I Checkout and Optimizing Compilers: Language Reference Manual,SC33-0009, IBM Corp., White Plains, N. Y., 1972.
5
,
, , .
, . SIGPLAN
Notices, v, 14 (5), 1979, part A and (1979), , .

'9. Valentine S, H, Comparative Notes on ALGOL 68 and PL/I, The Computer Journal,
17 (4), 325331 (1974).
10. Wulf W., Shaw M. Global Variable Considered Harmful, SIGPLAN Notices, 8 (2),
2834 (1973).
11. Clark R. L. A Linguistic Contribution to GOTO-less Programming, DATAMATION, 19 (12), 6263 (1973).
12. Knuth D. E. Structured Programming with go to Statements, Computing Surveys, 6
(4), 261301 (1974).
13. Kelley R. A. APLGOL, an Experimental Structured Programming Language, IBM
Journal of Research and Development, 17(1), 6973 (1973).
14. Siegel S. WATFOR,,, Speedy Fortran Debugger, DATAMATION, 17 (22), 2226
(1971),
15. Moulton P, G., Muller . E. DITRAN A Compiler Emphasizing Diagnostics,
Communications of the ACM, 10 (1), 4552 (1967).
16. Kosy D. K. Approaches to Improved Program Validation Through Programming
Language Design, in W. C, Hetzel, Ed., Program Test Methods, Englewood Cliffs, N,
J,: Prentice-Hall, 1973, pp, 7592,

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1. Turn R. Computers in the 1980s. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1974.
2. Gagliardi U. O. Software-Related Advances in Computer Hardware, Proceedings of
a Symposium on the High Cost of Software. Menlo Park, Cal.: Stanford Research
Institute, 1973, pp. 99119.
3. . . : , 1973.
4. Feustel . A. On the Advantages of Tagged Architecture, IEEE Transactions on
Computers, C-22 (7), 644656 (1973).
5. Burroughs B6500 Information Processing Systems Reference Manual. Burroughs
Corp., Detroit, Mich., 1969.
6. Feustel E. A. The Rice Research Computer A Tagged Architecture, Proceedings
of the 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press,
1972, pp. 369377.
7. Balzer R. M. An Overview of the ISPL Computer System Design, Communications of
the ACM, 16 (2), 117122 (1973).
8. Hamer-Hodges K. J. Fault Resistance and Recovery Within SYSTEM 250,
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Communications.
New York: IEEE, 1972, pp. 290296.
9. Organick E. I. The MULTICS System: An Examination of Its Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1972.
10. Richards H., Wright C. Introduction to the SYMBOL 2R Programming Language,
ACM-IEEE Symposium on High-Level-Language Computer Architecture. New
York: IEEE, 1973, pp. 2733.
11. Hutchinson P. C., Ethington K. Program Execution in the SYMBOL 2R Computer,
ACM-IEEE Symposium on High-Level-Language Computer Architecture. New
York: IEEE, 1973, pp. 2025.
12. Wilner W. T. Design of the Burroughs 1700, Proceedings of the 1972 Fall Joint
Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972, pp. 489497.
13. Wilner W. T. Burroughs 1700 Memory Utilization, Proceedings of the 1972 Fall
Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972, pp. 579 586.
14. ACM-IEEE Symposium on High-Level-Language Computer Architecture, New
6 , , . (. . .
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[21].

