:

:

:

()
()

()

.
- .
.
.
. :
...
:
- ( ) ( )HGL.
- ( ) .

- .

() .
. .

. () % . -
.
+

)(

)(

.
.
:
:

( ) .
( )
:

= =

V A . :
22

+ 1 = 2 + 2 +

12
2

 Z ( y . . ) . f -
:

= =

2
2 1

F ( ) . " "
P ( . ) . .

= =

( )Re = / (> .)105

.
.

. .

. ( = ) . :
. = 0 (S . . ) .:

= 1 2 = 0

) (6 L

. - :
8

1/2 1/2

8 1/2

6 ,7

= 0

8 1/2

= = 4

02
2

= 7

C :

= . . ( 0 ).5

9.

0 = . ( 0 ).5

9.a

 C 60 1/2 / 160 1/2 /

( . )30 90 1/2 / .

.

f 8 .
( ) .
.
14.8 2

84%

10. f 2.0

f 1.2 + 2.03

11.

( 84% (
. 669 :
Where 84% is the size for which 84 % of the rocks are smaller (the largest rocks dominate the
)friction in the channel

. .

 .
:

1/6

8 .5

= 12.

n ( ).
:

= 1.486

= 1.0 .

:
2
1/2
3.
0

1.486
0

2
1/2
3.
0

1.0
0

13.

0 n . 13 :

n

( Ven Te :

)Chow .

.

 . ( ).
:

.
. .
.

 .
.
( . . )
. .
3.1 1 2
. .
:
)R(m
)Q(m3/s

n1000

S
2 +

)( )( 1 () 2

)V(m/s

( )Kg ( )S

.00195

9.8001

.01874

37.45

38.1

36.8

0.694198

15

7.68

.001753

9.8977

.01806

34.85

36

33.7

0.669341

8.56

.0015

9.8512

.01696

30.95

31.3

30.6

0.646273

10

10.2204 .001229

.01587

27.5

27.5

27.5

0.596023

12.21

10.4496 .001079

.01516

25.45

26.5

24.4

0.565217

5.56

9.0628

.01383

21.9

22.5

21.3

0.613276

5.96

10.2356 .000722

.01257

18.9

19.6

18.2

0.509348

8.31

7.5991

.00954

12.8

10.6

15

0.570834

10.96

.001007

.000548

= 0.009639
=1

av (

%19 )0.012

. .

Linear model Poly1:

f(x) = p1*x + p2
Coefficients (with 95%
confidence bounds:)
p1 = 8.446e-007
007, 2.543e-006)

(-8.535e-

p2 =
0.01082)

(0.006389,

0.008606

Goodness of fit:
SSE: 4.798e-006
R-square: 0.198
Adjusted R-square: 0.06432
RMSE: 0.0008942

 . 2
.
Linear model Poly6:
f(x) = p1*x^6 + p2*x^5 + p3*x^4 + p4*x^3 + p5*x^2 +
p6*x + p7
Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds:)
p1 = -1.652e-019

(-2.125e-018, 1.795e-018)

p2 =

(-1.34e-014, 1.593e-014)

1.265e-015

p3 = -3.918e-012

(-4.818e-011, 4.034e-011)

p4 =

(-6.247e-008, 7.5e-008)

6.265e-009

p5 = -5.441e-006

(-6.318e-005, 5.23e-005)

p6 =

0.002429

(-0.02236, 0.02722)

p7 =

-0.4251

(-4.667, 3.816)

Goodness of fit:
SSE: 6.344e-007
R-square: 0.894
Adjusted R-square: 0.2577
RMSE: 0.0007965

:
A
:

)(
)(

)(

.
.
. (
) .
. .
.
.

()Rate meter

( ) .
.

.

.

 .
.

.
.
.
(
- - )
. : .
.

. ( )Vena Contracta .
. H .
:
+ 2

22
2

= + 1

. :

12
2

= + 0 + 0 22

22
2

= 0+0+

.
( )Velocity coefficient:
2 = . 2

.
( )Coefficient of contraction :
2

2
0

= . . 0 2

( )Discharge :
= .

/ /

.
.
. 0 H (Q
) k .

 . :
.
( )
. .
. .0 = . t .
0 . .
t :
0
20 /

. = / .
.
.

= 0

. 2
2

 .
. .
.
.
. .
F . W
. :

0
= . :
0

. 0 . .
=
0

. .
.


( ) :
12 1
22 2
+
= + 1
+
+ 2 +
2
2

:
2
22
2
1
2
=
= = 1
1
2
2 2

H .

.
() .

