Data Collection & Activity Analysis

KEY KNOWLEDGE: Data collection and associated activity analysis, including skill analysis, work-to-rest ratios and movement patterns KEY SKILLS: Use appropriate technology to perform an activity analysis to collect and analyse primary data to determine major fitness components and energy systems used in sporting events and physical activities.

Data Collection
Why collect data? Determine fitness and physiological requirements of an activity or sport. To understand the physical, mental, technical and tactical requirements of a sport to assist with the development and implementation of effective training programs and strategies during competition. Data is based on elite performers Ordinary individuals or teams can narrow the gap resulting in improvements.

Data Collection
1. 2. 3. 4. What information would be useful for an athlete or their coach? Physical Physiological fitness required Mental Psychological preparation and ability to cope with game day pressure Technical Skill level under fatigue and pressure Tactical Decision making under pressure. The main purpose of games analysis is to determine how the performance might be improved.

Data Collection
We will concentrate on the physical information including Fitness components Skills Energy systems Muscle groups and anatomy Movement patterns Work to rest ratios Opponents strengths and weaknesses Biomechanics

Data collection and activity analysis a range of data Data collection-collection of

used for informing a coach and athlete Data analysis-the process of extracting useful information from data Feedback-information provided to an athlete about their performance (knowledge of performance) Selectively attend-to focus ones attention on a particular aspect of performance Intensity chart-chart/table recording how hard an athlete is performing Games analysis-analysis of a team game to reveal the fitness components, energy systems, muscle groups and skills used so that performance may be improved

Most common methods of data collection are: 1. Direct Observation 2. Direct Observation and Statistical Data Collection 3. Blood Lactate Monitoring 4. Digital Recording including:
1. Heart rate monitoring 2. GPS (Global Positioning Systems) 3. Video Analysis

Methods of data collection

Methods of data collection 1. Direct Observation-the coach or

interested party views the player or team from the sideline. Gathered information is subjective but immediate and enables coaching staff to make changes that may include:
The types of movements around the playing area Where they move to The intensities and frequency of their movements The frequency and accuracy of particular skills The major muscle groups frequently used The team plays/strategies that are being

DATA COLLECTION
Direct Observation cont Individual sports are easier to observe than large team sports Monitors give feedback to the athlete in regards to their performance. This feedback can then be used to make adjustments during training/competition. Quality of observations Experience and knowledge in the particular sport will benefit observational data. Results can be affected by prejudice, perceptions and conditions the observations were made under.

Observer or spectator? Spectators can be useful observers as they follow the flow of the game. Coaches need to also selectively attend to each of the their players to watch for off the ball positioning. Observation Panel A number of panel members can be used to observe in specialist areas This allows for immediate feedback to the team. However group think may be used to please the coach

Immediate changes can be made to playing set up or style of play in response to how the game is progressing. Player fatigue easily observed and counteracted with use bench for recovery Players able to stay on the field and positions rotated to increase player efficiency Subjective or opinion based decisions (can be reduced with training and increased viewing experience) No way of showing players how they performed No future reference possibility to compare performances Limited observer memory The pace of the game is too fast to take everything in Difficult to observe multiple players at the same time

Methods of Data Collection Direct Observation Advantages

Disadvantages

Methods of data collection 2. Direct Observation and

Statistical Data Collection

The major advantage of this method over direct observation only, is the collection of hard evidence which can be analysed at a later date. Data can be collected in simple ways such as the use of a stopwatch and a recording sheet. Other methods can be very sophisticated such as computer packages which can capture immense amounts of information to be analysed

Methods of data collection 2. Direct Observation and

Statistical Data Collection

Types of Statistical Activity Analysis Heart Rate Telemetry Video Analysis (TV footage, video footage, skycam etc) GPS tracking devices Lactic acid readings

Observation and Statistical Data Collection

Advantage of additional statistical data; Evidence that supports observational information Eg. Stopwatch and recording sheet. Technology is being used to collect and collate data more rapidly. Eg. Virtual spectator and champion data.

