March 2004

Power Systems I
1
Common Unbalanced Network Faults
Single-line-to-ground faults
Double-line-to-ground faults
Line-to-line faults
March 2004
Power Systems I
2
Single Line to Ground Fault
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
0
0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
0
0
2 1 0
3
1
2 1 0
2
2
2
1
0
= + + =
= = =
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= =
=
=
a a a a
a a a a
a
a
a
a
c b
a f
a
V V V V
I I I I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
I I
I I
V
March 2004
Power Systems I
3
Single Line to Ground Fault
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2 1 0
2 1 0
0
0 2 1 0
2 2 1 1 0 0
012 012
3
0
a f
a a a
a a a
a
a
a a a a a
a a a a a a a
a
a a a a
I I
I I I
Z Z Z
E
I
I Z Z Z E
I Z I Z I Z E
I Z A E
I Z E V
=
= =
+ +
=
+ + =
+ + =
=
= =
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Zero
Sequence
fault location
in network
Network Diagram
I
a0
March 2004
Power Systems I
4
Double Line to Ground Fault
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
2 1 0
2
2
2
1
0
2 1 0
0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
0
0
0
a a a
a
a
a
a
c b f
a a a a
c
b
V V V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
I I I
I I I I
V
V
= =
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

+ =
= + + =
=
=
March 2004
Power Systems I
5
Double Line to Ground Fault
( )
( )
2
2
2
0
0
0
2 0
2 0
1
1
0
2 1 0 2 0 1
2 0 1
1
0 2
0 2
1
2
1
0
1
1
,
1
Z
V
I
Z
V
I
Z Z
Z Z
Z
V
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z V
I
Z Z
Z Z
V
Z
Z
Z
Z
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Zero
Sequence
fault location
in network
Network Diagram
I
a1
I
a2
I
a0
March 2004
Power Systems I
6
Double Line to Ground Fault
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
2 1 0
2
2 1
2
0
2 1 2 1
2
0
2
2
1 0 2 1
2
0
2 1 0
2
1
2
2
0
a a a f
a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a a
c b f
012 abc
a a a
I I I I
a a
I I a a I
I I a I I a I
I a I a I I a I a I
I I I
I I I
+ =
= +
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ =
=
= + +
I A I
March 2004
Power Systems I
7
Line-to-Line Fault
V
a
V
b
V
c
I
a
I
b
I
c
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
= + + =
= +
=
b
b
a
a
a
c b f
a a a a
c b
c b
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
I I I
I I I I
I I
V V
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
0
0
0
2
2
2
1
0
2 1 0
March 2004
Power Systems I
8
Line-to-Line Fault
( )
( )
2 1
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
1
0
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
a a
b a
b a
a
b
b
a
a
a
I I
I a a I
I a a I
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
=
=
=
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
fault location
in network
Network Diagram
I
a1
I
a2
March 2004
Power Systems I
9
Line-to-Line Fault
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
2 1
,
1
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2
1
1 1
2 1 2
0
0
0
k k
a
f pre k
a
k
a
k k k
a
k
a
k k k a
a
k k
a
k k
a
k
a k a
a
k
a
k
a
k c b
Z Z
V
I
I Z Z V
I Z Z V a a
I Z I Z V
I Z V V
V V a a V V
+
=
= +
= +
= =
=
= =

March 2004
Power Systems I
10
Line-to-Line Fault
( )
b c
k k
a
k
b
a
k
a
k b
a
k
a
k
c
b
a
a
k
a
k
I I
Z Z
V j
I
I j I a a I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
I I
=
+

=
= =
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
2 1
1 1 2
1
1
2
2
2 1
3
3
0
1
1
1 1 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
11
Example
The neutral of each generator is grounded through a current
limiting resistor of 8.333 % on a 100 MVA base
generators are running at no-load at rated voltage and in phase
all network data is expressed on a 100 MVA base
Find the fault current for 3-phs, 1-phs, L-L, L-L-G bolted faults
G1 G2
T1 T2
L 1-2
L 2-3 L 1-3
Item V Rating X1 X2 X0
G1 20 kV 15% 15% 5%
G2 20 kV 15% 15% 5%
T1 20/200 kV 10% 10% 10%
T2 20/200 kV 10% 10% 10%
L 1-2 200 kV 12.5% 12.5% 30%
L 1-3 200 kV 15% 15% 35%
L 2-3 200 kV 25% 25% 71.25%
3
2 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
12
Example
j0.1 j0.1
j 0.15 j0.25
j0.125
j0.15 j0.15
j0.1
j0.1
j0.15
j0.15
j0.0595 j0.0357
j0.0714
1/0 1/0
1/0 1/0
1/0
j0.22
Positive Sequence Network
3
2 1
3
2 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
13
Example
j0.1 j0.1
j 0.15 j0.25
j0.125
j0.15 j0.15
j0.1
j0.1
j0.15
j0.15
j0.0595 j0.0357
j0.0714
j0.22
Negative Sequence Network
3
2 1
3
2 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
14
Example
j0.1
j0.1
j 0.35 j0.7125
j0.3
j0.05
j0.05
j0.1
j0.1
j0.05
j0.05
j0.1569 j0.0771
j0.1830
j0.35
j0.25
j0.25 j0.25
j0.25
Zero Sequence Network
3
2 1
3
2 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
15
Example
3-phase fault
SLG fault
pu 54 . 4 ) (
pu 54 . 4
22 . 0
0 0 . 1
) (
1
3
1
33
1
3
1
3
j F I I
j
j Z
V
F I
a
af
a
a
= =
=