( ) :
2
12
1 2
2
+
=
+
2 2

 = 2 /0 . 1 :
1 2

12
0
1 2
2
1

2 :
2 1 2 /
4

0
1

= 2

:
:

2 1 2 /
4

12 0
1

2 1 2 /
4

0
1

12

2 = .

= . 0

= . . :
0
1
1
4
2 0
1
1

2
= . 0

:
2

= . 0

 C ( ) Verein Deutscher Ingenieure -VDI .

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

 .
.
( )
(
) . ( )
.
:

= 1 1 = 2 2

1 2 :
) 22 2(1 2
=
.
4
2 4
1
1

= + 2

22

= + 1

12

) 2(1 2
2

1 2
1

22
2

+ 1 = 2 +

= 2 .

2 2 22
2

) 2(1 2
2

1 2
1

= 2

:
2 12
= 1
2
2

( ) 2 :

2 12
2

2 4

2 4
1

1
2
2

2
2
2

()Nozzle

( ISA VDI) .
. :

) 1(2 1

= . 0

C .

.
( ) .
.

 .
() .

 .
.
. () .

.
. .
. .

. .
.

 :
.
.

()

()Turbine meter

.

.

 . .
.
.

. .

.
.
Rota
)(cm
26.2
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
23
19
13

)(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm

355
25.5
312
328
350
63
120
35
310
36
275
288
305
65
115
44
278
50
248
260
272
75
117
58
248
56
222
230
238
77
112
61
219
64
198
203
223
81
111
69
195
70
178
182
184
83
108
74
171
75
158
174
171
83
104
79
154
81
144
157
158
87
104
83
281
29
247
257
269
56
104
37
231
56
206
213
220
74
108
61
161
79
150
164
158
87
105
82

.
( ) .

Time Mass
)(s
)(Kg
22.93
12
24.53

27.53

30.03

33.84

37.68

42.84

51.68

25.46

31.65

46.59

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

kg/s
/
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.30
0.22

/
.5246
.4784
.4364
.4005
.3598
.3231
.2831
.2469

/
.4869
.4453
.4035
.3648
.3426
.2889
.2697
.2422

No

.5233
.4892
.4359
.3996
.3546
.3184
.2801
.2322

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

( : )

)(
12

=
) ( = 0.5233
)(
22.93

= = 3 4 = 12 ; = 22.93

0.95 < < 1.0

) 2(

1 ( )4

= .

) = 26 = 0.026 , = 16 = 0.016 , = 2.01 104 (2

3
) ( = 5.246 10

2 9.806 0.355 0.0255

4

. 016
1
. 026

= 0.95 2.01 10

=
1000

=
.5246

 = 0.601

) 2(

1 ( )4

) , = 20 = 0.020 , = 3.14 104 (2

3
)

( = 4.869 103

2 9.806 . 350 .063

2

. 020
. 051

= 51 = 0.051

= 0.601 3.14 104

= 0.4869 /

. ()K
Wide Angle
Orifice
Elbow
Diffuser

K
K
K
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
16
49.5 .32
287 59.1 4.86
85
91.16 .93
13
43.3 .3
240 49.4 4.86
71
77.14 .92
12
34.4 .35
197 40.9 4.82
59
61.27 .96
8
28.9 .28
161 33.3 4.83
51
55.7 .92
5
22.7 .22
142 29.4 4.83
42
47
.89
4
18.3 .22
101
21 4.80
34
34.46 .99
16
14.2 1.13
88
18.2 4.84
25
24.8 1.01
13
9.8 1.33
71
15.6 4.55
21
22.5 .93

( )

Venturi

No

K
mm
mm
329.5 347 0.95
274 288.7 0.95
228
240 0.95
192
202 0.95
155
163 0.95
125 131.7 0.95
96
101 0.95
73
76.9 0.95

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

:
2
= ; =
:
2
2
0.5246
3 2
2
8

(
)

1000

=
= 0.347
2 2 9.806 2 0.0164

2
2

8
. 2 . 4

2
=
2
2

Kg/s
.5233
.4892
.4359
.3996
.3546
.3184
.2801
.2322

Kg/s
.4869
.4453
.4035
.3648
.3426
.2889
.2697
.2422

)(mm

)(mm

63
65
75
77
81
83
83
87

350
305
272
238
223
184
171
158

Kg/s
.5522
.5036
.4593
.4216
.3788
.3401
.2981
.2599

)(mm

)(mm

kg/s

25.5
36
50
56
64
70
75
81

355
310
278
248
219
195
171
154

0.52
0.50
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.33
0.30
0.22

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

( ) .

