ANALYZERS DRY TYPE

A brief overview

Mrs. Tannistha Kapoor

CONTENTS
1. POLLUTION 2. POLLUTANTS IN POWER PLANTS 3. ANALYZERS 4.OXYGEN ANALYZERS 5. Sox/NOx ANALYZER 6. CO ANALYZER 7. DUST ANALYZERS

POLLUTION
COMPOSITION OF AIR
OTHER GASES 0.302% CO2 0.033% ARGON 0.934%

TEXT OXYGEN 20.947% TEXT NITROGEN 78.084%

OTHER GASES
Component
Neon Helium Krypton Sulfur dioxide Methane Hydrogen Nitrous Oxide Xenon Ozone Nitrogen dioxide Iodine Carbon monoxide Ammonia

Symbol
Ne He Kr SO2 CH4 H2 N2O Xe O3 NO2 I2 CO NH3

Volume
18.2 parts per million 5.2 parts per million 1.1 parts per million 1.0 parts per million 2.0 parts per million 0.5 parts per million 0.5 parts per million 0.09 parts per million 0.07 parts per million 0.02 parts per million 0.01 parts per million trace trace

POLLUTION
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION :REFERS TO ANY UNDESIRABLE CHANGE IN THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,OR BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OUR ENVIRONMENT I.E. AIR, WATER, AND SOIL THAT MAY OR WILL ADVERSELY AFFECT HUMANS OR OTHER SPECIES OF OUR BIOSPHERE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY.

AIR POLLUTION:IS DEFINED AS THE OCCURRENCE OF FOREIGN PARTICLES OR GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO MAN, VEGETATION , ANIMALS AND BUILDINGS.

AIR POLLUTANTS
THE MAJOR CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS ARE
GROUND LEVEL OZONE:Created when oxides of nitrogen react with volatile organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Breathing ozone can trigger or exacerbate a variety of respiratory problems, including bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, chest pain, coughing, throat and lung irritation, congestion, and general reduction of lung function. Ground-level ozone can have similar effects on animals, and it also damages natural vegetation and crops.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE:Sulfur is prevalent in raw fossil fuels, notably coal and crude oil. SOx gases form when the coal and heavy oil are burned. SO2 readily dissolves in water vapor and leads to the formation of airborne sulfuric acid and other acidic sulfur compounds; and it interacts with other gases and particles in the air to form sulfates and other polluting compounds. Sulfur dioxide pollution is thought to promote wheezing, bronchial constriction, shortness of breath, and exacerbation of asthma and heart disease, and even premature death.

AIR POLLUTANTS
OXIDES OF NITROGEN:Nitrogen oxides form when fuel is burned at high temperatures, such as in an automobile engine, coal-fired power plant, or a process that burns fuel. A number of NOx-related problems are:-ground-level ozone (causing respiratory effects); nitrate particles and acid aerosols (causing respiratory, coronary, and environmental problems); acid rain (see sidebar); haze and visibility impairment(NO2) Nitrous oxide (N2O), is a potent greenhouse gas. Because of nitrous oxide's persistence in the atmosphere, it has 200 times more global warming impact than the same mass of carbon dioxide molecules.

CARBON MONOXIDE:Most CO air pollution is formed when fossil fuels are burned incompletely. Carbon monoxide is poisonous to us oxygen breathers, at least at high enough levels. It can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body's tissues and organs (most notably the heart and brain) Few other CO-related health problems:Chronic CO exposure may cause cardiovascular problems in healthy people. Individuals who already suffer from heart problems may experience chest pain and reduced physical function upon even brief exposure to CO. Breathing high levels of CO can cause vision problems and physical or mental impairment.