= =
pu 80 . 3 3
pu 266 . 1
22 . 0 22 . 0 35 . 0
0 0 . 1
1
3
2
33
1
33
0
33
1
3
2
3
1
3
0
3
j I I
j
j j j
Z Z Z
V
I I I
a
af
a
a a a
= =
=
+ +

=
+ +
= = =
March 2004
Power Systems I
16
Example
L-L fault
( ) pu 936 . 3 27 . 2 3
pu 27 . 2
22 . 0 22 . 0
0 0 . 1
0
2
33
1
33
1
3
2
3
1
3
0
3
= = =
=
+

=
+
= =
=
j j I I
j
j j Z Z
V
I I
I
cf bf
a
a a
a
March 2004
Power Systems I
17
Example
DLG fault
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) pu 261 . 3 729 . 1 816 . 2 087 . 1 2
2
pu 087 . 1
35 . 0
816 . 2 22 . 0 0 0 . 1
pu 729 . 1
22 . 0
816 . 2 22 . 0 0 0 . 1
pu 816 . 2
22 . 0 35 . 0
22 . 0 35 . 0
22 . 0
0 0 . 1
2
3
1
3
2 0
3 3 3
0
33
1
3
1
33
1
3
0
3
2
33
1
3
1
33
1
3
2
3
2
33
0
33
2
33
0
33
1
33
1
3
1
3
j j j j
I I a a I I I I
j
j
j j
Z
I Z V
I
j
j
j j
Z
I Z V
I
j
j j
j j
j
Z Z
Z Z
Z
V
I
a a a c b
f
a a
a
a a
a
a
a
= + =
+ + + = + =
=

=

=
=

=

=
=
+

+

=
+

+
=
March 2004
Power Systems I
18
Fault Analysis with Fault Impedances
Single Line to Ground Fault
Z
f
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Zero
Sequence
I
a0
fault location
in network
3 Z
f
f k k k
a
f pre k
a
k
a
k
a
k
Z Z Z Z
V
I I I
3
2 1 0
1
,
2 1 0
+ + +
= = =

March 2004
Power Systems I
19
Fault Analysis with Fault Impedances
Double Line to Ground Fault
Z
f
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
Zero
Sequence
fault location
in network
I
a1
I
a2
I
a0
3 Z
f
March 2004
Power Systems I
20
Fault Analysis with Fault Impedances
Double Line to Ground Fault
( ) ( )
f k
a
k k
a
k
a
k
k
a
k k
a
k
a
k
k f k k f k k
a
k
a
k
Z Z
I Z V
I
Z
I Z V
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
V
I
3
3 3
0
1 1 1
0
2
1 1 1
2
2 0 2 0 1
1
1
+

=
+ + + +
=
March 2004
Power Systems I
21
Fault Analysis with Fault Impedances
Line to Line Fault
Z
f
Positive
Sequence
Negative
Sequence
fault location
in network
I
a1
I
a2
Z
f
f k k
a
k
a
k
a
k
Z Z Z
V
I I
+ +
= =
2 1
2 1
March 2004
Power Systems I
22
Fault Analysis using Z-Bus Matrix
Form the Positive Sequence and the Zero Sequence bus
impedance matrices
The Negative Sequence matrix is the same as the Positive
Sequence matrix
Use the diagonal element of the faulted bus with the
following modified fault equations
March 2004
Power Systems I
23
Fault Analysis using Z-Bus Matrix
Single Line to Ground Fault
Line to Line Fault
f kk kk
a
f pre k
a
k
a
k
a
k
Z
V
I I I
+ +
= = =

1 0
1
,
2 1 0
2 Z Z
f kk
a
k
a
k
a
k
Z
V
I I
+
= =
1
2 1
2 Z
March 2004
Power Systems I
24
Fault Analysis using Z-Bus Matrix
Double Line to Ground Fault
( ) ( )
f kk
a
k kk
a
k
a
k
kk
a
k kk
a
k
a
k
kk f kk kk f kk kk
a
k
a
k
Z
I V
I
I V
I
Z Z
V
I
3
3 3
0
1 1 1
0
1
1 1 1
2
1 0 1 0 1
1
1
+

=
+ + + +
=
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z Z
March 2004
Power Systems I
25
Fault Analysis using Z-Bus Matrix
Bus voltages during fault
Line currents during fault
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0
0
a
k ik
a
i
a
i ik
a
i
a
i
a
k ik
a
i
I Z V
I Z V V
I Z V
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
ij
a
j
a
i
a
ij
ij
a
j
a
i
a
ij
ij
a
j
a
i
a
ij
z V V I
z V V I
z V V I
=
=
=