K ( )
.

.
.


:

.

. .

:

:

)(
)(

)(

.
.
( ) ( ) .
.
.
. - (

undershot-bucket

)waterwheels -
.
. ( ) ( )fan .
( )blower .
.
: - .
. ( )PDP .
. !

( ) .
.
PDP

.
() PDP
.
.
.
. PDP
. ( )
( ) .
.

 . .

PDP

)gal/min ( ) PDP

( )atm (.)gal/min :

: PDP
()

. - - .

- .

.
.
:

) (Impeller
( )Volute ( )Sealing system ( )Bearings
.
.
()


( ) . ( )Volute .
( ) ()Vanes Tip
.
.
( ) ( )Pulse
.

.
Q
.
:

1
316
.2271

. 2778
1
15.28

4.4033
.0631
1

( ) Head
(
) . .



. ( H-Q -) .

. ( )bar
.

SG :
) ( 10.2

( )H- Q .

( )Shutoff Point, Q=0

.
:

- H-Q .
- ( 0
)

.
:

 - - - -
-
.
.

( )...

.
... :

K n :
= 1.85 2,

= 1,

( )meter . V
. = 2 2 :

. ()
() . .


.
.
.

.
.

.
.

 .... .
.

:
=

+
1

2
2.

2
2.

( H . ) .
. 2 1 2 1
:

2 1

:
:
.

.
. .:

2 cos 2 = 2 = 2 2 cot 2

b :

= 2. 2 . . 2

2 :
2 cot 2
2.2 ..

22

.
. . .
.
. ( ) .

.

.
: :

2000 rpm

) (2

)(

)I(A

)V(v

)T(N.M

)2 (bar

92
90
88
79
72
20

10
9
7
4.7
2.7
0.4

5
5
4.8
4.2
4
2

113
112
113
112
111
112

2.6
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.0
0.9

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2

)No. 1 (bar

-0.2
-0.19
-0.19
-0.18
-0.18
-0.17

1
2
3
4
5
6

 : :

2500 rpm

) (2

)(

)I(A

)V(v

)T(N.M

)2 (bar

99
98
98
97
94
88
75
13

14
13.6
12.8
11.2
9.6
7.8
3.5
0.3

7
7
6.9
6.9
6.7
6
6
3

141
141
140
141
141
140
140
140

3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
2.7
1.2

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.8

)No. 1 (bar

-0.2

-0.19
-0.18
-0.168

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

.
.

.
:

10 5

2 1

= = 2 1


. 105

= .

1
( 2. .
) ). (.

(60

3
=

0.280
0.407
0.506
0.532
0.546
0.465

1
bar
-0.2
-0.19
-0.19
-0.18
-0.18
-0.17

3
) (

3.61 103
3.33 103
3.22 103
2.69 103
2.03 103
0

)(w
544.54
523.60
502.65
460.77
418.89
188.50

)(w
152.4
212.99
254.38
245
228.92
87.68

H
bar
0.4
0.59
0.79
0.98
1.18
1.37

2
bar
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2

)(w
942.48

916.30
890.12
863.94
706.86
314.16

)(w
180
261.6
340
383
442.8
455.92
370.24
163.51

H
bar
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.39
1.78
1.97

3
1
2
) (
bar
bar

4.36 103 -0.2 0.2

0.4
4.25 103

0.6
4.25 103
3

0.8
4.16 10

1.0
3.81 103
3 -0.19 1.2
3.22 10
2.22 103 -0.18 1.6
0
-0.17 1.8

0.191
0.278
0.361
0.418
0.497
0.528
0.524
0.520

: .

= )(

3
1

3600

3
)

3.81 103
3.61 103
3.22 103
2.50 103
1.94 103
0.64 103
(

) (mm2

)(mmHg

()N.m

92
90
88
79
72
20

100
90
70
47
27
4

2.6
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.0
0.9

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

3
)

4.5 103
4.36 103
4.25 103
3.83 103
3.69 103
3.28 103
2.08 103
0.83 103
(

) (mm2

)(mmHg

()N.m

99
98
98
97
94
88
75
13

140
136
128
112
96
78
35
3

3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
2.7
1.2

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

 : .
.

.
.

 . ( )

. ( )

 . ( )

( ) .

:

:

()
()

()

.
( )Giovanni Battista Venturi()-

. .
.

.
. () ( )Clemens Herschel
. ( ) d (

) . . .
.

( )1.5 10 2 10
.
6

ISO :


d .

( ).
( ) .

 . .

.