Observation and Statistical Data Collection

Able to discuss performance with players with more objectivity Data can be archived/ stored and referred to in future Player/performance profiles easier to establish Training for observers required prior to accurate recording Difficult to view and record what is happening at the same time Extremely labour intensive requiring lots of effort to

Advantages

Disadvantages

3. Videotaping combined with Observation & Statistical Data Collection

Along with the statistical data gathered by various means, videotaping the activity is a powerful tool that enables analysis at a later date with coaches, players etc. The use of video is the preferred method because the coach and athlete

Methods of data collection

Methods of Data Collection Digital Recording - Filming ,Eye in the Sky, etc.
Every player visible for duration of game Vision in vision allows player to be monitored when off the ball and allows tactical decision making to be seen Movements can be further analysed by biomechanists or computer programs to make comparison with most efficient / effective techniques and skill execution Increases spectator understanding and following of games Allows for third umpire decisions to be called for by field referee as required

Advantages

Disadvantages
Expensive to set up and requires lots of operators to use

 Serves as a future comparison and possibly as a motivator (Eg. Grand final win or loss).

Television has designed new inventive ways of viewing sport which provides coaches with some useful information eg. Stump cam.

GAMES ANALYSIS
Analysis of a players performance covers four key areas 1. Skill frequency (or skill analysis) 2. Intensity charts and work-rest ratios 3. Movement patterns 4. Muscle groups and muscle action

used to record the types, frequency and, in some cases, the effectiveness of skill performance in a game/activity Movement patterns: this involves charting a players movements onto a scaled grid of the playing field. A statistical representation of this data can then be provided in table form. Movement patterns give information about intensity and duration-vital for determining energy systems and fitness components Intensity charts: the timer times the length of each work period and observes the

Types of data collectedexamples Skill frequency: a skill frequency chart is

 Skill frequency: a skill frequency

Types of data collectedexamples

chart is used to record the types, frequency and, in some cases, the effectiveness of skill performance in a game/activity

Skill Frequencies These are often analysed for technical and tactical reasons, but PE students more concerned with links to fitness components, choosing specific fitness tests and training activities within a program.

Skill Frequency

Analysis: only 65% effectiveness on backhand need to work on this (not during PE training) large number of serves and smashes - arm power is important frequent and many directional changes agility is crucial

When choosing the best fitness tests, its important that the muscle actions observed during skills are reproduced closely during testing. The serves/smashes are closely replicated by the baseball throw; changing direction on the court is closely mimicked by the

MOVEMENT PATTERNS
Analysis of movement patterns involves charting a players movements onto a scaled grid of the playing field. A statistical representation of this data can then be provided in table form. Movement patterns give information about intensity and duration-vital for

Movement patterns of a hocke Player during a three minute interval

R PG PR T TPR TPL F TF I IPG SAG ------

=Rest =Pass given =Pass received =Tackle =Tackle and possession received =Tackle and possession lost =Fall =Tackled and fallen =Interception =Interception and possession gained =Shot at goal =Walk =Jog =Sprint

MOVEMENT PATTERNS
The easiest method of collecting this type of data, is by viewing video footage or interpreting GPS data after an event. This method improves the accuracy of the information and is not limited by time considerations during live

Movement Pattern analysis may identify:

MOVEMENT PATTERNS

1. Direction (forward, backward, sideward) 2. Intensity (low-high) 3. Muscle groups used 4. Frequency of movements 5. Type of movements (walking, jumping, running, sprinting, changing direction, side stepping) 6. Total distance covered within a match 7. GPS quickly shows decreased high intensity efforts and the start of fatigue so players can be substituted on/off. 8. Movement patterns also reveal common sprint distances so specific tests can be chosen to assess speed, PC replenishment, etc

Movement Pattern analysis may identify:

1. Information obtained by movement analysis identifies:
1. 2. 3. 4.

MOVEMENT PATTERNS

Predominant Energy Systems used throughout a game Fatiguing factors Muscle groups predominantly used Frequently used fitness components

2. Based upon the information obtained from the analysis, a series of highly specific tests can be implemented/created. 3. Highly specific training programs suited to individual/team requirements can then be created/implemented 4. Information obtained during a game may impact upon coaching decisions during the game; i.e if

Examples of locomotor / movement patterns for an AFL player

MOVEMENT PATTERNS

There were only 3 zone-6 entries in 4th quarter compared to 14 in 1st quarter

Work-to-Rest Ratios Definition: the time spent

physically working compared to the time spent resting or recovering. Data about work and rest periods are vital in determining an athletes energy systems and intensity of effort.