AIR POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATE MATTER:Comprises very, very small solid particles and liquid droplets. These include soot, smoke, nitrates, sulfates, metals, dust particles, and organic chemicals. Particles in the size range of 2.5 to 10 micrometers are called "inhalable coarse particles" but are more commonly referred to as PM-10. Direct-emission sources of PM-10 include fires and smokestacks. Particles that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter are called "fine particles" and are collectively referred to as PM-2.5. These particles can be emitted directly from diesel exhaust or forest fires or can form indirectly when gases (Sox/Nox)emitted from power plants, industrial operations, and automobiles react with air. Particle pollution exposure is linked to a variety of health problems, including:transitory respiratory symptoms such as irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing; serious respiratory symptoms such as decreased lung function, aggravation of asthma, and development of chronic bronchitis; increased cardiovascular risk, especially for people with diabetes; higher general risk of heart attacks, strokes, hypertension and angina pectoris; premature death in people with heart or lung disease. Environmentally, particulate matter pollution can :-acidify and change the nutrient balance in lakes, streams, rivers, watersheds, and estuaries;deplete soil nutrients, alter soil acidity, and degrade or suppress soil biological activity;damage farm crops, forests, and ecosystems; cause reduced visibility (haze); stain or damage buildings and monuments

NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

TIME WEIGHTED AVG

POLLUTANT

CONCENTRATION IN AMBIENT AIR (g/m3)

INDUSTRIAL RESIDENTIAL SENSITIVE

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

SULPHUR DIOXIDE

ANNUAL AVG 24 HRS

80 120 80 120 360 500 120 150 1.0 1.5

60 80 60 80 140 200 60 100 0.75 0.75

15 30 15 30 70 100 50 75 .05 .50

*IMPROVED WEST & GAEKE METHOD *ULTRAVOILET FLOURESCENCE *JOB & HOCHHEISER METHOD *GAS PHASE CHEMILLUMINECENCE

OXIDES OF NITROGENANNUAL AVG 24 HRS SPM ANNUAL AVG 24 HRS RPM ((SIZE <10m) ANNUAL AVG 24 HRS CARBON MONOXIDE ANNUAL AVG 24 HRS

HIGH VOLUME SAMPLING (AVERAGE FLOW RATE NOT LESS THAN 1.1 M3/MINUTE

RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE MATTER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

NON DISPERSIVE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

POLLUTANTS IN POWER PLANTS

CONSTITUENTS OF COAL
NAME C CARBON % H O OXYGEN % S HYDROGEN % SULFUR % HEAT CONTENT KJ/KG

BRAUNKOHLE (LIGNITE) FLAMMKOHLE (FLAME COAL) GASFLAMMKOHLE (GAS FLAME COAL) GASKOHLE (GAS COAL) FETTKOHLE (FAT COAL) ESSKOHLE (FORGE COAL) MAGERKOHLE (NON BAKING COAL) ANTHRAZIT (ANTHRACITE)

60-75 75-82 82-85 85-87.5 87.5-89.5 89.5-90.5 90.5-91.5 >91.5

6.0-5.8 6.0-5.8 5.8-5.6 5.6-5.0 5.0-4.5 4.5-4.0 4.0-3.75 <3.75

34-17 >9.8 9.8-7.3 7.3-4.5 4.5-3.2 3.2-2.8 2.8-3.5 <2.5

0.5-3 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1 ~1

<28470 <32870 <33910 <34960 <35380 <35380 35380 <35300

POLLUTANTS IN POWER PLANTS

CARBON MONOXIDE IS FORMED BY INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OF COAL IN THE FURNACE. 2C + O2 = 2CO NOx EMISSIONS ARE FORMED IN THREE WAYS NAMELY: Thermal NOx is produced when nitrogen and oxygen in the combustion air supply combine at high flame temperatures. Thermal NOX is generally produced during the combustion of both gases and fuel oils. Fuel NOx is produced when nitrogen in the fuel combines with the excess oxygen in the combustion air and is only a problem with fuel oils containing fuel bound nitrogen. Prompt NOx is formed during the early, low temperature states of combustion and is insignificant. SO2 IS FORMED WHEN SULPHUR IN COAL COMBINES WITH OXYGEN S + O2 = SO2 MAIN SOURCE OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN FLY ASH THAT IS LEFT BEHIND AFTER COMBUSTION OF COAL.