.
(
) (
) .
( ) .
:

2
2

= + 2

22
2

= + 1

12
2

= 1 1 = 2 2

1 2 :

) 22 2(1 2
=
.
4
2 4
1
1

) 2(1 2
2

1 2
1

22
2

+ 1 = 2 +

= 2 .

2 2 22
2

) 2(1 2
2

= 2

1 2
1

:
2 12
= 1
2
2

( ) 2 :

2 4

2 12
2

2 4
1

1
2
2

2
2
2

.
. .
.
.
.

 .
1 .

.
:
h11

h10

h9

h2

h1

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

h7

h8

h6

h5

h3

h4

243
213
219
207
195
182
170
157
26

235
224
211
199
189
177
164
152
25.2

227
216
204
192
182
172
159
149
23.5

211
203
193
182
173
163
153
144
21.8

190
183
176
167
160
153
144
137
20.2

156
153
149
145
140
135
129
125
18.5

92
96
101
101
101
101
102
101
16.8

78
83
89
93
93
96
97
98
16

185
179
172
166
159
152
142
135
18.4

259
246
231
218
204
190
175
162
23.2

270
255
240
225
210
195
180
165
26

Sec

)(Kg

28.8
30.93
32.65
36.31
37.87
42.02
45.34
52.12

12

)(mm

1 4
0.5

)(mm

1 4

h4

h1

)(mm

)(mm

)(mm

192
172
151
132
117

78
83
89
93
93

270
255
240
225
210

Sec

Kg

28.8
30.93
32.65
36.31
37.87

12

s
0.9885
0.9724
0.9844
0.9441
0.9633

13.86
13.11
12.29
11.50
10.82

4.167e-4
3.88 e-4
3.68 e-4
3.30 e-4
3.17 e-4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
2
3
4
5

=
, = 1000
,
3

22 2 1 2
=
.
4
2 4
1
1

3
)( s

4.216 104 0.9885

1
)(m

4
)(m

1
)(m

4
)(m

0.016

0.026

0.078

0.27

g
)( 2

Q
3
)( s

4.167 104 9.806

m
)(kg

t
)(s
28.8

12

: 22
2

) (

) (
1.800

2
2

)(Practical

)(no dimension

1.803
2.033
2.097
1.199
1.765
1.798
1.821
1.823
1.817
1.841

-0.054
0
0.406
0.987
0.908
0.563
0.381
0.260
0.182
0.133
0.091

) 2( 1
4
1

)(m

)(m

2
)(m

)(m

.026
.0232
.0184
.016
.0168
.0185
.0202
.0218
.0235
.0252
.026

.255
.246
.179
.083
.096
.153
.183
.203
.216
.224
.231

.246

0
.02
0.31
.046
.061
.075
.091
.105
.12
.135
.156

= 1 1 h d v

.- (

 ). - h . -
.
( ) .

10
=1

10

: 22
2

) (

4
) (

1.568

1.738
1.780
1.828
0.941
1.522
1.547
1.568
1.573
1.576
1.616

2
2

)(m

)(m

2
)(m

)(no dimension
-0.056
0
0.415
0.997
0.933
0.582
0.407
0.287
0.207
0.152
0.088

)(m

.026
.0232
.0184
.016
.0168
.0185
.0202
.0218
.0235
.0252
.026

.225
.218
.166
.093
.101
.145
.167
.182
.192
.199
.207

.218

.
.

0
.02
0.31
.046
.061
.075
.091
.105
.12
.135
.156

 : ( )
Linear model Poly1:
f(x) = p1*x + p2
Coefficients (with 95% confidence
)bounds
p1 = 0.9705
p2 = 4.772e-005

Goodness of fit:
SSE: 6.826e-011
R-square: 0.9876
Adjusted R-square: 0.9835
RMSE: 4.77e-006

R .
( )0.9705 .

: - -
- .

 : ( )

( )

: 22 (

( ) ( )
.


.
:

)(
)(

)(


( ) .
: ( . )1 . .
( )Nappe .
.
.1

 .2

.
.

( .

) . .

. ( 45)

.
Ln H
)H(m
-2.34
-2.49
-2.66
-2.86
-3.12
-3.47

Ln Q
-6.45
-6.67
-6.93
-7.26
-7.61
-8.18

3
103
1.5873
1.2671
0.9796
0.6998
0.4948
0.2807

b=30 mm

T
)(s
7.56
9.47
12.25
17.15
24.25
42.75

M
)(kg
12

Micrometer
)(mm
96
83
70
57
44
31

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

= 45

Ln H
)H(m
-2.48
-2.66
-2.88
-3.17
-3.58
-4.27

Ln Q
-7.28
-7.84
-8.44
-9.54
-11.93
-14.54

T
3
)(s
105
17.41
68.93
30.63
39.178
55.56
21.6
83.29
7.2037
7min:41 s
0.658
10min:21 s 0.0483

M
)(kg
12

6
6
3
0.3

Micrometer
)(mm
84
70
56
42
28
14

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

. .
kg 1 !
( ) ( 100 ! - )
11 .
.
.
.