1. Floyd R. W. Assigning Meanings to Programs, in J. T. Schwartz, Ed., Mathematical

Aspects of Computer Science. Providence, R. I.: American Mathematical Society,
1967, pp. 1932.
2. Naur P. Proof of Algorithms by General Snapshots, BIT, 6 (4), 310316 (1966).
3. King J. C.
A Verifying Compiler, in R. Rustin, Ed., Debugging Techniques
in Large Systems. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971, pp. 1740.
4. London R. L. Proving Programs Correct: Some Techniques and Examples, BIT, 10
(2), 168182 (1970).
5. Goodenough J. B., Gerhart S. L. Toward a Theory of Test Data Selection, IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-1(2), 156178 (1975).
6. Robinson J. A. A Machine-Oriented Logic Based on the Resolution Principle,
Journal of the ACM, 12 (1), 2341 (1965).
7. King J. C.
A Program Verifier, Ph. D. thesis, Carnegie-Mellon Univ., 1969.
8. Good D. I.,
London R. L., Bledsoe W. W. An Interactive Program Verification
System, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-1 (1), 5967 (1975).
9. German S. ., Wegbreit B. A Synthesizer of Inductive Assertions, IEEE Transactions
on Software Engineering, SE-I (1), 6875 (1975).
10. King J. C. A New Approach to Program Testing, in . E. Hackl, Ed., Programming
Methodology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 278290.
11. King J. C. Symbolic Execution and Program Testing, RC-5082, IBM Research Div.,
Yorktown Heights, N. Y., 1974.
12. ., ., . . . .
.: , 1975.
13. Dijkstra . W. A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program Correctness,
BIT, 8(3), 174186(1968).
14. Jones . B. Formal Definition in Program Development, in . E. Hackl, Ed.,
Programming Methodology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 387443.
15. Date C. J., McMorran . A., Sharman G. . H. Program Proving and Formal
Development: A Tutorial Introduction, TR-12.127, IBM United Kingdom Laboratories, Hursley, England, 1974.
16. Floyd R. W. Toward Interactive Design of Correct Programs, Proceedings of the
1971 IFIP Congress. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971, pp. 14.
17. . A. R. Proof of a Program: FIND, Communications of the ACM, 14(1),
3945 (1971).
18. Jones . B. Formal Development of Correct Algorithms: An Example Based on
Earleys Recogniser, Proceedings of an ACM Conference on Proving Assertions
About Programs, S I C P L A N Notices, 7(1), 150169 (1972).
19. Manna Z., Waldinger R. J. Knowledge and Reasoning in Program Synthesis, in .
E. Hackl, Ed., Programming Methodology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975, pp. 236
277.

20. Waldinger R. J., Lee R. . T. PROW: A Step Toward Automatic Program Writing,
in D. E. Walker and L. M. Norton, Eds., Proceedings of the International Joint
Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Bedford, Mass.: Mitre Corp., 1969, pp. 241
252.
21. Elspas B., Levitt K. N., Waldinger R. J., Waksman A. An Assessment of Techniques
for Proving Program Correctness, Computing Surveys, 4(2), 97147 (1972),
*8

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.

1. Jelinski Z., Moranda . . Software Reliability Research, In W. Freiberger, Ed.,

Statistical Computer Performance Evaluation. New York: Academic Press, 1972,
pp. 465484.
2. Shooman M. L. Operational Testing and Software Reliability Estimation during
Program Development, Record of the 1973 IEEE Symposium on Computer
Software Reliability, New York: IEEE, 1973, pp. 5157.
3. Shooman M. L. Probabilistic Models for Software Reliability Prediction, in \V.
Freiberger, Ed., Statistical Computer Performance Evaluation. New York:
Academic Press, 1972, pp. 485502.
4. Miyamoto I. Software Reliability in Online Real Time Environment, Proceedings of
the 1975 International Conference on Reliable Software, New Yorki IEEE, 1975, pp,
194203,
Littlewood ., Verrall J. L. A Bayesian Reliability Growth Model for Computer
Software, Record of the 1973 IEEE Symposium on Computer Software Reliability.
New York: IEEE, 1973, pp. 7077.
Craig G. 6. et al. Software Reliability Study, RADC-TR-74-250, TRW Corp.,.
Redondo Beach, Ca., 1974.

Richards F. R. Computer Software: Testing, Reliability, Models, and Quality

Assurance, NPS-55RH74071A, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Ca., 1974.
Schneidewind N. F. Analysis of Error Processes in Computer Software, Proceedings of the 1975 International Conference on Reliable Software. New York: IEEE,
1975, pp. 337346.
Trivedi A. K., Shooman M. L. A Many-State Markov Model for the Estimation and
Prediction of Computer Software Performance Parameters, Proceedings of the
1975 International Conference on Reliable Software, New York: IEEE, 1975, pp.
208215.
Schneidewind N. F. A Methodology for Software Reliability Prediction and Quality
Control, NPS-55SS72111A, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Ca., 1972.
Schneidewind N. F. An Approach to Software Reliability Prediction and Quality
Control, Proceedings of the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference. Montvale, N. J.:
AFIPS Press, 1972, pp. 837847.
Mills H. D. On the Statistical Validation of Computer Programs, FSC-72-6015,
IBM Federal Systems Div., Gaithersburg, Md., 1972.
Weinberg G. M. The Psychology of Computer Programming. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1971.
Myers G. J. Reliable Software Through Composite Design. New York: Petrocelli/Charter, 1975.
Haney F. M. Module Connection Analysis A Tool for Scheduling Software
Debugging Activities, Proceedings of the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference,
Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972, pp. 173179.
Sullivan J. E. Measuring the Complexity of Computer Software, MTR-2648-V,
Mitre Corp., Bedford, Mass., 1973,

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1. DeJongS. P. The System Building System (SBS), RC-4486, IBM Research Div.5
Yorktown Heights, N. Y., 1973.
2. Bratman H. The Software Factory, Computer, 8 (5), 2837 (1975).
3. Clapp J. A., Sullivan J. E. Automated Monitoring of Software Quality, Proceedings
of the 1974 National Computer Conference Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1974, pp.