POLLUTANTS IN POWER PLANTS

THERE ARE A NUMBER OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL BURNING, IN POWER STATIONS NAMELY : RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE, BOTH OF WHICH ARE GREENHOUSE GASES, WHICH ARE CAUSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING ACCORDING TO THE IPCC. COAL IS THE LARGEST CONTRIBUTOR TO THE HUMANMADE INCREASE OF CO2 IN THE AIR. GENERATION OF HUNDRED OF MILLIONS OF TONS OF WASTE PRODUCTS, INCLUDING FLY ASH, BOTTOM ASH, FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SLUDGE, THAT CONTAIN MERCURY, URANIUM, THORIUM, ARSENIC, AND OTHER HEAVY METALS ACID RAIN IMPACT OF WATER USE ON FLOWS OF RIVERS AND CONSEQUENTIAL IMPACT ON OTHER LAND-USES DUST NUISANCE COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS WITHOUT EFFECTIVE FLY ASH CAPTURE ARE ONE OF THE LARGEST SOURCES OF HUMAN-CAUSED BACKGROUND RADIATION EXPOSURE COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS SHORTEN NEARLY 24,000 LIVES A YEAR, INCLUDING 2,800 FROM LUNG CANCER. COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT RELEASES EMISSIONS INCLUDING MERCURY, SELENIUM, AND ARSENIC WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

TYPES OF ANALYZERS
DRY TYPE

O2

SOx

NOx

CO

DUST

LOCATION OF ANALYZERS
OXYGEN ANALYZERS:i) HIGH TEMPERATURE ANALYZER AT PLATEN S/H O/L ii) LOW TEMPERATURE ANALYZER AT ECO I/L SOx ANALYZER :STACK 88 mtrs NOx ANALYZER :STACK 88 mtrs CO ANALYZER :STACK 88 mtrs DUST ANALYZER :i) STACK 88 mtrs ii) ESP O/L

WHY O2 ANALYZERS

OXYGEN ANALYZERS
PARAMAGNETIC MEASUREMENT :* TWO N2 FILLD QUARTZ SPHERES ARE ARRANGED IN A DUMBELL CONFIGURATION AND ARE SUSPENDED FREE TO ROTATE ON A THIN Pt RIBBON IN A CELL. * A SMALL MIRROR THAT REFLECTS A LIGHT BEAM COMING FROM ON LIGHT SOURCE ONTO THE PHOTODETECTOR IS MOUNTED ON THE RIBBON. * A STRONG MAGNET SPECIALLY SHAPED TO PRODUCE A INHOMOGENOUS MAGNETIC FIELD IS MOUNTED OUTSIDE THE CELL WALL. *WHEN O2 MOLECULES ENTER THE CELL, THEIR PARAMAGNETISM CAUSES THEM TO BE DRAWN TO THE REGOIN OF HIGHEST MAGNETIC FIELD. *THE O2 MOLECULES THUS EXERT DIFFERENT FORCES WHICH CAUSES THE ENTIRE DUMBELL +MIRROR ASSEMBLY TO ROTATE. *THE MIRROR DEFLECTS THE INCIDENT LIGHT ONTO THE PHOTODETECTOR WHICH PRODUCES ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE. *THIS VOLTAGE IS AMPLIFIED AND FED TO A CONDUCTING COIL AT THE DUMBBELL FORCING THEM TO EQUILIBRIUM POSITION. *THE CURRENT REQUIRED TO RESTORE THE DUMBBELL TO EQUILIBRIUM POSITION IS A DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE O2 CONC IN THE SAMPLE GAS.