( LnH ) LnQ

) K

n . K Cd .

= . = ln + ln ln
Through regression:
f(x) = p1*x + p2

Linear model Poly1:

Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):

1.523

= p1
= p2

-2.88
= 1.523

ln = 2.88 = 0.0561

2
= 2 3
3
=

= . = 2
3

= 2

2
2
3

. 0561

= 0.63

2 9.806 0.03

Linear model Poly1:

f(x) = p1*x + p2
Coefficients (with 95% confidence bounds):

p1 =

4.195

p2 =

-3.378

= 4.195
ln = 3.378 = 0.034

2 tan 5
15
2

= 45 ; = . =

= 8

8
2 tan
2
15

15

. 034
2 9.806 0.414

2 tan
15
2

= 0.035

 Cd ( . ! )

:
12 1
22 2
+
= + 1 +
+
+ 2 +
2
2

:
) ( ):
2 =

= 1

) P .

1 = 2 = 0

) :

= = 0

) ( ).
:

=0

= + 0 + 0 22

22
2

12
2

1 = 0

= 0+0+

= .

. .
0

2
. = 2 3
3

. .

=
0

= 2

Cd :

2

= 2 3
3

.
()
x
x ( y ) .

) (
= =

= = .

. .

= ;

2.

=
=
2 tan 5
2 2
15
2

2 tan 5
15
2

tan

:

:

()
()

()


. :
.

.

( )up stream
. ( ) .
.

.
.

( ).

.

 ( ) .

.

0.5

. 1 = 1 .

:
.
.

. / . %

1 <1.0

1 =1.0 to 1.7

1 =1.7 to 2.5

. % %

.
.

1 =2.5 to 4.5

1 . % % 45
. % % .

1 =4.5 to 9.0

.
. % .

( )stilling basin .


.

1 >9.0

. :
( -)undular

(: )weak

a)Fr=1.0 to 1.7

b)Fr=1.7 to 2.5

(:) oscillating

c)Fr=2.5 to 4.5

(:)steady

d)Fr=4.5 to 9

(:)strong

e)Fr>9

.
( )... .
( . :
)
A jump which occurs on a steep channel slope can be affected by the difference in
water-weight components along the flow. The effect is small, however, so that the classic
theory assumes that the jump occurs on a horizontal bottom.

 .
:
.
.
) .)

V1 y1 v2 y2 :
12 22
= V1 y1 = 2 2

= 2 1 = 22 2 12 1
2
2
+ 22 2

22

= + 12 1

12
2

F M :

:
1 .1 = 2 .2

F+M . Q :
2 2
+
2

= +

= 1 3 ( F+M ) ( y ) .

F+M .
.

2
2

= +

 y d(F+M)/dy :

1/3

q2

. .
. .
:
1

13 12 =. 23 22

12 12 = . 13 12 = 22 22 = . 23 22

.1
2
.2

22
2

= 22 1 + 2

12
1

4/3

= 1 + 222 2

= 1
= 2

12 1 + 2

4/3

1 + 212 1

2 1 :
12 . 1
3/2

2 21

= 2

12

1+812 1

1
2

1+8

1
2

= 1 +

= 2
2
1

:
2 1 3
4 1 2

12
2

1 +

Es :
2
= +
2

12
2

= 1 2 = 1 +

 . + 2
. q=Vy
2

:
2
2 2

= +

. . 5 y
. y
Es=y .
. Es

 . .


y1 y2
.

1.060
1.062
1.063
1.060
1.044
1.068

3.00
3.05
3.08
3.00
2.54
3.21

1

1.33
1.29
1.27
1.2
1.0
1.18

) 1 (2
103
1.5
1.37
1.30
1.22
1.19
1.04

cm
7.06
7.04
7
6.75
6.43
6.33

cm
2.0
1.82
1.73
1.62
1.58
1.38

Q
)(/
2
1.77
1.65
1.47
1.24
1.23

Mass Time
)(kg
)(s
12
6

6.78

7.28

8.16

9.7

9.78

No
1
2
3
4
5
6

( . )
. ( )
( . )

( .)Fr<1.7
.