Work-to-Rest To determine work-rest ratios, Ratios

standing still, walking and slow jogging are classified as rest, while all other movements are classified as work. 2 time recorders, 1 records all rest, the other records all work for duration of game Work = 5min Rest = 15min. Ratio = 1:3 The intensity of the movements

Work-to-Rest When analysing work-rest ratio Ratios

data, the following information needs to be included: 1.Total work time 2.Total rest time 3.Average work time per effort 4.Average rest time 5.Longest work time 6.Longest rest time 7.The work rest ratio

Intensity charts
Intensity and work-rest analysis combined
Work Intensity Rest
5 M 15 3 H 2 3 H 15 15 M 10 14 L 5 5 M 15 7 M 5 4 M 7 H 5 L 25 4 M 10 8 H 16 4 H 12 7 H 20 10 L 14 10 L 14

11 12

Summary data from the above table

Intensity High Medium Low Rest Longest 15 15 14 25 Shortest 2 4 4 2 Average 5.25 7.2 8.6 13 Total 42 65 43 290 % of game 9.5 14.5 9.5 66%

This information is best collected by using digital recorders (heart rate monitors, GPS units, etc.). It is critical in determining energy system contribution to performances as well as setting specific guidelines for training.

Work-to-Rest Playing Intensities Ratios

Which training program would you recommend (Training 1 or Training 2) and why?

Intensity Charts / Work Rest Ratios

Intensity Charts Symbols are allocated to the intensities observed during an activity or game. The chart could use symbols such as (H) high, (M) medium or (L) low intensity. Set intervals can be used.

Intensity Charts / Work Rest Ratios

Work Rest Ratios Compares the amount of time working in comparison to time spent resting. Common ratio is 1:3 in team games Useful in determining contribution of energy systems and the type of training to be used. Different positions in team sports have different work to rest ratios Eg. Netball

Combined Intensity and WorkRest Ratio

Requires constant monitoring of the athlete; Observing intensity levels and duration Observing length of rest periods before next action session Gives an accurate account of energy system interplay.

Heart Rate
HR monitors use is widespread in sport. Athletes should train in the training zone. Max HR = 220 age 1.ATP/PC zone 1 95%+ 2.Anaerobic zone 2 85% max HR 3.Aerobic zone 3 70-84% max HR 4.Recovery zone 4 Below 70%

Muscle-use analysis is often neglected. When viewing the player (subjective observation), make notes about: The major muscles or muscle groups most used, during all movements and skills used in a game Which main muscle groups are used early in the match, and whether they are different from those used later in the match. Whether the muscle action is isotonic (eccentric or concentric) or isometric. Whether the muscle contraction is powerful and fast or slow and repeated.

Muscle groups and muscle action

Muscle groups and muscle action consider Look at the skills performed & carefully
the major muscles used to execute these skills. The muscle movements should be mimicked during fitness testing and again during training activities to ensure specificity of testing/training.

Activity analysis
The purpose of analysis is to identify patterns in data, recognise relationships, make connections and draw inferences. Unless all movements are recorded, the analyst must be careful that the movements being analysed are representative of the player, their position on the field and the game in general. Analysis can take the form of immediate observations that inform decisions on game day, through to detailed computer analysis of data collected over a whole season or more. It can inform and guide training and

Activity Analysis
Once the data has been collected, the analysis can begin. Analysis requires; Identifying patterns in the data Connecting pieces of information Explaining and classifying series of data.

The analysis of data can determine; Appropriate diet Training method suitability Training cycle success Warm up and recovery effectiveness

Activity Analysis
Observation only Immediate feedback However, no hard evidence to review Observation and stats Concrete evidence to review in the form of stats. Video recording and stats Video footage only used after a game no immediate feedback. Excellent for game review. Skill frequency charts More relevant to technical data rather than physical Player is able to get feedback on their results Some information on fitness components could be extracted Eg. Number of changes of direction could determine use of agility.

Activity Analysis
Movement Patterns Useful in determining muscle groups used. Needs to have intensity and duration information to determine energy system and fitness components Video analysis is better for analysing movement patterns

Activity Analysis
Intensity charts and work rest ratios Very useful in determining energy systems and fitness components Heart rate data Determines intensity only Needs additional data on duration and workrest ratio to be useful. Eg. Tennis

A model for determining the energy systems involved

Team or individual

Method Time event

Continuous

Duration How long?

Method Measure HR during and immediately pre and post exercise

Intensity How hard?

Method: work:rest Duration of work intervals ratio Measure: and rest intervals How long? total time time of work Method: observation o Intensity of work intervals intervals How hard? monitoring HR time of rest intervals Method: statistical Frequency of work intervals Recording* How often?

or

Intermittent

Method: observation of movement Patterns* If team, consider: which player? Which playing position?

Energy systems (and muscle groups)

*Fitness components (and muscle groups) are revealed by observation of movement patterns and statistica recording of skill/movement frequency, intensity and duration