OXYGEN ANALYZERS
ZIRCONIA SENSOR :* SENSOR CONSISTS OF A ZIRCONIUM OXIDE MEMBRANE DOPED WITH YITTRIA WHICH SEPERATES THE REFERENCE GAS FROM SAMPLE GAS. *DOPING INTRODUCES DEFECTS IN THE CYRSTAL LATTICE. Zr 4+ IONS ARE REPLACED BY Y 3+ IONS CREATING VACANCIES WHICH ALLOW O2- IONS, ESPECIALLY AT HIGH TEMPERAUTRES OF >650oC ,TO DIFFUSE ACROSS THE LATTICE *BOTH SIDES OF MEMBRANE IS COATED WITH THIN PLATINUM FILMS, WHICH SERVES AS ELECTRODES SO THAT A SOLID, ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL IS FORMED. *WHEN CONC. OF O2 IONS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE CELL IS EQUAL THE MOVEMENT OF O2 IONS WITHIN THE MEMBRANE IS RANDOM. AS SOON AS THERE IS CHANGE IN O2 ION CONC. ON BOTH SIDES OF THE MEMBRANE THE O2 IONS WITHIN THE CRYSTAL LATTICE START MOVING FROM A REGION OF HIGH O2 PARTIAL PR. TO THAT OF LOW PRESSURE. * A CONC. GRADIENT OF O2 ION IS INTRODUCED WITHIN THE CRYSTAL LATTICE, WHICH PRODUCES A POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO Pt ELECTRODES ACCORDING TO NERST EQUATION

NERNSTs EQUATION

emf =-0.01528TK log10(p0/p1) mV

TK=abs. tmp in K Po= partial pr. Of O2 in sample gas
P1= partial pr. Of O2 in flue gas

OXYGEN ANALYZERS

contd.

HIGH TEMPERATURE OXYGEN PROBE :*CONSISTS OF THE DETECTOR UNIT HOUSED IN A PROTECTIVE SHEATH. * A THERMOCOUPLE IS MOUNTED WITHIN THE PROBE TO MEASURE FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE. *PR & FLOW OF INSTRUMENT AIR IS REGULATED AND FED TO THE REFERENCE AIR PORT OF THE PROBE. * THE ZIRCONIA CELL mV AND THERMOCOUPLE O/P IS SEND TO THE ELECTRONICS UNIT IN THE UCB. * THE CELL mV IS CONVERTED TO APPROPRIATE O2 CONC. DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE FEEDBACK OF THE T/C.

OXYGEN ANALYZERS
LOW TEMPERATURE OXYGEN PROBE :* SIMILAR TO HIGH TEMPERATURE PROBE EXCEPT THAT A HEATER ASSEMBLY IS HOUSED WITHIN THE PROBE TO MAINTAIN PROBE AT A HIGH TEMPERATURE. * THE TEMPERATURE OF PROBE IS MAINTAINED AT A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE WITH THE HELP OF LOCAL ELECTRONICS UNIT AND PROBE T/C F/B. *THE CELL mV IS SENT TO THE LOCAL ELECTRONICS UNIT WHICH CONVERTS IT INTO 4-20mA SIGNAL FOR THE DCS AS A TRUE REPRESENTATION OF THE O2 CONC. IN THE FLUE GAS.

contd.

OXYGEN ANALYZERS
LOW TEMPERATURE OXYGEN PROBE

contd.

SOx ANALYZERS
WEST & GAEKE METHOD :* SENSITIVE IN THE CONCETRATION RANGE 0.005-0.2ppm. * OBEYS BEERs LAW UPTO ABOUT 0.6ml OF SO2 /ml OF ABSORBING SOLUTION. *THE SAMPLE IS BUBBLED THROUGH 0.1 M SODIUM TETRACHLOROMERCURATE SOLUTION AND THE STABLE, NONVOLATILE DICHLOROSULFITOMERCURATE IS FORMED.

[HgCl4]2- + 2SO2 ---> [Hg(SO3)2]2- + 4Cl- + 4H+

* THE SULFUR DIOXIDE IS THEN DETERMINED BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT(570nm) OF THE RED-PURPLE PARAROSANILINE METHYLSULFONIC ACID FORMED WHEN ACID-BLEACHED PARAROSANILINE AND FORMALDEHYDE ARE ADDED TO THE SCRUBBING SOLUTION.

SOx ANALYZERS
ULTRAVOILET FLOURESCENSE :-

contd.

*BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT WHEN SO2 IN SAMPLE GAS IS EXCITED BY UV RADIATION THEY EMIT A CHARACTERISTIC FLOURESCENCE IN THE RANGE 220-240nm. THIS FLUORESCENCE IS MEASURED AND THE SO2 CONCENTRATION IS OBTAINED FROM CHANGES IN THE INTENSITY OF THE FLUORESCENCE. *MAIN REACTIONS ARE :(1)SO2 + hv1 SO2* (2)SO2* SO2 + hv2 * TWO MORE PROCESSES COMPETE WITH THE FATE OF THE EXCITED SO2 MOLECULES:QUENCHING :- SO2*+ M SO2 + M PHOTOLYSIS :- SO2* SO + (O) * FLOURESCENCE IS ALSO AFFECTED BY POSITIVE INTERFERENCE FROM PRESENCE OF NO PARTICLES.

SOx ANALYZERS
SET-UP:* SAMPLE GAS FLOWS THROUGH A KICKER WHICH REMOVES ANY HYDROCARBONS IN THE GAS STREAM THROUGH SELECTIVE PERMEATION MEMBRANE.. * EXCITATION LIGHT IS PRODUCED AT 10Hz BY A PULSED XENON FLASH LAMP AND FILTERED BY A SET OF EXCITATION FILTERS WHICH TRANSMIT LIGHT IN THE RANGE 195235nm.

contd.

*THE EMISSION FILTER IS A COMBINATION OF TWO BANDPASS FILTERS WHICH

SELECT LIGHT IN THE REGION 340 -410nm * LIGHT IS THEN PASSED THROUGH A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE.

NOX ANALYZERS
GAS PHASE CHEMILLUMINECENCE :*CHEMILUMINESCENCE LITERALLY MEANS A CHEMICAL REACTION THAT
PRODUCES LIGHT. * WHEN NO REACTS WITH OZONE IT IS CONVERTED TO NO2 SOME OF WHICH IS IN AN EXCITED STATE(APPROX 20%). NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2 NO + O3 --> NO2* + O2 *THIS EXCITED NO2* REVERTS BACK TO THE GROUND STATE BY EMITTING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WHICH IS MEASURED AS LIGHT IN THE PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE. NO2* --> NO2 + hv * THE EMITTED WAVELENGTH IS IN THE RANGE 600-3000nm WITH MAX. INTENSITY AT 1200nm. * IN ORDER TO MEASURE TOTAL NOx CONTENT IN FLUE GAS ALL OXIDES OF NITROGEN ARE TO BE CONVERTED TO NO. THIS CAN BE DONE BY PASSING THE SAMPLE GAS THROUGH TO NOx TO NO CONVERTER AT 350-650degC IN PRESENCE OF CATALYSTS OR REDUCING AGENTS. NO2 + C --> NO + CO

SOx/NOx ANALYSERS
H & B RADAS 2(STAGE2)/ ROSEMOUNT ANALYTICAL MLT1 ANALYSER (STAGE 3)
*A UV LAMP SOURCE IS USED TO GENERATE LIGHT IN THE UV SPECTRAL RANGE. *THE RADIATION PASSES THROUGH THE CHOPPER WHEEL(2). DUE TO ITS SPECIAL SHAPE THE RADIATION ALTERNATIVELY REACHES THE MEASURING SIDE(5) AND REFERENCE SIDE(6) OF THE ANALYSIS CELL(4) WHICH IS SEPARATED BY AN INTERNAL SEPARATING WALL. *A SECOND FILTER IS INSTALLED AFTER THE ANALYSIS CELL. * THE PHOTODETECTOR THAT FOLLOWS CONVERTS THE PULSATING RADIATION INTNSITIES FROM THE MEASURING SIDE & THE REFERENCE SIDE INTO ELECTRICAL VOLTAGES. * THE REFERENCE LAMP NEEDS TO BE AT A CONSTANT AND SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE. HENCE THE UV LAMP IS THERMOSTATED TO ABOUT 55deg C
1.UV SOURCE WITH REFLECTOR 2.CHOPPER WHEEL & EDDY CURRENT DRIVE 3.FILTER CELL 4.ANALYSIS CELL 5.MEASURING SIDE. 6. REFERENCE SIDE 7. FILTER CELL 8.WINDOW 9. DETECTOR 10/ PREAMPLIFIER