337341.
4. Allen F. E. Interprocedural Analysis and the Information Derived by It, in . E.
Hackl, Ed., Programming Methodology. Berlin: Springer-Veriag, 1975, pp. 291
321.
5. Boehm B. W., McClean R. K., Urfrig D. B. Some Experience with Automated Aids to
the Design of Large-Scale Reliable Software, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
SE-l(l), 125133 (1975).
6. Cougar J. D. Evolution of Business System Analysis Techniques, Computing Surveys, 5
(3), 167198 (1973).
7. Teichroew D. A Survey of Languages for Stating Requirements for Computer- Based
Information Systems, Proceedings of the 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference.
Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972, pp. 12031224.
8. Freeman P. Automating Software Design, Computer, 7(4), 3338 (1974).
9. Winograd T. Breaking the Complexity Barrier Again, SIGPLAN Notices,. 10(1), 13
30 (1975).
10. Overton R. K. et al. Developments in Computer-Aided Software Maintenance* ESDTR-74-307, AMS Corp., Claremont, Ca,, 1974,

79
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ADS 50
ASES 215216, 259 AUT
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1700
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DACC 351
DB/DC 244
DOS/VS 261
DSS 256
EFFIGY 325
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256
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SYMBOL 307
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VM/370 246

SOFTWARE RELIABILITY
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES

Glenford J. Myers Staff

Member,
IBM Systems Research Institute
Lecturer in Computer Science,
Polytechnic Institute of New York

A WILEY-INTERSOIENCE
PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS
NEW YORK LONDON SYDNEY
TORONTO 1976

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150200000G
20204-026 041
(01)-80 26'80
1976 by John Wiley

and Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Authorized translation from English
language edition published by John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
, , 1980

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2087
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1. ESTAB .
2. ESTAB .
3. ESTAB ,
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4. SIZE ( ) .
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"1 .- i:* -

*'

1. . . . 1.
. . . .: , 1976.
2. ., ., . . . .
.: , 1975.
3. McGowan . L., Kelly J. R. Top-Down Structured Programming Techniques,
New York: Petrocelli/Charter, 1975.
4. Dijkstra E. W. Go To Statement Considered Harmful, Communications of the
ACM, 11 (3), 147148 (1968).
5. Knuth D. E. Structured Programming with GO TO Statements, Computing
Surveys, 6 (4), 261301 (1974).
6. Charmonman S.', Wagener J. L. On Structured Programming in FORTRAN,
SIGNUM Newsletter, 10(1), 2123 (1975).
7. Ashcroft E., Manna Z. The Translation of GO TO Programs to WHILE Programs,
Proceedings of the 1971 IFIP Congress, Booklet TA-2. Amsterdam: NorthHolland, 1971, pp. 147152.
8. Dijkstra E. W. A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program Correctness, BIT, 8 (3), 174186 (1968).
9. Wirth N. Program Development by Step-Wise Refinement, Communications of the
ACM, 14 (4), 221227 (1971).
10. Wirth N. On the Composition of Well-Structured Programs, Computing Surveys, 6
(4), 247259 (1974).
11. Bloom A. M. The ELSE Must Go, Too, DATAMATION, 21 (5), 123128(1975).
12. Corbato F. J. PL/I as a Tool for System Programming, DATAMATION, 15(5), 68
76 (1969).
13. Myers G. J. Estimating the Costs of a Programming System Development Project,
TR 00.2316. IBM System Development Div., Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1972.
.14. Weinberg G. M. The Psychology of Computer Programming. New York: Van
Nostrand Reinhold, 1971.
15. HIPO A Design Aid and Documentation Technique, GC201851. IBM Corp.,
White Plains, N. Y., 1974.
.16. Fagan . E. Design and Code Inspections and Process Control in the Development
of Programs, TR 21.572. IBM System Development Div., Kingston, N. Y 1974.
17. Shooman M. L., Bolsky . I. Types, Distribution, and Test and Correction Times
for Programming Errors, Proceedings of the 1975 International Conference on
Reliable Software. New York: IEEE, 1975, pp. 347357.

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