8 9

10

TO ELECTRONICS

CO ANALYZER
NON DISPERSIVE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY:* KEY COMPONENTS ARE AN INFRARED SOURCE,THE SAMPLING CHAMBER, A WAVELENGTH FILTER AND AN INFRARED DETECTOR. * THE IR IS DIIRECTED TOWARDS THE DETECTOR THROUGH THE SAMPLING CHAMBER. THE OPTICAL FILTER IN FRONT OF THE DETECTOR ELIMINATES ALL WAVELENGTHS EXCEPT THOSE THAT CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE MOLECULES. * THE INTENSITY OF IR LIGHT THAT REACHES THE DETECTOR IS INVERSELY PROPOTIONAL TO THE CONCENTRATION OF TARGET GAS IN THE CHAMBER AND IS GIVEN BY BEERs LAMBERTS LAW

I = Io*exp(-K*C*x)
where I=spectral intensity of weakened light; Io=spectral intensity where x=0; x=optical distance; C=concentration of gas under measurement; K = coefficient of absorption.

CO ANALYZER
LAND 9100 (STAGE 2 & 3):-

contd.

*MEASUREMENT IS BASED ON THE ABSORPTION OF INFRARED LIGHT BY CO IN THE BAND 4.5-4.9m. * THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECIEVER ARE ALIGNED ON THE OPTICAL AXIS WHICH RUNS THROUGH THE GAS UNDER MEASUREMENT. *RADIATION EMITTED BY THE IR SOURCE IN THE TRANSMITTER IS MODULATED AS IT PASSES SUCCESSIVELY THROUGH MEASUREMENT & REFERENCE CELLS ON THE GAS WHEEL AND THE APERTURES. *THE RADIATION CROSSES THE DUCT AND IS REFLECTED BY A PARABOLIC MIRROR TO THE DETECTOR WHICH CONVERTS THE LIGHT RECEIVED TO A CURRENT SIGNAL. *SUBSEQUENT ELECTRONICS GENERATE A 4-20mA SIGNAL DEPENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION OF GAS.

CO ANALYZER
LAND 9100 contd.:-

contd.

*THE GAS WHEEL CONTAINS TWO GAS CELLS 100% CO & 100% N2.. * IN EACH REVOLUTION OF GAS WHEEL THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT

FROM BOTH CELLS IS READ.IDENTIFICATION SLOTS IN THE GLASS WHEEL DETERMINE WHICH OPTICAL CELL IS CURRENTLY IN THE PATH OF INFRARED BEAM. *THE CELL CONTAINING 100% CO WIL ABSORB RADIATION COMPLETELY AND THUS MAKES THE SIGNAL ALMOST COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF CO CONCENTRATION IN THE GAS. * THE CELL CONTAINING 100% N2 WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE IR BEAM. * THE CELL MEASUREMENT IS EVALUATED IN PAIRS. *CONCETRATION OF CO IN THE GAS DUCT IS GIVEN BY CCO = LIN{(1-K(IN2)/I100%CO}
where LIN is a linearization function depending on temperature, path length, CO2 and humidity; IN2= intensity of light with 100%N2; I100%CO =intensity with 100%CO;K=constants

CO ANALYZER

contd.

ABB ADVANCE OPTIMA URAS 14 (STAGE1) :-

CO ANALYZER

contd.

ABB ADVANCE OPTIMA URAS 14 (STAGE1) :* A HEATING COIL IN THE LIGHT SOURCE GENERATES THE NECESSARY INFRARED RADIATION. *THE RADIATION PASSES THROUGH THE CHOPPER WHEEL(2). DUE TO ITS SPECIAL SHAPE THE RADIATION ALTERNATIVELY REACHES THE MEASURING SIDE(5) AND REFERENCE SIDE(6) OF THE ANALYSIS CELL(4) WHICH IS SEPARATED BY AN INTERNAL SEPARATING WALL. *A SECOND FILTER IS INSTALLED AFTER THE ANALYSIS CELL. *THE RADIATION THEN PASSES TO THE GAS DETECTOR WHICH COMPARES THE IR RADIATION INTENSITIES FROM MEASURING AND REFERENCE SIDE AND CONVERST IT INTO AN AC VOLTAGE SIGNAL.
1.UV SOURCE WITH REFLECTOR 2.CHOPPER WHEEL & EDDY CURRENT DRIVE 3.FILTER CELL 4.ANALYSIS CELL 5.MEASURING SIDE. 6. REFERENCE SIDE 7. FILTER CELL 8.WINDOW 9. DETECTOR 10/ PREAMPLIFIER TO ELECTR.

10

9 8 7

CO ANALYZER
ABB ADVANCE OPTIMA URAS 14 (STAGE1) :-

contd.

THE GAS DETECTOR CONSISTS OF A GAS FILLED ABSORPTION CHAMBER AND A COMPENSATION CHAMBER CONNECTED TOGETHER VIA A FLOW CHANNEL. * THE DETECTOR IS FILLED WITH THE INFRARED GAS TO BE MEASURED.THE ABSORPTION CHAMBER IS SEALED WITH CaF2 WINDOW WHICH IS TRANSPARENT TO INFRARED RADIATION. * WHEN IR RADIATION PASSES THROUGH THE MEASUREMENT SIDE A PART OF IT IS ABSORBED DEPENDING ON THE CONC. OF GAS IN THE SAMPLE. *WHEN IT PASSES THROUGHT THE REFERENCE SIDE NO ABSORPTION OCCURES. *WHEN NO PREABSORPTION OCCURS,THE GAS WHEN REACHES THE ABSORPTION CHAMBER HEATS THE GAS THERE,THEREBY INCREASING ITS PRESSURE.SOME OF THE GAS THEN FLOWS TO THE COMPENSATION CHAMBER. * WHEN THE GAS REACHES THE DETECTOR THROUGH THE MEASURING SIDE THE REVERSE FLOW IS ESTABLISHED DUE TO COOLING OF THE GAS IN THE ABSORPTION CHAMBER. * THIS FLOW IS DETECTED BY A MICROFLOW SENSOR AND IS CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL VOLTAGES.

DUST ANALYZERS
MEASUREMENT BASICS :BEERs LAMBERTS LAW I = I0 . e k . C . L TRANSMISSION T =(I/I0)*100 % OPACITY Op ={1-(I/I0)}*100 % Extinction*
1 =lg o T l T n c = L k E = lg o l T =.1 l g T n 1 o E c =.1 1 L k T

I I0 k c L

received (attenuated) light emitted light extinction coefficient dust concentration length of optical meas. path (auto-collimating: 2 x distance)

*Optical Density

DUST ANALYZERS
DUST ANALYSER ESP O/L:-

contd.

OMD 41 (STAGE 2 &3) STANDARD SYSTEM COMPONENTS S/R UNIT REFLECTOR EVALUATION UNIT MEPA SOFTWARE PURGE AIR UNIT FLANGE WITH TUBE

DUST ANALYZERS
OMD 41 (STAGE 2 &3) :-

contd.

1 LED 4 Sight 7 10 13 16.

2 Condenser lens 5 Concave mirror

3 Beam-splitting mirror: sight 6 Beam-splitting mirror:

measurement light 9 Zero-point reflector 12 Measuring reflector (triple) 15. Receiving element, Ref. light

Objective 8 Protective plate for optical unit Protective plate for reflector 11 Background light aperture Filter 1 14 Filter 2 Receiving element, Measured light

DUST ANALYZERS
DUST ANALYSER STACK:MARK 4500- LAND (STAGE-2):-

contd.